identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0D45D31F21515CD4B5C94083221A4F46.text	0D45D31F21515CD4B5C94083221A4F46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Violella sinensis (Kantvilas) C. J. Zhong & L. Hu 2025	<div><p>Violella sinensis (Kantvilas) C. J. Zhong &amp; L. Hu comb. nov.</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>≡ Mycoblastus sinensis Kantvilas, J. Jap. Bot. 86 (2): 59 (2011).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The species is characterized by having esorediate, areolate, verruculose to papillose thallus, hymenium heavily pigmented with Fucatus-violet pigment, brownish inner ascospore walls, and its chemistry (atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid).</p><p>Specimens.</p><p>China. Yunnan Prov.: • Yulong Co., Baisha Vil., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.18041&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.003" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.18041/lat 27.003)">entrance of Alpine Botanical Garden</a>, 27°0'10.80"N, 100°10'49.50"E, 3204 m, on bark, 28 April 2023, L. Hu et al. SDNU 20232538 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus crustose, chalk white, ochre to grey, areolate, consisting of discrete convex to bullate areoles (0.25 –) 0.37–0.5 mm diam., forming a verruculose to papillose, widespread crust. Medulla white, with crystals. Soredia and isidia absent. Prothallus visible, dark. Photobiont chlorococcoid, cells rounded to irregularly angular, 8–16 μm diam.</p><p>Apothecia rounded, single or clustered in groups of 2–3 and becoming confluent, 0.5–1.25 (– 2.25) mm diam., base broadly adnate; disc ± flat to strongly convex, black and shiny, becoming cracked when old; margin indistinct. Proper exciple reduced, similar in structure to the hymenium, hyphae radiate, similar to paraphyses. Epihymenium not differentiated as a distinct layer. Hymenium 80–150 μm tall, densely inspersed with minute oil droplets, strongly infused with Fucatus-violet pigment, especially in the upper part, sometimes also infused with Cinereorufa-green, K + peacock green. Subhymenium consisting of a thin layer of ascogenous hyphae, 17.5–27.5 μm tall, filled like the hymenium with Fucatus-violet pigment but sometimes also infused with Cinereorufa-green. “ thalline cushion ” in section prosoplectenchymatous, variable in thickness, 12.5–137.5 μm thick. Hypothecium absent. The amyloid reaction is restricted to the asci and surrounding gel, and does not occur through the whole hymenium. Paraphyses branched and anastomosing, 2–4 μm wide, arranged vertically and linked to each other in their lower halves by thin bridges; paraphyses tips not or scarcely expanded. Asci clavate, Biatora - type. Ascospores ovate to broadly ellipsoid, 2 per ascus, beginning colourless and apparently with a single wall, eventually developing a secondary inner wall, which quickly turns brown while still in ascus; outer wall thick, to 4 μm in some cases, the inner brown wall thin, healthy ascospores (38 –) 45.95 ± 6.18 (– 58) × (18 –) 25.65 ± 4.63 (– 33) μm in water, length / width ratio (1.37 –) 1.83 ± 0.29 (– 2.28); n = 20. Pycnidia not seen in our materials.</p><p>Chemistry.</p><p>Spot test: thallus K + yellow, C –, P + orange red, UV –. TLC: atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid.</p><p>Ecology and distribution.</p><p>Found on twigs of Rhododendron and bark in subalpine and alpine regions. Collections came from elevations of 3200–3800 m in the northwest of Yunnan Province in China. Some collections were associated with Mycoblastus affinis and Ochrolechia .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The species is characterized by having esorediate, areolate, verruculose to papillose thallus, hymenium heavily pigmented with Fucatus-violet pigment, brownish inner ascospore walls, and its chemistry (atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid). It is distinct from V. wangii in its chemistry (fumarprotocetraric acid instead of roccellic / angardianic acid) and thallus morphology (esorediate and verruculose to papillose, instead of sorediate and composed of granular, corticate areoles) (Spribille et al. 2011 b). V. sinensis was also different with the chemically concordant V. fucata . Apothecia were always present in the former, while rarely found in the later; thallus was thick, esorediate, areolate and verruculose to papillose in the former, while thin, sorediate, effuse in the later (Spribille et al. 2011 b).</p><p>Mycoblastus sinensis was originally collected in Yunnan Province at Yulong Mountain. It was placed in the genus Mycoblastus based on its relatively large apothecia and Biatora - type asci with two, thick-walled ascospores (Kantvilas 2011). After the collection of fresh specimens from the same locality and comparison with the photograph and description of the type specimen, we confirmed that our collections were morphologically identical to the holotype, except that M. sinensis had larger (0.7–2.5 (– 3.5) mm) white-rime apothecia (Kantvilas 2011). However, phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that this species should be placed within the genus Violella rather Mycoblastus . In addition, this species is more closely matches the description of Violella (Kantvilas 2011) . We consider that the type specimens were previously misassigned as species of Mycoblastus . It is likely that Kantvilas didn’t recognize the establishment of this new genus Violella because it was published in the same year as the other one (Spribille et al. 2011 b; Kantvilas 2011). Based on the morphology, chemistry, and phylogeny of specimens from the type locality, a new combination is proposed here, Violella sinensis .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Yunnan Prov.: • Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Deqin Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.769165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.39899" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.769165/lat 28.39899)">on the way from Yubeng Upper Village to Glacier Lake beside the observation platform in Meili Snow Mountain National Park</a>, 28°23'56.37"N, 98°46'8.97"E, 3506 m, on bark, 22 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20232001, 20235022, 20235025 . • Lijiang, Yulong Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.18579&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.00358" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.18579/lat 27.00358)">on the mountain next to Yulong Lake in Gaoshan Botanical Garden</a>, 27°0'12.89"N, 100°11'8.85"E, 3228 m, on bark, 27 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20232503, 20235064, 20235065 . • Baisha Vi., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.18041&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.003" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.18041/lat 27.003)">entrance of Alpine Botanical Garden</a>, 27°0'10.80"N, 100°10'49.50"E, 3204 m, on bark, 28 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20232538, 20232542 . • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.17625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.006992" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.17625/lat 27.006992)">Alpine Botanical Garden</a>, 27°0'25.17"N, 100°10'34.51"E, 3399 m, on bark, 28 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20232559 . • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.17807&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.006641" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.17807/lat 27.006641)">hidden slope of Alpine Botanical Garden</a>, 27°0'23.91"N, 100°10'41.05"E, 3421 m, on bark, 29 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20235063, 20232737 , • same location, 27°0'30.65"N, 100°10'29.75"E, 3475 m, on bark, 29 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20232753 . • same location, 27°0'39.77"N, 100°10'39.12"E, 3511 m, on bark, 29 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20232767 . • Yulong Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.72701&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.631681" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.72701/lat 26.631681)">next to Laojun Mountain Homestay</a>, 26°37'54.05"N, 99°43'37.23"E, 3821 m, on bark, 30 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20232873 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D45D31F21515CD4B5C94083221A4F46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhong, Chun-jiao;Zhao, Zun-tian;Hu, Ling	Zhong, Chun-jiao, Zhao, Zun-tian, Hu, Ling (2025): The phylogeny and taxonomy of Violella (Tephromelataceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including a new species from China. MycoKeys 121: 329-340, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.121.155353
9222E499BFF75C2BB6379334EA5A2FB0.text	9222E499BFF75C2BB6379334EA5A2FB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Violella yunnanensis C. J. Zhong & L. Hu 2025	<div><p>Violella yunnanensis C. J. Zhong &amp; L. Hu sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The species is characterized by having esorediate, areolate to weakly warted thallus, hymenium heavily pigmented with Fucatus-violet pigment, brownish inner ascospore walls, and its chemistry (atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid).</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Yunnan Prov.: • Deqin Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.769165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.39899" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.769165/lat 28.39899)">on the way from Yubeng Upper Village to Glacier Lake beside the observation platform in Meili Snow Mountain National Park</a>, 28°23'56.37"N, 98°46'8.97"E, 3506 m, on bark, 22 April 2023, L. Hu et al. SDNU 20235026 (holotype) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus crustose, areolate, weakly warted, consisting of discrete flattened to convex areoles (0.18 –) 0.23–0.28 mm diam., color grey to pale ocher, with crystals in the medulla. Soredia and isidia absent. Hypothallus not observed. Photobiont chlorococcoid, cells rounded to irregularly angular, (7 –) 8–10 (– 12) μm diam.</p><p>Apothecia rounded to irregular, single or clustered in groups of 2–3 and becoming confluent, (0.4 –) 0.8–1.75 (– 2) mm diam., base broadly adnate; disc ± flat to weakly convex, jet black and shiny; margin indistinct; “ thalline cushion ” present, visible from above and forming a thin white line at least when young, in section prosoplectenchymatous, variable in thickness, 25–100 (– 137.5) μm thick, clearly differentiated from subhymenium above and medulla below. Proper exciple similar in structure to the hymenium, hyphae radiate, similar to paraphyses, filled with Fucatus-violet pigment and often suffused with Cinereorufa-green. Epihymenium not differentiated. Hymenium 125–137.5 μm tall, densely inspersed with minute oil droplets; the Fucatus-violet pigment is concentrated at the base and the top of the hymenium and largely diffuse. Subhymenium consisting of a thin layer of ascogenous hyphae, 30–32.5 μm tall, filled like the hymenium with Fucatus-violet pigment but sometimes also infused with Cinereorufa-green pigment; differentiated hypothecium absent. Paraphyses branched, anastomosing, 2–2.5 μm wide; paraphyses’ tips not or scarcely expanded, 2.5–3 μm wide. Asci clavate, inner and outer walls staining blue, tholus strongly I + blue, pierced by a broad, conical non-amyloid structure, thus similar to the Biatora - type. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 2 per ascus (occasionally 1), beginning colourless and apparently with a single wall, eventually developing a secondary inner wall, which quickly turns brown while still in the ascus; outer wall thick, to 3 μm in some cases, the inner brown wall thin, often collapsing, live, healthy ascospores also with brown endospore, (43 –) 50.4 ± 5.37 (– 63) × (23 –) 28.15 ± 3.5 (– 38) μm in water, length / width ratio (1.53 –) 1.8 ± 0.14 (– 2); n = 20. Pycnidia not seen in Chinese materials.</p><p>Chemistry.</p><p>Spot test: thallus K + yellow, C –, P + orange-red, UV –; TLC: atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid.</p><p>Ecology and distribution.</p><p>Found on twigs of Rhododendron and bark in subalpine and alpine regions. Collections came from elevations of 3500–3800 m in the northwest of Yunnan Province in China.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet ‘ yunnanensis’ refers to the Yunnan Province, where this species was found.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Violella yunnanensis is characterized by having esorediate, areolate to weakly warted thallus, hymenium heavily pigmented with Fucatus-violet pigment, brownish inner ascospore walls, and producing atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid. Violella wangii has a similar habitat to this new species. Specimens of V. wangii collected at Laojun Mountain are found growing on bark of Rhododendron sp. or on wood of Pinus at elevations ranging from 3400–3900 m. However, Violella wangii differs in its chemistry (atranorin and roccellic / angardianic acid), thallus morphology (white, granular corticate areoles, sorediate) and larger apothecia [(0.7 –) 1.3–2.6 (– 4.1) mm] (Fig. 3 A, B). V. fucata differs from V. yunnanensis in possessing a generally thin, effuse, sorediate thallus, apothecia rare and smaller ascospores [(38.5 ± 6.7 × 18.5 ± 3.3 μm, n = 24) vs (43 –) 50.4 ± 5.37 (– 63) × (23 –) 28.15 ± 3.5 (– 38) μm, n = 20)] (Spribille et al. 2011 b). Furthermore, Violella yunnanensis differs from Violella sinensis in its weakly warted thallus and larger ascospores.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>China. Yunnan Prov.: • Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Deqin Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.769165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.39899" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.769165/lat 28.39899)">on the way from Yubeng Upper Village to Glacier Lake beside the observation platform in Meili Snow Mountain National Park</a>, 28°23'56.37"N, 98°46'8.97"E, 3506 m, on bark, 22 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20231997, 20232019, 20235026 . • Lijiang, Yulong Co., Baisha Vi., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.174194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.017313" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.174194/lat 27.017313)">Alpine Botanical Garden</a>, 27°1'2.33"N, 100°10'27.11"E, 3708 m, on bark, 28 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20232618 . • Yulong Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.72701&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.631681" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.72701/lat 26.631681)">next to Laojun Mountain Homestay Vi.</a>, 26°37'54.05"N, 99°43'37.23"E, 3821 m, on bark, 30 April 2023, L. Hu, C. J. Zhong &amp; J. X. Wang. SDNU 20232874, 20232841, 20232885, 20232828, 20232875, 20232890, 20232882 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9222E499BFF75C2BB6379334EA5A2FB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhong, Chun-jiao;Zhao, Zun-tian;Hu, Ling	Zhong, Chun-jiao, Zhao, Zun-tian, Hu, Ling (2025): The phylogeny and taxonomy of Violella (Tephromelataceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including a new species from China. MycoKeys 121: 329-340, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.121.155353
