identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3F0F87D6FFC0647654FF0231EAA079B8.text	3F0F87D6FFC0647654FF0231EAA079B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diamesa sahandensis Namayandeh et Ibrahimi 2024	<div><p>Diamesa sahandensis Namayandeh et Ibrahimi,  sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9C5D7D9E-BC1D-481C-933D-A50F7672E200</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: male; Iran, East Azerbaijan Province, Central Iranian Range, Kandovan Village,  near Sahand Volcano, small stream with sparse high vegetation, 37.7915764˚N, 46.250588˚E; elev. 2254 m; 12.vi.2022; leg. H. Ibrahimi; dep. ROM.</p><p>Etymology. The new species is named after the nearby Sahand Volcano, where it was collected. The Latin suffix “ ensis ” denotes the location.</p><p>Diagnosis.  D. sahandensis sp. nov. adult male can be separated from related species based on the following combination of characters: AR 0.92; apex of tergite IX protuberance with small lobed projection; anal point short without apical peg, apex rounded; superior volsella (basal plate) well-developed with a large pedestal bearing robust, spine-like setae; inferior volsella (medial field) club-shaped, on a long stalk, bearing numerous simple, fine setae, increasing in length apically; gonostylus long and curved, with a basiventral projection bearing fine setae; ventral surface of gonostylus with long, fine setae.</p><p>Description</p><p>Adult male (n = 1). Total length 3.7 mm. Wing length 2.5 mm, wing width 0.8 mm. TL/WL 1.5.</p><p>Coloration. Head, thorax, legs, and abdomen dark brown. Wings greyish brown.</p><p>Head (Fig. 2A–B).Antenna with 13 flagellomeres and slightly reduced plume, last flagellomere with 1 subapical seta 32 μm long, and 4 sensilla chaetica; AR 0.92 (Fig. 2A). Eyes hairy, with short wedge-shaped dorsomedial extension. Temporal setae 16, including 6 postoculars, 2 inner verticals, 2 outer verticals, and 6 orbitals. Tentorium 199 μm long. Clypeus squared, 101 μm long and 121 μm wide; bearing 6 setae, 76–82, 79 μm long. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 90; 81; 123; 142; 178. Palpomere 3 distally with a sensilla capitata, 12 μm in diameter (Fig. 2B), sensilla chaetica not detectable. HW/PL 0.94.</p><p>Thorax (Fig.2C).Achrostichals absent;dorsocentrals 13, mostly uniserial; prealars4; scutellars17.Antepronotum with 6 ventrolateral setae.</p><p>Wing (Fig. 2D). Brachiolum with 3 setae; R with 14 setae; R 1 with 12 setae; R 4+5 with 2 setae; alula bare; squama with 20 setae. Costa extension 67 μm long. Anal lobe squared. RM /MCu 3.3; VR 0.72. Microtrichia visible at 40 × magnification.</p><p>Legs. Spur of fore tibia 68 μm long; spurs of mid tibia 50 and 42 μm long; spurs of hind tibia 73 and 39 μm long. Hind tibial comb with 14 setae. Psuedospurs on tarsal segments 1–2 of foreleg and 1–3 on mid and hindleg. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs. 2E–I). Tergite IX with 8 setae on each side located on protuberance, apex of protuberance with small lobed projection. Anal point short, 47 μm long, and 29 μm wide at the base, without apical peg, apex rounded (Fig. 2E). Gonocoxite 401 μm long. Superior volsella (basal plate) well-developed with a large pedestal (stalk) 71 μm long, 47 μm wide at the base, and 33 wide at the apex, bearing 20 robust, spine-like setae, 16–27, 22 μm long (Fig. 2F–G). Inferior volsella (medial field) club-shaped, on a long stalk, 155 μm long and 36 μm wide at the base, with numerous simple, fine setae 25–34, 31 μm long, microtrichia are present on ventral surface (Fig. 2F). Transverse sternapodeme crescent shaped, 112 μm wide and 35 μm long; oral projection weak. Phallapodeme 104 μm long. Aedeagal lobe 129 μm long. Gonostylus 308 μm long, curved, with a basiventral projection bearing 6 apical setae, 10–25, 16 μm long; ventral surface of gonostylus with long, fine setae 23–35 μm long, dorsal surface with shorter setae 5–16, 10 μm long; megaseta 12 μm long (Fig. 2E–F &amp; H–I). HR 1.3, HV 1.2.</p><p>Female and immatures. Unknown</p><p>Remarks.  D. sahandensis sp. nov. belongs to the latitarsis group based on the shape of the gonostylus, inferior volsella, the anal point, and the presence of protuberance on tergite IX (see Kownacki &amp; Kownacka 1973; Montagna et al. 2016b; Serra-Tosio 1968). Within this group, it most closely resembles the newly discovered species  Diamesa achipseensis Makarchenko, Semenchenko et Palatov, 2024, and  Diamesa caucasica Kownacki et Kownacka, 1973 .  D. sahandensis can be distinguished from these related species by the characteristics of hypopygium, including the shape and size of sternapodeme, superior volsella, gonostylus, and the presence of a long inferior volsella.  D. sahandensis sp. nov.,  D. achipseensis, and  D. caucasica can be distinguished from other species in this group based on the shape and reduced size of the anal point. Additionally,  D. sahandensis sp. nov. and  D. caucasica have inner appendages (projections) on their gonostylus, which is distinguishable from other members of this group. Makarchenko et al. (2024) have listed some relevant characteristics in a table to separate  D. achipseensis from  D. caucasica . Using their table with some additions and modifications, we provided relevant characters to separate the three related species (Table 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F0F87D6FFC0647654FF0231EAA079B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ghaderi, Edris;Namayandeh, Armin;Ibrahimi, Halil;Mohammadi, Habibollah;Karimian, Erfan;Mansouri, Arman;Molodi, Farshad	Ghaderi, Edris, Namayandeh, Armin, Ibrahimi, Halil, Mohammadi, Habibollah, Karimian, Erfan, Mansouri, Arman, Molodi, Farshad (2024): Two new species of Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Central Iranian Range and Elburz Mountains (Iran), with new faunistic records for the subfamily. Zootaxa 5537 (1): 76-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4
3F0F87D6FFC2647854FF0425E9417C4F.text	3F0F87D6FFC2647854FF0425E9417C4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diamesa kasymovi Kownacki et Kownacka 1973	<div><p>Diamesa kasymovi Kownacki et Kownacka, 1973</p><p>Figs. 3–4</p><p>Material examined.   2 males, 1 female; Iran, East Azerbaijan, Elburz Mountains,  Kaleybar; 38.8406797˚N, 46.9986879˚E; elev. 1675 m; 14.vi.2022; leg. H. Ibrahimi, dep. ROM  .   1 male; Iran, Kurdistan, Central Iranian Range;  Bayanchub; 35.5734466˚N, 46.971835˚E; elev. 1936 m; 27.iii.2023; leg. E. Ghaderi &amp; E. Karimian; dep. ROM  .</p><p>Adult male (Fig. 3). As described and illustrated by Kownacki &amp; Kownacka (1973).</p><p>Adult female (n = 1). Total length 5.1 mm. Wing 3.0 mm long and 1.2 mm wide. TL/WL 1.7.</p><p>Color. Head, thorax, legs dark brown. Abdomen and wings greyish brown.</p><p>Head (Fig. 4A). Antennal with 7 flagellomeres (length in μm): 87, 43, 51, 33, 42, 29, 143; AR 0.5. Eyes hairy, with short dorsomedial extension. Temporal setae 22, including 7 inner and 5 outer verticals, 6 orbitals, and 4 frontals. Tentorium 256 μm long. Clypeus squared, 97 μm long and 148 μm wide; bearing 8 setae, 56–66, 61 μm long. Palpal segments lengths (in μm): 60, 79, 138, 143, 255; third palpomere with 5 sensilla chaetica and circular sensilla capitata at the base with 24 μm diameter. HW/ PL 0.98.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 4B). Acrostichals absent; dorsocentrals 9 in single row; prealars 7; scutellars 20 in two to three rows. Antepronotal lobe bearing 10 setae basoventrally.</p><p>Wing (Fig. 4C). Brachiolum with 2 setae; R with 14 setae; R 1 with 13 setae; other veins bare; alula with 9 setae; squama with 40 setae. Costa extension 125 μm long. Anal lobe slightly produced. RM /MCu 2.4; VR 0.7. Microtrichia visible at 25 × magnification.</p><p>Legs. Fore tibia spur 60 μm long, mid tibia spurs 51 and 47 μm long, hind tibia spurs 69 and 44 μm long, hind tibia comb with around 20 spines. Pseudospurs on tarsal segments 1–2 of all legs. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 3.</p><p>Genitalia (Figure 4A–E). Gonapophysis VIII with large ventrolateral lobe covering the dorsomesal lobe near base of labia; apodeme lobe thin close to ventreolateral lobe (Fig. 4E). Seminal capsule ovate, 120 and 98 µm long, 63, 76 µm wide, respectively. Notum 184 µm long, with ramus 263 µm long. Tergite IX setigorous protrusion is not detectable in this specimen. Gonocoxite developed, but small. Cercus pediform, 139 µm long and 218 µm wide.</p><p>Immatures. Unknown.</p><p>Remarks. This species has a west Palaearctic distribution that extends to the Caucasus and Middle East. This is a new faunistic record for Iran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F0F87D6FFC2647854FF0425E9417C4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ghaderi, Edris;Namayandeh, Armin;Ibrahimi, Halil;Mohammadi, Habibollah;Karimian, Erfan;Mansouri, Arman;Molodi, Farshad	Ghaderi, Edris, Namayandeh, Armin, Ibrahimi, Halil, Mohammadi, Habibollah, Karimian, Erfan, Mansouri, Arman, Molodi, Farshad (2024): Two new species of Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Central Iranian Range and Elburz Mountains (Iran), with new faunistic records for the subfamily. Zootaxa 5537 (1): 76-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4
3F0F87D6FFCC647854FF0665E9AA7F0B.text	3F0F87D6FFCC647854FF0665E9AA7F0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diamesa vaillanti Serra-Tosio 1972	<div><p>Diamesa vaillanti Serra-Tosio, 1972</p><p>Material examined.   1 Male; Iran, Kurdistan, Central Iranian Range;  Bayanchub; 35.5734466˚N, 46.971835˚E; elev. 1936 m; 27.iii.2023; leg. E. Ghaderi &amp; E. Karimian; dep. ROM  .</p><p>Remarks. This species is distributed in the Alps and Caucasus regions of the Palaearctic. It has been previously reported from Iran in the Elburz Mountains of Mazandaran Province (see Namayandeh et al. 2021). The new record from Kurdistan extends its range distribution in Iran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F0F87D6FFCC647854FF0665E9AA7F0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ghaderi, Edris;Namayandeh, Armin;Ibrahimi, Halil;Mohammadi, Habibollah;Karimian, Erfan;Mansouri, Arman;Molodi, Farshad	Ghaderi, Edris, Namayandeh, Armin, Ibrahimi, Halil, Mohammadi, Habibollah, Karimian, Erfan, Mansouri, Arman, Molodi, Farshad (2024): Two new species of Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Central Iranian Range and Elburz Mountains (Iran), with new faunistic records for the subfamily. Zootaxa 5537 (1): 76-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4
3F0F87D6FFCC647F54FF05A1E99D7E44.text	3F0F87D6FFCC647F54FF05A1E99D7E44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sympotthastia golalae Ghaderi, Namayandeh et Karimian 2024	<div><p>Sympotthastia golalae Ghaderi, Namayandeh et Karimian,  sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: E45E8227-5CE3-4C26-9E2E-6B65495D9566</p><p>Figs. 5–7</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: male; Iran, Kurdistan Province, Central Iranian Range,  Bayanchub; 35.5734466˚N, 46.971835˚E; elev. 1936 m; 27.iii.2023; leg. E. Ghaderi &amp; E. Karimian; dep. ROM  .  Paratypes: 3 males same as holotype.  1 male and 1 female; Iran, Kurdistan Province, Central Iranian Range,  Saqqez River; 36.236831˚N, 46.105522˚E; elev. 1562 m; 14.iii.2023; leg. E. Ghaderi; dep. ROM  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters.  S. golalae sp. nov. can be separated from related species based on the following combination of characters: The adults are very large, with extended wings. Male with AR 3.7–4.0; HW/ PL 0.87– 0.94; sigmoid superior volsella with apically rounded distal part; spiniferous median volsella long and very wide, with apex reaching beyond the 2/3 rd of the superior volsella. Female with HW/ PL 0.88; seminal capsule ovate, with a reduced neck.</p><p>Etymology. The new species is named in honor of Golale Eshghi, who has tirelessly supported our ongoing studies and research for many years.</p><p>Description</p><p>Adult male (n = 5). Total length 6.5–7.2, 6.9 mm. Wing 4.3–4.7, 4.6 mm long and 1.1–1.3, 1.2 mm wide.</p><p>Coloration. Head, thorax, halters and abdomen dark brown, legs slightly lighter. Wing bicolored, with cells m, r, r 1, and r 4+5 brown and remaining cells light greyish brown.</p><p>Head (Fig. 5A–B). Antenna with 13 flagellomere; last flagellomere with 15–22, 17 sensilla chaetica (Fig. 1a), 2 nd –3 rd segments each with 2 sensilla chaetica, groove starts at 4 th segment; subapical setae 32–61, 45 μm long; AR 3.7–4.0, 3.8 (Fig. 5A). Eyes bare, with short dorsomedial extension. Temporal setae 8 outer verticals (Fig. 5B). Tentorium 272–319, 303 μm long. Clypeus ovate-shaped, without long setae, 85–115, 100 μm long and 133–183, 161 μm wide. Palpal segments lengths (in μm): 89–121, 106; 90–108, 96; 180–194, 186; 227–294, 265; 241–253, 245; second and third palpomere partially fused; third palpomere with 3 sensilla chaetica and circular sensilla capitata at the base, apex with large semicircular sclerotized projection. HW/PL 0.87–0.94, 0.91.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 5D). Dorsocentrals 26–40, 35 in two to three rows; prealars 15–22, 19; scutellars 50–74, 59 in several rows. Antepronotal lobes with small gap, bearing 7–13, 11 setae.</p><p>Wing (Fig. 6A). Brachiolum with 2 setae. Squama with 83–104, 93 setae. R with 8–16, 13 setae, R 1 with 12–22, 17 setae, other veins bare. Alula bare. Costa extension 140–181, 167 μm long. Anal lobe well-produced. VR = 0.7–0.9, 0.8. Microtrichia only visible at&gt; 100 × magnification.</p><p>Legs. All legs with long beards. Fore tibia spur 102–138, 115 μm long, mid tibia spurs 86–106, 94 and 69–92, 83 μm long, hind tibia spurs 100–141, 117 and 62–82, 74 μm long, hind tibia comb with around 12–15, 14 spines. Pseudospurs on tarsal segments 1–2 of the mid and hind legs. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 4.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs. 5D, 6B–C). Tergite IX with 18 long setae on each side. Laterosternite IX with 11–12 long setae on each side. Anal point absent. Sternapodeme 217–256, 243 μm long, M-shaped, thick, and without oral projections. Phallapodeme 125–230, 195μm long. Sigmoid superior volsella 126–281, 180 μm long, distal part apically rounded. Spiniferous median volsella 102–163, 127 μm long; very wide, with apex reaching beyond the 2/3 rd of the superior volsella. Gonocoxite 413–553, 480 μm long. Inferior volsella a well-reduced lobe. Gonostylus 253–305, 280 μm long, gradually expanded anteriorly; megaseta 26–37, 32 μm long. HR 1.4–2.0, 1.7; HV 2.4–2.8, 2.5.</p><p>Adult female (n = 1). Total length 7.1 mm. Wing 5.1 mm long and 1.7 mm wide.</p><p>Color. Same as male.</p><p>Head (Fig. 7A). Antennal flagellomeres 1–2 (in μm): 167, 78; remaining flagellomeres missing. Eyes bare, with short dorsomedial extension. Temporal setae 12, including 6 orbitals and 6 frontals. Tentorium 313 μm long. Clypeus ovate-shaped, without setae, 164 μm long and 234 μm wide. Palpal segments lengths (in μm): 135, 111, 183, 287, 290; second and third palpomere partially fused; third palpomere with 3 sensilla chaetica and circular sensilla capitata at the base, apex of third palpomere with large semicircular sclerotized projection. HW/ PL 0.88.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 7B). Dorsocentrals 57 in two to three rows; prealars 30; scutellars 100 in several rows.Antepronotal lobes with small gap, bearing 12 setae.</p><p>Wing (Fig. 7C). Brachiolum with 2 setae. Squama with 91 setae. R with 9 setae, R 1 with 15 setae, other veins bare. Alula with 34 setae. Costa extension 226 μm long. Anal lobe well-produced. VR = 0.7. Microtrichia only visible at&gt; 100 × magnification.</p><p>Legs. All legs with long beards. Fore tarsus missing; fore tibia spur 112 μm long, mid tibia spurs 112 and 107 μm long, hind tibia spurs 142 and 111 μm long, hind tibia comb with around 15 spines. Pseudospurs on tarsal segments 1–2 of the mid and hind legs. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 5.</p><p>Genitalia (Figure 7D–E). Gonapophysis VIII divided into large, semicircular ventrolateral lobe covering the dorsomesal lobe; apodeme lobe distinct, without tubercle, slightly covered by ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 7D). Labium inner section well-sclerotized. Seminal capsule 183, 188, 191 µm long and 170, 193, 164 µm wide, respectively; ovate, with a reduced neck; spermathecal duct not visible in this specimen. Notum 172 µm long, with ramus 289 µm long. Tergite IX large, undivided, apex rounded, setigorous protrusion bearing 26 setae. Gonocoxite slightly extended bearing 13 setae. Cercus hexagonal, 360 µm long and 336 µm wide (Fig. 7E).</p><p>Remarks.  S. golalae sp. nov., resembles and most likely is related to  Sympotthastia zavreli Pagast 1947 . However, the combination of a higher antennal ratio, the complete absence of an anal point, and larger median volsella separates the adult males of the two species.  Sympotthastia wuyiensis Liu, Ferrington et Wang, 2016 is another species without an anal point. However,  S. golalae sp. nov., differs in the shape of superior volsella and the presence of megaseta compared to  S. wuyiensis . The prominent adult characteristics of the  S. golalae sp. nov. that separate it from other known  Sympotthastia species is a larger size and a longer wingspan, which, on average, is 1.3 × for total length and 1.2 × for wing length. Further, a much larger median volsella of  S. golalae sp. nov. in comparison to other  Sympotthastia species is apparent. The adult female of  S. golalae sp. nov. is easily distinguishable from the only species described as female,  Sympotthastia bicolor (Tokunaga, 1937), by a much larger size, and short and wide ovate seminal capsules with small necks.  S. bicolor has elongated ovate seminal capsules with prominent necks (Tokunaga 1937: Fig. 97). The adult male of  Sympotthastia can also be separated based on the key we provided in this study. In constructing this key, we used the keys constructed by Doughman 1985, Liu et al. (2016), and Makarchenko (1985) with additions and modifications. In addition to this key, we have listed some relevant distinguishing characteristics of  Sympotthastia adult males in Table 6.</p><p>In constructing Table 6, we consulted the relevant literature that described the  Sympotthastia species, and in doing so, we have also made corrections to the previous measurement records. Makarchenko (1985) provided an AR value of 3.48–3.69 for  Sympotthastia takatensis (Tokunaga, 1936), under  Sympotthastia khorensis . Liu et al. (2016) indicated an AR value of 3.19–3.48 for this species. However, in their diagnosis and the key to adults of  Sympotthastia they indicated the AR value of 3.19–4.26. Further, Makarchenko et al. (2022a) indicated an AR value of 2.76–2.81 for  S. takatensis from the Republic of Khakassia, Russia. Dr. Wenbin Liu has kindly confirmed that their AR value of 3.19–4.26 is extracted from all  S. takatensis reviewed and measured from Russia, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula. Dr. E. Makarchenko has also confirmed their value of 2.76–2.81 for  S. takatensis from the Republic of Khakassia. Therefore, it seems this species has a large AR variation across its geographical range, so we considered an AR value of 2.8–4.3 for  S. takatensis . This value falls within the AR range value for  Sympotthastia huldeni Tuiskunen. Given the similarities in the shapes and sizes of anal point and AL + SVo of  S. takatensis and  S. huldeni along with their similar AR value, the only characteristic that separates them is the surface of  S. takatensis median volsella bearing spinules and its apical edge being smooth whereas  S. huldeni has a median volsella with bare surface and serrated apical edge.</p><p>Dr. Liu has further provided us with a correct VR value of 0.83–0.87, for  S. wuyiensis, which should replace the value of 3.29–3.44 previously provided by Liu et al. (2016). Regarding the absence of values for some characteristics of  Sympotthastia macrocera Serra-Tosio, 1973 in Table 6, Serra-Tosio (1969) indicated that besides the ratio of palp length to head width, antennal ratio, and more temporal setae,  S. macrocera is virtually the same as  Sympotthastia spinifera Serra-Tosio, 1969 . At the time, he described the species as a variation of  S. spinifera; however, later in his 1973 work, Serra-Tosio erected the species based on discovering several other adults and immatures and the consistency of the distinctive characteristics.However, he did not provide any additional description or measurements. The total length and wing length measurements of this species in Table 6 are based on Doughman (1985).</p><p>There seems to be an inconsistency regarding the morphology terminologies used for the hypopygium of  Sympotthastia . Liu et al. (2016) have indicated that what is referred to as superior volsella is, in fact, the aedeagal lobe. This terminology usage follows that of Hansen &amp; Cook (1979) and Oliver (1989), which refer to the structure as the aedeagal lobe or median aedeagal lobe. Hansen &amp; Cook (1979) used the terminology proposed by Saether (1971) while discussing the difficulty of finding the correct homology of the external genitalia in insects and their correspondence to  Chironomidae (see also Montagna et al. 2016b). According to Saether (1971), the aedeagal lobe is a membranous lobe bearing two dorsal sclerotized members that articulate anteriorly with the sternapodeme and converge posteriorly to nearly touch each other. Saether (1980) further described this lobe as an intromittent organ resulting from the combination of gonapophysis IX and surrounding phalli, which he suggested only truly exists in  Buchonomyiinae . Saether’s (1980) work solidified the terminology of volsellas, especially in relation to the phallapodeme and aedeagal lobe. While defining these structures, their association with the aedeagal lobe can be extracted, with inferior volsella as the lateral lobe of the aedeagus, median volsella as the dorsal lobe of the aedeagus, and superior volsella as aedeagal blade. Further, Saether’s (1980) illustrations provided for species of  Tanypodinae and  Diamesinae male genitalia support this association where at least the superior and median volsellas are located in the aeadeagal region of the hypopygium attached to phallapodeme (i.e., surrounding phalli). Therefore, the definition of superior volsella proposed by Doughman (1985) and consequently used by Makarchenko (1994) is not necessarily incorrect. Doughman (1985) defined the superior volsella as an anteromedial portion of the phallapodeme that is apodemal and heavily sclerotized and the median volsella as a secondary, microsetigerous lobe of the phallapodeme. He defined the hirsute lobe, which is poorly developed, as inferior volsella (Doughman 1985). From these, it is clear that what workers refer to as aedeagal lobe or superior volsella interchangeably (E. Makarchenko and B. Rossaro, pers. com. August 12, 2024) both have merits because the origin of these structures is the same. We can further find support in the description of the genitalia of the related families of  Diptera, particularly  Simuliidae . In the genitalia of adult male  Simuliidae, the ventral plate of the aedeagus (superior volsella) is a large, heavily sclerotized platelike structure situated between and dorsal to gonopods with anterolateral corners being arm-like and median sclerite (median volsella) is usually moderately long, slender, flattened, and lying immediately dorsal to a ventral plate of the aedeagus (Peterson 1981). What we observed in our specimens was that the posterior portion of what is called superior volsella by some workers and the aedeagal lobe by others appears much darker and indiscernibly separated from the much lighter anterior portion (Figs. 5E &amp; 6E). This suggests that the posterior half should be regarded as the aedeagal lobe and the anterior half as the superior volsella so that the two are merged into one sclerite. By examining these sclerites in the closely related genus  Potthastia, we can observe a clear separation of the aedeagal lobe from the superior volsella yet observe at the same time that they form the same plane (Fig. 8). However, since the boundary of where the aedeagal lobe terminates and superior volsella begins may not be clearly observable in all  Sympotthastia species, we suggest that the two be used in combination so that when referring to this sclerite, we use aedeagal lobe + superior volsella or AL + SVo.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F0F87D6FFCC647F54FF05A1E99D7E44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ghaderi, Edris;Namayandeh, Armin;Ibrahimi, Halil;Mohammadi, Habibollah;Karimian, Erfan;Mansouri, Arman;Molodi, Farshad	Ghaderi, Edris, Namayandeh, Armin, Ibrahimi, Halil, Mohammadi, Habibollah, Karimian, Erfan, Mansouri, Arman, Molodi, Farshad (2024): Two new species of Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Central Iranian Range and Elburz Mountains (Iran), with new faunistic records for the subfamily. Zootaxa 5537 (1): 76-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4
3F0F87D6FFCB646054FF046CEED17BCD.text	3F0F87D6FFCB646054FF046CEED17BCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sympotthastia Pagast 1947	<div><p>A key to the adult males of  Sympotthastia Pagast, 1947</p><p>1. Anal point absent..................................................................................... 2</p><p>- Anal point present..................................................................................... 3</p><p>2. Megaseta absent. Apex of AL + SVo cane shaped. Setigorous MVo small hardly surpassing the mid-section of AL + SVo (Liu et al. 2016: Figs. 13 &amp; 15)..................................................  S. wuyiensis Liu, Ferrington et Wang</p><p>- Megaseta present. Apex of AL+SVo rounded. Setigorous MVo very large surpassing the 2/3 rd of AL+SVo (Figs. 5D–E, 6B–C).....................................................................................  S. golalae sp. nov.</p><p>3. Anal point short and tubercle-like, naked................................................................... 4</p><p>- Anal point long, spiniform or awl-like, if naked never short and tubercle-like...................................... 5</p><p>4. AR 3.0–3.4. Temporal setae 19–26. AL + SVo reniform (Makarchenko, 1995: Figs. 1 &amp; 4).......................................................................................................  S. gammaformes Makarchenko</p><p>- AR 2.2–2.7. Temporal setae 40–506. AL + SVo narrow, straight (Serra-Tossio 1968: Fig. 2)..............  S. zavreli Pagast</p><p>5. AL + SVo reniform (Makarchenko 1985: Fig. 228)........................................  S. repetina Makarchenko</p><p>- AL + SVo straight or sigmoid............................................................................ 6</p><p>6. AL + SVo distally straight (Doughman 1985: Fig. 13; Makarchenko 1985: Fig. 227).................  S. fulva (Johannsen) AL + SVo distally sigmoid............................................................................. 7</p><p>7. Anal point ≥ 70 µm....................................................................  S. diastena (Sublette)</p><p>- Anal point ≤ 40 µm................................................................................... 8</p><p>8. Median volsella bears spinules, apical edge rounded (Liu et al. 2016: Fig. 9; Makarchenko 1994: Figs. 10 &amp;12; Makarchenko et al. 2022: Fig. 28)................................................................  S. takatensis (Tokunaga)</p><p>- Median volsella bare, apical edge serrated (Tuiskunen 1986: Figs. 2–3)..........................  S. huldeni Tuiskunen</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F0F87D6FFCB646054FF046CEED17BCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ghaderi, Edris;Namayandeh, Armin;Ibrahimi, Halil;Mohammadi, Habibollah;Karimian, Erfan;Mansouri, Arman;Molodi, Farshad	Ghaderi, Edris, Namayandeh, Armin, Ibrahimi, Halil, Mohammadi, Habibollah, Karimian, Erfan, Mansouri, Arman, Molodi, Farshad (2024): Two new species of Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Central Iranian Range and Elburz Mountains (Iran), with new faunistic records for the subfamily. Zootaxa 5537 (1): 76-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.4
