taxonID	type	description	language	source
2B28120757775C6CE00217A9FB4AFA36.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Diagnosis adapted to included styles as the smaller ectosomal megascleres. Echinostylinos iatapiuna sp. nov. (Fig. 2) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 838127 E 5 - 28 EA- 4812 - AC 34 - F 123 F 61 D 9 A 61 Material examined: Holotype. MNRJ 17631, São Paulo ridge, Southwest Atlantic (Iata ‒ Piúna Expedition, ‘ Shinkai’ submersible, Dive 156 – 1, YK 13 - 04, st. 02, - 28.4033 / - 40.9816), coll. H. Kitazato, depth 2300 – 3300 m, 29. IV. 2013. Diagnosis: Echinostylinos iatapiuna sp. nov. is the only Echinostylinos with a single category of megascleres (styles) and one category each of sigmas and spatulate arcuate tridentate isochelae larger than 60 µm. Description: Cushion-shaped, roundish and flattened like a cookie, 30 × 2.7 mm in area, 7 mm thick. Compressible, with irregular surface, color beige in ethanol (Fig. 2 A). Skeleton: Ectosome and choanosome undifferentiated. Spongin abundant. Megascleres in unito paucispicular, inter-crossing, loose ascending tracts, further obscured by megascleres strewn in confusion. Sigmas scattered everywhere, and isochelae mainly in the ectosome (Fig. 2 B). Spicules: Megascleres a single category of styles (Fig. 2 C), smooth, straight to slightly curved, tapering gradually to acerate ends, 1100 – 1219 – 1350 × 20 – 24.8 – 28 µm. Microscleres isochelae and sigmas. Tridentate isochelae (Fig. 2 D), with short, feebly developed spatulate teeth, 68 – 73.5 – 88 µm. Sigmas, smooth (Fig. 2 E), C or S ‒ shaped, tapering gradually to both, asymmetrical apices, 60 – 71.1 – 88 µm. Distribution and Ecology: Known only from its type locality, at bathyal depths (2300 – 3300 m) in the São Paulo ridge (SW Atlantic). The holotype was sampled associated to corals (Solenosmilia spp.). Etymology: The specific epithet, iatapiuna, is proposed as a noun in apposition, and refers to the name of the oceanographic expedition in which this new species was collected. Remarks: The species appearing closest to Echinostylinos iatapiuna sp. nov. is E. schmidtii (Arnesen, 1903; type locality Norway, 500 m depth), sharing the same spicule categories, viz. one category each of styles, isochelae and sigmas. However, the dimensions of these are considerably different so that no doubt rests that both are separate valid species. The type of E. schmidtii is apparently lost (cf. Carvalho et al. 2016), but the original description of isochelae around 40, and sigmas around 20 µm long, sets it confidently apart from the new species’ 67 ‒ 88 µm long isochelae, and 60 ‒ 88 µm long sigmas. Additional species in Echinostylinos differ even further, both in terms of spicule categories present, as well as on morphometric aspects (see Table 2: a new version here of Table 8 in Carvalho et al. 2016). Comparison to the second new species proposed in the present study will be carried in the remarks to E. abyssalis sp. nov. (see below). Echinostylinos abyssalis sp. nov. (Fig. 3) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 21 D 5 BEE-CA 32 - 4 F 83 - BBF 9 - B 09979 F 8 D 0 ED Material examined: Holotype. MNRJ 17633, São Paulo Ridge, Southwest Atlantic (Iata ‒ Piúna Expedition, Shinkai submersible, Dive 1333, - 28.5133 / - 41.6533), coll. H. Kitazato, depth 4008 m, 23. IV. 2013. Diagnosis: The only Echinostylinos with two categories of megascleres differentiated only by width, and microscleres, which are solely tridentate arcuate isochelae (tending to unguiferate morphology). Description: Erect, perhaps semi-infundibuliform (half a funnel; but in situ image not very sharp, and collected specimens fragmented), fragile, largest fragment 75 mm long × 8 mm wide at the base, and 28 mm wide on apical region (Fig. 3 B); smallest fragment 60 mm long × 4 mm wide at the base, and 29 mm wide on the apex. Compressible with irregular surface, color whitish in situ, beige in ethanol (Fig. 3 A). Skeleton: Ectosome with thinner megascleres (styles II) in ascending bundles. Choanosome with thicker megascleres (styles I) in ascending, loose, paucito multispicular tracts, sometimes forming ill-defined multispicular tracts. Microscleres abound all around (Fig. 3 B). Spicules: Megascleres are two categories of styles, both smooth and slightly curved, tapering gradually to acerate ends. Styles I, 572 – 781.8 – 854 × 17 – 19.7 – 24 µm (Fig. 3 C); styles II, 446 – 497 – 582 × 7 – 10.6 – 12 µm (Fig. 3 D). Microscleres, tridentate arcuate isochelae with pointy teeth, 29 – 32.5 – 36 µm (Fig. 3 E). Distribution and Ecology: Known only from its type locality, at an abyssal depth (4008 m) in the São Paulo ridge (SW Atlantic). Holotype founded growing on consolidated bottom. Etymology: The specific epithet, abyssalis, is proposed as a noun in apposition, and refers to the type specimen’s depth zone of occurrence, the abyssal zone. Remarks: Echinostylinos abyssalis sp. nov. is distinguished among its congeners as the sole species bearing two categories of styles (differentiated by width), and a single category of microscleres, namely tridentate, somewhat unguiferate, arcuate isochelae. When compared to other Echinostylinos spp., E. brasiliensis (also from the SW Atlantic) appears the closest. However, E. brasiliensis presents only one category of megascleres and also of isochelae. With isochelae even smaller (22 – 28 µm) than those in the new species (29 – 36 µm). When compared to the other new species described above, E. abyssalis sp. nov. presents two categories of megascleres and only one of isochelae, while E. iatapiuna sp. nov. presents only one category of megascleres and isochelae plus sigmas. Regarding the isochelae shapes, E. abyssalis sp. nov. presents somewhat unguiferate alae, while in E. iatapiuna sp. nov. is spatulate. Additional species of Echinostylinos differ in terms of spicule categories present, and on morphometric aspects.	en	Castello-Branco, Cristiana, Hajdu, Eduardo (2024): Sponges (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from New Deep-sea Frontiers in the Southwestern Atlantic: New Species, New Combinations and Taxonomic Remarks on Echinostylinos. Zoological Studies 63 (46): 1-19, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-46, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702283
2B28120757725C6CE0DF14C9FBAEF9F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Cladorhizidae with anchorate isochelae (Lee et al. 2012).	en	Castello-Branco, Cristiana, Hajdu, Eduardo (2024): Sponges (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from New Deep-sea Frontiers in the Southwestern Atlantic: New Species, New Combinations and Taxonomic Remarks on Echinostylinos. Zoological Studies 63 (46): 1-19, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-46, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702283
2B28120757725C6EE0021708FB66FAD6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Chondrocladia without a layer of special spicules (spear-like tylostyles or trochirhabds), lacking special rostriform (snoutlike) subtylostyles in filaments or terminal balls, and without planar vanes formed of evenly spaced upright branches (Lee et al. 2012). Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) trisigmata sp. nov. (Fig. 4) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: ABEFBD 2 A- 55 AC- 4051 - B 5 FE- 50 E 7 FA 873 FFF Material examined: Holotype. MNRJ 16000, continental rise to the south of the Vitória-Trindade seamounts’ chain, off SE Brazil, Southwest Atlantic (R / V ‘ Marion Dufresne ’ MD- 55 Expedition, Stn. 8 CP 17, - 21.134 / - 38.4349), collection method: dredge, 3250 – 3270 m depth, coll. N. Boury-Esnault, 11. V. 1987. Diagnosis: The only Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) species with three categories of sigmas. Description: Massive, rounded; smooth surface with scattered circular structures. No projections seen. Specimen in fragments (Fig. 4 A), the biggest one 12 × 12 mm in area and 5 mm thick. Compressible consistence, rough and easy to tear. Color beige in ethanol. Skeleton: Ectosomal skeleton with a layer of organic material, megascleres type II and microscleres arranged irregularly. Choanosomal skeleton with an irregular reticulation of megascleres just below the ectosome, and ascending tracts of styles I with microscleres randomly scattered in the body fragment analyzed. Spicules: Megascleres are two size categories of styles. Styles I (Fig. 4 C), smooth, fusiform, one end rounded and the other tapering gradually, conical or hastate; 1287 – 2126.9 – 3318 × 19 – 32.8 – 50 µm. Styles II (Fig. 4 D), smooth, straight with one end rounded and the other hastate to conical; 378 – 1000.7 – 1232 × 14 – 18.6 – 22 µm. Microscleres are two categories of anchorate isochelae, and three categories of sigmas. Isochelae I (Fig. 4 E), smooth, long shafted, tridentate with pointy alae, 65 – 82.2 – 98 µm long. Isochelae II (Fig. 4 F), smooth tridentate with pointy alae, 37 – 42 – 50 µm long. Sigmas I (Fig. 4 G), slender, tapering gradually to sharp ends, 77 – 90.5 – 96 µm long. Sigmas II (Fig. 4 H), similar to sigmas I, but shorter, 22 – 28.2 – 36 µm long. Sigmas III (Fig. 4 I), C-shaped, markedly fusiform, with central part bearing lateral fimbria-like expansions, 9.6 – 10.8 – 13 µm long. Distribution and Ecology: Known only from its type locality, the continental rise to the south of the Vitória-Trindade seamounts chain region (SW Atlantic), at 3250 – 3270 m depth. Etymology: The specific epithet, trisigmata, is used as a noun in apposition, and refers to the three categories of sigmas present in the new species, a distinguishing feature within its subgenus. Remarks: Although these fragments, at first look, do not look like a carnivorous sponge, the specimen was dredged in 1984 on board of the R / V ‘ Marion Dufresne ’, it is very common to receive damaged specimens or even only fragments. After careful analyzes of its peculiarities on the surface, plus skeleton and spicule set, we were convinced of its classification. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) presents 34 valid species distributed worldwide (Ekins et al. 2020; de Voogd et al. 2022). The new species differs from its congeners by the presence of three categories of sigmas (see comparative table including data from all species from every other subgenus, table 10 in Ekins et al. 2020). Chodrocladia (C.) antarctica Hentschel, 1914 and C. (C.) concrescens (Schmidt, 1880) (sensu Hestetun et al. 2016 b) were originally reported with two categories each of styles, isochelae and sigmas, however, both species do not present a third category of sigmas (similar to the sigmoid isochelae of Monanchora arbuscula), an apomorphy of the new species. Further distinctness is apparent from a detailed analysis of spicules’ shape and micrometries. Both formerly known species have sigmas that can reach considerably larger dimensions (143 – 165 µm, and 69 – 97 µm, respectively; cf. Göcke and Janussen 2013; Topsent 1920). In the case of C. (C.) concrescens, isochelae I can also be much larger (110 – 130 µm) and have six teeth, while isochelae II differ markedly in their bird-cage shape plus four to six teeth (Topsent 1920, fig. 3 b; Hestetun et al. 2016 b, fig. 7 D). New taxonomic combinations In order to clarify some questions pointed in other studies related to Echinostylinos species (e. g., see Carvalho et al. 2016; Vacelet and Kelly 2022), taxonomic revisions are needed and two new combinations are proposed below:	en	Castello-Branco, Cristiana, Hajdu, Eduardo (2024): Sponges (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from New Deep-sea Frontiers in the Southwestern Atlantic: New Species, New Combinations and Taxonomic Remarks on Echinostylinos. Zoological Studies 63 (46): 1-19, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-46, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702283
2B28120757705C60E0E114E8FDB5FEF6.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material: Holotype, ZIRAS 16399, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northwestern Pacific, Kurile-Kamchatka Trench area, off Shikotan Island (Station 5641, R / V “ Vityaz ”), 472 – 479 m depth (not studied here). Diagnosis: Species characterized by the presence of only one category of megascleres (styles) 550 – 870 × 13 – 16 µm. Microscleres are palmate isochelae in two categories, and sigmas. Isochelae I with 44 – 55 µm and II with 18 – 32 µm. Sigmas, 77 – 148 µm (Koltun, 1970). Remarks: Carvalho et al. (2016) considered the species Esperiopsis lingua (Koltun, 1970) as an Echinostylinos species in their comparative table, although they did not formally propose the new combination, which is done here.	en	Castello-Branco, Cristiana, Hajdu, Eduardo (2024): Sponges (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from New Deep-sea Frontiers in the Southwestern Atlantic: New Species, New Combinations and Taxonomic Remarks on Echinostylinos. Zoological Studies 63 (46): 1-19, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-46, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702283
2B281207577E5C60E3B413E8FC4CFD16.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Schizotype (slides presently re-examined). MNHN DT 1000, off Terceira, Azores, NE Atlantic (stn 866, S. A. S. Le Prince de Monaco; 38.8806 / - 27.3847), 599 m depth, coll. S. A. S. Le Prince de Monaco, R / V ‘ Princesse Alice’, 02. VIII. 1897. Diagnosis: The only species of Abyssocladia with two categories of styles, 1400 – 1500 × 17 – 20 µm and 900 – 1000 × 7 – 8 µm, and only arcuate isochelae as microscleres (46 – 60 µm), often of abyssochelae morphology. Brief Redescription (adapted from Topsent, 1904): The specimen is a whitish, elongated fragment, 20 mm long × 4 mm thick, without support; with soft consistency, smooth surface, and without distinct openings. The schizotype consists of a couple of slides with spicule dissociations and skeletal fragments. Skeleton: Ectosome with tangential and compact bundles of styles II. Choanosome with styles I forming multispicular tracts. Microscleres abundant and randomly distributed (Fig. 5 A; modified of Topsent 1904). Spicules: Megascleres, styles in two categories. Styles I (Fig. 5 A), smooth and straight sometimes slightly curved. Styles II (Fig. 5 B), smooth and straight. According to Topsent (1904): styles I: 1400 – 1500 × 17 – 20 µm; styles II: 900 – 1000 × 7 – 8 µm. Microscleres, arcuate isochelae (Fig. 5 C, D) with alae of both extremities ranging from totally separated to strongly interwoven as in abyssochelae: 46 – 60 µm (measures confirmed by the authors). Distribution: Known only from its type locality, NE Atlantic, Azores, 599 m depth (Topsent, 1904). Remarks: We propose the transfer of Echinostylinos glomeris (Topsent, 1904) to Abyssocladia Lévi, 1964 on account of its habit, skeleton and spicules, which appear more related to the latter genus, than to Echinostylinos or Phelloderma. The species originally described as Esperiopsis glomeris was transferred to Echinostylinos by van Soest and Hajdu (2002). Their rationale for the transfer actually supports our proposition, since they highlighted the skeletal similarity to Echinostylinos, but recognized the morphology of the isochelae in glomeris seemed to contradict this view, an observation they underestimated as likely of specific value only. Isochelae alone do not allow recognition of Abyssocladia spp. in many cases, but the typical branching shape and habit encourage us to transfer Esperiopsis glomeris to Abyssocladia.	en	Castello-Branco, Cristiana, Hajdu, Eduardo (2024): Sponges (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from New Deep-sea Frontiers in the Southwestern Atlantic: New Species, New Combinations and Taxonomic Remarks on Echinostylinos. Zoological Studies 63 (46): 1-19, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-46, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702283
2B281207577E5C60E2621008FDEEFDD6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Cladorhizidae most often pedunculate, carrying a disk-shaped or flabelliform body with a radial architecture, in other cases pinnate or branching. Microscleres are a combination of abyssochelae, cleistochelae, arcuate chelae and / or sigmancistras, but not placochelae (Hestetun et al. 2016).	en	Castello-Branco, Cristiana, Hajdu, Eduardo (2024): Sponges (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from New Deep-sea Frontiers in the Southwestern Atlantic: New Species, New Combinations and Taxonomic Remarks on Echinostylinos. Zoological Studies 63 (46): 1-19, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-46, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702283
2B281207577E5C60E02413A8FBB9FB16.taxon	description	During the process of review of the genus to describe the new species, considerations were taken regarding some known species of Echinostylinos: Carvalho et al. (2016) discussed the possibility of a E. shimushirensis and E. tubiformis be synonymous. Here, we tabulated their morphological characteristics and habitat information based on their descriptions available (Fig. 6; Table 1). Previous studies had discussed about spicule shape and classification of Echinostylinos species (Carvalho et al. 2016; Vacelet and Kelly 2022), we re-analyzed the type material of Echinostylinos gorgonopsis, here redescribed below:	en	Castello-Branco, Cristiana, Hajdu, Eduardo (2024): Sponges (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from New Deep-sea Frontiers in the Southwestern Atlantic: New Species, New Combinations and Taxonomic Remarks on Echinostylinos. Zoological Studies 63 (46): 1-19, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-46, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702283
