identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4419F96A9459FFD861C1FD78D834FC4D.text	4419F96A9459FFD861C1FD78D834FC4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccophaginae Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Coccophaginae Förster</p><p>Coccophagoidae Förster 1878: 65–66. Type genus:  Coccophagus Westwood, 1833 .  Coccophaginae Förster 1878 [within  Aphelinidae] in De Santis 1946: 3.</p><p>Coccophagini Förster 1878 [within  Encyrtidae] in Gordh 1979: 899.</p><p>Eriaphytinae Hayat 1978: 534–536 syn. n. [within  Aphelinidae:  Coccophaginae]. Type genus:  Eriaphytis Hayat, 1972 . Subjective synonym of  Coccophaginae Förster 1878 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9459FFD861C1FD78D834FC4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9459FFDA6213FB0ADDD4FCD5.text	4419F96A9459FFDA6213FB0ADDD4FCD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eriaphytis Hayat 1972	<div><p>Eriaphytis Hayat</p><p>(Figure 2)</p><p>Eriaphytis Hayat, 1972: 152 . Type species:  Eriaphytis orientalis Hayat, 1972 by original monotypy [examined].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Antenna 8-segmented, formula 1,1,4,2 (Figure 2B); anellus (anl) enlarged and subtriangular (Figure 2B; inset). Mesosoma with pronotum undivided; axilla (ax) large and subtriangular, each with 2 setae, posterolateral margin separated from the mesoscutellum (Figure 2C); mesoscutellum (mss) large, hexagonal, and strongly convex, posterior margin rounded, scutellar sensilla (ss) in posterior third and widely separated (Figure 2C); metanotum with semicircular dorsellum (dor) (Figure 2C). Fore wing with linea calva; submarginal vein longer than marginal vein, with 5 setae; stigmal vein elongate, with prominent stigma and uncus; postmarginal vein absent (Figure 2D; Hayat 1972, fig. 1). Tarsal formula 555; gaster 8-segmented; Gt 7 reduced and band like; Gt 8 broad and setose at apex. Third valvulae elongate and narrow. Male genitalia with phallobase cylindrical; digiti with sclerotised bar running from base to apex along inner margin, and terminating with robust spine (Hayat 1978, fig. 2).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype of  Eriaphytis orientalis: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh: Aligarh, 27°52 ʹ 48”N, 78°04 ʹ 12”E, M. Hayat [1♀, ZSI]  . Non-type material of  Eriaphytis orientalis:  Same data as holotype [3♀, UCRC: UCRCENT14276, UCRCENT75191, UCRCENT498694].  Holotype of  Eriaphytis chackoi Subba Rao INDIA: Karnataka: Chikmaglur, Coffee Research Station, vii.1977, ex.  Vinsonia stellifera Westwood, M.J. Chacko [1♀, NHMUK].   Paratype of  Eriaphytis chackoi: Same data as holotype [1♀, NHMUK].</p><p>Comments</p><p>Eriaphytis Hayat, 1972 was lab-reared from an unknown species of  Cerococcus Comstock, 1882 ( Cerococcidae) (Hayat 1972). The genus was established due to the unusual combination of character states that align it with taxa from both  Aphelininae (fore wing with a linea calva, structure of the syntergum) and  Coccophaginae (8-segmented antenna, strongly advanced axillae). Additionally, the morphology of the male genitalia is unique among  Aphelinidae . As a result,  Eriaphytis has historically been placed in its own subfamily  Eriaphytinae (Hayat 1978) . Phylogenomic analyses place  Eriaphytis as the sister group of all other  Coccophaginae (Kresslein 2024) . While its placement would allow  Eriaphytinae to exist in a cladistic framework, we believe that it is more appropriately placed as a tribe within  Coccophaginae .  Eriaphytis possesses all the key diagnostic characteristics of the  Coccophaginae and lacks any distinct synapomorphies warranting a unique subfamily. A linea calva is present in two genera of  Coccophaginae (Hayat 1972; Polaszek et al. 2023) rendering the structure homoplastic within  Aphelinidae, and an enlarged anellus is present in species of  Euxanthellus . Thus, we establish Eriaphytini Hayat 1978  stat. rev. as a tribe within  Coccophaginae containing a single genus and two species:  Eriaphytis chackoi which targets  Cerococcus (Hayat 1972), and  Eriaphytis orientalis Hayat, 1972 which targets  Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood, 1871) (=  Vinsonia stellifera Westwood) ( Coccidae) (Subba Rao 1980).</p><p>Historically, anelli have not been considered in  Aphelinidae due to their minute size. Some speculate that the apparent anellus in  Aphelinidae is a pseudo-segment formed from cuticular folding at the base of Fu 1, though no studies have confirmed the origin of the structure (Heraty and Polaszek pers. comm.). However, the anellus (anl) of  Eriaphytis is relatively enlarged and easily recognised as its own segment (Figure 2B). For this reason, we break with tradition and include the anellus in the antennal formula of  Eriaphytis, increasing the described antennal count from seven to eight segments.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9459FFDA6213FB0ADDD4FCD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A945BFFDB6193FC21DDDDFB55.text	4419F96A945BFFDB6193FC21DDDDFB55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prospaltellini Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Prospaltellini Nikol’skaya stat. rev.</p><p>(Figure 3A,B)</p><p>Prospaltellinae Nikol’skaya’s and Yasnosh 1966: 143, 240. Type genus  Prospaltella Ashmead, 1904 in Ashmead 1904b.</p><p>Encarsini Viggiani and Battaglia 1984: 169 . Type genus  Encarsia Förster, 1878 . As a tribe of  Coccophaginae .</p><p>Prospaltellini Nikol’skaya’s and Yasnosh 1966 in Shafee and Rizvi, 1978: 103, 106.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Antenna usually with rounded apex (Figure 3A), some species with spindle-shaped antenna, if so, parasitoids of  Diaspididae (Figure 3B); clava sometimes enlarged; axilla usually subquadrate (rarely subtriangular); tarsal formula either 5-5-5 or 5-4-5 (if antenna spindle-like, then submarginal vein with 2-setae and tarsal formula 5-5-5); syntergum undivided. Females are parasitoids of  Aleyrodidae and  Diaspididae (as well as several less common hosts). Males, where present, are autoparasitoids or heterotrophic parasitoids.</p><p>Comments</p><p>Prospaltellini stat. rev. contains a single genus ( Encarsia) with 486 species (Kresslein et al. 2023). Most recently  Encarsia was placed in the tribe  Pteroptricini Ashmead, 1904 .  Pteroptricini was diagnosed by subquadrate axilla, a medially membranous pronotum, and a sparsely setose mid lobe of the mesoscutum. Contemporary phylogenetic analyses (Cruaud et al. 2024; Kresslein 2024) recover the monophyly of  Encarsia, but a polyphyletic  Pteroptricini . Thus, we revive  Prospaltellini and restrict  Pteroptricini to  Pteroptrix Westwood, 1833,  Bardylis Howard, 1907,  Coccophagoides Girault, 1915, and  Diaspiniphagus Silvestri, 1927 . Presently, 34 species groups of  Encarsia are recognised (Kresslein et al. 2023); however, ongoing analyses are examining the phylogenetic stability of these species groups and may result in the creation of additional genera within  Prospaltellini .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A945BFFDB6193FC21DDDDFB55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A945AFFD4623CFA97D8D2FD7D.text	4419F96A945AFFD4623CFA97D8D2FD7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Encarsia Forster 1878	<div><p>Encarsia Förster, 1878</p><p>Encarsia Förster, 1878: 65 . Type species:  Encarsia tricolour Förster by original monotypy.  Official List of Generic Names in Zoological Nomenclature in ICZN 1985: 285–286.</p><p>Aspidiotiphagus Howard, 1894: 229 [in Howard 1894a]. Type species:  Coccophagus citrinus Craw, 1891 . Subjective synonym of  Encarsia Förster, 1878 in Viggiani and Mazzone 1979: 44.</p><p>Prospalta Howard, 1894: 227–236 [in Howard 1894a]. Type species:  Coccophagus aurantii Howard, 1894 by subsequent designation in Howard 1894a. Designated by ICZN 1968: 12–13. Preoccupied by  Prospalta Walker, 1858 ( Noctuidae:  Lepidoptera).</p><p>Prospaltella Ashmead, 1904: 126 [in Ashmead 1904b]. Type species:  Prospaltella aurantii by subsequent designation. Replacement name for  Prospalta Howard. Subjective synonym of  Encarsia Förster, 1878 in Viggiani and Mazzone 1979: 44.</p><p>Mimatomus Cockerell, 1911: 464 . Type species:  Mimatomus peltatus Cockerell, 1911 by original monotypy. Subjective synonym of  Encarsia Förster, 1878 in Girault 1917b: 114.  Doloresia Mercet, 1912: 294 . Type species:  Prospaltella filicornis Mercet, 1912 by original designation. Subjective synonym of  Encarsia Förster, 1878 in Mercet 1930: 191.</p><p>Allomymar Kieffer, 1913: 30 . syn. n. Type species:  Allomymar taitae Kieffer, 1913 by original monotypy.</p><p>Prospaltoides Brèthes, 1914: 12 . Type species:  Prospaltoides howardi Brèthes, 1914 by original monotypy. Subjective synonym of  Encarsia Förster, 1878 in Brèthes 1916: 429.  Dirphys Howard, 1914: 81 . Type species:  Mesidia mexicana Howard, 1907 by original monotypy. Subjective synonym of  Encarsia Förster, 1878 in Polaszek et al. 2023: 6.</p><p>Aleurodiphilus DeBach and Rose, 1981: 659–660 . Type species:  Aleurodiphilus americanus DeBach and Rose, 1981 by original designation. Subjective synonym of  Encarsia Förster, 1878 in Hayat 1983: 85.</p><p>Encarsiella Hayat, 1983: 85 . Type species:  Encarsiella noyesi Hayat, 1983 by original monotypy. Subjective synonym of  Encarsia Förster, 1878 in Shafee and Rizvi 1985: 379.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A945AFFD4623CFA97D8D2FD7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9455FFD561B9FCC3DF5BFCD5.text	4419F96A9455FFD561B9FCC3DF5BFCD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Encarsia taitae (Kieffer 1913) Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Encarsia taitae (Kieffer) comb. n. nom. dub.</p><p>Allomymar taitae Kieffer, 1913: 30 .   Type data British East Africa [KENYA]:  Voï: Taita hills 600 m, 2.ii.1912  .  Syntype. Type deposition: MNHN Type not found .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Translation and reinterpretation from Kieffer 1913. Male – Body yellow-brown, antennae and legs lighter; multiporous plate sensilla brown. Mandibles absent, replaced with hairy lobes. Antenna 7-segmented, inserted near mouth; scape longer than pedicel and Fu 1; pedicel conical and half as long as wide; flagellar segments conical, almost 3 -times as long as wide, each with 4 multiporous plate sensilla extending from the base to just beyond the apex of the segment; seventh flagellar segment formed of two fused segments and twice as long as the sixth, with two sets of multiplate porous sensilla. Body large and short; head wider than tall, eyes subcircular and setose, occiput with transverse strip; mesosoma as long as broad with reticulate sculpture anteriorly. Fore wing gradually widening from base to apex, with marginal fringe a third the length of the maximum width of the wing; wing disc setose with row of setae around edge; marginal vein as long as submarginal vein, and longer than half the length of the fore wing; stigmal vein short and oblique. Hindwing widest at hamuli then narrowing gradually to a point, with marginal fringe longer than maximum width. Tarsal formula 5-5-5 with segments shortening apically. Metasoma sessile, with equal proportions to the mesosoma; apex rounded; cerci bearing 3 long setae. Length 0.6 mm.</p><p>Kenya (originally published as British East Africa):  Voï, Uganda Railway station, at the foot of the Taita Hills, 600 m elevation, 2 March 1912, St. No 60. (estimated coordinates: 3° 23 ʹ 37”S, 38°34 ʹ 06”E).</p><p>Comments</p><p>While Kieffer originally placed the genus in  Mymaridae, Hayat (in Huber 2005) suggested that it was potentially a male  Encarsia .  Allomymar is also treated as  Aphelinidae by Noyes (2019). We have reviewed the species description of  Allomymar taitae Kieffer, 1913 and agree with Hayat’s assessment, finding that  Allomymar is a junior synonym of  Encarsia .</p><p>Previous investigations of the genus did not formally synonymise  Allomymar with  Encarsia due to the interpretation in Kieffer’s description of ‘verticille d’arêtes’ on the apex of the antenna as whorls of setae, as in some species of  Cales ( Chalcidoidea:  Calesidae), and some males of  Encyrtidae),which is inconsistent with the antennae found in male  Encarsia .However, assessment of Kieffer’s work clarified his use of ‘arêtes’ to refer to ridges/keels/carinae. In this case, we believe that it refers to the multiporous plate sensilla of certain antennomeres. Additionally, while the original species description indicates that the type specimen is a female, the segmentation of the antenna and the relatively high number of multiporous plate sensilla is consistent with the appearance of antennae in male  Coccophaginae .</p><p>The type depository for  Encarsia taitae (Kieffer, 1913) is not stated explicitly; however, it might be deposited at MNHN where some of the Kieffer types are stored in vials of ethanol stored together in larger jars also containing ethanol (Polaszek, pers. comm.). It is possible that researchers looking for what they believed to be a card-mounted or slide-mounted type specimen may have overlooked types stored in this manner. Until the type material can be examined, we place  Encarsia taitae as a nomen dubium as its species identity cannot be assessed from the species description alone.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9455FFD561B9FCC3DF5BFCD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9454FFD5610EFC7CD829FABA.text	4419F96A9454FFD5610EFC7CD829FABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Encarsia orangae Raina, Khurad, and Rathod 1996	<div><p>Encarsia orangae Raina, Khurad, and Rathod nom. nud.</p><p>Encarsia orangae Raina, Khurad, and Rathod, 1996: 18–21 . Type information: None.</p><p>Comments</p><p>Hayat (2012) states that the species name  Encarsia orangae nom. nud. was published without a description and a type depository, as well as with unrecognisable photos and illustrations (Raina et al. 1996). While Hayat deems the species unrecognisable and ultimately places it incertae sedis, we find that it does not meet the criteria of availability set forth by the  International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and deem it a nomen nudum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9454FFD5610EFC7CD829FABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9454FFD661C2FAF9DD30FE48.text	4419F96A9454FFD661C2FAF9DD30FE48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteroptricini Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Pteroptricini Ashmead</p><p>(Figure 3C,D)</p><p>Pteroptricini Ashmead, 1904: 344 [in Ashmead 1904a]. Type genus:  Pteroptrix Westwood, 1833 . As a tribe of  Aphelininae (=  Aphelinidae). As a tribe of  Coccophaginae in Hayat 1985a.</p><p>Pteroptricina Schmiedeknecht, 1909: 448. Type genus:  Pteroptrix Westwood, 1833 . As a subtribe of  Aphelinini (=  Aphelinidae).</p><p>Pteroptrinos Mercet, 1912: 45, 253. Type genus:  Pteroptrix; Westwood, 1833. As a subtribe of  Aphelinidae .</p><p>Pteroptricinae Mercet, 1929: 3–28 . Type genus:  Pteroptrix; Westwood, 1833.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Antenna distinctly spindle shaped (fusiform) with strongly pointed apex (Figure 3C,D), 7- or 8-segmented (antennal formula either 1,1,3,3 or 1,1,2,3). Axilla subquadrate. Fore wing with submarginal vein with either 1–2 setae (if so,tarsal formula 4-4-4) or 3+ setae (if so,tarsal formula 5-5-5). Rarely, Gt 6 and Gt 7 separate rather than fused to form a syntergum. Females are parasitoids of  Diaspididae .Males are either autoparasitoids or primary parasitoids of  Diaspididae .</p><p>Comments</p><p>See  Prospaltellini .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9454FFD661C2FAF9DD30FE48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9457FFD6609BFE5ADFE2FDF9.text	4419F96A9457FFD6609BFE5ADFE2FDF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euxanthellini Heraty, Kresslein and Polaszek 2025	<div><p>Euxanthellini Heraty, Kresslein and Polaszek,  trib. n.</p><p>Type genus:  Euxanthellus Silvestri, 1915, in Silvestri 1915a. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FB161F8B-F370-416 F-B09E-77 F96B184017</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9457FFD6609BFE5ADFE2FDF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9457FFD061F5FD37DFF8FD27.text	4419F96A9457FFD061F5FD37DFF8FD27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euxanthellus Silvestri 2025	<div><p>Euxanthellus Silvestri stat. rev.</p><p>(Figure 4)</p><p>Euxanthellus Silvestri, 1915: 320 [in Silvestri 1915a]. Type species:  Euxanthellus philippiae Silvestri, 1915 by original monotypy in Silvestri 1915a [examined].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Female. Antenna 9-segmented; funicle 4-segmented with Fu1 subquadrate, closely associated with Fu2 (Figure 4B). Mesosoma with axilla (ax) with 5–11 setae; mesoscutellum with scutellar sensilla separated by 1–2× their diameter; metanotum with dorsellum (dor) diamond shaped (Figure 4C). Mesofurcal-mesopostnotal complex (f2b) with mesofurcal bridge complete and mesofurca shaped like ram’s horns (Figure 4C). Fore wing with stigmal vein constricted, extending into wing disc; postmarginal vein present, as long as stigmal vein (Figure 4D).</p><p>Male. Antenna as in species of the  Coccophagus malthusi species group (Hayat 1998, figs 309, 314, 317). Axilla with 3–5 setae. Otherwise as in female.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype: ERITREA: Nefasit. ex.  Philippia chrysophyllae Silvestri, 1915 [=  Stotzia chrysophyllae (Silvestri, 1915)] [1♀, UNP]. Non-type material: SOUTH AFRICA: Claremont, 4. xi.1919, Rust, E.W., No. H, ex.  Saissetia oleae (Oliver) on  Sparmannia Buc’hoz. [=  Rehmannia Libosch. ex Fisch. and C.A. Mey] [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT13050]; Capetown, 17.xi.1919, Rust, E.W., ex.  Saissetia oleae (Oliver) on oleander [1♀, UCRC: UCRCENT13023]; Cape town, 4. vi.1924, Rust, E.W., No. 43 [1♀, UCRC: UCRCENT13031]; Rosebank, 9.iii.1925, Rust, E.W., ex.  Saissetia hemisphaerica [=  Saissetia coffeae (Walker)] [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT13017]; Camp’s Bay, 16.vii.1925, Rust, E.W., ex.  Saissetia perseae Brian [=  Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner)] [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT14196]; Pretoria, iv.1954, Bedford, E.C.G., ACDL 414, ex.  Ceroplastes helichrysi var. sinoiae Hall [=  Ceroplaster sinoiae Hall] on  Jacaranda Juss [6♀, UCRC: UCRCENT412694, UCRCENT498424]l West Cape, Wellington, 18.v.1959, Whitehead, V.B., S&amp;R 1898–3, ex.  Saissetia oleae (Oliver) on apricot [3♂, UCRC: UCRCENT19832, UCRCENT19834, UCRCENT19835]; West Cape, Wellington, 29.v.1959, Whitehead, V.B., S&amp;R 1900, ex.  Saissetia oleae (Oliver) on apricot [2♀, UCRC: UCRCENT19870, UCRCENT19871].</p><p>Comments</p><p>Euxanthellus stat. rev. was described for species that resemble  Coccophagus but possess a 9-segmented antenna (Figure 4B) (Silvestri 1915a). The genus was synonymised with  Coccophagus by Hayat (1994) due to insufficient diagnostic characteristics to distinguish the genera. Heraty et al. (1997) explored the morphology of the mesofurcal-mesopostnotal complex in  Aphelinidae and recognised that, in contrast to all other  Coccophagus, species historically placed in  Euxanthellus possessed a complete mesofurcal bridge and a ‘rams-horn shaped mesofurca’ (p. 62) (Figure 4C). The authors proposed that  Euxanthellus should be treated as its own tribe and as the sister clade to  Coccophagini +  Pteroptricini . Hayat (1998) agreed that  Euxanthellus should be treated as a valid genus in its own tribe.</p><p>While  Euxanthellini and  Euxanthellus have been recognised twice as valid, the taxa have not been formally treated. As a result, the species of  Euxanthellus have frequently been called by the incorrect name in publications and public databases for the last quarter century (Kondo 2006; Vikberg and Koponen 2008; Lotfalizadeh 2014; Rakimov et al. 2015; Phuong 2018; Noyes 2019). In conjunction with previous studies and contemporary phylogenomic analyses (Kresslein 2024), we formally recognise  Euxanthellus with four species therein ( Euxanthellus philippiae Silvestri, 1915 stat. rev.,  Euxanthellus subochraceus (Howard), 1907 stat. rev.,  Euxanthellus adustus Annecke and Prinsloo, 1976 stat. rev. and  Euxanthellus desantisi Fidaglo, 1981 stat. rev.), and formally establish the tribe  Euxanthellini .</p><p>The general habitus of  Euxanthellus is superficially similar to species of the  Coccophagus malthusi species group (Hayat 1993) and it keys to members of the  malthusi group in several keys to species of  Coccophagus (Hayat 1993, 1998; Xu and Huang 2004; Myartseva 2006). Additionally, Compere (1931) excluded species of  Euxanthellus from his key to Afrotropical  Coccophagus .  Euxanthellus can be easily distinguished with the diagnostic charateristics presented above.  Euxanthellus desantisi is readily diagnosable from the remaining species in  Euxanthellus by the head shape, mesoscutellar setation, relative proportions of Fu1, and absence of the diamond-shaped dorsellum (Fidalgo 1981, figs 1–4). Additionally,  Euxanthellus desantisi is the only known species of  Euxanthellus known from outside the Afrotropics. We have tentatively placed  Euxanthellus desantisi with the remaining  Euxanthellus to aid with diagnosis, but ultimately molecular data will be necessary to determine the appropriate placement of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9457FFD061F5FD37DFF8FD27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9451FFD0609BFD56DD04FBD5.text	4419F96A9451FFD0609BFD56DD04FBD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prococcophagini Kresslein and Polaszek 2025	<div><p>Prococcophagini Kresslein and Polaszek trib. n.</p><p>Type genus:  Prococcophagus Silvestri, 1915 . urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4DC9F8E5-C44B-4BF3-81AD-7B2EA38E8DBE</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Antenna with contrasting white and brown segments; scape almost always laterally flattened and strongly expanded (rarely unmodified); often with evident trichoid and mushroom sensilla on flagellar segments. Mesonotum with mesoscutum uniformly setose; axilla subquadrate with 1–4 setae. Fore wing usually infuscate towards base and hyaline at apex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9451FFD0609BFD56DD04FBD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9451FFD26182FB07DD35FC2B.text	4419F96A9451FFD26182FB07DD35FC2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prococcophagus Silvestri 2025	<div><p>Prococcophagus Silvestri stat. rev.</p><p>(Figure 5)</p><p>Prococcophagus Silvestri, 1915: 359–360 [in Silvestri 1915b]. Type species:  Prococcophagus varius Silvestri, 1915 by original monotypy in Silvestri 1915b [examined].</p><p>Taneostigmoidella Girault, 1915: 39 . Type species:  Taneostigmoidella nympha Girault, 1915 by original monotypy. Subjective synonym of  Prococcophagus Silvestri, 1915 in Girault 1917c: 37.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Body with opalescent lustre. Antennal segments with contrasting light and dark pigment; scape laterally compressed and expanded ventrally (except three species), inserted close to the clypeal margin (Figure 5A–C). Mesosoma with pronotum (no1) medially membranous; midlobe of mesoscutum setose (Figure 5E); axilla subquadrate with 1–4 setae. Fore wing usually with infuscate area consisting of dark setae basally and hyaline apically; stigmal vein variable in length (Figure 5D).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype of  Prococcophagus varius: ERITREA:  Cheren (=Keren) [1♀, UNP]. Holotype of  Prococcophagus aurantifrons: AUSTRALIA:   New South Wales, Sydney, Taronga Zoological Park, 20.x.1927, ex.  Inglisia sp., Compere, H. No.10282713 [1♀, USNM]  . Paratypes of  Prococcophagus aurantifrons:  same data as holotype [3♀ 2♂, USNM] . Holotype of  Prococcophagus asterolecanii:   HAITI: Morne-a-Cabrito, 22.v.1931, ex.  Asterolecanium epidendri (Bouch.) [=  Asterolecanium aureum Targioni Tozzetti] on Anona sp., Dozier, H.L. [1♀, USNM 1049008].  Paratypes of  Prococcophagus asterolecanii:   same data as holotype except ex.  Asterolecanium epidendri (Bouch.) (=  Asterolecanium aureum) Targioni Tozzetti) on shrub 21.v.1931 [2♂, USNM]; 22.v.1931 [♀, USNM]; 29.v.1931 [3♂, USNM]; 1.vi.1931 [1♂, USNM]; 2.vi.1931 [1♂, USNM].  Holotype of  Prococcophagus hispaniolae:   Caxeau, 16.iv.1930, ex.  Ceroplastes giganteus Dozier on  Ficus rubricosta Warb., Dozier, H.L. [1♀ USNM 1049018].  Paratype of  Prococcophagus srilankaensis:  SRI LANKA (=Ceylon): Punduloya (=Pundaluoya), Green, E.E. 1073/01 [1♀, USNM]. Non type Material of  Prococcophagus sp.:   BENIN: Calavi, x.2021, Goergen, G., ex.  Bambusaspis miliaris (Boisduval) on leaves of  Bambusa vulgaris (Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.) [3♀, NHMUK: DNA1715].  COSTA RICA: Rio Magnolia, 16–17.ii.2017, Noyes, J.S. [1♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00508967].  MEXICO: Jalisco, Chamela 19°29′49.7″N 105°02′27.8″W, 23.vi.2008, Clebsch, H., low deciduous woodland, swp [1♀, NHMUK: DNA322].</p><p>Comments</p><p>Prococcophagus was established for species that resemble  Coccophagus but have a laterally compressed scape inserted close to the margin of the clypeus (Silvestri 1915b).  Taneostigmoidella Girault, 1915 was established in the same year, and was recognised as a junior synonym of  Prococcophagus less than two years later (Girault 1915, 1917c). Synonymy of  Prococcophagus and  Taneostigmoidella with  Coccophagus was published independently by several authors (Shafee et al. 1985; Viggiani 1985; Hayat 1988) based the apparent homology of the male genitalic morphology and larval development (Mazzone and Viggiani 1984; Viggiani and Battaglia 1984). Hayat (1988) established the  Coccophagus varius species group for all species originally placed in  Prococcophagus and  Taneostigmoidella, as well as two species of  Aneristus Howard, 1895a .</p><p>Prococcophagus superficially resembles the other genera of  Coccophagini Förster, 1878 . The wing venation and antennal conformation of males in some species is similar to that of the  Coccophagus ochraceus species group. However,  Prococcophagus can be easily distinguished from  Coccophagini by the medially membranous pronotum and the shape of the axilla, which align it closer to  Encarsia . Contemporary phylogenomic analysis places  Prococcophagus outside of  Coccophagini (Cruaud et al. 2024; Kresslein 2024). Given the phylogenetic placement of the genus, and the ease with which it can be diagnosed, we revive  Prococcophagus with 27 species (Table 1) and establish  Prococcophagini within  Coccophaginae . Presently,  Prococcophagini contains two genera,  Prococcophagus and  Oenrobia . Additional genera will be described in an upcoming revision of the  Prococcophagini .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9451FFD26182FB07DD35FC2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9452FFD3620BFF2BDDC8FE85.text	4419F96A9452FFD3620BFF2BDDC8FE85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenrobia Hayat	<div><p>Oenrobia Hayat</p><p>Oenrobia Hayat, 1995: 51–54 . Type species:  Oenrobia kinabaluensis Hayat, 1995 by original monotypy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9452FFD3620BFF2BDDC8FE85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9452FFCD61EFFEC7D8D5FD05.text	4419F96A9452FFCD61EFFEC7D8D5FD05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenrobia kinabaluensis Hayat 1995	<div><p>Oenrobia kinabaluensis Hayat</p><p>(Figure 6)</p><p>Oenrobia kinabaluensis Hayat, 1995: 51–54 . Type data:   MALAYSIA: Sabah: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.54305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.005833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.54305/lat 6.005833)">Mt. Kinabalu</a> NP Hqt. Liwagu R., 149 m, 6°00 ʹ 21”N, 116°32 ʹ 35”E, 23.v.1987, Smetana, A. Holotype, ♀. Type depository: CNC: CNC22192 [examined].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Antenna with scape laterally flattened and expanded ventrally; multiporous plate sensilla (ts) trichoid rather than fused with flagellar segments along their length (Figure 6A). Vertex with postocellar lines (pol) present (Figure 6B). Mesosoma with axilla (ax) with 2 setae; mesoscutellum (mss) with medial longitudinal groove, scutellar sensilla (ss) separated by one diameter; metanotum with triangular dorsellum (dor) (Figure 6C). Fore wing infuscate posterior to marginal vein; stigmal vein short (Figure 6D). Third valvulae (3vl) enlarged and strongly triangular (Figure 6F).</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female. Colour. The holotype (Figure 6) is cleared and slide-mounted, and as a result the body colour could not be reassessed. See Hayat (1995) for a discussion of body colour.</p><p>Antenna 8-segmented with all segments densely setose, antennal formula 1,1,3,3; scape laterally compressed and ventrally expanded, twice as long as wide, densely setose dorsally; pedicel shorter than Fu1, Fu1 2.9× as long as wide, 1.1× as long as both Fu2 and Fu3; all flagellar segments with multiporous plate sensilla (ts) trichoid rather than fused along their length; funicle with mushroom-like sensilla (Figure 6A). Head with frontovertex setose; postocellar (pos), transfacial, and mediofrontal lines; scrobal depression with two lines of setae; eyes setose; mandibles with 2 teeth and a truncation; maxillary palp 2-segmented (Figure 6B). Mesosoma with pronotum (no1) entire; mid lobe of mesoscutum (mlm) with ~45 setae, sculpture reticulate; side lobes of mesoscutum with 3 setae, lacking sculpture; axilla (ax) subquadrate with 2 setae, sculpture reticulate; mesoscutellum (mss) with 3 pairs of setae, longitudinal grove medially, lacking sculpture, scutellar sensilla (ss) separated by the diameter of one sensillum; metanotum with triangular dorsellum (dor). Fore wing apically rounded, 2.0× as long as width, with disc setae longer at near base than apex; wing fringe 0.1× as long as width of fore wing; submarginal vein subequal in length to marginal vein; stigmal vein short, adjacent to asetose patch on the wing disc; postmarginal vein extremely reduced (Figure 6D). Tarsal formula 5-5-5; mid tibia with spur subequal in length to mid basitarsus (Figure 6E). Petiole transverse, with indistinct sculpture. Gaster 7-segmented laterally with imbricate sculpture; Gt1–2 0, Gt3–7 with 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 2+2, 2+2, and 4 setae, respectively. Ovipositor subequal in length to mid tibia. Third valvulae (3vl) enlarged and kite shaped, 0.5× as long as the second valvula (Figure 6F).</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype: See above. Non-type material:   MALAYSIA: Sarawak: Borneo,  Gunung Mulu National Park, Summit trail, vic  . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.82833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.037833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.82833/lat 4.037833)">Paku Waterfall</a> in forest, 4°2.27 ʹ N, 114°49.7 ʹ W 42 m, 16  . ix.2011, Polaszek, A., Darling, D.C., Talamas, E., and Johnson, N.F. [2♀, ROME: OSU308696] .</p><p>Comments</p><p>Oenrobia was established for a single species ( Oenrobia kinabaluensis) considered intermediate between  Coccophagus and  Encarsia, with Hayat (1995) stating that it shares many diagnostic characteristics with the former, except for sharing the facial lines, postocellar lines and general habitus of the latter (Figure 6B).  Oenrobia was further distinguished by a longitudinal groove on the mesoscutellum (Figure 6C) and trichoid longitudinal sensilla on the flagellum (Figure 6A). Hayat (1995) describes the ovipositor as ‘connected to the last tergum through a thin band-like extension’; however, this structure is not clearly illustrated nor identifiable on the type specimen. It is clear from an examination of the type material that this species is very close to  Prococcophagus, sharing many diagnostic characteristics, including an expanded and laterally flattened scape, postocellar lines, conformation of the mesonotal sclerites, and an infuscate fore wing base (Figure 6D) (Hayat 1998; Wang et al. 2020; Qin et al. 2022). However,  Oenrobia possesses several unique synapomorphies that help to distinguish it from  Prococcophagus, including a relatively short stigmal vein, an undivided pronotum, a longitudinal groove on the mesoscutellum, a triangular dorsellum, and strongly enlarged triangular third valvulae (Figure 6C,D,F). Additional material should be collected from the type location, and molecular data captured, to definitively establish the placement of  Oenrobia outside  Prococcophagus or, alternatively, as a highly apomorphic species within  Prococcophagus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9452FFCD61EFFEC7D8D5FD05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A944CFFCD623EFD5BDF13FBFC.text	4419F96A944CFFCD623EFD5BDF13FBFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccophagini Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Coccophagini Förster</p><p>Coccophagini Förster 1878 in Shafee and Khan 1978: 43.</p><p>Comments</p><p>After elevating  Euxanthellini and  Prococcophagini to tribes, four genera remain in  Coccophagini:  Coccophagus s.s.,  Lounsburyia Compere and Insley, 1961,  Mexidalgus Myartseva, 2014, and  Timberlakiella . Preliminary phylogenomic analyses recover this restricted  Coccophagini as polyphyletic. Additional taxa must be sampled to confidently resolve the classification of  Coccophagini . Presently we maintain  Coccophagini as a tribe, and we provide a contemporary treatment of  Timberlakiella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A944CFFCD623EFD5BDF13FBFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A944CFFCD61C6FB13DE27FABD.text	4419F96A944CFFCD61C6FB13DE27FABD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Timberlakiella Compere 1936	<div><p>Timberlakiella Compere</p><p>Timberlakiella Compere, 1936: 278 . Type species:  Timberlakiella applanatonervus Compere, 1936 by original monotypy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A944CFFCD61C6FB13DE27FABD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A944CFFC861B6FAD2DD0BFD8B.text	4419F96A944CFFC861B6FAD2DD0BFD8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Timberlakiella applanatonervus Compere 1936	<div><p>Timberlakiella applanatonervus Compere</p><p>(Figure 7)</p><p>Timberlakiella applanatonervus Compere, 1936: 279 . Type data:   PHILIPPINES:  Los Baños, 1921, Woodworth, H. Holotype ♀. Type depository: USNM [examined].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Dorsal mesosoma, legs, and ventral gaster densely setose with majority of setae uniform in length. Mesoscutellum (mss) strongly enlarged, posterior margin overhanging metanotum (no3) and propodeum, occluding the medial portion of both in dorsal view (Figure 7D). Metanotum with membranous projection (Figure 7E). Fore wing densely setose; submarginal vein (smv) strongly curved and enlarged, lacking elongate robust setae common in other genera of  Coccophaginae (Figure 7G). Petiole (pet) short and gently constricted (Figure 7H). Third valvulae (3vl) considerably shorter than second valvulae, enlarged, elliptical and setose (Figure 7H).</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female. Colour. Body gold with eyes silver and ocelli dull red-brown.</p><p>Antenna 8-segmented with all segments densely setose, antennal formula 1,1,3,3; scape cylindrical, densely setose at apex; pedicel shorter than Fu1, Fu1 longer than Fu2 and Fu3; all flagellar segments with numerous multiporous plate sensilla (Figure 7B). Head densely setose; face with fine reticulate sculpture; vertex with row of robust setae on occipital margin; frontomedial and transfacial lines intersect with scrobal depression (Figure 7C). Mandible with 2 teeth and a truncation; ventral margin with elongate peg. Maxillary palp 2-segmented. Mesosoma densely and uniformly setose with imbricate sculpture; pronotum (no1) undivided; mid lobe of mesoscutum (mlm) with more than 100 setae; side lobes of mesoscutum (slm) with 20+ setae, posterior portion hidden beneath lateral margin of midlobe of mesoscutum; axilla (ax) large and subtriangular with 45+ setae; mesoscutellum (mss) densely setose with 4 pairs of elongate setae at apex, strongly projecting posteriorly, dorsally overlapping medial portion of metanotum and propodeum; mesoscutellar scutellar sensilla (ss) pit-like and widely separated; metanotum (no3) with thin membranous asetose projection, visible laterally and dorsally at apex of mesoscutellum (Figures 7E). Fore wing broad, 2.5× as long as wide, hyaline, with wing disc broad and densely setose; marginal fringe very short; costal cell (cc) strongly curved; submarginal vein (smv) enlarged and strongly curved, 0.8× the length of the marginal vein; stigmal vein short; postmarginal vein absent (Figure 7G). Hindwing with submarginal vein and costal cell strongly curved. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Mid tibia (tb2) with spur robust, 1.3× as long as mid basitarsus; mid basitarsus with row of stout robust setae (Figure 7H). Petiole short and slightly constricted, with mesophragma (2ph) extending just beyond the anterior margin (Figure 7F). Gaster with 7 segments, basal segment with reticulate sculpture, apical segments punctate; Gt1–2 with lateral setae, Gt3–5 with line of medial setae, Gt6–7 densely setose; gastral sternites densely setose (Figure 7H). Ovipositor originating towards the base of gaster, 1.6× as long as mid tibia, barely extruded past apex of gaster; third valvulae (3vl) enlarged, elliptical, densely setose, 0.1× length of second valvulae (Figure 7H).</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype: See above.   Paratypes: PHILIPPINES: [Laguna]:  Los Baños, 1921, Woodworth, H. [11♀, UCRC: UCRCENT498470, UCRCENT498678, UCRCENT498688, UCRCENT498432, UCRCENT436257, UCRCENT498475, UCRCENT498408, UCRCENT436255, UCRCENT498464, UCRCENT498443, UCRCENT498453]  .</p><p>Comments</p><p>Timberlakiella is a monotypic genus described from material collected from the Los Baños municipality in the Philippines (Compere 1936). It is a parasitoid of soft scale insects and has been reared from  Coccus hesperidum (L., 1758) in Thailand (Tachikawa 1976). Like many species of the  Coccophagini,  Timberlakiella applanatonervus superficially resembles species of  Coccophagus, but is distinguished by the above diagnostic characteristics. It shares the ram’s horn shape of the mesofurca with  Euxanthellus but lacks a complete mesofurcal bridge. This suggests that  Timberlakiella may represent a transitional taxon between  Euxanthellus and the rest of the  Coccophagini . It is essential that  Timberlakiella be represented in future phylogenomic analyses. Until then we maintain its tribal position in  Coccophagini .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A944CFFC861B6FAD2DD0BFD8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9449FFC8621BFDECD8D2FD4B.text	4419F96A9449FFC8621BFDECD8D2FD4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physcini Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Physcini Yasnosh</p><p>Physcinae Yasnosh 1976: 162–163 . Type genus:  Physcus Howard, 1985 .  Physcini Hayat 1998: 18 . Type genus:  Physcus Howard, 1985 . As a tribe of  Coccophaginae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9449FFC8621BFDECD8D2FD4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9449FFCB61FBFC9FD868FA22.text	4419F96A9449FFCB61FBFC9FD868FA22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccobius Ratzeburg 1852	<div><p>Coccobius Ratzeburg (Figures 8–9)</p><p>Coccobius Ratzeburg, 1852: 195 . Type species:  Coccobius annulicornis Ratzeburg, 1852 by subsequent designation in Gahan and Fagan 1923: 37. Official List of Generic Names in Zoological Nomenclature in ICZN 1991: 183–184.</p><p>Physcus Howard, 1895b: 43 . Type species:  Coccophagus varicornis Howard, 1881 by original monotypy.</p><p>Prophyscus De Santis, 1940, 24 syn. n. [in De Santis 1940b]. Type species:  Prophyscus latiscapus De Santis, 1940 by original monotypy in De Santis 1940b.</p><p>Encyrtophyscus Blanchard, 1948 in De Santis 1948: 192 . Type species:  Physcus flaviflagellatus De Santis, 1940 by original monotypy [in De Santis 1940a]. Nomen nudum in De Santis 1948: 192; subjective synonym of  Coccobius Ratzeburg, 1852 in Hayat 1983: 78–81.</p><p>Physculus Yasnosh, 1977: 1115–1116 . Type species:  Physculus danzigae Yasnosh, 1977 by original monotypy. Subjective synonym of  Coccobius Ratzeburg, 1852 in Hayat 1983: 78–80.</p><p>Idiococcobius Hayat, 2010: 13 . Type species:  Idiococcobius encarsoides Hayat, 2010 by original monotypy. Subjective synonym of  Coccobius Ratzeburg, 1852 in Geng et al. 2020: 33.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Macropterous, rarely brachypterous. Female flagellum 5-segmented, formula 1,1,3,2 (Figure 8B); male flagellum 6-segmented with no clear differentiation between funicle and clava (Figure 8C); male scape sometimes laterally compressed and enlarged, with sensory plaque (scps) on ventral surface (Figures 8C, 9A). Mesosoma with pronotum (no1) undivided (Figure 8D,E); mesoscutellum (mss) usually shield-shaped with rounded apex and 4–6 stout setae (Figure 8D); axilla small relative to other  Coccophaginae, slightly advanced, each with no more than 1 seta, separated by approximately 3× length of an axilla (ax) (Figure 8D,E); mesopleuron convex and undivided when viewed laterally, consisting of a greatly enlarged and posteriorly-expanded acropleuron (acr) (Figure 8E). Fore wing with stigmal vein elongate with 4 sensilla (svs) in characteristic pattern: three large sensilla in a row, with a fourth smaller sensillum positioned between, and anterior to the distal two larger sensilla (Figure 8F). Cerci (cer) typically advanced anteriorly, as far as posterior margin of Gt5 (Figure 8G).</p><p>Comments</p><p>Coccobius contains 113 species that target  Diaspididae . Hayat (1983) presented a brief taxonomic history of  Coccobius that we summarise below.  Physcus Howard, 1895b was initially established for specimens similar to  Coccophagus, but with a 7-segmented antenna in females, narrow axilla, and distinctly elongate stigmal vein. In the same publication, Howard examined species descriptions of  Coccobius . Of the four species described by Ratzeburg, three of them were determined to belong to previously established genera of  Aphelinidae . Howard indicated that the fourth species,  Coccobius annulicornis Ratzeburg,1852, is likely a member of  Physcus .  Coccobius annulicornis was subsequently designated as the type species of  Coccobius (Gahan and Fagan 1923) . In a personal communication with Graham (1976), Nowicky asserted that  Coccobius annulicornis belongs in  Physcus . Unfortunately, the type material of  Coccobius was destroyed during the Second World War. However, Hayat (1983) examined specimens from Nowicky’s collection that were identified as  Coccobius annulicornis, which are clearly aligned with  Physcus . This led Hayat to conclude that  Coccobius is the valid genus name and  Physcus is a junior subjective synonym. ICZN (1991) maintained the seniority of  Coccobius over  Physcus .  Encyrtophyscus Blanchard, 1948 and  Physculus Yasnosh, 1977 were synonymised due to the absence of diagnostic characteristics to diagnose the genera (Compere and Annecke 1961; Hayat 1983). While  Idiococcobius Hayat, 2010 exhibited a suite of character states suggesting the establishment of a new genus, it was synonymised after molecular analyses placed the type species ( Coccobius encarsoides (Hayat, 2010) and a closely related species ( Coccobius islandicus Geng and Polaszek, 2020) within  Coccobius (Geng et al. 2020) .</p><p>Prophyscus De Santis syn. n. (Figure 9) was established with a single species,  Prophyscus latiscapus De Santis, 1940, from a single male specimen considered near  Coccobius but with an enlarged and laterally flattened scape (Figure 8A) and relatively smaller axilla (De Santis 1940b). Hayat (1985a) later rediagnosed the genus, stating that the axilla were identical to that of  Coccobius, and noting that the mesoscutellum possessed lateral extensions, that he called parascutella [= axillula (axl)] (Figure 9E). He provided a description for females which included an unmodified scape and a relatively short ovipositor (Hayat 1985b, figs 83–88). Lastly, Hayat moved  Physcus latiscapus Girault, 1929 to  Prophyscus . The resulting homonym was resolved by moving  Prophyscus latiscapus De Santis to  Prophyscus desantisi Hayat, 1985 .</p><p>Based on our examination of the type material, we place  Prophyscus as a junior synonym of  Coccobius . The expanded scape is a common feature of males of  Coccobius . We disagree with Hayat’s assertion that the mesoscutellum possesses axillulae. The lateral portion of the mesoscutellum is variable in curvature among species of  Coccobius . In the type species, it appears that the mesoscutellar sculpture is compressed laterally, it does not constitute a separate sclerite. In  Coccobius desantisi (Hayat, 1985), it appears that what Hayat describes as axillulae are the lateral portions of the mesoscutellum that have been torn longitudinally during slide mounting of the specimen. Finally, as it is presently described,  Prophyscus possesses all the key diagnostic characteristics of  Coccobius .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9449FFCB61FBFC9FD868FA22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A944AFFC46191FA4DDF4AFB57.text	4419F96A944AFFC46191FA4DDF4AFB57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccobius desantisi (Hayat 1985) Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Coccobius desantisi (Hayat) comb. n.</p><p>(Figure 9)</p><p>Prophyscus latiscapus De Santis, 1940: 24 [in De Santis 1940b]. Type data:   ARGENTINA: La Plata, i.1938, De Santis, L., ex  Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) [=  Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock)]. Holotype, ♂. Type depository: MLPA [examined]  .</p><p>Prophyscus desantisi Hayat, 1985: 321 [in Hayat 1985b]. Secondary homonym of  Physcus latiscapus Girault, 1929 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Antenna with scape laterally flattened and ventrally enlarged, with expansive sensory structure at base (Figure 9A); Fu1 quadrate and strongly enlarged (compare Figure 9A with Hayat 1985b, fig. 87).</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Male. Antenna with 8 segments, formula 1,1,4,2 (Figure 9A); scape elliptical, strongly laterally flattened with sensory area at the base, 1.5× as long as wide; pedicel globular, subequal in length to Fu1; Fu1 quadrate, subequal in length to Fu2, 0.9× as long as Fu3; flagellar segments each with numerous multiporous plate sensilla. Head with frontovertex with transverse sculpture (Figure 9C); mandibles with 1 tooth and a truncation. Mesosoma with pronotum entire; mid lobe of mesoscutum with approximately 40 setae, sculpture reticulate; axilla slightly advanced, each with 1 seta (Figure 9D); mesoscutellum (mss) with 2 pairs of setae, sculpture longitudinally reticulate, scutellar sensilla widely separated (Figure 9E); metanotum transverse. Fore wing broad, 2.1× as long as wide, uniformly setose; marginal fringe 0.1× as long as width of wing disc; submarginal vein with 7 setae; marginal vein 0.9× as long as submarginal vein; stigmal vein elongate; postmarginal vein absent (Figure 9F). Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Gaster 7-segmented; cerci slightly advanced.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype: See above.</p><p>Comments</p><p>The holotype of  Coccobius desantisi is in poor condition, and many structures (head, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, acropleuron, aedeagus, etc.) are partially or completely obscured. Additional material should be collected from the type locality to enhance the species description. See  Coccobius for further discussion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A944AFFC46191FA4DDF4AFB57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9445FFC5619AFAE8D872FF65.text	4419F96A9445FFC5619AFAE8D872FF65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccobius latiscapus (Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 1940) Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Coccobius latiscapus (Girault) comb. n.</p><p>Physcus latiscapus Girault, 1929: 2 .   Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Girault, A. A., ex.  Mytilaspidis cordylinidis L. Newman [=  Anzaspis cordylinidis (Maskell)]. Syntypes, 1♂ 3♀.  Type depository: WADA  .</p><p>Prophyscus latiscapus (Girault, 1929) in Hayat 1985b: 321.</p><p>Comments</p><p>Coccobius latiscapus (Girault, 1929) is purportedly deposited at WADA (Dahms 1984); however, is currently missing from the collection (Melinda Moir, pers. comm.). Hayat (1985a) states in the acknowledgements that he received a loan of material of  Coccobius from multiple collections, including one from Dahms at QM. Thus, while there is no record of a loan, the type material of  Coccobius latiscapus may be at the insect collection at the Aligarh Muslim University. See  Coccobius for further discussion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9445FFC5619AFAE8D872FF65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9444FFC56222FECDDE63FAA3.text	4419F96A9444FFC56222FECDDE63FAA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prococcobius Hayat 2015	<div><p>Prococcobius Hayat</p><p>Prococcobius Hayat, 2015: 107–108 . Type species:  Prococcobius polaszeki Hayat, 2015 by original monotypy.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Head prognathous with ∩ shaped fronto-facial sulcus (ffs); toruli inserted at clypeal margin (Figure 10A, B). Body dorsoventrally flattened with gaster more than 2.5× as long as mesosoma (Figures 10A, 11B). Mesosoma with pronotum (no1) strongly enlarged, sometimes narrowly divided (Figure 10C); axilla (ax) not advanced past the transscutal suture; mesoscutellum wider than long, scutellar sensilla absent from the mesoscutellum (mss) (Figures 10D, 11C). Fore wings reduced (Figure 11D). Gastral tergites with dorsal invaginations (Figure 10C).</p><p>Comments</p><p>Prococcobius Hayat, 2015 was diagnosed based on the following suite of diagnostic characteristics: head subprognathous (Figure 10A); mandible with mandibular rods basally globular (as in  Signiphoridae); mesosoma with pronotum (no1) enlarged (Figure 11E), mesoscutellum (mss) transverse, mesoscutellar scutellar sensilla absent (Figures 10D; 11C); fore wing greatly reduced and subcircular, with wing disc asetose, with trace wing venation (Figure 11D); gaster considerably larger than mesosoma (Figure 11E).  Prococcobius represents an unusual group within  Physcini Yasnosh 1976 . Numerous species of undescribed brachypterous  Coccobius superficially resemble  Prococcobius (Mottern unpublished). However, in  Prococcobius the presence of a strongly enlarged pronotum and internal sternal projection (Figure 11F) suggest placement outside of  Coccobius . While it is possible that  Prococcobius may be an extremely autapomorphic  Coccobius, we have chosen to maintain it as a valid genus until sequence data can be collected and analysed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9444FFC56222FECDDE63FAA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9444FFC061B3FAD3DD26F9DA.text	4419F96A9444FFC061B3FAD3DD26F9DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prococcobius platycephala Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Prococcobius platycephala Kresslein sp. n.</p><p>(Figures 10, 11)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EC8EF530-4437-4F8B-B2F1-9CCE3FDEAEF9</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Head prognathous with vertical medial sulcus (vms); vertex transverse; ocelli absent (Figures 10B, 11A); occipital carina interrupted by occipital foramen (Figure 11A). Mesosoma with pronotum (no1) divided by longitudinal suture (Figure 11C). Fore wing greatly reduced with only trace wing venation (Figure 11D). Gaster with two sets of internal gastral projections (stp) originating from the second and third gastral sternites (Figure 11F). Ovipositor longer than the length of the gaster (Figure 11E,F).</p><p>Description</p><p>Female. Colour. Antenna cream except Fu1 and base of clava grey-brown. Head cream except gena dark grey-brown; eye silver. Mesosoma cream except posterolateral corners of mesoscutum dark grey-brown. Fore wing lightly infuscate. Legs cream except hind coxa, trochanter, and femur dark grey-brown. Metasoma dark grey-brown. Third valvula dark. Antenna with seven segments, formula 1,1,3,2, inserted at clypeal margin; scape slightly laterally flattened, 2.8× as long as wide; pedicel 1.6× as long as Fu1; Fu1 1.2× as long as wide, subequal in length to Fu2 and Fu3; clava with truncated apex; flagellar segments with the following number of multiporous plate sensilla: Fu1: 2, Fu2: 2, Fu3: 2, Fu4: 3, clv: 7 (Figures 10A, 11A, B). Head prognathous with ∩ shaped sulcus (ffs) around scrobal depression and vertical medial sulcus (vms) across frontovertex; face sparsely setose, lacking sculpture; gena more densely setose; vertex (vtx) transverse; ocelli absent; occipital carina (occ) interrupted by occipital foramen (ocf) (Figure 11A); mandibles with 2 teeth and a truncation, mandibular rods globular basally. Mesosoma, 0.4× as long and 0.5× as wide as metasoma (Figures 10B, 11A); pronotum (no1) 1.5× as long as mesoscutum, divided medially by narrow suture (Figure 11C); mesoscutum (msc) 0.3× as long as wide with alutaceous sculpture, midlobe with 10 setae, side lobes narrow, each with 1 seta (Figure 11C); axilla (ax) not advanced beyond the transscutellar suture, each with a single seta (Figure 11C); mesoscutellum (mss) transverse with 2 pairs of setae, scutellar sensilla absent (Figure 10D); acropleuron (acr) undivided, strongly convex (Figure 11E), metanotum (no3) divided medially (Figure 11C). Fore wing greatly reduced and ovoid; wing disc asetose; costal cell with 3 basal setae; submarginal vein extending length of wing, with 5 setae; marginal vein strongly reduced with single sensillum apically; stigmal vein absent; marginal fringe absent (Figure 11D). Hindwing apparently absent. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Hind leg with coxa, trochanter and femur strongly enlarged (Figure 11E). Gaster with 8 segments, each with a transverse line of short setae, posterolateral margin of each with distinctive crenulae (gtc); 2 pairs of internal projections (stp) present within gaster originating from second and third gastral sternites; Gt1–5, 7 with medial invagination (gti); cerci (cer) advanced anteriorly to posterior margin of Gt5 (Figures 10C, 11E). Ovipositor originating at base of gaster, 3.8× length of mid tibia, extruded just past gastral apex; third valvulae (3vl) 0.3× as long as ovipositor (Figure 11F).</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal:  Eshowe, 21–23.iii.2005, Kolyada, V., garden, YPT [1♀, UCRC: UCRCENT498410]; deposited at UCRC. Notes. Collection label states that the type was collected in ‘garden’, but a specific habitat is not explicitly mentioned.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the Greek ‘platys’ meaning flat and ‘cephale’ meaning head.</p><p>Comments</p><p>Prococcobius platycephala is distinguished from  Prococcobius polaszeki Hayat, 2015 by the colour of the head and mesosoma, the medial division of the pronotum (Figures 10A, 11C), and the number of setae in the fore wing costal cell (Figure 11D).  Prococcobius platycephala can also apparently be distinguished by the absence of ocelli on the vertex (Figure 10B), though while the description of  Prococcobius polaszeki includes the presence of an anterior ocellus (Hayat 2015) it cannot be seen in the provided figures and may be absent (Hayat 2015, fig. 1). The holotype of  Prococcobius platycephala does not possess hindwings. Hayat (2015) describes  Prococcobius polaszeki as having a membranous hindwing, though this cannot be seen in the published photographs. While we cannot completely exclude the possibility the hindwings were lost prior to mounting and examination, we have excluded this character from the generic diagnosis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9444FFC061B3FAD3DD26F9DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9440FFC16185FE4DD83AFDE0.text	4419F96A9440FFC16185FE4DD83AFDE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eretmocerinae Haldemann 1850	<div><p>Eretmocerinae Shafee and Khan</p><p>Eretmocerinae Shafee and Khan, 1978: 42–43 . Type genus:  Eretmocerus Haldemann, 1850 .  Eretmocerini Shafee and Khan, 1978 in Hayat 1985a: 227. As a tribe of  Aphelininae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9440FFC16185FE4DD83AFDE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9440FFC161E0FF2BDF36FE28.text	4419F96A9440FFC161E0FF2BDF36FE28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prococcobius polaszeki Hayat 2015	<div><p>Prococcobius polaszeki Hayat</p><p>Prococcobius polaszeki Hayat, 2015: 108–109 . Type data:   INDIA: Karnataka: Chikkaballapur,  Nadi Hills, 14.vii.2014, Veenakumari, K., YPT. Holotype, ♀. Type depository: NBAII.</p><p>Comments</p><p>See  Prococcobius and  Prococcobius platycephala for discussion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9440FFC161E0FF2BDF36FE28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9440FFC261C5FD17DD65FEBA.text	4419F96A9440FFC261C5FD17DD65FEBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eretmocerus Haldemann 1850	<div><p>Eretmocerus Haldeman</p><p>(Figure 12)</p><p>Eretmocerus Haldeman, 1850: 111 . Type species:  Eretmocerus corni Haldeman, 1850 by original monotypy.</p><p>Metanthemus Girault, 1928: 4 . syn. n. Type species:  Metanthemus aureus Girault, 1928 by original monotypy.</p><p>Ricinusa Risbec, 1951: 403 . Type species:  Ricinusa aleyrodiphaga Risbec, 1951 by original monotypy. Subjective synonym of  Eretmocerus Haldeman, 1850 in Ferrière 1965: 170.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9440FFC261C5FD17DD65FEBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9443FFC3619DFE08DF82FC4D.text	4419F96A9443FFC3619DFE08DF82FC4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eretmocerus aureus (Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025) Kresslein & Polaszek & Burks & Mottern & Lahey & Heraty 2025	<div><p>Eretmocerus aureus (Girault) comb. n.</p><p>Metanthemus aureus Girault, 1928: 4 . Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland:  Aratula, 17. v.1923, Girault, A.A., forest. Holotype, ♀. Type depository: QM. [examined].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Antenna with clava 6.5× as long as broad; pedicel 4× as long as broad (Figure 12A). Fore wing nearly 3× as long as broad; parastigma (pst) curved (Figure 12B); submarginal vein with 3 dorsal setae; marginal vein with 3 setae; marginal fringe 0.5× fore wing width (Figure 12B). Mid tibial spur 0.3× as long as basitarsus (mbt) length (Figure 12C).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype: See above.</p><p>Comments</p><p>Metanthemus aureus Girault, 1928 was described in a private publication in the tribe  Alaptini Perkins, 1912 ( Mymaridae), a frequent classification used by Girault for species now recognised as in  Cales Howard, 1907 and  Eretmocerus (Girault, 1928) . Girault compared  Metanthemus with  Paranthemus Girault, 1915, (=  Cales) (Hayat 1983). However, he did not compare it with  Eretmocerus itself, despite his previous valid description of  Eretmocerus australis Girault, 1921 .  Metanthemus was later transferred to  Aphelinidae by Huber (2005), but not assigned to a subfamily.  Metanthemus has since remained a valid genus, known only from its short description in Girault (1928).</p><p>The sole specimen of  Metanthemus aureus is mounted in Canada balsam under irregular shards of broken glass in a thick preparation (Figure 12D). Shards of glass are also mounted next to parts of the specimen, presumably to prevent compression of the specimen. Dahms (1983) indicated that this specimen is the holotype. The specimen clearly belongs to  Eretmocerus based on the configuration of the antenna, tarsal formula (4-4-4), and other diagnostic characteristics typical of  Eretmocerus .  Eretmocerus aureus (Girault, 1928) is near to, or identical with,  Eretmocerus mundus Mercet, 1931, except for a curved parastigma (Figure 12B, compare with De Barro et al. (2000, fig. 9)) and the relative proportions of the clava. Notably, the holotype of  Eretmocerus aureus will key to  Eretmocerus mundus in multiple identification keys (Hayat 1998; Zolnerowich and Rose 1998; De Barro et al. 2000), but with some difficulty due to the collapsed funicular segments of the type specimen. A more extensive redescription of  Eretmocerus aureus is currently undesirable because many key features are not visible in the type specimen. Instead, photographs of the type specimen are provided for the first time (Figure 12). Girault (1928) mentions setal tracks on the fore wing disc, but discal setae are uniformly scattered, the typical character state for  Eretmocerus (Figure 12B).</p><p>Most notably,  Eretmocerus aureus differs from females of  Eretmocerus mundus by the length of the clava (Figure 12A): 8–8.5× as long as broad. The clava of  Eretmocerus mundus was described as less than 5× as long as broad (Hayat 1998), but De Barro et al. (2000) described it as 5.8–6.8× as long as broad, and Zolnerowich and Rose (1998) described it as 5.7–7.4× as long as broad. The number of setae on the mesoscutal midlobe (2 pairs) is also used to define  Eretmocerus mundus (Hayat 1998) . The condition of the type specimen of  Eretmocerus aureus prevents a clear assessment of the setae on the midlobe of the mesoscutum.</p><p>Because of the poor visibility of morphological features on the only known specimen,  Eretmocerus aureus is tentatively recognised as a separate species. Greater certainty would require an accurate count of setae on the midlobe of the mesoscutum, and examination of intact funicular segments. The relatively long antennal clava and the curved parastigma are the only defining features of  Eretmocerus aureus that distinguish it from  Eretmocerus mundus . Because of the importance of  Eretmocerus mundus in the biological control of the  Bemisia tabaci species complex, further research should prioritise the collection of specimens of  Eretmocerus from the type locality of  Eretmocerus aureus, and the comparison of morphological and molecular data from fresh specimens with those of other  Eretmocerus . This is of even greater importance as the relative dimensions of the holotype are potentially inaccurate as it appears the specimen was allowed to collapse prior to being mounted. This synonymy was discovered independently by three of the current investigators but was not published until now.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9443FFC3619DFE08DF82FC4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A9442FFFC61BAFBC9DDD8FD07.text	4419F96A9442FFFC61BAFBC9DDD8FD07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Verekia Risbec 2025	<div><p>Verekia Risbec incertae sedis ( Chalcidoidea)</p><p>Verekia Risbec, 1954: 1079 . Type species:  Verekia bruchocida Riskbec, 1954 by original monotypy.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Translation and reinterpretation from Risbec 1954: Body non-metallic. Antennae 7-segmented (2 funicular, 3 claval), inserted at ventral margin of compound eyes. Head a little wider than high, equal in width to the mesosoma; compound eyes densely setose; lateral ocelli close to the margin of compound eyes; mouth fossa wide, mandibles with peg-like projection. Dorsal mesosoma with weak rugose sculpture; mesopleura with parapsidal furrows far from the median line. Metanotum and propodeum short on axis, stigma small, circular. Abdomen halfoval, valves barely protruding. Fore wing densely setose, with short marginal fringe. Reduced radius; marginal vein equal in length to costal cell; postmarginal vein strongly reduced. Fore and hind tibia widened and flattened; mid tibia with 2 long apical spurs.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Comments</p><p>Verekia Risbec is a monotypic genus described from two female specimens reared from  Bruchidius uberatus Fåhraeus, 1839 (=  Bruchus baudoni Caillol, 1908) on a rubber tree (Risbec 1954: fig. 11). It was originally placed in  Eunotinae (now  Eunotidae), but moved to  Aphelinidae due to superficial similarities to  Coccophagus and  Timberlakiella (Hayat 1983) . From the description and illustrations, we note a combination of morphological character states that call into question placement in  Aphelinidae: antenna formula 1,1,2,3, mesoscutum lacking notauli, small and widely separated axillae, mesoscutellum enlarged, mid tibia with 2 apical spurs. Additionally, the asserted host association is unlikely for members of  Aphelinidae . We disagree with the placement of  Verekia in  Aphelinidae, and until the type material can be located at MNHN and examined, render it incertae sedis within  Chalcidoidea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A9442FFFC61BAFBC9DDD8FD07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A947DFFFD6119FD5ADDD0FF65.text	4419F96A947DFFFD6119FD5ADDD0FF65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phtuariinae Burks and Heraty 2015	<div><p>Phtuariinae Burks and Heraty incertae sedis ( Chalcidoidea)</p><p>Phtuariinae Burks et al., 2015 in Burks et al. 2015: 593–596. Type genus:  Phtuaria Burks and Heraty by original monotypy.</p><p>Comments</p><p>Phtuaria incertae sedis Burks &amp; Heraty is a fossil genus of  Chalcidoidea recovered from middle Eocene Baltic amber (41.3–47.8 mya) (Burks et al. 2015, figs 1–4). Placement of  Phtuaria remains a contentious topic because of its unique combination of morphological character states, allying the genus with a bizarre assemblage of chalcidoid families, including  Aphelinidae, Baeomorphidae,  Calesidae,  Eulophidae,  Idioporidae,  Mymaridae,  Pirenidae,  Tetracampidae, and  Trichogrammatidae (Burks et al. 2015) . The authors rejected the placement of  Phtuaria in all families except  Aphelinidae, in which they include the genus because it ‘possesses a mixture of features that are frequently used to characterize [the aphelinid] subfamilies’. However, in the same publication, inclusion within each subfamily is systematically rejected as the correct placement for  Phtuaria . The authors ultimately choose to place the genus in its own subfamily  Phtuariinae Burks et al. 2015 . After the removal of  Cales from  Aphelinidae (Burks et al. 2022), there were no longer any known  Aphelinidae with a straight fore tibial spur, further weakening the placement of  Phtuaria in the family.</p><p>Morphological phylogenetic analyses have not resolved the placement of  Phtuaria . Burks et al. (2015) explored adding  Phtuaria to the morphological matrix from Heraty et al. (2013). The results were variable between analysis types, with  Phtuaria recovered (1) in a clade alongside  Mongolocampinae ( Tetracampidae), Baeomorphidae and  Mymaridae; (2) as the sister to all  Chalcidoidea excluding  Mymaridae and Baeomorphidae; or (3) within the  Aphelinidae as sister to  Aphelinini +  Eretmocerinae +  Coccophaginae . Ongoing analyses are exploring the placement of  Phtuaria and recover it either within  Aphelinidae or associated with  Signiphoridae and  Azotidae . Until we uncover stronger evidence to support the placement of  Phtuaria, we place  Phtuariinae as incertae sedis within  Chalcidoidea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A947DFFFD6119FD5ADDD0FF65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A947CFFFD6230FEC2DF0DFD73.text	4419F96A947CFFFD6230FEC2DF0DFD73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeopsomyia Girault 1916	<div><p>Galeopsomyia Girault</p><p>Trichaporus Förster, 1856: 84 . Type species:  Euderus columbiana Ashmead, 1888 by original monotypy. Name suppressed by ICZN (1985).</p><p>Trichoporus Ashmead, 1900: 561 . Misspelling of  Trichaporus . Name suppressed by ICZN (1985).</p><p>Galeopsomyia Girault, 1916: 348 .  Official List of Generic Names in Zoological Nomenclature in ICZN 1985b: 285–286. Type species:  Euderus columbiana Ashmead, 1888 by original designation.</p><p>Galeopsomopsis Girault, 1917: 1 [in Girault 1917d]. Type species:  Galeopsomopsis multisulcata Girault, 1917 by original monotypy in, Girault 1917d. Subjective synonym of  Galeopsomyia Girault, 1916 in LaSalle and Schauff 1992: 29.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A947CFFFD6230FEC2DF0DFD73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A947CFFFD6184FCE4DD24FBA1.text	4419F96A947CFFFD6184FCE4DD24FBA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeopsomyia metallica (Risbec)  1952	<div><p>Galeopsomyia metallica (Risbec)</p><p>Trichaporus metallicus Risbec, 1952: 256–259 . Type data: MADAGASCAR: Bekily. Syntypes, 2♀. Madagascar: Vafondragy. Syntype, 1♀. Type depository: MNHN. Syntypes collected from multiple locations. Type unknown.</p><p>Galeopsomyia metallica (Risbec), 1952 . Established as senior synonym per ICZN (1985). Nomen dubium</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A947CFFFD6184FCE4DD24FBA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
4419F96A947CFFFE61FFFBF1DD23F9BD.text	4419F96A947CFFFE61FFFBF1DD23F9BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeopsomyia gallicola (Risbec)  1952	<div><p>Galeopsomyia gallicola (Risbec)</p><p>Trichaporus gallicola Risbec, 1952: 259 . Type data: MADAGASCAR: Périnet. Holotype by original monotypy, ♀. Type depository: MNHN. Type unknown.</p><p>Galeopsomyia gallicola (Risbec), 1952 . Established as senior synonym per ICZN (1985). Nomen dubium</p><p>Comments</p><p>Both  Galeopsomyia metallica and  Galeopsomyia gallicola were originally described in the genus  Trichaporus Förster, 1856 (Risbec 1952, figs 46–47). The taxonomic history of  Trichaporus is tightly intertwined with its objective junior synonym  Trichoporus Ashmead, 1900 . Förster (1856) originally described  Trichaporus in the  Tetrastichoidae (=  Tetrastichinae) but with no included species. Ashmead (1900) referenced Förster’s concept of  Trichaporus as  Trichoporus and established  Trichoporus columbianus (=  Euderus columbianus) as the type species. Ashmead (1904b) established additional species in  Trichoporus, and along with Crawford (1910) and Girault (1912), recognised that the original type species of  Trichoporus belonged to the genus  Euderus . Girault (1912) established  Trichaporus melleus Ashmead, 1904 (spelled as in Förster 1856) as the new type species. Kurdjumov (1913) established a different species,  Trichaporus solutus (manuscript name never published) as the type species of  Trichaporus . Nowicki (1929), believed that Ashmead had incorrectly applied  Trichaporus for species of  Eulophidae and recognised four aphelinids within the genus. He established  Trichaporus aleyrodis Mercet, 1930, then a manuscript name, as the type species. Nowicki also suggested that  Trichoporus could remain a valid genus name with  Trichoporus melleus (Ashmead) as the type species.  Trichaporus melleus and  Trichaporus colliguayae (Philippi, 1873) were moved from  Trichaporus to  Tetrastichus Haliday, 1844 by Gahan (1925), and later moved to  Aprostocetus Westwood, 1833 by LaSalle (1994). Ultimately, Dozier (1933) synonymised  Trichaporus sensu Nowicki with  Encarsia . After decades of confusion, DeBach and LaSalle (1981) identified the convoluted utilisation of  Trichaporus and  Trichoporus, and they petitioned the ICZN for their suppression (LaSalle and DeBach 1982, 1983). In ICZN (1985),  Trichaporus Förster was suppressed and  Trichoporus was recognised as an erroneous misspelling of  Trichaporus . The remaining  Tetrastichinae associated with  Trichaporus were moved to  Galeopsomyia Girault, 1916, and  Aphelinidae associated with  Trichaporus were permitted to remain within  Encarsia .</p><p>While Risbec (1952) originally described both  Trichaporus metallicus and  Trichaporus gallicola in  Tetrastichinae ( Chalcidoidea:  Eulophidae), Noyes (2019) mistakenly treated both species as  Encarsia ( Chalcidoidea:  Aphelinidae); as a result, both species have been listed in species catalogues as  Encarsia metallica and  Encarsia gallicola (Heraty et al. 2007; Kresslein et al. 2023). We agree with Risbec (1952) that these species belong in  Tetrastichinae, but the illustrations that accompany the descriptions are not detailed enough to assert appropriate generic placement. Based on the taxonomic actions in ICZN (1985), both species are in  Galeopsomyia . However, species of  Galeopsomyia are restricted to the Neotropics and the species in question were collected in Madagascar and thus may belong to a different genus. We considered three options to resolve the placement of  Galeopsomyia metallica and  Galeopsomyia gallicola: (1) establish a new genus for these species; (2) move the species to their original combination and place them as incertae sedis within  Tetrastichinae; (3) leave the species in  Galeopsomyia and treat them as nomina dubia. We decided against establishing a new genus because we could not locate the type material within the Paris museum. We considered returning the species to their original combination, but this is complicated by the suppression of  Trichaporus . A potential solution was to refer to these the species as ‘  Trichaporus ’ metallica and ‘  Trichaporus ’ gallicola and regard them as incertae sedis within  Tetrastichinae, in a similar manner to how Sforzi and Sommaggio (2021) and Dal Pos et al. (2024) treated species with unclear generic placement. However, because the Principal of Binominal Nomenclature requires that valid species names consist of a genus and a specific epithet, specific epithets cannot alone be treated as incertae sedis. Thus, we have concluded that the names ‘  Trichaporus ’ metallica and ‘  Trichaporus ’ gallicola cannot be used as valid species names. Therefore, we retain both species within  Galeopsomyia as nomina dubia until their primary types have been located at the MNHN and are examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4419F96A947CFFFE61FFFBF1DD23F9BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kresslein, Robert L.;Polaszek, Andrew;Burks, Roger A.;Mottern, Jason L.;Lahey, Zachary;Heraty, John M.	Kresslein, Robert L., Polaszek, Andrew, Burks, Roger A., Mottern, Jason L., Lahey, Zachary, Heraty, John M. (2025): Nomenclatural spring cleaning: tidying Aphelinidae of taxa that do not spark joy, and a new species of Prococcobius Hayat (Aphelinidae: Coccophaginae). Journal of Natural History 59 (9 - 12): 609-653, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2436124
