taxonID	type	description	language	source
8A6BDAA17B46595EBCE5CE0D1B0346E4.taxon	description	Figs 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15 Common name: Standard English name: White-speckled tree frog Standard Spanish name: Rana de torrente de puntos blancos (Frank and Ramus 1996)	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
8A6BDAA17B46595EBCE5CE0D1B0346E4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to live specimens. The most similar species to Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus living in the Amazon basin are H. maycu sp. nov., H. elbakyanae sp. nov., H. dispersus sp. nov., H. phyllognathus, and H. torrenticola. Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus differs by having a white supralabial stripe (absent in H. elbakyanae sp. nov.), a supratympanic fold (absent in all species except in H. dispersus sp. nov.), a thick tarsal fold (rudimentary in H. maycu sp. nov., H. elbakyanae sp. nov., and H. phyllognathus), small to inconspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands and feet in H. maycu sp. nov., H. elbakyanae sp. nov., and H. dispersus sp. nov.; Fig. 11), inconspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands in H. dispersus sp. nov.), an absent calcar tubercle (present in H. dispersus sp. nov. and H. phyllognathus), well-defined pericloacal spots (ill-defined or absent in H. maycu sp. nov., H. elbakyanae sp. nov., and H. torrenticola), and a clam shell iris with black or sand dune reticulations (a clam shell iris with dark pinkish or leather reticulations in H. maycu sp. nov. and H. elbakyanae sp. nov., pearl or pinkish iris with leather reticulations in H. dispersus sp. nov. and bronze iris in H. torrenticola, Fig. 12). The advertisement call of H. albopunctulatus has a rise time of 2.28 ± 0.80 s (shorter in H. maycu sp. nov. with 0.832 s and in H. elbakyanae sp. nov. with 0.57 ± 0.05 s), a dominant frequency of 2149.84 ± 137.36 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1214.12 ± 184.71 Hz (higher dominant frequency of 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz and fundamental frequency of 2210.8 – 2924.2 Hz in Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov.). Hyloscirtus torrenticola also has a higher dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2743.75 ± 48.16 Hz. Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus has a call duration of 0.051 ± 0.005 s (longer in H. dispersus sp. nov. with 0.11 ± 0.015 s). Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus has an intercall duration of 0.30 ± 0.06 s (shorter in H. phyllognathus with 0.05 s and in H. torrenticola with 0.07 ± 0.007 s) (Table 4, Fig. 9; Melin 1941; Duellman and Altig 1978; Rivera-Correa 2016). Moreover, all males of H. albopunctulatus were registered calling from under rocks next to streams (n = 5; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024), while all males of H. dispersus sp. nov. have been found calling while perching in vegetation over streams (n = 14; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024).	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
8A6BDAA17B46595EBCE5CE0D1B0346E4.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus is known from seven localities, from North to Central eastern Ecuador at elevations between 389 and 1391 m (Fig. 5). Biogeographic regions are Amazon Humid Tropical Forest, Eastern Foothill Forest, and Eastern Montane Forest (Ron et al. 2022). They are nocturnal and associated with streams near ravines. Males call under rocks in ravines, leaf litter, streams, small creeks, caves, or cracks. Several individuals have been found perching on vegetation up to 2.5 m but have not been found calling there. The species occurs in sympatry with Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov.	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.taxon	description	Figs 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 22 Common name: Proposed standard English name: Dispersed stream frog Proposed standard Spanish name: Rana de Torrente dispersa	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to life specimens. The most similar species to Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. living in the Amazon basin are Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus (sympatrically distributed, Fig. 5), H. maycu sp. nov., H. elbakyanae sp. nov., H. phyllognathus, and H. torrenticola. Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. differs by having a supratympanic fold (absent in H. maycu sp. nov., H. elbakyanae sp. nov., H. phyllognathus, and H. torrenticola), an inconspicuous tarsal fold (thick in H. albopunctulatus, H. phyllognathus, and H. torrenticola), conspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and fee (inconspicuous in hands and feet in H. albopunctulatus, Fig. 11), conspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands (inconspicuous in hands and feet in H. albopunctulatus, H. maycu sp. nov., and H. elbakyanae sp. nov.), well-defined pericloacal spots (ill-defined or absent in H. maycu sp. nov. and H. elbakyanae sp. nov.), a calcar tubercle present (absent in all species except for H. phyllognathus), and an iris pearl or pinkish with leather-colored reticulations (clam shell with black or sand dune reticulations in H. albopunctulatus and a bronze iris in H. torrenticola, Fig. 12). The advertisement call of Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. differs by having a call duration of 0.11 ± 0.015 s (shorter in H. albopunctulatus with 0.051 ± 0.005 s and in H. torrenticola with 0.03 ± 0.001 s), a dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz (lower in H. albopunctulatus with 2149.84 ± 137.36 Hz and in H. elbakyanae sp. nov. with 2321.29 ± 127.86 Hz) and a fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz (lower in H. albopunctulatus with 1214.12 ± 184.71 Hz and in H. elbakyanae sp. nov. with 1184.35 ± 30.48 Hz). Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. has an intercall duration of 0.33 ± 0.044 s (shorter in H. phyllognathus with 0.06 s and in H. torrenticola with 0.07 ± 0.007 s) (Table 4, Fig. 9; Melin 1941; Duellman and Altig 1978; Rivera-Correa 2016). Moreover, all males of H. dispersus sp. nov. have been found calling while perching on vegetation over streams (n = 14; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024), while all males of H. albopunctulatus were registered calling from under the rocks next to streams (n = 5; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024). Finally, H. dispersus sp. nov. inhabits elevations between 879 and 1807 m, while Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. lives lower between 214 and 622 m and in warmer and wetter environments (Figs 5, 10).	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Description of characters based on preserved specimen. Adult male (Figs 20 – 22). Measurements (in mm): SVL 32.7; foot length 13.6, head length 9.6, head width 9.5, eye diameter 2.9, tympanum diameter 1.5, tibia length 15.8, femur length 14.3, internarial distance 2.7, interorbital distance 4.8. Head slightly longer than wide; body slender; snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly truncated in lateral view; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct, slightly convex; loreal region slightly concave; internarial region and top of the head flat; nostrils not protuberant, round, directed anterolaterally; lips rounded, not flared; interorbital area flat, longer than upper eyelid; tympanum round, with upper and posterior margins covered by a curved unpigmented supratympanic fold, reaching anterior margin of insertion of arm; tympanic annulus absent; tympanic membrane absent; mental gland present, oval-shaped, barely defined, extending ~ 1 / 3 the length of head; dentigerous processes of vomers straight, between round choanae, narrowly separated from each other, with five (right) and four (left) teeth; tongue slightly cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vocal slits and vocal sac present. Forearms slender; axillary membrane absent; fingers bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative lengths of fingers I <II <IV <III; webbing formula I basal II 2 — 3 + III 2 1 / 2 — 2 + IV; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, single; supernumerary tubercles small; thenar tubercle absent, palmar tubercle small; prepollex present, not modified as a spine; nuptial pads absent; ulnar tubercles absent; outer ulnar fold present. Hindlimbs slender; toes bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative length of toes I <II <III <V <IV; extensive toe webbing, formula I 2 – — 1 + II 1 + — 2 – III 1 + — 2 + IV 2 + — 1 – V; outer tarsal fold present; tarsal tubercles absent; calcar tubercle small, pinkish white; subarticular tubercles conspicuous, round and single; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous in feet and conspicuous in hand; inner metatarsal tubercle present and ovoid, outer absent. Skin on dorsal surfaces and flanks smooth; venter finely granular; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs, round tubercles below; cloacal fold present, thick.	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. is known from more than 25 localities from northern to southern Ecuador in the eastern Andean slopes, at elevations between 879 – 1807 m (Fig. 5). From the species analyzed in this study, this is the most widespread and its biogeographic regions are Eastern Lower Montane Forest and Eastern Montane Forest (Ron et al. 2022). This species lives in hillside forests, frequently found in secondary forest and artificial open areas. They are nocturnal and associated with streams of running water and ravines. Males call perched on riparian vegetation up to 2.5 m above the ground. It also occurs close to lagoons and small waterfalls. Perching sites include plants of Araceae, bromeliads, cedars, and ferns (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024). This species has not been found living or calling under rocks. It is known to live in sympatry with Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus and potentially with H. maycu sp. nov.	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet comes from the Latin word dispersus in reference to the wide distribution range of this species, extending from north to south of the eastern Andes of Ecuador and probably with a wider unknown distribution that includes neighboring countries, Colombia, and Peru.	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.taxon	description	Figs 5, 7, 9, 11, 18, 19 Common name: Proposed standard English name: Elbakyan stream frog Proposed standard Spanish name: Rana de Torrente de Elbakyan	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to live specimens. The most similar species to Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. in the Amazon basin are Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus, H. maycu sp. nov., H. dispersus sp. nov., H. phyllognathus, and H. torrenticola. Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. differs by the absence of a white supralabial stripe (present in H. albopunctulatus, H. phyllognathus and H. torrenticola), an absent supratympanic fold (present in H. albopunctulatus and H. dispersus sp. nov.), an inconspicuous tarsal fold (conspicuous in H. albopunctulatus, H. phyllognathus, and H. torrenticola), conspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and feet (inconspicuous in hands and feet in H. albopunctulatus, Fig. 11), inconspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands in H. dispersus sp. nov.), absent pericloacal spots (present in H. albopunctulatus and H. phyllognathus), absent calcar tubercle (present in H. dispersus sp. nov. and H. phyllognathus), and a clam shell or pearl iris (clam shell with black or sand dune reticulations in H. albopunctulatus and a bronze iris in H. torrenticola, Fig. 12). The advertisement call of Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. has a rise time of 0.57 ± 0.05 s (longer in H. albopunctulatus with 2.28 ± 0.80 s and in H. torrenticola with 0.16 ± 0.017 s), a dominant frequency of 2321.29 ± 127.86 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1184.35 ± 30.48 Hz (higher dominant frequency of 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz and fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz in H. dispersus sp. nov.). Hyloscirtus torrenticola also has a higher dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2743.75 ± 48.16 Hz. Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. has a call duration of 0.06 ± 0.001 s (longer in H. dispersus sp. nov. with 0.11 ± 0.015 s) and an intercall duration of 0.12 ± 0.007 s (shorter in H. torrenticola with 0.07 ± 0.007 and longer in H. albopunctulatus with 0.30 ± 0.06 s and in H. dispersus sp. nov. of 0.33 ± 0.044 s) (Table 4, Fig. 9; Melin 1941; Duellman and Altig 1978; Rivera-Correa 2016). Moreover, H. elbakyanae sp. nov. inhabits elevations between 214 and 622 m, while H. maycu sp. nov. lives higher between 882 and 1183 m, in colder and dryer environments (Figs 5 and 10). The available evidence indicates that H. elbakyanae sp. nov. is larger than H. maycu sp. nov. (Fig. 7).	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Description of characters based on preserved specimen. Adult male (Figs 18, 19). Measurements (in mm): SVL 36.1; foot length 14.3, head length 10.5, head width 11.7, eye diameter 3.4, tympanum diameter 1.6, tibia length 16.9, femur length 16.7, internarial distance 3.0, inter-orbital distance 5.5. Head wider than long; body slender; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; internarial region nearly flat; top of the head flat; nostrils not protuberant, round, directed anterolaterally; lips rounded, not flared; interorbital area slightly concave, longer than upper eyelid; tympanum inconspicuous, with upper and posterior margins barely covered by a curved and thin inconspicuous supratympanic fold reaching anterior margin of insertion of arm; tympanic annulus absent; tympanic membrane absent; mental gland present, oval-shaped, very distinct, extending ~ 1 / 2 the length of the head; dentigerous processes of vomers straight, in transverse row posterior to level of choanae, which is round, each process narrowly separated from each other and bearing 4 teeth; tongue slightly cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vocal slits and vocal sac present. Forearms slender; axillary membrane absent; fingers bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative lengths of fingers I <II <IV <III; webbing formula I basal II 2 – — 3 – III 2 + — 2 – IV; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, single; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous; thenar and palmar tubercles absent; small prepollex, not modified as a spine; nuptial pads absent; ulnar tubercles absent; outer ulnar fold present. Hindlimbs moderately robust; toes bearing rounded discs; relative length of toes I <II <III <V <IV; extensive toe webbing, formula I 1 – — 1 3 / 4 II 1 – — 2 – III 1 + — 1 – IV 1 – — 1 – V; outer tarsal fold present; tarsal tubercles absent; calcar tubercle absent; subarticular tubercles round and single; supernumerary tubercles not distinctive; inner metatarsal tubercle present and ovoid, outer absent. Skin on dorsal surfaces and flanks smooth and ventral surfaces granular; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs, rounded tubercles below; cloacal fold thick.	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. is known from seven localities, nearby the type locality, Comunidad Shaime, Provincia Morona Santiago, Ecuador, at elevations between 214 – 622 m (Fig. 5). Biogeographic regions are Amazon Humid Tropical Forest and Eastern Lower Montane Forest (Ron et al. 2022). This species lives in hillside forest, with varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance. The habitat is dominated by palms (Iriartea deltoidea) and trees up to 20 – 30 m high (collectors’ observations). They are nocturnal and have been found on ravines with shrub vegetation on the edge of torrent rivers and streams. Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. calls from under rocks in streams with little water and cracks. There are no records of individuals perching on riparian vegetation.	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name elbakyanae sp. nov. is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Alexandra Elbakyan. She is a computer programmer and creator of Sci-Hub, a website which provides free access to scientific articles. Sci-Hub allows scientists worldwide to access articles that, otherwise, are behind paywalls and unaffordable in low- and middle-income countries. Our research has greatly benefited from access to relevant literature using Sci-Hub through the years.	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.taxon	description	Figs 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17 Common name: Proposed standard English name: Maycu stream frog Proposed standard Spanish name: Rana de torrente de Maycu	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to life specimens. The most similar species to H. maycu sp. nov. living in the Amazon basin are Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus, H. elbakyanae sp. nov., H. dispersus sp. nov., H. phyllognathus, and H. torrenticola. Hyloscirtus maycu sp. nov. differs by the absence of a supratympanic fold (present in H. albopunctulatus and H. dispersus sp. nov.), an inconspicuous tarsal fold (present and thick in H. albopunctulatus, H. phyllognathus, and H. torrenticola), conspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and feet (small to inconspicuous in hands and feet in H. albopunctulatus; Fig. 11), inconspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands in H. dispersus sp. nov.), pericloacal spots ill-defined or absent (well-defined in H. albopunctulatus and H. phyllognathus), an absent calcar tubercle (present in H. dispersus sp. nov. and H. phyllognathus), and a clam iris with dark pinkish or leather reticulations (a clam shell iris with black or sand dune reticulations in H. albopunctulatus and a bronze iris in H. torrenticola, Fig. 12). Although our sample size is small, the available evidence indicates that H. maycu sp. nov. differs from H. elbakyanae sp. nov. by its smaller size (Fig. 7). The advertisement call of H. maycu sp. nov. has a rise time of 0.8 s (longer in H. albopunctulatus with 2.28 ± 0.80 s and shorter in H. elbakyanae sp. nov. with 0.57 ± 0.05 s and in H. torrenticola with 0.16 ± 0.017 s), a dominant frequency of 2343.8 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1171.9 Hz (higher dominant frequency in H. dispersus sp. nov. of 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz and fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz). Hyloscirtus torrenticola also has a higher dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2743.75 ± 48.16 Hz. Hyloscirtus maycu sp. nov. has a call duration of 0.053 s (longer in H. dispersus sp. nov. of 0.11 ± 0.015 s) (Table 4, Fig. 9; Melin 1941; Duellman and Altig 1978; Rivera-Correa 2016). Additionally, H. maycu sp. nov. inhabits elevations between 882 and 1183 m, while H. elbakyanae sp. nov. lives lower between 214 and 622 m and in wetter and warmer environments (Figs 5, 10).	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Description of characters based on the preserved specimen. Adult male (Figs 16, 17). Measurements (in mm): SVL 34.1; foot length 13.9, head length 9.7, head width 10.2, eye diameter 3.0, tympanum diameter 2.0, tibia length 17.2, femur length 17.2, internarial distance 3.1, inter-orbital distance 4.9. Head wider than long; body slender; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view; distance from nostril to eye same as diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region convex; internarial region slightly curved; top of the head slightly concave; nostrils not protuberant, round, directed anterolaterally; lips rounded, not flared; interorbital area slightly concave, longer than upper eyelid; tympanum and tympanic fold inconspicuous; tympanic annulus absent; tympanic membrane absent; mental gland present, diamond-shaped, well defined, extending ~ 1 / 3 the size of the head; dentigerous processes of vomers slightly curved, transversal and posterior to ovoid choanae, each process narrowly separated from each other and bearing five teeth each; tongue cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vocal slits and subgular vocal sac present. Forearms slender; axillary membrane absent; fingers bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative lengths of fingers I <II <IV <III; webbing formula I basal II 2 – — 3 – III 2 + — 2 – IV; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, single; supernumerary tubercles small; thenar tubercle absent; palmar tubercle small; prepollex present, not modified as a spine; nuptial pads absent; ulnar tubercles absent; outer ulnar fold present. Hindlimbs slender; toes bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative length of toes I <II <III <V <IV; extensive toe webbing, formula I 1 – — 2 – II 1 + — 2 – III 1 + — 2 – IV 2 – — 1 + V; outer tarsal fold present; tarsal tubercles absent; calcar tubercle absent; subarticular tubercles conspicuous, round and single; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous; inner metatarsal tubercle present and round, outer absent. Skin on dorsum, flanks, dorsal and ventral surfaces of limbs, thighs, and venter smooth; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs; cloacal fold thick.	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Hyloscirtus maycu sp. nov. is known only from its type locality in Provincia Morona Santiago and one locality in Provincia Zamora Chinchipe (airline distance 32 km), at elevations between 882 and 1183 m, on the foothills of Cordillera del Cóndor, in Ecuador (Fig. 5). Biogeographic region is Eastern Lower Montane Forest (Ron et al. 2022). This species lives in primary and secondary forests. They are nocturnal and associated with ravines and streams. Males call from vegetation up to 2 m high, on the edge of the streams. One individual was recorded calling under a rock, and another on a rock in a ravine with low flow. A metamorph was found (in March) on an island of rock in the middle of a stream, suggesting that its tadpoles develop in streams, like other Hyloscirtus. A tadpole (QCAZ 67083) was found on a pool next to a stream in February.	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet maycu is used as a noun in apposition and refers to the type locality of the species, a protected area in Ecuador named Reserva Natural Maycu, managed by the NGO Naturaleza y Cultura Internacional. “ Maycu ” seems to be a derivation of the Shuar word “ Maycua ” or “ Maycuwa ”, which the Shuar people use to refer to some species of small trees of the genus Brugmansia (angel’s trumpet). The southern border of the Reserve has been invaded by illegal miners and provides an additional example of the threat that mining represents for biodiversity conservation (F. Serrano, in litt.).	en	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
