taxonID	type	description	language	source
4630C35A407BFF85FBD4FBBBFE88BF87.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Four genera are presently placed in Phanacidini: Asiocynips Kovalev, 1982; Diakontschukia Melika, 2006; Phanacis Förster, 1869; and Zerovia Diakontschuk, 1988. Phanacidini is highly similar morphologically to two other herb gall wasp tribes, Aulacideini Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander, & Ronquist, 2015 and Aylacini Ashmead, 1903. Updated keys to the tribes of Cynipidae, as well as updated diagnoses to the herb gall wasp tribes and species checklists, were recently given by Nastasi et al. (in press). Phanacidini is most readily characterized among cynipid tribes by the dorsomedially long pronotum (Figs. 13 – 14, 22 – 23; shorter in Aylacini and several other tribes such as Cynipini but about the same in Aulacideini), the lack of a syntergite (Figs. 1 – 4; metasoma with syntergite in Synergini and others), and the effaced pronotal submedial impression, which is apparent as a single linear indentation (Figs. 13 – 14, 22 – 23; apparent as a pair of separated ovate impressions as in Aylacini and Aulacideini). As we demonstrated above, the length of F 1 relative to F 2 is also diagnostic; in Phanacidini, F 1 is always conspicuously longer than F 2 (Figs. 5 – 8). Buffington et al. (2020) and Ronquist et al. (2015) report the partially closed medial cell on the fore wing (Fig. 15) as a character supporting the Phanacidini; this is almost always the case in the genus Phanacis, but the marginal cell is entirely open (Fig. 26) or entirely closed in a variety of Phanacidini species, especially the handful of rare Eastern Palearctic species placed in the other three phanacidine genera. Beyond these, an additional character has been mentioned in the literature. Ronquist et al. (2015) suggested that a narrow mesopectus was also characteristic of Phanacidini, but this character has not been mentioned in any recent studies on the tribe. We found this to be true of all specimens of Phanacidini we examined in the present study as well as illustrations of Asiocynips, Diakontschukia, Phanacis, and Zerovia given in the literature (Kovalev 1982, Diakontschuk 1988, 2001, Melika 2006). We have seen that the mesopectus in Phanacidini is usually about 2.0 × as tall as wide, but only about 1.4 – 1.7 × as tall as wide in the Aulacideini and Aylacini (Nastasi, pers. obs.), suggesting that this could indeed be a useful character for separating the herb gall wasp tribes. However, various phanacidines such as Phanacis neserorum Melika & Prinsloo, 2007 seem to violate this; we examined images of the holotype and a non-type specimen of P. neserorum available on WaspWeb (van Noort 2025; available at https: // web. archive. org / web / 20200815142435 / https: // www. waspweb. org / Cynipoidea / Cynipidae / Cynipinae / Phanacidini / Phanacis / Phanacis _ neserorum. htm & sa = D & source = docs & ust = 1741126825100540 & usg = AOvVaw 16 E 1 tCmCegKHwjQNJ zuKYn) and found that the mesopectus is about 1.7 × as long as wide. Illustrations of other Phanacidini given by Melika (2006) show a similar ratio, but examining specimens would be preferable before assessing the mesopectus dimensions further. As a result, this character may not be useful as a diagnostic character for the herb gall wasp tribes but could instead be useful for delimiting Phanacini genera if broadly assessed in further studies. Another character worthy of further investigation is the size and sculpture of the first metasomal tergite. In the specimens of Phanacidini we studied here, the first metasomal tergite was frequently large and at least partly sculptured (Figs. 16, 27). In the specimens of Aulacideini we examined, the first metasomal tergite is always smaller and smooth, entirely without conspicuous sculpture. The size, shape, and sculpture of the first metasomal tergite has been applied as a diagnostic character separating other cynipoid tribes and genera, especially among inquiline gall wasps (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2019, Buffington et al. 2020, Nastasi et al. 2024 a). However, the first tergite has infrequently been characterized in illustrations and descriptions in the literature. As a result, specimenbased consideration of the first tergite across herb gall wasps is needed to further demonstrate the utility of this character.	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4079FF86FBD4FCBAFF65B880.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Asiocynips is distinguished from other genera of Phanacidini based on the following combination of characters: antenna shorter than body; fore wing marginal cell entirely closed; fore wing areolet present; fore wing with conspicuous marginal setae; mesoscutum with conspicuous transverse rugose sculpture; female antenna with 13 antennomeres. Asiocynips also has the notauli more or less indistinct, although this character is found in various other Phanacidini. See also diagnosis to Diakontschukia Melika, 2006. Diversity. Four species of Asiocynips are known: A. caulina Diakontschuk, 1988; A. cousiniae Diakontschuk, 1988; A. lugubris Kovalev, 1982; A. pannucea Kovalev, 1982 (Nastasi et al. in press).	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4079FF86FBD4FCBAFF65B880.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Species of Asiocynips induce galls on the stems of Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae: Cardueae); A. caulina and A. cousiniae are associated with C. bipinnata Boiss. and C. refracta Jur. respectively (Diakontschuk 1988, Nastasi et al. in press). The Cousinia species used by A. lugubris and A. pannucea are unknown (Kovalev, 1982).	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4079FF86FBD4FCBAFF65B880.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Species of Asiocynips were illustrated by Kovalev (1982), Diakontschuk (1988), and Melika (2006).	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4079FF86FBD4FA38FECCBABF.taxon	description	Figs. 17 – 27	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4079FF86FBD4FA38FECCBABF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Diakontschukia is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: antenna shorter than body; fore wing marginal cell entirely open (Fig. 26); fore wing areolet present (Fig. 26); fore wing without conspicuous marginal setae (Fig. 26); mesoscutum with conspicuous transverse rugose sculpture (Figs. 23, 25); female antenna with 14 antennomeres (Fig. 21); head yellowish (Figs 18 – 19). The mesoscutal sculpture makes Diakontschukia similar to Asiocynips, but the two are easily distinguished by the marginal cell (open in Diakontschukia but closed in Asiocynips) and the number of antennomeres in the female (14 in Diakontschukia but 13 in Asiocynips). Diversity. Monotypic; includes only the type species D. saussureae (Diakontschuk, 2001).	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4079FF86FBD4FA38FECCBABF.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The single known species induces stem galls on Saussurea neopulchella Fish. and S. pulchella (Fiscj.) (Melika 2006).	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4077FF8BFBD4FAB9FE5EBC8B.taxon	description	Figs. 1 – 11	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4077FF8BFBD4FAB9FE5EBC8B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♀ deposited at BIOUG — China: Shaanxi: Haopingsi Nature Reserve Station; 34.088, - 107.711; 15 June 2012; Zhaofu Yang coll.; BIOUG 14419 - H 03.	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4077FF8BFBD4FAB9FE5EBC8B.taxon	description	Redescription. Female (Fig. 17) — Body 3.2 mm in length (n = 1). Head more or less entirely yellowish brown; mesosoma entirely black; metasoma contrasting rufous. Antennae yellowish brown throughout. Legs yellowish brown; apical tarsomeres moderately infuscated relative to preceding leg segments. Head (Figs 18 – 19). Subtrapezoidal in anterior view, much wider than tall; genae only slightly expanded posterior to compound eyes. Sculpture excluding facial radiating striae alutaceous to reticulate. POL: LOL: OOL: DLO approximately 15: 7: 11: 5; POL conspicuously longer than OOL and slightly more than twice LOL. Compound eye in anterior view about 1.5 × as long as malar space. Facial radiating striae narrow, relatively weakly impressed; incomplete, reaching only about halfway to compound eye. Clypeus trapezoidal, slightly projecting over mandibles ventrally; clypeo-pleurostomal lines strongly divergent ventrally. Antenna (Figs 20 – 21). With 14 antennomeres; conspicuously shorter than body length. Conspicuous placodeal sensilla present on F 2 and following flagellomeres. Pedicel much shorter than F 1. F 1 much longer than F 2, 1.3 × as long. F 1 3.2 × as long as wide. F 2 2.3 × as long as wide. Mesosoma (Figs 22 – 25). Pronotum dorsomedial height slightly more than 1 / 3 lateral height; submedial pits effaced, apparent as a single transverse impression; pronotal plate incomplete, with lateral sutures ending long before reaching posterior pronotum; sculpture excluding pronotal plate alutaceous to reticulate, with some diffuse rugose sculpture present laterally. Mesopleuron mostly rugose-reticulate; with diffuse rugose sculpture anteroventrally but with stronger longitudinal rugose sculpture in posterior half. Mesopleural triangle conspicuously impressed, densely setose throughout. Mesoscutum reticulate with conspicuous longitudinal rugose sculpture throughout; with only sparse, scattered setae. Notauli very shallowly impressed; incomplete, indistinct in about anterior half of mesoscutum and barely perceptible posteriorly. Median mesoscutal impression absent. Mesoscutellum rugose-reticulate throughout. Mesoscutellar foveae subrectangular; short, occupying about anterior fifth of mesoscutellum; narrowly separated; posterior margins moderately well defined; with rugose-reticulate sculpture within margins; without a few setae within margins. Metapleuron rugose-reticulate with relatively dense pilosity throughout. Propodeal carinae conspicuous as pair of lateral carinae; more or less subparallel throughout, gently curved in ventral third. Fore wing (Fig. 26). Setose throughout. Veins dark brown. Marginal cell entirely open; veins R 1 and Rs terminating before reaching anterior wing margin; 2.6 × as long as wide. Areolet present; relatively large and welldefined. Distal margin without conspicuous marginal setae. Metasoma (Figs 17; 27). Subequal to length of mesosoma in lateral view; about 1.7 × as long as wide. First tergite large and with conspicuous striate sculpture. Second tergite without conspicuous setose patch; with sparse micropunctation ventrally in posterior half. Third and following metasomal tergites with conspicuous micropunctation throughout. Male – Unknown.	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4077FF8BFBD4FAB9FE5EBC8B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimen we examined perfectly agrees with the species description given by Diakontschuk (2001) and the description of Diakontschukia given by Melika (2006). Some areas of the specimen are somewhat obscured by debris (e. g., Fig. 25), presumably salts that accumulated as a result of DNA extraction. Luckily, all major taxonomic characters are clearly visible on the specimen despite these minor obstructions. While the DNA barcode of the specimen was previously sequenced by BIOUG, the resulting sequence (BOLD ID GMCHK 383 - 14) was relatively short (600 bases with gaps in 12 positions), thus preventing us from presenting an analysis of DNA data in this study. Given the characters of this specimen, Diakontschukia belongs to the Phanacidini rather than the Aulacideini, especially based on the pronotal pits which are modified into a single effaced linear impression (apparent as separate ovate impressions in Aulacideini) (Ronquist et al. 2015, Buffington et al. 2020, Nastasi et al. in press) and has F 1 conspicuously longer than F 2 (see above). Placement of Diakontschukia in Phanacidini will be confirmed via molecular data in a forthcoming study of UCEs, for which the DNA extract of the studied specimen was retrieved from BIOUG and submitted for library preparation (Nastasi et al., unpublished). In the same paper describing Diakontschukia saussureae, Diakontschuk (2001) also described the aylacine genus and species Donum jacuticum for a specimen reared from a flowerhead of Saussurea. We attempted to find additional records of this genus in the literature as it evidently was not mentioned by Melika (2006) in his revision of Eastern Palearctic Cynipidae nor assigned to a revised herb gall wasp tribe by Ronquist et al. (2015) or Nastasi et al. (in press). We found that the genus had been transferred to the Figitidae in a paper reviewing the Cynipoidea types deposited at the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology (SIZK) (Zerova et al. 2006) but had never been assigned to a subordinate taxon within Figitidae, thus appearing absent from lists of both cynipid and figitid genera given by Ronquist et al. (2015), Buffington et al. (2020), and others. After conferring with experts of Figitidae, the species almost certainly belongs to the Figitinae based on Diakontschuk’s description and illustrations and is probably a close relative or junior synonym of Amphithectus areolatus (Hartig) (M. Forshage & M. Buffington, pers. comm.). Study of the type material deposited at SIZK will be necessary to substantiate the placement of the genus and species within the Figitidae.	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4074FF8EFBD4F9A1FBDBB95B.taxon	description	Figs. 1 – 3, 28 – 30, 31 – 34	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4074FF8EFBD4F9A1FBDBB95B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Phanacis as presently circumscribed is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: antenna shorter than body (e. g., Fig. 28); fore wing areolet present, rarely nearly eliminated (Fig. 15); fore wing with conspicuous marginal setae; mesoscutum with alutaceous to reticulate sculpture; female antenna with 13 or 14 antennomeres. Diversity. 35 species, of which Phanacis hypochoeridis (Kieffer), P. taraxaci (Ashmead), and others have become widely introduced outside their native ranges (van Noort et al. 2015, Nastasi et al. 2024 a, in press). A complete checklist of species including host plants and geographic distribution was recently given by Nastasi et al. (in press).	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4074FF8EFBD4F9A1FBDBB95B.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Galls induced by Phanacis are most frequently formed in the stem tissue (Figs. 31 – 34), but some species instead induce galls in the flowers, roots, or leaves (Melika 2006, Şchiopu et al. 2024). Host plant genera known for Phanacis are Carthamus L., Centaurea L., Cichorium L., Cirsium Mill., Cousinia Cass., Crepis L., Helminthotheca Vaill., Hypochaeris L., Lactuca L., Lapsana L., Osteospermum L., Picris L., Serratula L., Silybum Adans., Sonchus L., Taraxacum F. H. Wigg., Urospermum Scop. (Asteraceae); Phlomis L. (Lamiaceae) (Melika 2006, Nastasi et al. in press). Use of the genera Eryngium Tourn. and Heracleum L. (Apiaceae) have also been reported, but these are almost certainly misidentifications of morphologically similar Asteraceae (Nastasi et al. in press).	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4074FF8EFBD4F9A1FBDBB95B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Phanacis presently comprises a nonmonophyletic assemblage of species distributed throughout the Old World with the exception of numerous species that have been introduced across the globe (Ronquist et al. 2015, Buffington et al. 2020, Nastasi et al. in press). Ronquist et al. (2015) found that Asiocynips rendered Phanacis (including Timaspis) paraphyletic despite only including 7 species of Phanacidini in their analysis. Previous authors have frequently recognized Timaspis Mayr, 1881 for a group of species presently placed in Phanacis (e. g., Nieves-Aldrey 1994 a), but circumscriptions of either genus have still resulted in unfavorable generic concepts (Melika 2006, Şchiopu et al. 2024). A comprehensive revision of Phanacis incorporating phylogenetic analysis will be necessary to approach the assessment of generic limits, especially as the majority of species are known only from the Eastern Palearctic and are not well-characterized in the literature. Given the high degree of morphological diversity in Phanacis, it is likely that some genera presently synonymized with Phanacis will warrant recognition as valid genera in further studies. Timaspis in particular presents highly distinct morphology (Nieves-Aldrey, pers. comm.) and should be prioritized in further validity assessments for Phanacidini taxa.	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4071FF8EFBD4FB40FBB4BB25.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Zerovia is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: antenna longer than body; fore wing marginal cell entirely closed; fore wing areolet absent; fore wing with conspicuous marginal setae; mesoscutum with alutaceous to reticulate sculpture; female antenna with 14 antennomeres. Diversity. Monotypic; includes only the species Z. asiaemediae.	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4071FF8EFBD4FB40FBB4BB25.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The single known species induces galls on stems of Epilasia (Bunge) (Asteraceae: Cichorieae), although the exact host species is unknown (Diakontschuk, 1988).	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
4630C35A4071FF8EFBD4FB40FBB4BB25.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Zerovia was illustrated by Diakontschuk (1988) and Melika (2006).	en	Nastasi, Louis F., Deans, Andrew R. (2025): Review of the world genera of Phanacidini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with the first record from China and a new tribal diagnostic character. Zootaxa 5621 (4): 401-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.4.1
