taxonID	type	description	language	source
367AF951FFE6FFE56E92FA1F91BEFD90.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: University Museum, The University of Tokyo (UMUT) - RM 34074 (see Fig. 3 p), Shionomisaki, Kushimoto, Wakayama., Japan. Selected paratypes: Paratype 1 (UMUTRM 34046), Shionomisaki, Kushimoto, Wakayama., Japan. Paratype 2 (UMUT-RM 34048), Shionomisaki, Kushimoto, Wakayama., Japan. Paratype 3 (UMUT-RM 34061), Kashiwajima, Kochi., Japan. Paratype 4 (UMUT-RM 34062), Kashiwajima, Kochi., Japan. Paratype 5 (UMUT-RM 34049), Shionomisaki, Kushimoto, Wakayama., Japan. Paratype 6 (UMUT-RM 34065), Shionomisaki, Kushimoto, Wakayama., Japan. Type locality: Ogokuda Beach, Cape Shionomisaki, Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Description: Shell (Fig. 3) conical. Sculpture consists usually of 8 – 12 radial ribs, highly variable in thickness. The major ribs are thicker, while thinner secondary ribs intersperse between the primary ones. The apex is positioned anteriorly, projecting ribs in a distinctive stellate pattern. External shell coloration ranges from greyish blue to brown reticulate markings, complemented by a whitish eroded apex. Ventral view reveals a smooth and lustrous interior, featuring blue and yellow shadings on the apex, along with white or blue projections in the ribs. Dark blue to black margins encircle the shell. Measurements indicate variations in shell length (9.4 – 16.5 mm), width (6.6 – 12.8 mm), and height (1.8 – 6.7 mm) (Table S 1). Radula morphology: The radular structure of Patelloida parva n. sp. is docoglossate, featuring three pairs of lateral teeth and two pairs of marginal teeth, as illustrated in figure 4 a. The first lateral teeth exhibit tapering stalks culminating in triangular pointed ends. The second lateral teeth are distinctive, extending prominently with a curved, kite-like tongue, featuring a deeply dented base. Notably, the third lateral teeth are notably thin and pointed, positioned on the sides of the second lateral teeth. Stacked on the upper portion of each other, the marginal teeth share a high degree of similarity, characterized by narrow stalks and rounded cusps. The radula sac comprises approximately 50 rows of teeth (Fig. 4 b), with Row 1 representing the oldest set of teeth located in the mouth. Rows 1 – 30 are characterized by substantial mineralization and exhibit minimal variation. In contrast, Rows 31 – 50 show weaker mineralization and display observable variation in size and shape. The radula ribbon, maintaining a copper-like hue, gradually lightens towards the younger, posterior end. Etymology: The specific name parva is derived from the Latin word parvus, meaning “ small, ” in reference to the diminutive size of the species compared to its genetically closest relative, Patelloida saccharinoides, and the morphologically similar species, Patelloida saccharina and Patelloida lanx. Distribution: Patelloida parva n. sp. is limited to the intertidal zones in the southernmost parts of Kochi and Wakayama Prefectures, Japan facing the Pacific Ocean. Museum archives have recorded its occurrence in Amami-Oshima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago.	en	Paran, Faith Jessica, Sasaki, Takenori, Asakura, Akira, Nakano, Tomoyuki (2025): Fig. 4 in Positive association between PTN polymorphisms and schizophrenia in Northeast Chinese Han population. Zoological Studies 64 (26): 141-149, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2025.64-26, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16970439
367AF951FFE5FFEA6D63FD3F921FFCB0.taxon	description	The genetic characteristics of Patelloida parva n. sp. were compared with those of Patelloida saccharinoides, a tropical species exhibiting 93 % genetic similarity. Although this study did not perform side-by-side comparisons between P. parva n. sp and P. saccharinoides, substantial morphological differences were observed based on the original description published on P. saccharinoides by Habe and Kosuge (1966). Below, we discuss the differences with the P. saccharinoides, justifying the recognition of P. parva n. sp. as a distinct species. P. parva n. sp. exhibits a conical shell with 8 – 12 radial ribs of varying thickness. The major ribs are thicker, while thinner secondary ribs intersperse between the primary ribs, forming a distinctive stellate pattern. In contrast, P. saccharinoides (Fig. S 3) possesses six prominent radial ribs that are thicker and paired, projecting outward radially. Externally, P. parva n. sp. displays greyish-blue to brown reticulate markings with a whitish eroded apex. The ventral view reveals a smooth and lustrous interior with blue and yellow shadings on the apex and dark blue to black margins encircling the shell. In contrast, P. saccharinoides exhibits a dark outer coating with black margins except at the rib ends, and a uniformly white internal surface. Shell size also differs significantly. P. parva n. sp. is smaller in size, while P. saccharinoides has larger dimensions, with lengths of 36.3 – 40.4 mm, widths of 32.0 – 35.5 mm, and heights of 8.5 – 11.2 mm (See Table S 1 for shell dimensions of P. parva samples). Despite a 93 % genetic similarity between P. parva n. sp. and P. saccharinoides, mitochondrial 16 S rRNA analysis revealed sequence divergence rates of 5.01 %, a sufficient threshold to distinguish them as separate species. Phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference confirmed the monophyly of P. parva n. sp., clustering it with P. saccharinoides but maintaining clear genetic distinctiveness. In terms of ecological distribution, P. parva n. sp. is confined to the intertidal zones of Kochi and Wakayama Prefectures, Japan, with additional occurrences in Amami-Oshima Islands. Its distribution is influenced by the Kuroshio Current, which likely facilitated its migration from the tropics. The type locality of P. saccharinoides is in Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines. However, the sequences of P. saccharinoides available in GenBank lack corresponding morphological data, raising the possibility that they do not represent the true P. saccharinoides as originally described by Habe and Kosuge (1966). Furthermore, no genetic sequences collected from the type locality of P. saccharinoides have been analyzed, increasing the risk of misidentification. Additional morphological and molecular studies, particularly involving specimens from the type locality, are necessary to confirm the genetic status of P. saccharinoides and its relationship to P. parva n. sp.	en	Paran, Faith Jessica, Sasaki, Takenori, Asakura, Akira, Nakano, Tomoyuki (2025): Fig. 4 in Positive association between PTN polymorphisms and schizophrenia in Northeast Chinese Han population. Zoological Studies 64 (26): 141-149, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2025.64-26, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16970439
