identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2B7987A4FF8CFFFEA678F607FE4FFBC5.text	2B7987A4FF8CFFFEA678F607FE4FFBC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arturia vansoesti Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> ARTURIA VANSOESTI SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 2; TABLE 2)</p>
            <p>Etymology: Named after Rob Van Soest in recognition of his dedicated work on the taxonomy of sponges, including those from Curaçao.</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Daai Booi , St. Willibrordus, Curaçao  . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. UFRJPOR 6720,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.08568/lat 12.211978)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.08568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.211978">Daai Booi</a>
                 , St. Willibrordus, Curaçao (12°12′43.12″N, 69°05′8.42″W) 5.2 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 19 August 2011  . Paratype. UFRJPOR 6731, Sunset Waters, Soto (12°16′01.58″N, 69°07′44.85″W), 3–10 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 20 August 2011. 
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            <p> Diagnosis:  Arturia with cormus composed of loosely anastomosed tubes and water-collecting tubes. The skeleton is mainly composed of spicules with cylindrical and distally undulated actines with rounded tips. Yellow in life. </p>
            <p>Colour: Yellow in life (Fig. 2A) and beige in ethanol (Fig. 2B).</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: This species has a massive smooth cormus composed of irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. The holotype measures 0.7 × 0.6 × 0.2 cm (Fig. 2A, B). A water-collecting tube (2 × 1 mm) was present in the holotype (arrow in Fig. 2A). The aquiferous system is asconoid. No granular cells were observed.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The skeleton has no special organization and is composed of abundant triactines and rare tetractines (Fig. 2C).</p>
            <p>Spicules: Triactines. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Abundant. Actines are cylindrical, undulated at the distal part and with rounded tips (Fig. 2D). Size: 72.5–90.0/3.8–5.0 µm. Tetractines. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Rare. Basal actines are cylindrical, distally undulated and with rounded to blunt tips (Fig. 2E). The apical actine is the shortest actine (Fig. 2F). It is straight and smooth; however, some curved actines were also found. It has sharp or blunt tips. Size: 60.0–90.0/3.8–5.0 µm (basal actine) and 25.0/3.8–5.0 µm (apical actine).</p>
            <p>Ecology: This sponge was found in a cryptic habitat, underneath coral boulders, and down to 10 m depth. No associated organisms were found.</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southern Caribbean ecoregion (provisionally endemic to Curaçao, present study).</p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: The genus  Arturia now comprises 12 valid species:  A. adusta (Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 1999) ,  A. africana (Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003) ,  A. alcatraziensis (Lanna, Rossi, Cavalcanti, Hajdu &amp; Klautau, 2007) ,  A. canariensis (Miklucho-Maclay, 1868) ,  A. darwinii (Haeckel, 1870) ,  A. dubia (Dendy, 1891) ,  A. hirsuta (Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003) ,  A. spirallata Azevedo, Cóndor-Luján, Willenz, Hajdu, Hooker &amp; Klautau, 2015 ,  A. tenuipilosa (Dendy, 1905) ,  A. trindadensis Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy &amp; Klautau, 2017 ,  A. tubuloreticulosa Van Soest &amp; De Voogd, 2015 and  A. vansoesti sp. nov. The species most resembling  A. vansoesti sp. nov. in skeletal composition are  A. canariensis from Canary Islands and  A. tubuloreticulata from Indonesia, as the skeletons of these three species are mainly composed of triactines with cylindrical actines. Nonetheless, they have important differences. </p>
            <p> The colour in vivo of  A. canariensis is white, whereas in  A. vansoesti sp. nov. , it is yellow. Although spicule dimensions of these two species are very similar (Table 2), the spicules of  A. canariensis are less cylindrical and less undulated than those of  A. vansoesti sp. nov. In  A. vansoesti sp. nov. , the spicules bear rounded tips, while those in  A. canariensis are blunt. </p>
            <p> Arturia tubuloreticulosa is orange in life and its cormus has several oscula, whereas the yellow  A. vansoesti sp. nov. has water-collecting tubes. Furthermore, the spicules of the Curaçaoan species have rounded tips, while in the Indonesian species, they are sharp or blunt. </p>
            <p> Arturia vansoesti sp. nov. is the second species in the genus to be described from the Caribbean Sea, as Pérez et al. (2017) recently listed  A. hirsuta for the Eastern Caribbean (La Martinique). </p>
            <p> GENUS  BOROJEVIA KLAUTAU, AZEVEDO, CÓNDOR-LUJÁN, RAPP, COLLINS &amp; RUSSO, 2013</p>
            <p> Type species:  Ascaltis cerebrum Haeckel, 1872 . Diagnosis:  Calcinea in which the cormus comprises tightly anastomosed tubes. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) triactines, tetractines, tripods and tetrapods. The apical actine of the tetractines has spines. Aquiferous system asconoid (Klautau et al., 2013, emend.). </p>
            <p> BOROJEVIA TENUISPINATA AZEVEDO, PADUA, MORAES, ROSSI, MURICY &amp; KLAUTAU, 2017</p>
            <p>(FIG. 3; TABLE 3)</p>
            <p> Synonymy:  Borojevia tenuispinata Azevedo et al., 2017: 311–313 . </p>
            <p>*Taken from Klautau &amp; Valentine (2003).</p>
            <p>Material examined: UFRJPOR 6700 and UFRJPOR 6 7 0 8, D a a i B o o i, S t. W i l l i b r o r d u s, C u r a ç a o (12°12′43.12″N, 69°05′8.42″W), 3–5 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 18 August 2011.</p>
            <p>
                 Comparative material examined:   Holotype of  B. tenuispinata . UFRJPOR 6484,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -29.346111/lat 0.9158333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-29.346111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.9158333">Cabeço da Tartaruga</a>
                 , São Pedro e São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil (0°54′57″N, 29°20′46″W), 8–12 m depth, coll. G. Rodríguez and F. Azevedo, 16 June 2011. 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FF8CFFFEA678F607FE4FFBC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FF87FFFBA64AF4E5FD87FD2A.text	2B7987A4FF87FFFBA64AF4E5FD87FD2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina GRAY 1867	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  CLATHRINA GRAY, 1867</p>
            <p> Type species:  Grantia clathrus Schmidt, 1864 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: ‘  Calcinea in which the cormus comprises anastomosed tubes. A stalk may be present. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and/or parasagittal triactines, to which diactines and tripods may be added. Asconoid aquiferous system’ (Klautau et al., 2013). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FF87FFFBA64AF4E5FD87FD2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FF87FFF9A666F7BEFD5BFD8E.text	2B7987A4FF87FFF9A666F7BEFD5BFD8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina curacaoensis Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> CLATHRINA CURACAOENSIS SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 6; TABLE 4)</p>
            <p>Etymology: Named after its type locality. Type locality: Sunset Waters, Soto, Curaçao.</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. UFRJPOR 6734,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.12913/lat 12.267105)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.12913&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.267105">Sunset Waters</a>
                 , Soto, Curaçao (12°16′01.58″N, 69°07′44.85″W), 3–10 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 20 August 2011. 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Clathrina with cormus formed by loosely anastomosed tubes.The skeleton is composed of regular and parasagittal triactines. Parasagittal triactines are only present in the tubes used for attachment to the substrate. Yellow in life. </p>
            <p>Colour: Yellow in life and light beige in ethanol (Fig. 6A).</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: The analysed specimen has a smooth massive cormus (0.7 × 0.4 × 0.3 mm) composed of irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes (Fig. 6A). No water-collecting tubes were observed. The body (cormus). C, tangential section of an attachment tube. D, triactine I. E, triactine II.</p>
            <p>aquiferous system is asconoid. No granular cells were observed.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The skeleton has no special organization and it is exclusively composed of triactines (Fig. 6B). The tubes that attach the sponge to the substrate are composed of parasagittal triactines (Fig. 6C).</p>
            <p>Spicules: Triactines I. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are slightly conical with blunt to sharp tips (Fig. 6D). Size: 87.5–130.0/7.5–10.0 µm. Triactines II. Parasagittal (equiangular). Actines are slightly conical with blunt to sharp tips (Fig. 6E). The unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones. Size: 57.5–80.0/7.5 µm (paired actine) and 99.9–137.7/8.1– 8.8 µm (unpaired actine).</p>
            <p>Ecology: The specimen was found underneath boulders and down to 10 m depth. No organisms associated with this species were observed.</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southern Caribbean (provisionally endemic to Curaçao, present study).</p>
            <p> Molecular analysis:  Clathrina was recovered as a monophyletic clade with high support in the ITS (pp = 1, b = 77) and C-LSU (pp = 0.90, b = 86) phylogenetic trees (Figs 4, 5). The ITS interspecific divergence ranged from 0.6 [  C. ramosa (Azevedo, Hajdu, Willenz &amp; Klautau, 2009) vs.  C. blanca (Miklucho-Maclay, 1868) ] to 11.2% (  C. rubra Sarà, 1958 vs.  C. mutabilis Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy &amp; Klautau, 2017 ), whereas the C-LSU values varied from 0.5 (  C. ramosa vs.  C. blanca ) to 12.9% (  C. cylindractina Klautau, Solé-Cava &amp; Borojevic, 1994 vs.  C. ramosa ). </p>
            <p> Within the large clade of  Clathrina ,  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. appeared as a different lineage and grouped with other four yellow clathrinas (  C. aurea Solé-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic &amp; Thorpe, 1991 ,  C. clathrus ,  C. lutea Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy &amp; Klautau, 2017 and  C. luteoculcitella Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 1999 ) and two white clathrinas (  C. sinusarabica Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003 and  C. rowi Voigt, Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide, 2017 ) forming a well-supported cluster (ITS: pp = 1, b = 84 and C-LSU: pp = 0.99, b = 95). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: Among the seven species of the genus  Clathrina that are yellow in vivo, namely,  C. aurea ,  C. chrysea Borojevic &amp; Klautau, 2000 ,  C. clathrus ,  C. insularis Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy &amp; Klautau, 2017 ,  C. lutea Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy &amp; Klautau, 2017 ,  C. luteoculcitella and  C. mutabilis , the latter is the species most resembling  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. based on morphology. </p>
            <p> Clathrina curacaoensis sp. nov. and  C. mutabilis have a cormus composed of loosely anastomosed tubes and have water-collecting tubes (see below the description of  C. mutabilis ). Their skeletons bear triactines with actines of different lengths (even including parasagittal triactines). However, in  C. mutabilis these spicules (triactines II of Azevedo et al., 2017, size: 94.5–153.9/6.8–10.8 µm) occur in the whole cormus, whereas in  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. (triactines II, size of the longest actine: 99.9–137.7/8.1–8.8 µm) they are restricted to the tubes used for attachment. Although being morphologically very similar,  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. and  C. mutabilis are molecularly distant.  Clathrina curacaoensis sp. nov. clustered with six other  Clathrina species , but not  C. mutabilis . </p>
            <p> Among the non-yellow clathrinas with stalk (former ‘guanchas’),  C. arnesenae (Rapp, 2006) is most similar morphologically to  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. Nonetheless, the skeleton of  C. arnesenae does not comprise regular triactines as is the case of  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. ; instead, it is only composed of parasagittal triactines with cylindrical actines. </p>
            <p> More recently, Voigt et al. (2017) described a white  Clathrina from the Red Sea,  C. rotundata Voigt, Erpenbeck &amp; Wörheide, 2017 . This species is very similar to  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. as it also has a cormus composed of loosely anastomosed tubes, is devoid of a stalk and its skeleton is composed of parasagittal and regular triactines. However, in  C. rotundata , the parasagittal triactines have cylindrical actines with rounded tips and are evenly distributed in the tube wall, whereas in  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. , those spicules have slightly conical actines with blunt to sharp tips and are restricted to the attachment tubes. Regarding spicule dimensions, in  C. rotundata parasagittal triactines are thinner (5.0–7.0 µm) and regular triactines are smaller (15.0–73.0/4.0–8.0 µm) than those in  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. (7.5–8.8 and 87.5–130.0/7.5–10.0 µm, respectively). Besides these morphological differences,  C. rotundata and  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. appeared as very distant lineages in the phylogenetic tree. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FF87FFF9A666F7BEFD5BFD8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FF85FFE7A67BF740FD49FE6D.text	2B7987A4FF85FFE7A67BF740FD49FE6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina globulosa Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> CLATHRINA GLOBULOSA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 7; TABLE 5)</p>
            <p>Etymology: From the Latin globus (=sphere), for its external morphology.</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Tug Boat , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao  . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. UFRJPOR 6759,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.862335/lat 12.068944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.862335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.068944">Tug Boat</a>
                 , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°04′08.20″N, 68°51′44.40″W) 10 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 23 August 2011  . Paratype. UFRJPOR 6753, same as the holotype. 
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            <p> Diagnosis:  Clathrina with cormus formed by a globular clathroid body with an apical water-collecting tube and a solid stalk. The skeleton of the clathroid body is composed of two size categories of triactines. The skeleton of the stalk is exclusively formed by parasagittal tractines. White in life. </p>
            <p>Colour: White in life and in ethanol (Fig. 7A). Morphology and anatomy: This species has a globular clathroid body with an apical osculum and a stalk (Fig. 7A). The surface is smooth and the texture is soft. The consistency is compressible, even the stalk. In the holotype (UFRJPOR 6759), the clathroid body measures 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.1 cm and the stalk is 0.5 × 0.1 × 0.1 cm. The cormus is formed by irregular and tightly anastomosed tubes, which converge at the centre of the sponge forming a single apical osculum.The stalk is solid, formed by tubes without choanoderm (arrow in Fig. 7A). The aquiferous system is asconoid. No granular cells were observed.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The skeleton of the clathroid body has no special organization and is composed of two categories of regular triactines (Fig. 7B). The skeleton of the stalk is composed exclusively of parasagittal triactines, the unpaired actine of which is basipetally oriented. These spicules are more numerous and more closely placed in the median part of the stalk.</p>
            <p>Spicules: Triactines I of the clathroid body. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or subregular. Frequent. Actines are cylindrical with blunt tips (Fig. 7C). Some of them are slightly undulated at the distal part. Size: 67.5–108.0/4.1–5.4 µm. Triactines II of the clathroid body. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are conical and straight with sharp tips. Shorter and thicker than triactine I (Fig. 7D). Size: 45.9– 62.1/5.4–8.1 µm. Triactines of the stalk. Parasagittal (equiangular). The paired actines are slightly conical and very short (sometimes they seem to be rudimentary). The unpaired actine is straight and cylindrical to slightly conical with sharp tips (Fig. 7E). Size: 40.5–67.5/5.4–8.1 µm (paired actine) and 94.5– 199.8/5.4–8.1 µm (unpaired actine).</p>
            <p>Ecology: This species was collected in a light-protected environment, underneath coral boulder, at 10 m depth. No associated organisms were found.</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southern Caribbean (provisionally endemic to Curaçao, present study).</p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: Species of  Clathrinidae with a clathroid body and a stalk were formerly included in  Guancha , but recently those without tetractines were transferred to  Clathrina (Klautau et al., 2013) . These species are:  C. arnesenae ,  C. blanca ,  C. camura (Rapp, 2006) ,  C. challengeri (Poléjaeff, 1883) ,  C. lacunosa (Johnston, 1842) ,  C. macleayi (Lendenfeld, 1885) ,  C. pellucida (Rapp, 2006) ,  C. pulcherrima (Dendy, 1891) ,  C. ramosa ,  C. sagittaria (Haeckel, 1872) and  C. stipitata (Dendy, 1891) . Among them,  C. pellucida from Norway and  C. stipitata from Australia are the species resembling  C. globulosa sp. nov. the most, as these three species have a cormus composed of tightly anastomosed tubes which converging in an apical osculum, and a skeleton composed of regular and sagittal triactines. However, they can be distinguished when additional features are considered. </p>
            <p> Clathrina pellucida has a short stalk (less than 1/3 of the body) formed by true tubes with choanoderm and a skeleton exclusively composed of triactines with undulated actines, whereas  C. globulosa sp. nov. has a solid stalk half the length of its whole body, and a skeleton which comprises triactines with straight actines. </p>
            <p> The skeleton of the clathroid body of  C. stipitata comprises parasagittal triactines with unpaired actines regularly arranged, pointing towards the stalk, whereas in  C. globulosa sp. nov. , it does not include parasagittal triactines, and is formed instead by regular and subregular disorganized triactines. Moreover, Dendy (1891) divides these spicules into dermal and deeper spicules. Dermal triactines are slightly curved with the centre uplifted, resembling a tripod, and deeper spicules are more nearly regular and more slender than the dermal ones. In  C. globulosa sp. nov. , spicules do not have this external and internal spicule distribution. </p>
            <p> In neither of the above referred species,  C. pellucida and  C. stipitata , were spicules with comparable dimensions to those observed in the clathroid body of  C. globulosa sp. nov. mentioned or illustrated in the original descriptions. Triactines from  C. pellucida (115.0– 175.0/8.1 ± 1.2 µm) and  C. stipitata (unpaired actine: 100.0/10.0 µm and paired actine: 70.0/8.5 µm) are larger compared to  C. globulosa sp. nov. , even considering its two spicule categories (triactines I: 67.5–108.0/4.1– 5.4 µm and triactines II: 45.9–62.1/5.4–8.1 µm). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FF85FFE7A67BF740FD49FE6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FF9BFFE4A7C5F763FB9BF8EA.text	2B7987A4FF9BFFE4A7C5F763FB9BF8EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina hondurensis KLAUTAU & VALENTINE 2003	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> CLATHRINA HONDURENSIS KLAUTAU &amp; VALENTINE, 2003</p>
            <p>(FIG. 8; TABLE 6)</p>
            <p> Synonymy:  Clathrina hondurensis Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003: 46 . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   UFRJPOR 6732,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.08702/lat 12.218505)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.08702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.218505">Porto Mari</a>
                 , St. Willibrordus, Curaçao (12°13′6.62″N, 69°05′13.26″W), 7.9 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 20 August 2011  . 
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            <p> C o m p a r a t i v e m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:  H o l o t y p e o f C. h o n d u r e n s i s. B M N H 1 9 3 8.3.2 8.4, T u r n e f f e, Belize, Caribbean Sea, coll. J. H. Borley, 20–22 March 1935 . </p>
            <p>Colour: White in life (Fig. 8A) and yellow to light brown in ethanol (Fig. 8B).</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: The specimen is massive and it measures 1.4 × 1.0 × 0.2 cm (Fig. 8A). The surface is smooth and the consistency is compressible. The cormus is composed of irregular and tightly anastomosed tubes (Fig. 8B). No water-collecting tubes were observed. The aquiferous system is asconoid. No granular cells were observed.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The skeleton has no special organization (Fig. 8C) and is composed of triactines and rare trichoxeas (Fig. 8D, arrow).</p>
            <p>*Present study.</p>
            <p>**Taken from Klautau &amp; Valentine (2003).</p>
            <p>Spicules: Trichoxeas. Straight and very slender (Fig. 8D). Most of them are broken. The size of the unique entire trichoxea found is 325.0/2.5 µm. Triactines. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig. 8E). Size: 100.0–212.5/13.6–25.0 µm.</p>
            <p>Ecology: This specimen was collected underneath coral boulders at 7.9 m depth. No associated organisms were found.</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southwestern Caribbean (Belize, Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003) and Southern Caribbean (Curaçao, present study) ecoregions.</p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: The external morphology and the shape of the triactines observed in the specimen from Curaçao are similar to  C. hondurensis from Turneffe. However, in the original description of that species, trichoxeas were not reported and after re-examination of the slides of the holotype, we confirmed the absence of these spicules. As seen in other species, the presence of trichoxeas may not constitute a diagnostic character, as they seem to be plastic characters in  Clathrina (Azevedo et al., 2017) . </p>
            <p> Regarding spicule dimensions, although the triactines of the specimen from Curaçao can attain slightly larger sizes (100.0–212.5/13.6–25.0 µm) compared to the holotype of  C. hondurensis (105.6–156.0/12.0– 19.2 µm, taken from Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003), they are in the same size range. </p>
            <p> It is important to point out that  C. hondurensis was originally described based on a single specimen. Considering this, the presence of trichoxeas and of slightly larger triactines in the specimen from Curaçao could be attributable to intraspecific variation. </p>
            <p> Recently, Klautau et al. (2016) considered the possible synonymy of  C. hondurensis and  C. primordialis (Haeckel, 1872) . In fact, both species have similar morphology and spicule size range. Nonetheless, it is possible to recognize thicker spicules in  C. hondurensis (holotype: 12.0–19.2 µm) than in  C. primordialis (holotype: 8.0–12.0 µm, Table 6). Based on this subtle but consistent difference, we decided to maintain  C. hondurensis as a valid species and identify the Curaçaoan specimen as  C. hondurensis . </p>
            <p> Rützler et al. (2014) recorded  C. hondurensis from another Belizean locality (Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow); however, the skeleton of that specimen was composed of shorter and thinner triactines (85.0– 100.0/8.0–12.0 µm) and thus, it does not seem to correspond to  C. hondurensis . </p>
            <p> CLATHRINA INSULARIS AZEVEDO, PADUA, MORAES, ROSSI, MURICY &amp; KLAUTAU, 2017</p>
            <p>(FIG. 9; TABLE 7)</p>
            <p> Synonymy:  Clathrina insularis Azevedo et al., 2017: 317–318 . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   UFRJPOR 6737,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.15217/lat 12.328814)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.15217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.328814">Playa Jeremi</a>
                 , Soto, Curaçao (12°19′43.73″N, 69°09′07.80″W), 14.9 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 22 August 2011  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Additional material re-analysed:   UFRJPOR 6533,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -32.391087/lat -3.8096082)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-32.391087&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8096082">Cagarras</a>
                 , Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Pernambuco, Brazil (03°48′34.59″S, 32°23′27.91″W), 15 m depth, coll. F. Azevedo and G. Rodríguez, 27 June 2011  .   UFRJPOR 6530 and UFRJPOR 6537, Ilha do  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -32.3935/lat -3.8183)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-32.3935&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8183">Meio</a>
                 , Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Pernambuco, Brazil (03°49′5.88″S, 32°23′36.6″W), 15 m depth, coll. F. Azevedo and G. Rodríguez, 27 June 2011  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Comparative material examined:   Holotype of  C. insularis . UFRJPOR 6532,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -32.391087/lat -3.8096082)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-32.391087&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8096082">Cagarras</a>
                 , Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brazil (03°48′34.59″S, 32°23′27.91″W), 15 m depth, coll. F. Azevedo and G. Rodríguez, 27 June 2011. 
            </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FF9BFFE4A7C5F763FB9BF8EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FF92FFEEA4FDF6B2FBD0FAA6.text	2B7987A4FF92FFEEA4FDF6B2FBD0FAA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucetta HAECKEL 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  LEUCETTA HAECKEL, 1872</p>
            <p> Type species:  Leucetta primigenia Haeckel, 1872 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: ‘  Leucettidae with a homogeneous organisation of the wall and a typical leuconoid aquiferous system. There is neither a clear distinction between the cortex and the choanoskeleton, nor the presence of a distinct layer of subcortical inhalant cavities. The atrium is frequently reduced to a system of exhalant canals that open directly into the osculum’ (Borojevic et al., 2002). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FF92FFEEA4FDF6B2FBD0FAA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FF92FFEDA4E4F028FDF9FB17.text	2B7987A4FF92FFEDA4E4F028FDF9FB17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucetta floridana HAECKEL 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> LEUCETTA FLORIDANA HAECKEL, 1872</p>
            <p>(FIG. 12; TABLE 10)</p>
            <p> Synonymy:  Amphoriscus floridanus ,  Dyssycus floridanus ,  Leucaltis floridana ,  Leucaltis impura ,  Leucaltis pura ,  Lipostomella floridana Haeckel, 1872: 144 ;  Leucilla floridana Jenkin, 1908: 453 ;  Leucetta floridana de Laubenfels, 1950: 146 ;  Leucetta microraphis Borojevic &amp; Peixinho, 1976: 1003–1005 ;  Leucetta aff. floridana Lehnert &amp; Van Soest, 1998: 99 ;  Leucetta floridana Valderrama et al., 2009: 9–14 ; Lanna et al., 2009: 7–9; Muricy et al., 2011: 36–37; Rützler et al., 2014: 102; Pérez et al., 2017: 13; Azevedo et al., 2017: 333–334, 336. </p>
            <p> Type specimen: Haeckel’s type material of  L. floridana is considered lost (Burton, 1963). </p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Coast of Florida, USA  . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   UFRJPOR 6726,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.95376/lat 12.108578)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.95376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.108578">Water Factory</a>
                 , Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°06′30.88″N, 68°57′13.53″W), 17.8 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu, 19 August 2011  .   UFRJPOR 6757,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.862335/lat 12.068944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.862335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.068944">Tug Boat</a>
                 , Caracasbaai, Curaçao (12°04′08.20″N, 68°51′44.40″W), 6.2 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján  , 
            </p>
            <p>
                  23 August 2011. UFRJPOR 6765,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.96985/lat 12.121928)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.96985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.121928">Hook’s Hut</a>
                 , Caracasbaai, Curaçao (12°07′18.94″N, 68°58′11.46″W), 13.3 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu  , 18 August 2011. 
            </p>
            <p>Colour: White to light blue in life (Fig. 12A) and greyish white to brown in ethanol (Fig. 12B).</p>
            <p>* Valderrama et al. (2009).</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: This species has a massive growth form (Fig. 12A). The consistency is very rough and incompressible. The largest specimen (UFRJPOR 6726) measures 2.6 × 1.6 × 0.8 cm (Fig. 12B). The surface is ridged and hispid. The three analysed specimens had a single apical osculum (largest diameter = 0.5 cm). In the specimen UFRJPOR 6757, the osculum is particularly elongated and bears a very delicate margin. The atrial cavity is wide and hispid. The aquiferous system is leuconoid.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The skeleton is typical of the genus. It does not have special organization and it is composed of two size categories of triactines (I and II) and tetractines (I and II). The cortex and atrial wall are thin, whereas the choanosome is thick. Triactines II and tetractines II, which are the largest spicules, are found in the cortex and in the choanosome, tangentially positioned. Tetractines II are rare. Triactines I and tetractines I are spread in the choanosome and in the atrium. The apical actine of tetractines I penetrates the exhalant canals and the atrial cavity. Near the atrium, triactines I and tetractines I become sagittal.</p>
            <p>Spicules: Triactines I. Regular. Actines are conical, straight, with blunt tips (Fig. 12C). Frequent. Sagittal triactines I were also observed. Size: 87.5–175.0/10.0– 22.5 µm. Triactines II. Regular. Actines are conical, straight, with blunt tips (Fig.12D). Highly variable size: 378.4–2378.4/54.1–389.2 µm. Tetractines I. Regular. Actines are slightly conical, straight, with blunt to sharp tips (Fig. 12E). The apical actine is smooth, thinner than the basal actines and has a sharp tip. Sagittal tetractines I were also observed. Size: 102.5– 200.0/11.2–20.0 µm (basal actine) and 25.0–50.0/7.5– 10 µm (apical actine). Tetractines II. Regular. Rare. Actines are conical, straight, with blunt tips (Fig. 12F). Highly variable size: 464.9–2162.2/108.1–270.3 µm.</p>
            <p> Ecology: This species was found underneath boulders close to some incrusting and massive demosponges (  cf. Clathria ). No associated organisms were found on the surface of the analysed specimens. The analysed specimens from Curaçao were collected between 6 and 18 m depth; however,  L. floridana has been reported down to 100 m depth in NE Brazil (Lanna et al., 2009). </p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: This species has a widespread distribution. Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Province – Floridian (Florida: Haeckel, 1872), Bermuda (Bermudas: de Laubenfels, 1950), Greater Antilles (Jamaica: Lehnert &amp; Van Soest, 1998), Eastern Caribbean (La Martinique: Pérez et al., 2017) and Southern Caribbean (Urabá and San Andrés: Valderrama et al., 2009 and Curaçao: present study) ecoregions, North Brazil Shelf Province (Pará, Brazil: Borojevic &amp; Peixinho, 1976) and Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Province – Northeastern Brazil, Eastern Brazil, Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas ecoregions (Borojevic &amp; Peixinho, 1976; Lanna et al., 2009; Valderrama et al., 2009).</p>
            <p>Molecular analysis: The ITS sequences of the specimens from Curaçao (UFRJPOR 6726 and UFRJPOR 6765) clustered within a monophyletic clade also composed of Brazilian (UFRJPOR 6480) and</p>
            <p> Panamenian (PTL09-P100) specimens of  L. floridana (pp = 1, b = 97, Fig. 4). The Curaçaoan specimens showed a higher molecular affinity with the Brazilian specimen (p distance = 0%) than with the Panamenian one, despite their geographic distance (p distance = 0.4%). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: Our specimens match the original description of  L. floridana provided by Haeckel (1872) as well as the redescription of Valderrama et al. (2009). Haeckel’s measurements are: triactines and tetractines I: 150.0–250.0/10.0–15.0 µm and triactines and tetractines II: 700.0–1500.0/100.0–150.0 µm.Those of Valderrama et al. (2009) are presented in Table 10.  Leucetta floridana is not only one of the few species of  Calcarea already reported from the Caribbean Sea, but it is also one of the most widespread species along the Western Tropical Atlantic. </p>
            <p> SUBCLASS  CALCARONEA BIDDER, 1898 ORDER  LEUCOSOLENIDA HARTMAN, 1958 FAMILY  AMPHORISCIDAE DENDY, 1893 GENUS  LEUCILLA HAECKEL, 1872</p>
            <p> Type species:  Leucilla amphora Haeckel, 1872 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Amphoriscidae with sylleibid or leuconoid organization. The choanoskeleton is formed primarily by the apical actines of giant cortical tetractines and the unpaired actine of subatrial triactines or tetractines. It may contain dispersed spicules, but a typical articulated choanoskeleton is always absent (Borojevic et al., 2002, emend.). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FF92FFEDA4E4F028FDF9FB17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FF91FFE8A645F1B5FE6DF913.text	2B7987A4FF91FFE8A645F1B5FE6DF913.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucilla antillana Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> LEUCILLA ANTILLANA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 13, 14; TABLE 11)</p>
            <p>Etymology: From its presence in Curaçao, which is an island of the Leeward Antilles.</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Water Factory , Willemstadt, Curaçao  . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. UFRJPOR 6768,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.95376/lat 12.108578)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.95376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.108578">Water Factory</a>
                 , Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°06′30.88″N, 68°57′13.53″W), 9.9 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 23 August 2011. 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Leucilla with a skeleton composed of cortical tetractines, subatrial triactines and atrial tetractines, and leuconoid aquiferous system. </p>
            <p>Colour: White to light blue in life (Fig. 13A) and white in ethanol (Fig. 13B).</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: This species has an irregular tubular shape being wider at the base (Fig. 13A). It measures 1.0 × 0.8 × 0.2 cm. The surface is slightly hispid due to some protruding spicules. The osculum is apical and has a delicate crown of trichoxeas (arrow in Fig. 13B). The aquiferous system is leuconoid with subspherical to elongated choanocyte chambers ranging from 97.2 to 162.0 µm of diameter.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The skeleton is characteristic of the genus (Fig. 13C). The cortical skeleton is exclusively formed by tetractines (Fig. 13D) with the basal actines tangentially positioned on the surface. The choanosomal skeleton is inarticulated, composed of the apical actine of the cortical tetractines (Fig. 13E, arrow), which occasionally crosses the atrial skeleton, and of the unpaired actine of the subatrial triactines (Fig. 13F, white arrow). The subatrial triactines do not form a continuous layer, instead, they are irregularly scattered in this region. The atrial skeleton is composed of tetractines with the apical actine projected into the atrium (Fig. 13F, black arrow).</p>
            <p>Spicules: Cortical tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The paired actines are frequently curved. The apical actine is straight and it is the longest actine (Fig. 14A). Some undulated apical actines were also observed. Size: 350.0–485.0/35.0–60.0 µm (paired actine), 75.0–200.0/35.0–60.0 µm (unpaired actine) and 285.0–550.0/35.0–55.0 µm (apical actine). Subatrial triactines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The paired actines are straight and smaller than the unpaired one (Fig. 14B, C). Some slightly curved paired actines were also observed. Highly variable size: 175.0–460.0/15.0–60.0 µm (paired actine) and 225.0–490.0/15.0–55.0 µm (unpaired actine). Atrial tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with very sharp tips. The unpaired actine is slightly longer than the paired ones (Fig. 14D). The apical actine is the thinnest and shortest actine. Size: 120.0–270.0/10.0– 12.5 µm (paired actine), 185.0–355.0/10.0–12.5 µm (unpaired actine) and 15.0–50.0/5.0–10.0 µm (apical actine).</p>
            <p>Ecology: This species was found underneath coral boulders at 9.9 m depth. No organisms were found associated with this species.</p>
            <p> Molecular analysis: We provide the first C-LSU sequence of a  Leucilla species ,  L. antillana sp. nov. In both phylogenetic reconstructions (ML and BI),  Leucilla was not recovered as a monophyletic genus as the two  Leucilla species used in this study,  L. antillana sp. nov. and  L. micropilosa sp. nov. (see below), appeared in different clades (Fig. 15). </p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southern Caribbean (provisionally endemic to Curaçao, present study).</p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: The species that most resemble  L. antillana sp. nov. are  L. amphora (type locality: Puerto Rico or Barbados, Haeckel did not specify this),  L. capsula Haeckel, 1872 (type locality: Agulhas Bank, South Africa),  L. uter Poléjaeff, 1883 (type locality: Bermudas or Philippines, Poléjaeff did not specify this) and  L. sacculata Carter, 1890 (type locality: Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil). </p>
            <p> Leucilla antillana sp. nov. can be easily differentiated from  L. amphora and  L. capsula because the skeleton of the two latter species (  L. amphora and  L. capsula ) is exclusively composed of tetractines (as described and illustrated by Haeckel, 1872), whereas the new species has subatrial triactines. </p>
            <p> Different to  L. sacculata and  L. uter , the skeletons of which comprise cortical microdiactines and subatrial tetractines (these latter can be found scattered in the choanosome of those species),  L. antillana sp. nov. does not have any microdiactines nor subatrial tetractines in its skeleton. Considering the spicule dimensions of the other spicule categories of  L. sacculata and  L. uter provided in their original descriptions, the size ranges do not match the new species.  Leucilla antillana sp. nov. has thinner spicules (15.0–60.0 µm) compared to  L. sacculata (84.7 µm). The apical actine of the cortical tetractines of  L. uter is almost twice as long (400.0–1200.0 µm) as that of  L. antillana sp. nov. (285.0–550.0 µm) and the atrial tetractines are thicker (20.0 µm vs. 10.0–12.5 µm). </p>
            <p> Leucilla antillana sp. nov. is the second species of the genus  Leucilla recorded from Curaçao.  Leucilla amphora was also reported from that island by Arndt (1927). That author mentioned that Breitfuss was responsible for the identification and did not give a description of the samples. Therefore, as we did not analyse those specimens, we can neither confirm nor invalidate that record. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FF91FFE8A645F1B5FE6DF913	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FF94FFD4A665F3B0FC00FE11.text	2B7987A4FF94FFD4A665F3B0FC00FE11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucilla micropilosa Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> LEUCILLA MICROPILOSA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 16, 17; TABLE 12)</p>
            <p>Etymology: From the Latin pilosus (=hairy), for the presence of microdiactines crossing the cortex.</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Tug Boat , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao  . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. UFRJPOR 6755,  Tug Boat , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao (1 2°0 4′ 0 8.2 0″N, 6 8°5 1′4 4.4 0″W), 8.6 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 23 August 2011  .   Paratypes. UFRJPOR 6739,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.12913/lat 12.267105)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.12913&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.267105">Sunset Waters</a>
                 , Soto, Curaçao (12°16′01.58″N, 69°07′44.85″W), 13.1 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 22 August 2011  .   UFRJPOR 6756,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.862335/lat 12.068944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.862335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.068944">Tug Boat</a>
                 , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°04′08.20″N, 68°51′44.40″W), 8.6 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 23 August 2011  . 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Leucilla with a skeleton composed of cortical microdiactines, triactines and tetractines, subatrial triactines and atrial tetractines. The mean width of the cortical triactines varies from 12.0 to 14.4 µm. The mean length of the apical actine of the atrial tetractines varies from 49.7 to 78.8 µm. The aquiferous system is sylleibid. </p>
            <p>Colour: White to light blue in life (Fig. 16A–C) and white in ethanol (Fig. 16D–F). Transparent and bright.</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: This sponge has a variable external morphology (Fig. 16A–F), which can be tubular (Fig. 16A, D) to flattened sac-shaped (Fig. 16C, F) but always with an apical osculum. The surface is smooth, although (thin) microdiactines protrude through the surface. The consistency is rough. The holotype (UFRJPOR 6755) measures 1.2 × 0.5 × 0.2 cm. The osculum has a margin sustained by T-shaped triactines and it is surrounded by short trichoxeas. The aquiferous system is sylleibid (Fig. 16G) with subspherical to elongated choanocyte chambers ranging from 62.2/54.1 to 135.1/81.1 µm. The aquiferous system is sylleibid.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The skeleton is typical of the genus (Fig.16G). The cortical skeleton is composed of microdiactines perpendicularly positioned on the surface (Fig. 16H) or organized in tufts (only in UFRJPOR 6739, Fig. 16I), triactines and the basal actines of the tetractines. The triactines are distributed tangentially to the surface (Fig. 16J, arrow). The choanosomal skeleton is inarticulated, composed of the apical actines of the cortical tetractines and by rare subatrial triactines. The apical actine of the tetractines crosses the choanosome and occasionally reaches the atrium (Fig. 16J, K, white arrows). The unpaired actine of the subatrial triactines points toward the cortex (Fig. 16K, black arrow). The atrial skeleton is exclusively composed of tetractines with their apical actine protruding into the atrial cavity (Fig. 16K, asterisk).</p>
            <p>Spicules: Microdiactines. Straight with sharp tips. Size: 27.0–94.5/1.1–1.4 µm. Cortical triactines. Sagittal. Actines are smooth, conical, with sharp tips (Fig. 17A). Sometimes the paired actines are curved. Size: 102.6–310.5/8.1–18.9 µm (paired actine), 89.1– 310.5/6.7–18.9 µm (unpaired actine). Subcortical tetractin es. Sagittal. Actines are straight, smooth, conical, with sharp tips (Fig. 17B). The apical actine is very large. These are the largest spicules in this species. Size: 172.8–572.4/21.6–64.8 µm (paired actine), 183.6–540.0/30.0–64.8 µm (unpaired actine), 162.0–1036.8/21.6–64.8 µm (apical actine). Subatrial triactines. Sagittal.Actines are conical, smooth, straight, with sharp tips (Fig. 17C). The paired actines are shorter than the unpaired one and some are slightly curved. Sometimes, one paired actine is longer than the other. Size: 81.0–240.3/8.1–21.6 µm (paired actine), 91.8– 610/8.1–18.9 µm (unpaired actine). Atrial tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are conical, straight, smooth and have sharp tips. The unpaired actine is slightly longer than the paired ones (Fig. 17D). The apical actine is the shortest actine. Size: 100.0–264.6/10.0–24.3 µm (paired actine), 83.7–297.0/10–21.6 µm (unpaired actine), 27.0–115.0/8.1–13.5 µm (apical).</p>
            <p>Ecology: Specimens from Curaçao were found underneath broken coral boulders between 8 and 13 m depth. No associated organisms were found. Some balls of sediment were found inside the atrial cavity of one of the specimens (UFRJPOR 6739).</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southern Caribbean (provisionally endemic to Curaçao, present study).</p>
            <p> Molecular analysis: We provide the second DNA sequence for  Leucilla ,  L. micropilosa sp. nov. In the C-LSU tree of  Calcaronea (Fig. 15), none of the new  Leucilla species ,  L. antillana sp. nov. or  L. micropilosa sp. nov. , clustered together with the other sequences of the  Amphoriscidae family, namely,  Paraleucilla dalmatica Klautau, ImeŠek, Azevedo, PleŠe, Nikolić &amp; Ćetković, 2016 and  P. magna Klautau, Monteiro &amp; Borojevic, 2004 , supporting the non-monophyly of this family. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: Although the sequence of  L. micropilosa sp. nov. did not group with  L. antillana sp. nov. , we rather maintain this species as  Leucilla following the current classification of the subclass  Calcaronea (Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet, 2000) , which is based on morphological characters. However, a revision of the calcaronean genera, including  Leucilla , is urgent. The descriptions and sequences of  L. antillana sp. nov. and  L. micropilosa sp. nov. provided herein will certainly contribute to an integrated revision of this genus. </p>
            <p> Leucilla now comprises 15 valid species and among them, the species that resemble the most  Leucilla micropilosa sp. nov. are  L. antillana sp. nov. (described in the previous section) and  L. amphora sensu Borojevic &amp; Boury-Esnault (1987) . </p>
            <p> Leucilla micropilosa sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from  L. antillana sp. nov. because the skeleton of the former has cortical triactines and microdiactines, whereas in the latter, those spicule categories are absent. </p>
            <p> Leucilla amphora was originally described by Haeckel (1872), who analysed specimens from Puerto Rico and Barbados. Haeckel (1872) characterized the skeleton of  L. amphora as being exclusively composed of tetractines. However, in the redescription of this species (Borojevic &amp; Boury-Esnault, 1987), based on the examination of several specimens from Dakar (Senegal) and on Haeckel’s slides, they mentioned the presence of cortical and subatrial triactines as well as some microdiactines (‘microxeas’). </p>
            <p> We compared  L.micropilosa sp. nov. with  L.amphora sensu Borojevic &amp; Boury-Esnault (1987) as they have similar external morphology and skeletal composition but they have slightly different spicule size and aquiferous system. Regarding spicule dimensions,  L. micropilosa sp. nov. has thinner cortical triactines (holotype: paired actine = 14.4 ± 2.8 µm and unpaired actine = 14.1 ± 3.0 µm) and atrial tetractines with longer apical actines (holotype: 65.1 ± 11.4 µm) compared to  L. amphora sensu Borojevic &amp; BouryEsnault (1987) (16.0–25.0 and 23.0–32.0 µm, respectively). In  L. amphora sensu Borojevic &amp; Boury-Esnault (1987) , choanocyte chambers are positioned between the inhalant and exhalant system, whereas in  L. micropilosa sp. nov. it is not possible to observe this arrangement. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FF94FFD4A665F3B0FC00FE11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFA8FFD4A4F6F48EFC44FCA7.text	2B7987A4FFA8FFD4A4F6F48EFC44FCA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucandra HAECKEL 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  LEUCANDRA HAECKEL, 1872</p>
            <p> Type species:  Sycinula egedii Schmidt, 1870 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: ‘  Grantiidae with sylleibid or leuconoid organization. Longitudinal large diactines, if present, are not restricted to the cortex, but lie obliquely across the external part of the sponge wall and protrude from the surface of the sponge’ (Borojevic et al., 2002). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFA8FFD4A4F6F48EFC44FCA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFA8FFD0A4CDF616FD2AF928.text	2B7987A4FFA8FFD0A4CDF616FD2AF928.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucandra caribea Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> LEUCANDRA CARIBEA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 18–20; TABLE 13)</p>
            <p>Etymology: Named after its distribution in the Caribbean Sea.</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Tug Boat , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao  . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. UFRJPOR 6754,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.862335/lat 12.068944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.862335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.068944">Tug Boat</a>
                 , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°04′08.20″N, 68°51′44.40″W), 13.9 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 23 August 2011. 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Leucandra with a sac-shaped body and leuconoid aquiferous system. The skeleton is mostly formed by triactines with some tetractines lining the choanosomal canals and atrial cavity. The choanosomal skeleton is composed of one category of triactines. Cortical trichoxeas are also present. </p>
            <p>Colour: White in life (Fig. 18A) and beige in ethanol (Fig. 18B).</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: This species has a sac-shaped external morphology: it is wide at the base and becomes narrower near the osculum (Fig. 18A). It measures 0.7 × 0.3 × 0.1 cm (Fig. 18B). This sponge is quite smooth and compressible. Near the suboscular region there are short trichoxeas protruding through the surface (Fig. 18C). The osculum is apical. It is supported by triactines, tetractines and has a discrete crown of trichoxeas (Fig. 18D, E). The aquiferous system is leuconoid with subspherical choanocyte chambers ranging from 28.0 to 34.0 µm in diameter (Fig. 18F). The diameter of the exhalant canals varies from 140.0 to 300.0 µm.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The skeleton is typical of the genus (Fig. 19A). As mentioned before, the oscular margin has a differentiated skeleton. It is composed of T-shaped triactines and tetractines tangentially positioned and short trichoxeas perpendicular to the surface. The cortical skeleton is composed of tangential triactines (Fig. 19B). The choanosomal skeleton does not have any special organization and it is formed by triactines of variable sizes (as shown in Figs 18F, 19A). Several exhalant choanosomal canals were observed within this region. They are surrounded by tetractines with the apical actine projected inside them (Fig. 19C). Some triactines lining the canals were also found (Fig. 19D). No subatrial skeleton was observed. The atrial skeleton is formed by triactines (Fig.19E) and rare tetractines (Fig. 19F). The apical actine of the tetractines protrudes into the atrial cavity (arrow in Fig. 19F).</p>
            <p> Spicules: Cortical triactines. Subregular or parasagittal. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips. The paired actines are frequently curved and slightly longer than the unpaired one, which is always straight (Fig. 20A). Size: 110.0–340.0/7.5– 16.3 µm (paired actine) and 105.0–325.0/7.5–16.3 µm (unpaired actine). Choanosomal triactines. Regular or subregular. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig. 20B). They are the largest spicules in  L. caribea sp. nov. Highly variable size: 370–960/25–75 µm. Triactines and tetractines of the canals. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The paired actines are curved, following the shape of the canals (Fig. 20C, D). The apical actine of the tetractines is smooth and it is thinner than the basal actines (as shown in Fig. 19C). The size of the triactines is similar to that of the tetractines. Size of tetractines: 112.5–220/7.5– 12.5 µm (paired actine), 62.5–210.0/7.5–12.5 µm (unpaired actine) and 45.0–110.0/5.0–10 µm (apical actine). Atrial triactines (shown in Fig. 19E): Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. Compared to the cortical triactines, the atrial triactines are thinner and the angle formed by the paired actines is more open. Size: 132.3–253.8/8.1–13.5 µm (paired actine) and 164.7–253.8/5.4–13.5 µm (unpaired actine). Atrial tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig. 20D). The apical actine is smooth. Size: 150.0–262.5/7.5–15.0 µm (paired actine), 162.0–297.0/8.1–16.2 µm (unpaired actine) and 35.0–132.5/7.5–12.5 µm (apical actine). </p>
            <p>Ecology: This species was found underneath a coral boulder at 13.9 m depth. The basal region was attached to an algae (as shown in Fig. 18A, B).</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southern Caribbean (provisionally endemic to Curaçao, present study).</p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: Among the species of  Leucandra reported from the Caribbean Sea, namely  L. crustacea (Haeckel, 1872) ,  L. barbata (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) ,  L. curva (Schuffner, 1877) ,  L. multiformis Poléjaeff, 1883 ,  L. rudifera Poléjaeff, 1883 , and  L. typica (Poléjaeff, 1883) (Van Soest et al., 2017) , only  L. typica possesses a similar skeletal composition as that of  L. caribea sp. nov. The skeletons of the other Caribbean species include cortical tetractines (  L. crustacea and  L. curva ), diactines (  L. barbata ,  L. multiformis and  L. rudifera ) and atrial grapnel spicules (also in  L. rudifera ), which are spicule categories absent in  L. caribea sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Leucandra caribea sp. nov. can be differentiated from  L. typica as the former species possesses an atrial skeleton mainly composed of triactines and few tetractines, whereas in the latter species, triactines and tetractines are in the same proportion (or at least, Poléjaeff did not indicate the opposite). Besides, in the new species, the choanosomal canals are lined by tetractines and triactines and in  L. typica they are only lined by tetractines. In  L. typica , trichoxeas (&lt;300.0/1.0 µm) are scattered in the choanosome and spindle-shaped microdiactines (100.0/4.0 µm) are concentrated in the suboscular region, while in  L. caribea sp. nov. , trichoxeas (&gt;100.0/1.2 µm) were found only in the suboscular region. </p>
            <p> Among the other species of  Leucandra with skeletal composition and external morphology comparable to that of  L. caribea sp. nov ,  L. falakra Klautau, ImeŠek, Azevedo, PleŠe, Nikolić &amp; Ćetković, 2016 from the Adriactic Sea is the one that most resembles the new species. Nonetheless, they have some important differences. The choanosomal skeleton of the Curaçaoan species is composed of one single type of triactine (370.0–960.0/25.0–75.0 µm) while in the Adriatic species, it is composed of small (paired actine: 94.5–180.9/8.1–13.5 µm and unpaired actine: 70.0–143.1/8.1–16.2 µm) and giant triactines (342.0– 1047.6/48.6–118.8 µm). Additionally, although almost all the spicule categories have similar dimensions (Table 13), the unpaired actine of the atrial tetractines is shorter in  L. falakra (59.4–126.9 µm) than in the new species (162.0–297.0 µm). </p>
            <p> GENUS  LEUCANDRILLA BOROJEVIC, BOURY-ESNAULT &amp; VACELET, 2000</p>
            <p> Type species:  Leucilla wasinensis Jenkin, 1908 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: ‘  Grantiidae with leuconoid organization. In addition to triactines the cortex contains tetractines, with the apical actines turned into the choanoderm. The articulated choanoskeleton is supported by subatrial triactine spicules, and numerous rows of choanosomal triactines and/or tetractines, with apical actines of cortical tetractines in the distal region’ (Borojevic et al., 2000). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFA8FFD0A4CDF616FD2AF928	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFACFFDDA7BBF3B9FD5FFC7F.text	2B7987A4FFACFFDDA7BBF3B9FD5FFC7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucandrilla quadriradiata Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> LEUCANDRILLA QUADRIRADIATA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 21–23; TABLE 14)</p>
            <p>Etymology: Derived from the predominance of tetractines in the skeleton of the species.</p>
            <p>  Type Locality:  Water Factory , Willemstadt, Curaçao  . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. UFRJPOR 6705,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.08568/lat 12.211978)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.08568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.211978">Water Factory</a>
                 , Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°12′43.12″N, 69°05′8.42″W), 3–5 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 18 August 2011  .   Paratypes. UFRJPOR 6696,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.96985/lat 12.121928)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.96985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.121928">Sunset Waters</a>
                 , Soto, Curaçao (12°07′18.94″N, 68°58′11.46″W), &lt;10 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján and G. Lôbo-Hajdu, 17 August 2011  .   UFRJPOR 6752,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.862335/lat 12.068944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.862335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.068944">Tug Boat</a>
                 , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°04′08.20″N, 68°51′44.40″W), 15.2 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu, 23 August 2011  . 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Leucandrilla with a cylindrical body. The choanosomal and atrial skeletons are exclusively composed of tetractines. </p>
            <p>Colour: White to light blue in life (Fig. 21A, B) and white to beige in ethanol (Fig. 21C–E).</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: This species has a cylindrical massive body (Fig. 21A–E). The holotype (UFRJPOR 6705) is fragmented (1.3 × 1.0 × 0.5 cm). The largest specimen (paratype UFRJPOR 6752) measures 3.8 × 2.0 × 0.8 cm (Fig. 21C). The surface is slightly hispid and the consistency is hard. The osculum is apical and its diameter is 1.2 mm. The atrial cavity is not hispid. The aquiferous system is leuconoid with subspherical choanocyte chambers ranging from 75.6 to 162.0 µm in diameter. The diameter of canals varied from 108.0 to 238.0 µm.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: In the three analysed specimens, the oscular margin is composed of T-shaped spicules including triactines and rare tetractines (Fig. 22A). The skeleton is not typical of the genus as it has rare pseudosagittal tetractines (Fig. 22B). The cortical skeleton is composed of triactines tangentially positioned on the surface (Fig. 22B, C) and of the basal actines of large sagittal tetractines. Some of them are pseudosagittal (Fig. 22D, white arrow). The apical actines of the cortical tetractines cross the choanosome and sometimes reach the atrial skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is disorganized, formed by the same large tetractines of the cortex. The choanosomal canals are surrounded by small tetractines which have an apical actine projected into them (Fig. 22E). The poorly developed subatrial skeleton is formed by rare tetractines (Fig. 22D, black arrow). The atrial skeleton is exclusively composed of tetractines with an apical actine which is projected into the atrial cavity (Fig. 22F).</p>
            <p>Spicules: Cortical triactines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with blunt to sharp tips. Some paired actines are slightly curved (Fig. 23A). Highly variable size: 97.2– 421.2/8.1–21.6 µm (paired actine), 75.6–421.2/5.4– 21.6 µm (unpaired actine). Cortical and choanosomal tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The paired actines are slightly curved (Fig. 23B). Rare pseudosagittal-like tetractines were also observed (Fig. 23C). Size: 248.4–1188.0/27.0–75.6 µm (paired actine), 162.0–564.0/27.0–64.8 µm (unpaired actine) and 345.6–1122.0/21.6–75.6 µm (apical actine). Canal tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The paired actines are curved following the shape of the canals and they are longer than the other actines (Fig. 23D). Size: 118.8–264.6/8.1–17.6 µm (paired actine), 70.2–213.3/8.1–17.6 µm (unpaired actine) and 40.5–132.3/8.1–13.5 µm (apical actine). Subatrial tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig. 23E). The apical actine is shorter than the basal ones. Size: 205.2–993.6/21.6–75.6 µm (paired actine), 205.2–766.8/21.6–70.2 µm (unpaired actine) and 129.6–432.0/16.2–54.0 µm (apical actine). Atrial tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with blunt to sharp tips (Fig. 23F). Sometimes, the paired actines are slightly curved. The apical actine is conical, shorter than the basal ones, smooth and has sharp tip. Size: 67.5–391.5/8.1–21.6 µm (paired actine), 59.4–270.0/8.1–21.6 µm (unpaired actine) and 21.6– 108.0/6.4–13.5 µm (apical actine).</p>
            <p>Ecology: The three specimens were collected in light-protected habitats at depths varying from 5 to 15 m.The holotype (UFRJPOR 6705) and one of the paratypes (UFRJPOR 6696) were collected underneath boulders. A polychaete was found inside one of the paratypes (UFRJPOR 6752).</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southern Caribbean (provisionally endemic to Curaçao, present study).</p>
            <p> Molecular analysis: The C-LSU sequences of the specimens of  L. quadriradiata sp. nov. , UFRJPOR 6696 (paratype) and UFRJPOR 6705 (holotype), clustered together in a monophyletic clade with high support (pp = 1, b = 99, Fig. 15). The genetic variability between them was 0%. </p>
            <p> Leucandrilla quadriradiata sp. nov. appeared as a new lineage in a large clade recovered with high support values (pp = 1, b = 90). This clade was composed of one  Grantiidae ,  Leucandra nicolae Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 2003 and two  Amphoriscidae P. dalmatica and  P. magna . Within this clade,  P. magna appeared as the sister species of  L. quadriradiata sp. nov. (pp = 1, b = 91) with 2.2% of p distance. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: The identification of this new species as  Leucandrilla is not very clear. Pseudosagittal spicules are expected to be present only in the family  Heteropiidae , and in that case, our new species would be closer to  Vosmaeropsis Dendy, 1893 . However, large cortical tetractines are not expected to be found in that genus, instead they are characteristic of the family  Amphoriscidae . Within that family, we would expect to allocate the new species to  Leucilla , as it has leuconoid aquiferous system and the subatrial skeleton is adjacent to the atrial one. Nonetheless, the new species does not have an inarticulated skeleton, which is a diagnostic characteristic of  Leucilla . </p>
            <p> In the absence of phylogenetic studies indicating which morphological characters are good for the systematics of  Calcaronea , we decided to consider the current morphological systematics and to place the new species in  Leucandrilla , taking into account Borojevic et al. (2000): ‘ In any calcaronean sponge with a strong cortex, some subcortical spicules may be in the position and have the shape of pseudosagittal spicules, due to the restriction of their growth by the rigidity of the cortical skeleton. They should not be interpreted as an indication that the sponge belongs to the family  Heteropiidae ’. </p>
            <p> According to Borojevic et al. (2002), three species belong to the genus  Leucandrilla :  L. intermedia (Row, 1909) from the Red Sea,  L. lanceolata (Row &amp; Hôzawa, 1931) from Southwestern Australia and  L. wasinensis from East Africa. Herein, we propose to transfer some types = UFRJPOR 6696 and UFRJPOR 6752) </p>
            <p> species of the genus  Leucandra to  Leucandrilla as their original descriptions match the current accepted diagnosis of  Leucandrilla . Those species are:  L. connectens Brønsted, 1927 from New Zealand,  L. fernandensis (Breitfuss, 1898) from Juan Fernández Islands (Chile),  L. ovata (Poléjaeff, 1883) from Kerguelen Islands,  L. pallida Row &amp; Hôzawa, 1931 and  L. thulakomorpha Row &amp; Hôzawa, 1931 from Southwestern Australia and  L. tropica Tanita, 1943 from Japan. Among these nine species, none has the same skeletal composition as  L. quadriradiata sp. nov. (Table 15). The new species can be easily differentiated from the others as it is the only  Leucandrilla with chaonosomal and atrial skeletons exclusively composed of tetractines. </p>
            <p> FAMILY  HETEROPIIDAE DENDY, 1893</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFACFFDDA7BBF3B9FD5FFC7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFA1FFDDA798F170FDD8FACE.text	2B7987A4FFA1FFDDA798F170FDD8FACE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grantessa LENDENFELD 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  GRANTESSA LENDENFELD, 1885</p>
            <p> Type species:  Grantessa sacca Lendenfeld, 1885 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: ‘  Heteropiidae with syconoid organization and an articulated choanoskeleton. A thin cortex is formed by triactines but lacks longitudinal large diactines. The distal part of the radial tubes is frequently decorated by tufts of radially arranged diactines, indicating a close relationship to the genus  Syconessa ’ (Borojevic et al., 2002). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFA1FFDDA798F170FDD8FACE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFA1FFC6A64DF001FC5FFA5A.text	2B7987A4FFA1FFC6A64DF001FC5FFA5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grantessa tumida Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GRANTESSA TUMIDA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 24, 25; TABLE 16)</p>
            <p>Etymology: From the latin tumidus (=swollen), for the presence of subatrial and atrial spicules with distally swollen unpaired actines.</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Daai Booi , St. Willibrordus, Curaçao  . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. UFRJPOR 6701,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.08568/lat 12.211978)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.08568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.211978">Daai Booi</a>
                 , St. Willibrordus, Curaçao (12°12′43.12″N, 69°05′8.42″W), 3–5 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 18 August 2011  .   Paratypes. UFRJPOR 6695,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.96985/lat 12.121928)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.96985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.121928">Hook’s Hut</a>
                 , Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°07′18.94″N, 68°58′11.46″W), 6.3 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján and G. Lôbo-Hajdu, 17 August 2011  .   UFRJPOR 6766,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.12913/lat 12.267105)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.12913&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.267105">Sunset Waters</a>
                 , Soto, Curaçao (12°16′01.58″N, 69°07′44.85″W), 13.1 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 23 August 2011  . 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Grantessa with a solitary cylindrical body and a hispid surface. Distal cones decorated by tufts of diactines are evident. The tubar skeleton is exclusively composed of triactines. The atrial skeleton is composed of one category of triactines and two categories of tetractines (I and II). The unpaired actines of the atrial triactines and of atrial tetractines I are distally swollen. The apical actine of tetractines I is curved and of tetractines II is straight. </p>
            <p>Colour: Beige in life and beige to white in ethanol (Fig. 24A, B).</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: This species has a tubular to sac-shaped body with an apical osculum surrounded by a crown of trichoxeas. The holotype (UFRJPOR 6701) is the largest specimen and measures 0.5 × 0.2 × 0.1 cm (Fig. 24A). The surface is smooth to the touch although diactines protrude through the surface. The consistency is compressible. The aquiferous system is syconoid with elongated choanocyte chambers ranging from 75.0/13.0 to 87.0/20.0 µm.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The osculum is surrounded by a crown of trichoxeas supported by T-shaped triactines and rare tetractines (Fig. 24C). The skeleton is typical of the genus. The cortical skeleton is composed of diactines and triactines (Fig. 24D). The diactines are arranged in tufts, to which trichoxeas can be added. Rare diactines penetrate obliquely the choanosome but do not reach the atrium. The triactines are tangentially positioned with the paired actines laying tangentially to the subcortical region (Fig. 24D, black arrow). The subcortical skeleton is composed of pseudosagittal triactines (Fig. 24D, white arrow) with the longest paired actine (actine 1) penetrating the choanosome. The tubar skeleton is articulated, composed of several rows of triactines (Fig. 24E, arrow) with the unpaired actine pointing to the cortex. The subatrial skeleton is composed of triactines (Fig. 24F, white arrow). The atrial skeleton is composed of one category of triactines and two categories of tetractines (I and II, black arrow and arrowhead, respectively, in Fig. 24F). Atrial triactines and tetractines I have the unpaired actine tangential to the atrium, supporting it. Tetractines I and II have their apical actine penetrating the atrial cavity (Fig. 24F, arrow and arrowhead, respectively).</p>
            <p>Spicules: Diactines. Fusiform with tips usually sharp (Fig. 25A). Size: 108.0–637.2/5.4–16.2 µm. Cortical triactines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The paired actines are less straight than the unpaired one (Fig. 25B). Size: 48.6–102.6/4.1–8.1 µm (paired actine), 51.3–175.5/4.1–8.1 µm (unpaired actine). Subcortical triactines. Pseudosagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. One of the paired actines is shorter and more curved than the other. The unpaired actine is straight (Fig. 25C). Size: 67.5–145.8/4.1–5.4 µm (paired actine 1), 51.3–113.4/2.7–5.4 µm (paired actine 2), 54.0–129.6/4.1–8.1 µm (unpaired actine). Tubar triactines. Sagittal. Actines are conical, slightly curved with sharp tips. The paired actines have almost the same size or one of them is shorter than the other one. The unpaired actine is straight and usually longer than the paired ones (Fig. 25D). Size: 48.6–121.5/5.4–8.1 µm (paired actine), 72.9–205.5/5.4–8.1 µm (unpaired actine). Subatrial triactines. Sagittal. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and longer than the paired ones. The paired actines are inwardly curved (Fig. 25E). Some paired actines with different lengths in the same spicule were also found. Size: 40.5–108.8/4.1–6.8 µm (paired actine), 35.1–243.0/4.1–8.1 µm (unpaired actine). Atrial triactines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is elongated and swollen at the distal part (Fig. 25F, G). Size: 89.1–162.0/4.1–8.1 µm (paired actine), 159.3–283.5/5.4–8.1 µm (unpaired actine). Atrial tetractine I. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is elongated and it is swollen at the distal part (Fig. 25H, I). The apical actine is curved, with the base being much thicker than the tip, which is blunt. Size: 94.5–151.2/4.1–8.1 µm (paired actine), 162.0–283.5/5.1–8.1 µm (unpaired actine), 13.5–43.2/4.1–5.4 µm (apical actine). Atrial tetractines II: Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones (Fig. 25J, K). The apical actine is straight. Size: 78.3– 148.5/4.1–5.4 µm (paired actine), 108.0–280.8/5.4–8.1 µm (unpaired actine), 21.6–97.2/4.1–6.8 µm (apical actine).</p>
            <p>Ecology: The specimens were found underneath coral boulders at depths varying from 5 to 13 m.The paratype UFRJPOR 6695 was covered with sediment when collected. No associated organisms were observed.</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southern Caribbean (provisionally endemic to Curaçao, present study).</p>
            <p> Molecular analysis: The sequences of the holotype (UFRJPOR 6701) and of the paratype UFRJPOR 6695 of  Grantessa tumida sp. nov. formed a monophyletic clade with high support (pp = 1, b = 100, Fig. 15) and 100% of genetic similarity (0% of p distance). </p>
            <p> Grantessa tumida sp. nov. did not group with the other  Grantessa species included in the phylogenetic tree,  G. aff. intusarticulata (Carter, 1886) , which may indicate the non-monophyly of this genus. On the other hand,  G. tumida sp. nov. evidenced a closer affinity to  Sycon ciliatum as they clustered together (pp = 1, b = 71). The p distance between these two species was 5.5%. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: Among the 28 valid species of the genus  Grantessa , only  G. ramosa (Haeckel, 1872) from South Africa and  G. tenhoveni Van Soest &amp; de Voogd, 2015 from Indonesia have atrial spicules with swollen unpaired actine as also observed in  G. tumida sp. nov. Nonetheless, the skeleton of our new species differs from  G. tenhoveni , as it bears neither subatrial tetractines nor atrial tetractines with long apical actines (660.0–960.0 µm) as described for the Indonesian species. Therefore,  G. ramosa is the most similar species to  G. tumida sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Grantessa ramosa was originally described by Haeckel (1872) and redescribed by Borojevic (1967). Although the specimens described in both studies are very similar, it is possible that they belong to different species as they differ mainly in the composition of the cortical skeleton and spicule dimensions (Tables 16 and 17). Consequently, we compared the specimens from Curaçao with each description separately, i.e.  G. ramosa sensu Haeckel (1872) and  G. ramosa sensu Borojevic (1967) . </p>
            <p> Grantessa ramosa sensu Haeckel (1872) is a ramified sponge with a smooth surface, whereas  G. tumida sp. nov. forms a single tube with hispid surface. According to Haeckel’s description, the cortical diactines of  G. ramosa are distally swollen (see Plate 54, fig. 1s), located perpendicularly to the surface (close to each other) and are not supported by cortical triactines. In contrast, in  G. tumida sp. nov. cortical diactines are fusiform, arranged in tufts and supported by cortical triactines. Moreover, Haeckel (1872) mentioned that the apical actines of the atrial tetractines were ‘ Nagethier-Schneidezahns ’ (thick and sharp-pointed as shown in Plate 54, fig. 1a), whereas in  G. tumida sp. nov. , the apical actine of the atrial tetractines can be curved (tetractines II) or straight (tetractines I). Regarding spicule dimensions, although almost all the spicule categories of  G. ramosa sensu Haeckel (1872) match those of  G. tumida sp. nov. (Tables 16 and 17), diactines are shorter in the former (60.0–80.0 µm) than in the latter (108.0–637.2 µm). </p>
            <p> Differing from  G. tumida sp. nov. ,  G. ramosa sensu Borojevic (1967) is a sponge with variable external morphology, being ramified or solitary. Although very similar in skeletal composition, the spicules of these two species are not identical. Borojevic (1967) described one category of atrial tetractines; however, in figure 14 (p. 206) it is possible to distinguish two categories of atrial tetractines: one with very long unpaired actine (left, fig. 14g) and another with short unpaired actine (right, fig. 14g). In  G. tumida sp. nov. , both categories of atrial tetractines (I and II) have long unpaired actine (see Spicules section). Furthermore, compared to  G. ramosa sensu Borojevic (1967) , almost all the spicule categories have thinner actines in  G. tumida sp. nov. : cortical triactines (8.0–12.0 µm vs. 4.1–8.1 µm), subcortical triactines (14.0–18.0 µm vs. 2.7–8.1 µm), tubar triactines (14.0–18.0 µm vs. 5.4–8.1 µm), subatrial triactines (9–14 µm vs. 4.1–8.1 µm), atrial triactines (8.0–10.0 µm vs. 4.1–8.1 µm) and atrial tetractines (4.1–8.1 µm vs. 25.0 µm). </p>
            <p>*Paired actines slightly longer than the unpaired actine.</p>
            <p> In both descriptions of  G. ramosa, Haeckel and Borojevic agreed that the distal cones are not visible macroscopically, whereas, in  G. tumida sp. nov. , short distal cones are evident probably due to the longer diactines of the new species. </p>
            <p> Although the analysed specimens from Curaçao did not cluster with the other  Grantessa species in the C-LSU phylogeny (  Grantessa aff. intusarticulata ), we identified these specimens as  Grantessa following the morphological classification of Systema  Porifera (Borojevic et al., 2002).  Grantessa aff. intusarticulata and  G. tumida sp. nov. have many similarities (syconoid aquiferous system, articulated choanoskeleton and pseudosagittal subcortical triactines); however, only  G. tumida sp. nov. has radial tubes decorated with tufts of diactines resembling distal cones. Whether this difference has phylogenetic signal in  Grantessa or not should be tested in further molecular studies. The addition of the sequence from the type species of the genus,  G. sacca , in future phylogenetic analyses would help to understand the phylogenetic affinities within  Grantessa . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFA1FFC6A64DF001FC5FFA5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFBAFFC7A4A5F357FD0DFF7A.text	2B7987A4FFBAFFC7A4A5F357FD0DFF7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sycon RISSO 1827	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  SYCON RISSO, 1827</p>
            <p> Type species:  Sycon humboldti Risso, 1827 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: ‘  Sycettidae with radial tubes partially or fully coalescent; distal cones are decorated by tufts of diactines. The inhalant canals are generally well defined between the radial tubes and are often closed at the distal end by a membrane that is perforated by an ostium, devoid of a skeleton. There is no continuous cortex covering the distal ends of the radial tubes. Skeleton of the atrium and of the tubes composed of triactines and/or tetractines’ (Borojevic et al., 2002). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFBAFFC7A4A5F357FD0DFF7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFBBFFC7A653F46BFC53FE54.text	2B7987A4FFBBFFC7A653F46BFC53FE54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sycon conulosum Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SYCON CONULOSUM SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 26, 27; TABLE 18)</p>
            <p>Etymology: Derived from the conulose appearance of the surface.</p>
            <p>
                 Type Locality:   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.08568/lat 12.211978)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.08568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.211978">Daai Booi</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.08568/lat 12.211978)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.08568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.211978">St. Willibrordus</a>
                 , Curaçao.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.08568/lat 12.211978)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.08568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.211978">Materialexamined</a>
                 : Holotype. UFRJPOR 6707, DaaiBooi, St. Willibrordus, Curaçao (12°12′43.12″N, 69°05′8.42″W), 3–5 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 18 August 2011. 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Sycon with a conulose appearance due to its separated distal cones. Skeleton mainly composed of triactines. Tetractines are only present in the atrial skeleton and they are less abundant than the atrial triactines. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFBBFFC7A653F46BFC53FE54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFBCFFCCA4CEF174FBB8FBB6.text	2B7987A4FFBCFFCCA4CEF174FBB8FBB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sycon magnapicale Cóndor-Luján & Louzada & Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SYCON MAGNAPICALE SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 28, 29; TABLE 20)</p>
            <p> Etimology: From the Latin  magna (=large), for the long apical actine of the atrial tetractine. </p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Tug Boat , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao  . </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. UFRJPOR 6748,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.862335/lat 12.068944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.862335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.068944">Tug Boat</a>
                 , Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°04′ 08.20″N, 68°51′ 44.40″W), 14.9 m depth, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 23 August 2011  .   Paratype. UFRJPOR 6763,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.95376/lat 12.108578)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.95376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.108578">Water Factory</a>
                 , Willemstadt, Curaçao (12°06′30.88″N, 68°57′13.53″W), 8.4 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu, 23 August 2011  . 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Sycon with globular body composed of an oscular neck and a crown. Skeleton composed of diactines and triactines in the distal cones, tubar triactines, subatrial tetractines and triactines, and atrial tetractines. Tetractines with long apical actines projected into the atrium. </p>
            <p>Colour: White to beige in life and yellowish in ethanol (Fig. 28A, B).</p>
            <p>Morphology and anatomy: This species has a globular body with an apical osculum (Fig. 28A, B). The holotype measures 6.5 × 2.5 × 0.1 cm (Fig. 28A). The consistency is hard, although compressible. The surface is very hispid with long diactines and trichoxeas protruding through the surface. The osculum has a neck with a delicate crown of trichoxeas. In the paratype, the crown is more conspicuous (Fig. 28B). The radial tubes are fully coalescent. The atrial cavity is hispid and the aquiferous system is syconoid.</p>
            <p>Skeleton: The osculum has a neck composed of T-shaped triactines and tetractines and a crown of trichoxeas (Fig. 28C). The triactines (white arrow) and tetractines (black arrow) are arranged parallel to each other (Fig. 28D). The skeleton of the body is typical of the genus (Fig. 28E). The distal cones have diactines (Fig. 28F, black arrow), triactines (Fig. 28F, white arrow) and rare trichoxeas tangentially positioned. Some longer diactines cross the choanosome and occasionally reach the atrium. The tubar skeleton is articulated, exclusively formed by rows of triactines with the unpaired actine pointing to the distal cones (Fig. 28G). The subatrial skeleton is composed of tetractines (Fig. 28H, white arrow) and rare triactines (Fig. 28H, black arrow) with the unpaired actine pointing to the surface. The atrial skeleton is formed by tetractines. The basal actines lie tangentially and the very long apical actine is projected into the atrium (Fig. 28I).</p>
            <p>Spicules: Trichoxeas. Straight with tips always broken. Thicker than usual. Size:&gt;1690.2/1.4–5.4 µm. Diactines. Fusiform and straight. The proximal tip is sharp and the distal tip was always found broken (Fig. 29A). Size:&gt;2970.0/23.0–32.4 µm. Triactines of the distal cones. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. Some paired actines can be slightly longer than the unpaired one (Fig. 29B). Size: 54.0–153.9/5.4– 10.8 µm (paired actines) and 40.5–175.5/5.4–10.8 µm (unpaired actine). Tubar triactines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig. 29C). Some paired actines are curved. Size: 54.0–135.0/5.4–10.8 µm (paired actine) and 35.1–189.0/5.4–10.8 µm (unpaired actine). Subatrial triactines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and longer than the paired ones (Fig. 29D). The paired actines are inwardly curved. In some triactines, one paired actine can be longer than the other. Size: 67.5–126.9/2.7–6.8 µm (paired actine) and 67.5–245.7/4.1–8.1 µm (unpaired actine). Subatrial tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and is longer than the basal actines. It can be slightly conical. The paired actines are inwardly curved (Fig. 29E). The apical actine is the smallest actine present in this species. Size: 40.0–143.1/4.1–8.1 µm (paired actines), 143.1–237.6/5.4–10.8 µm (unpaired actine) and 10.8– 75.6/2.7–6.8 µm (apical actine). Atrial tetractines. Sagittal. The basal actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig. 29F). The apical actine is slightly conical to cylindrical, straight, smooth and very long. It can be straight or curved. Size: 110.7–237.6/5.4–13.5 µm (paired actines), 29.7–151.2/5.4–16.2 µm (unpaired actine) and 124.2–496.0/5.4–16.2 µm (apical actine).</p>
            <p>Ecology: The specimens of this species were collected underneath coral boulders at 8 and 15 m depth. They were found partially covered with sediment. No associated organisms were observed.</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution: Southern Caribbean (provisionally endemic to Curaçao, present study).</p>
            <p> Molecular analysis: The two sequences of  S. magnapicale sp. nov. (holotype UFRJPOR 6748 and paratype UFRJPOR 6763) grouped together with high support (pp = 1, b = 99, Fig. 15) and 100% genetic similarity. The phylogenetic affinities between  S. magnapicale sp. nov. and the other species were not conclusive. In the ML phylogenetic tree only (data not shown),  Leucandra falakra (  Grantiidae ) appeared as the sister species of  S. magnapicale sp. nov. , but with low support (b = 48). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic remarks: The difference between  Grantia and  Sycon is the presence of a ‘cortex composed of tangential triactines and/or tetractines, occasionally with small perpendicular diactines’ (Borojevic et al., 2000) in  Grantia , whereas in  Sycon there is no such continuous cortex and the distal ends of the radial tubes form cones which are decorated by tufts of diactines (Borojevic et al., 2002). The specimens from Curaçao do not perfectly match the diagnosis of either  Grantia or  Sycon as it was possible to distinguish some radial tubes covered by tangential triactines and perpendicular diactines and other radial tubes with distal cones decorated by tufts of diactines. Nonetheless, we decided to allocate the new species to  Sycon due to the presence of distal cones. However, we would not be surprised if this species is reallocated to  Grantia or to another genus in future studies. </p>
            <p> The most remarkable characteristic of  S. magnapicale sp. nov. is the presence of tetractines with long apical actines projected into the atrium. Other species of  Sycon that also have this skeletal feature are  S. defendens Borojevic, 1967 from South Africa,  S. minutum Jenkin, 1908 from Zanzibar,  S. plumosum Tanita, 1943 from Paulau (Carolinas Islands),  S. setosum and  S. villosum . Among them, the species that most resembles  S. magnapicale sp. nov. is  S. plumosum , as both species have the same skeletal composition.  Sycon setosum and  S. villosum differ from the new species by not having subatrial tetractines.  Sycon defendens and  S. minutum bear tubar tetractines which are absent in  S. magnapicale sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Although  S. magnapicale sp. nov. and  S. plumosum have similar skeletal composition, they greatly differ in spicule size. Spicule measurements of  S. plumosum from its original description are provided here. Diactines: 800–3000/30–35 µm, triactines of the distal cone: 200–240/16 µm (paired actine) and 140–200/16 µm (unpaired actine), tubar triactines: 170–240/15–18 µm (paired actine) and 270–360/15–18 µm (unpaired actine), subatrial triactines: 120–180/8–10 µm (paired actine) and 250–360/8–10 µm (unpaired actine), subatrial tetractines: 120–180/8–10 µm (paired actine) and 250–360/8–10 µm (unpaired actine) and 70–100/8–10 µm (apical actine) and atrial tetractines: 170–200/12– 16 µm (paired actine), 200–280/12–16 µm (unpaired actine) and 130–350/12–16 µm (apical actine). Compared to  S. plumosum , all the spicule categories but the diactines and atrial tetractines are smaller in  S. magnapicale sp. nov. Additionally,  S. plumosum lacks the oscular neck observed in both Curaçaoan specimens of  S. magnapicale sp. nov.</p>
            <p> In the phylogenetic tree,  S. magnapicale sp. nov. did not cluster with any other  Sycon with well-defined distal cones (namely  S. ancora ,  S. carteri ,  Sycon cf. v illosum,  S. raphanus and  S. conulosum sp. nov. ). Maybe a future detailed analysis of the presence or absence of well-defined distal cones in  Sycon would guide us to an understanding of the polyphyletic position of this genus in molecular phylogenies (Voigt et al., 2012; Voigt &amp; Wörheide, 2016). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFBCFFCCA4CEF174FBB8FBB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFB4FFC8A44AF730FBC8F8ED.text	2B7987A4FFB4FFC8A44AF730FBC8F8ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calcaronea (Borojevic, Boury-Esnault & Vacelet 2000)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subclass  Calcaronea</p>
            <p>As in previous Calcaronean phylogenies where different DNA markers were analysed (18S and 28S: Dohrmann et al., 2006; 28S: Voigt et al., 2012; Klautau et al., 2016 and C-LSU: Voigt &amp; Wörheide, 2016), our C-LSU phylogenetic reconstruction recovered several taxa as non-monophyletic.</p>
            <p> Voigt et al. (2012) found the family  Amphoriscidae not to be a monophyletic group; however, they could not elucidate the affinities within each  Amphoriscidae genus as enough sequences were not available. Klautau et al. (2016) recovered a well-supported clade (pp = 0.95, b = 0.64) formed only by  Paraleucilla species (  P. magna and  P. dalmatica ), which suggested the possible monophyly of that genus. In the present study, using a larger set of sequences, we confirmed that  Amphoriscidae is not monophyletic and refuted the monophyly of  Paraleucilla and  Leucilla . </p>
            <p> With a reduced number of  Heteropiidae sequences (n = 2:  Sycettusa sp. and  Vosmaeropsis sp. ), Manuel et al. (2003, 2004) supported the monophyly of that family. In subsequent studies using more sequences (Dohrmann et al., 2006; Voigt et al., 2012),  Heteropiidae was not recovered as a monophyletic taxon and nor were the  Heteropiidae genera  Sycettusa and  Ute . In this work, we found  Grantessa , another  Heteropiidae genus, as not monophyletic. </p>
            <p> Sycon is one of the largest genera within  Calcaronea , currently including 90 species. Nonetheless, our knowledge of the molecular phylogenetic affinities within this genus is based only on a few species. As in previous phylogenies (Manuel et al., 2003, 2004; Dorhman et al., 2006; Voigt et al., 2012; Klautau et al., 2016; Voigt &amp; Wörheide, 2016),  Sycon was recovered as a polyphyletic genus in this study. </p>
            <p> In  Calcaronea , our results corroborated that the C-LSU marker is suitable for species identification as proposed by Voigt &amp; Wörheide (2016); nonetheless, the correct allocation of these species to genera was not possible when only considering molecular information. An integrative revision including morphology and new molecular markers is necessary to improve the systematics of  Calcaronea . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFB4FFC8A44AF730FBC8F8ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
2B7987A4FFB4FFC8A7F2F138FB64FD8E.text	2B7987A4FFB4FFC8A7F2F138FB64FD8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calcinea BIDDER 1898	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subclass  Calcinea</p>
            <p> The phylogenetic affinities inferred from our ITS and C-LSU trees were congruent with the classification proposed by Klautau et al. (2013) using ITS, and by Voigt &amp; Wörheide (2016) using C-LSU. With the addition of new sequences (  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. and  B. tenuispinata ), we supported the monophyly of the genera  Clathrina and  Borojevia as obtained in other recent studies (Azevedo et al., 2017; Voigt et al., 2017). </p>
            <p> According to Klautau et al. (2016), ‘ the development of a peduncle and of parasagittal spicules probably appeared only once in the evolution of  Clathrina ’ as former guanchas (  C. blanca ,  C. hispanica ,  C. ramosa ) clustered in a monophyletic clade in their phylogenetic tree (fig. 16, p. 38). In this study,  C. curacaoensis sp. nov. , a species with parasagittal spicules (but without peduncle), did not group with the referred species (former guanchas), indicating that at least parasagittal spicules appeared independently more than once in  Clathrina . </p>
            <p> In  Calcinea , the molecular information obtained from both DNA markers (ITS and C-LSU) certainly contributed to the identification of species. DNA similarity (p distance) and tree topology (well-supported monophyletic clades) were appropriate approaches for delimiting species and genera, as pointed out by Azevedo et al. (2017) using ITS sequences. It was also possible to test whether or not the morphological variation observed among some conspecific specimens corresponded to true interspecific polymorphism/plasticity. Azevedo et al. (2017) suggested that trichoxeas do not seem to be reliable characters to differentiate species in  Clathrina as specimens of  C. mutabilis with and without trichoxeas clustered together in their ITS tree (Fig. 18, p. 338). We confirmed this result adding sequences of Curaçaoan specimens of  C. mutabilis in the phylogenetic tree, and we also found the same pattern in another species,  C. lutea . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B7987A4FFB4FFC8A7F2F138FB64FD8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi;Louzada, Taynara;Hajdu, Eduardo;Klautau, Michelle	Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Louzada, Taynara, Hajdu, Eduardo, Klautau, Michelle (2018): Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curaçao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 459-525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx082, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/3/459/4829952
