identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4ED3121787E45B1D9E0CB2DCEAFB305A.text	4ED3121787E45B1D9E0CB2DCEAFB305A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prosoeca aquilo Theron & Ellis & Midgley 2025	<div><p>Prosoeca aquilo sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 3 D, 4 D, 5 D, 6 D, 8 A, B</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: South Africa: • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Kamieskroon: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.085667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.437933" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.085667/lat -30.437933)">S. side Rooiberg Mts</a>, high altitude fynbos, wetland stream; 30°26.276'S, 18°05.140'E; 1372 m; 23 Aug. / 2005; J. Coville &amp; A. Roberts leg.; NMSA -DIP 79006; NMSA . Paratypes: South Africa: • 2 ♂♂ Northern Cape: Kamieskroon: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.085667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.437933" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.085667/lat -30.437933)">S. side Rooiberg Mts</a>, high altitude fynbos, wetland stream; 30°26.276'S, 18°05.140'E; 1372 m; 23 Aug. 2005; J. Coville &amp; A. Roberts leg.; NMSA -DIP 79002, NMSA -DIP 79005; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Kamieskroon: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.085667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.437933" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.085667/lat -30.437933)">S. side Rooiberg Mts</a>, high altitude fynbos, wetland stream; 30°26.276'S, 18°05.140'E; 1372 m; 23 Aug. 2005; J. Colville &amp; A. Roberts leg.; RMCA -ENT 000056700; RMCA .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Relatively small species (length 11–12 mm) with a conspicuous grey border on the thorax and scutellum, abdomen black with posterior grey fascia interrupted by brown medial vitta, femora generally darker than tibiae and tarsi, proboscis length 0.8 ± 0.02 × the length of the body (range of un-extended proboscis length 8–10 mm), and wings with smoky brown infuscation on the anterior margin. Prosoeca aquilo sp. nov. can be distinguished from all others in the clade by the combination of its small size, the wings with smoky brown infuscation anteriorly and a paler posterior region and slight but distinct flexure on the anterior of the wing in males (Fig. 5). Prosoeca aquilo sp. nov. differs from P. parva sp. nov. by having distinct infuscation on the anterior of the wing while P. parva sp. nov. has very little infuscation and wings are almost entirely hyaline (Fig. 5 D, F). Prosoeca ora sp. nov. has an abdominal pattern closely resembling that of P. aquilo sp. nov.; however, P. aquilo sp. nov. has grey pruinescence restricted to the posterior border of the tergites, not encircling the brown medial vitta, while P. ora sp. nov. has more extensive grey pruinescence medially (Fig. 3 D, E). Furthermore, the dense black pile laterally on the frons separates P. aquilo sp. nov. from P. ora sp. nov., which usually has white pile on these areas (Fig. 6 D, E). Prosoeca aquilo sp. nov. differs most notably from P. marinusi, P. peringueyi, and P. torquata by having a small body size and a proboscis shorter than the length of its body.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male. Body length: mean 11.6 mm; range 11–12 mm (n = 4). Intertegular width: mean 4.4 mm; range 4–5 mm (n = 4). Proboscis length: mean 9 mm; range 8–10 mm (n = 4). Wing length: mean 13.2 mm; range 12–14 mm (n = 4).</p><p>Head. (Figs 4 D, 6 D) Ground colour generally grey to black. Ocellar tubercle somewhat bulbous and developed, just evident above upper eye margin in profile, with dense silvery pruinescence; width between eyes at the anterior ocellus 3–3.5 × the length of the anterior ocellus; anterior ocellus separated from posterior ocelli by shallow transverse groove; pile generally long, black. Frons trapezoid; width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.6 × the width above antennal insertions; slightly to moderately swollen between antennal insertions and anterior ocellus; swelling recedes strongly towards eye margin; pruinescence relatively dense, silver to brown; pile generally pale with black pile dorsolaterally, dense along lateral margins towards antennal insertions, but sparse medially. Antenna with scape 1–1.3 × length of pedicel; first flagellomere subequal to the length of scape + pedicel; style longer than scape + pedicel + flagellomere 1; ground colour dark brown to black, style darker than remainder of antenna; scape, pedicel and flagellomere 1 with irregular silver to brown pruinescence; pedicel with mostly elongate pile, black pile, flagellomere 1 with short black pile basally on the dorsal side. Facial area bulbous in profile, with horizontal groove present; with silver to brown pruinescence, evenly distributed across face; pile mostly white (sometimes with black pile interspersed), elongate, sparse, similar to that of frons. Gena with pile a mixture of black and white to pale yellow, elongate, and dense, forming the beard. Proboscis 0.7–0.9 × the length of the body, dorsal and ventral side black. Palpus with first segment significantly longer than that of second segment, second segment much narrower than first segment; colour generally dark brown to black; pile long on both segments.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 3 D). Scutum dark grey to black; pruinescence mostly brown, with pale grey to silvery pruinescence complete along the lateral sides of the scutum, joining on scutellum; median and paired sublateral vittae absent; pile mostly black (sometimes with a few golden pile interspersed), sparse, shorter than the pile on the posterior of the scutellum; postalar callus with black pile dorsally, ventral side with a tuft of golden pile. Scutellum anterior margin covered by brown pruinescence; posterior margin with a dark, black border; pile on disc of scutellum black, relatively long, of similar density to that on the scutum; pile along posterior margin elongate, a mixture of black and pale, white or yellow, same density as on disc of scutellum; with some pale yellow to golden pile laterally. Pleuron mostly blackish; with silver pruinescence, sparser than on scutum; pile generally a mixture of black and white to yellow, relatively long, of intermediate density; most dense and elongate in two tufts, ventral and anterior to the base of the wing and between postalar callus and posterior spiracle; tuft of pile anterior to wing base directed posteriorly, mostly white to golden with some black pile; tuft of pile on katatergite directed posteriorly, black and golden; katepimeron with pile absent. Legs. Coxae dark brown to black; with pile mostly off-white to golden, elongate, dense. Trochanters mostly blackish, with some yellow-brown colouring; pile short, very sparse. Femora yellow-brown (sometimes very dark to black), with dark marking on dorsal side of the distal end present; pile mostly black, mixed long and short, dense, but with elongate pile dorsally on proximal 1 / 3 to 1 / 2; ventral pile typically longer, sparse; hind femur with short pile more evenly distributed than on fore and mid femora. Tibiae yellow-brown to dark brown; with dense, short, dark pile and sparse, elongate pile (short pile may appear more golden on hind tibia), most dense on hind tibia. Tarsi red-brown to dark brown, hind tarsi tend to be darker. Wings (Fig. 5 D). Shape relatively slender; broadest distal to termination of M 4 on posterior margin; alula broad; costal margin with slight but distinct anterior curved flexure; Sc termination on C aligned with termination of M 4 on posterior margin of wing; R 1 termination closer to R 2 + 3 than to Sc; termination of Sc and R 1 well separated; short appendix just beyond fork on R 4 + 5 always absent; cross vein between M 1 and M 2 absent; cross vein just beyond fork between R 4 and R 2 + 3 absent; R 1 slightly curved upward; R 4 deep bowing upward; R 5 deeply bowing upward; M 1 and M 2 slightly curved upward; cell cua open at margin; CuA and CuP well separated. Dark marking on R 1 positioned just basal to humeral cross vein; membrane with smoky brown infuscation; infuscated on anterior 1 / 2–1 / 3 of wing; posterior region of wing somewhat paler but never hyaline; isolated darker patches distinct in pale region; the distinction between brown infuscation and pale brown membrane clearly delineated. Tuft of pile on base of wing white. Haltere with pale brown to yellow stalk; bulb dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 3 D). Colour of abdomen generally black; T 2 with posterior margin stout and relatively broad; abdomen tapering abruptly after T 3. Tergites with silvery pruinescence; membrane between T 1 and T 2 with silvery to brown pruinescence; medial brown pruinescent vitta distinct, extending from the posterior margin of T 1 to terminalia, usually not covering the full length of each tergite; grey pruinescence surrounding brown medial vitta, on T 2 – T 5; posterior margin of T 2 – T 4 with contrasting pruinescent border. Pile on tergites mostly black, both long and short, of intermediate density; along anterior margins of T 2 white to pale yellow (with some dark pile medially), elongate, of intermediate density; posterolateral pile on T 2 – T 4 black, elongate, dense; T 5 with pile along lateral margins more evenly distributed than that of T 2 – T 4. Sternites typically paler than tergites; grey to black; pruinescence silvery, dense. Sternites with pile mostly white, mostly long, sparse; pile on S 4 – S 5 black; pile on membrane adjacent to lateral margins of S 2 – S 4 typically with profuse, decumbent, elongate, white pile.</p><p>Genitalia (Fig. 8 A, B). Hypandrium triangular in shape; broad, tapering gradually towards the apex; laterally convex; 1.7 × longer than basal width; with apex projecting only slightly past the top of the gonocoxites. Hypandrium vestiture long, sparse, on the apical 2 / 3. Gonocoxite apical 1 / 2 not parallel sided; gonocoxites widest in apical 1 / 3, narrowing apically; rounded apically. Gonocoxite vestiture on the lateral 2 / 3, of apical 2 / 3, long, laterally projecting. Gonostylus with parallel sides; and narrow apical region. Phallus near parallel sided; narrowing apically.</p><p>Female. Unknown</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Only known from a single locality in the Kamiesberg mountains near Leliefontein in the Northern Cape of South Africa (Fig. 1).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Found visiting yellow Oxalis in marshy wetland, high-altitude Fynbos. This species has only been recorded on the wing in late August but is likely to be on the wing through most of the spring season.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin aquilo = Roman god of the north winds; referring to its current known northerly distribution in the Kamiesberg. To be treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4ED3121787E45B1D9E0CB2DCEAFB305A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Theron, Genevieve L.;Ellis, Allan G.;Midgley, John M.	Theron, Genevieve L., Ellis, Allan G., Midgley, John M. (2025): A revision of a spring-active clade of Prosoeca Schiner, 1867 (Diptera, Nemestrinidae), keystone pollinators from the Greater Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 1257: 249-284, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.155954
10246222AE725551832D9E14D669CBB9.text	10246222AE725551832D9E14D669CBB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prosoeca marinusi Barraclough 2018	<div><p>Prosoeca marinusi Barraclough, 2018</p><p>Figs 1, 2 A, 3 B, 4 B, 5 B, 6 B, 7 C, D</p><p>Prosoeca marinusi Barraclough, 2018: 412.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Holotype: South Africa: • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville Reserve; 3119 AC; 5 Aug. 1988; K. Steiner leg.; 2139; Host Plants, Lapeirousia oreogena; Time: 1030–1200; SAM-DIP A 012376; SAMC . Paratypes: South Africa: • 3 ♂♂ 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville Reserve; 3119 AC; 5 Aug. 1988; K. Steiner leg.; Host plant Lapeirousia oreogena; Time 1030–1200; 2146, 2147, 2141, 2144; SAM-DIP A 012376; SAMC . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Glen Lyon; 3119 NC; 26 Aug. 1990; K. Steiner leg.; 2664; Nemesia cheiranthus; SAM-DIP A 012379; SAMC . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville Flower Res.; 3119 AC; 20 Aug. 1986; K. Steiner; 1366; Lapeirousia oreogena 1602; SAM-DIP A 012378; SAMC . • 2 ♀♀ Northern Cape, Nieuwoudtville Flower Res.; 3119 AC; 19 Aug. 1986; K. Steiner leg.; 1364 Lapeirousia oreogena 1408, 1365 Lapeirousia oreogena 1430; SAM-DIP A 012377; SAMC . • 3 ♂♂ 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville Reserve, 3119 AC; 5 Aug. 1988; K. Steiner leg.; 2140, 2145, 2142, 2138; SAM-DIP A 01 S 2376; SAMC . • 3 ♂♂ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.170334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.352" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.170334/lat -31.352)">Farm Melkbosfontein</a>; 31°21.12'S, 19°10.22'E; elev. 756 m; Lapeirousia oreogena; Melin A, Colville JF, Krenn H &amp; Karolyl F leg.; 23–25 Aug. 2014; 2143, 2136, 2137; SAM-DIP A 012376; SAMC . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville Flower Reserve; 2 Aug. 1984; K. Steiner leg.; SAM-DIP A 012384; SAMC .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>South Africa: • 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ Northern Cape Province: Nieuwoudtville: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.170334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.352" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.170334/lat -31.352)">Farm Melkbosfontein</a>; 31°21.12'S, 19°10.22'E; elev. 756 m; Lapeirousia oreogena; Melin A, Colville JF, Krenn H &amp; Karolyl F leg.; 23–25 Aug. 2014; SAM-DIP A 015475, SAM-DIP A 015476, SAM-DIP A 015488; SAMC . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville: Hantamsberg Nat Botanical Garden; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.137333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.391834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.137333/lat -31.391834)">735 m Spider Trail area</a>; 31°23.51'S, 19°08.24'E; J &amp; A Londt leg.; 11 Sep. 2012; NMSA -DIP 205675; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.137333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.391834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.137333/lat -31.391834)">Hantamsberg Nat Botanical Garden</a>; Rocky ridge; 31°23.51'S, 19°08.24'E; J &amp; A Londt leg.; 11 Sep 2012; NMSA -DIP 205673; NMSA . • 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.14107&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.39815" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.14107/lat -31.39815)">Hantamsberg Botanical Garden</a>; 31.39815°S, 19.14107°E; Steven Johnson leg.; 25–28 Aug 2019; NMSA -DIP 219352, NMSA -DIP 219353; NMSA . • 2 ♂♂ Northern Cape: Calvinia: Hantamsberg; 3 Sep. 1994; 31; NMSA -DIP 079030, NMSA -DIP 52483 [handwriting of Dr. J. Manning]; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Calvinia: Hantamsberg; 3 Nov. 1994; J. Manning leg.; NMSA -DIP 52484; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: 5 km N Nieuwoudtville; 3119 AC; 5 Sep. 1981; J. Londt, L. Schoeman and B. Stuckenberg leg.; W. Mountain Karoo; NMSA -DIP 42755; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville; 23 Aug. 1993; on Lapeirousia oreogena; 2; NMSA -DIP 51662; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape, Nieuwoudtville; 23 Aug. 1993; on Lapeirousia oreogena, 3, NMSA -DIP 76674; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville; 32; 4 Sep. 1994; on Lapeirousia oreogena; NMSA -DIP 52474 [handwriting of Dr. J. Manning]; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville Dist.: Oorlogskloof; Sep. 1992; J. Manning leg.; on Lapeirousia jacquinii; NMSA -DIP 54391; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: 13.5 km N <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.08/lat -31.16)">Nieuwoudtville</a>; 31.16°S, 19.08°E; 18 Sep. 2007; C. Eardley leg.; SANC .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Large-sized (length 14–22 mm), grey body with paler medial and paired sub-lateral vittae on the thorax and darker medial vitta present on the abdomen, scutellum with black posterior border, legs dark brown, proboscis length 2.19 ± 0.05 × the length of the body (range of un-extended proboscis length 31 – 46 mm), wings with smoky brown infuscation on the anterior 2 / 3 with no hyaline section of the wing. Prosoeca marinusi, P. torquata, and P. peringueyi can be distinguished from all other species in the clade by their proboscis which is longer than the length of their bodies, in contrast to P. ora sp. nov., P. aquilo sp. nov., and P. parva sp. nov. that have a proboscis shorter than the length of their body. Prosoeca marinusi has a distinctly darker posterior section of the wing that is never hyaline, compared to all other species in the clade (Fig. 5 B). Prosoeca marinusi differs from P. peringueyi and P. torquata, the other long-proboscid species in the clade, by having only a medial vitta on the abdomen (Fig. 3 B), with the sublateral patterning present in P. peringueyi (Fig. 3 C) and absent in P. torquata (Fig. 3 A). The hypandrium of P. marinusi is substantially broader basally than that of P. peringueyi or P. torquata . Prosoeca marinusi is a narrow endemic occurring in the Nieuwoudtville and Calvinia areas.</p><p>Some individuals may appear very dark, particularly on the abdomen, while others have a more subtle grey colouration. This dark colouration can largely be attributed to an abundance of dark pile that is less profuse and mixed with pale pile in paler individuals.</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Male. Body length: mean 18 mm; range 14–22 mm (n = 19). Intertegular width: mean 7.3 mm; range 6–9 mm (n = 19). Proboscis length: mean 39.2 mm; range 31–46 mm (n = 19). Wing length: mean 21.8 mm; range 19–24 mm (n = 17).</p><p>Head. (Figs 4 B, 6 B) Ground colour generally grey to black. Ocellar tubercle somewhat bulbous and developed, just evident above the upper eye margin in profile, with dense silvery pruinescence; width between eyes at the anterior ocellus 4.3–4.8 × the length of the anterior ocellus; anterior ocellus separated from posterior ocelli by shallow transverse groove; pile generally long (shorter than that of P. torquata and P. ora), black. Frons trapezoid; width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.8 × the width above antennal insertions; slightly to moderately swollen between antennal insertions and anterior ocellus; swelling recedes strongly towards eye margin; pruinescence relatively dense, brownish; pile black and white, sparse along lateral margins towards antennal insertions. Antenna with scape 1.5–2 × length of pedicel; first flagellomere subequal to the length of scape + pedicel; style longer than scape + pedicel + flagellomere 1; ground colour transitioning to a darker hue on the scape, style paler than remainder of antenna; scape, pedicel and flagellomere 1 with irregular silver to brown pruinescence; pedicel with both elongate and short, black and white pile, flagellomere 1 with short black pile basally on the dorsal side. Facial area bulbous in profile, with horizontal groove present; sublaterally irregular yellow-brown; with sparse silver to brown pruinescence, evenly distributed across face; pile brown to black, elongate, sparse, less dense than on frons. Gena with pile a mixture of golden and black, elongate, and dense, forming the beard. Proboscis 1.7–2.5 × the length of the body, dorsal and ventral side black. Palpus with first segment significantly longer than that of second segment, second segment much narrower than first segment; colour generally dark brown to black; pile longer on the first segment.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 3 B). Scutum dark grey to black; pruinescence mostly silver and brown, with pale grey to silvery pruinescence complete along the lateral sides of the scutum, joining on scutellum; median and paired sublateral vittae evident; medial vitta dark brown, narrow posteriorly, merging with sublateral vittae towards scutellum; paired sublateral vittae dark brown, straight, ending before scutellum; pile mostly black, sparse, shorter than the pile on the posterior of the scutellum; postalar callus with black pile dorsally, ventral side with a tuft of golden pile. Scutellum anterior margin covered by brown pruinescence; posterior margin with a dark, black border; pile on disc of scutellum black, relatively long, sparse compared to scutum; pile along posterior margin elongate, a mixture of black and pale, white or yellow, dense compared to disc of scutellum; with golden and black pile laterally. Pleuron mostly blackish; with silver pruinescence, sparser than on scutum; pile generally a mixture of black and white to yellow, relatively long, of intermediate density; most dense and elongate in two tufts, ventral and anterior to the base of the wing and between postalar callus and posterior spiracle; tuft of pile anterior to wing base directed posteriorly, black pile abutting white to golden pile; with tuft of pile on katatergite directed posteriorly, black and golden; katepimeron with pile absent, or sparse elongate white pile. Legs. Coxae yellow brown to dark brown; with pile mostly black or mostly off-white to golden, elongate, dense. Trochanters mostly blackish, with some yellow-brown colouring; pile short, very sparse. Femora yellow-brown, with dark marking on dorsal side of the distal end present; pile mostly black, mostly short, dense, but with elongate pile dorsally on proximal 1 / 3–1 / 2; ventral pile typically longer, sparse; hind femur with short pile more evenly distributed than on fore and mid femora. Tibiae yellow-brown to dark brown; with mostly short pile, most dense on hind tibia. Tarsi red-brown to dark brown, hind tarsi tend to be darker. Wings (Fig. 5 B). Shape relatively slender; broadest just basal to termination of CuP on posterior margin; alula broad; costal margin close to straight, without distinct anteriorly curved flexure; Sc insertion on C aligned with insertion of M 4 on posterior margin of wing; R 1 inserted closer to R 2 + 3 than to Sc; insertions of Sc and R 1 well separated; short appendix just beyond fork on R 4 + 5 sometimes present; cross vein between M 1 and M 2 absent; cross vein between R 4 and R 2 + 3 absent; R 1 relatively straight; R 4 shallow bowing upward; R 5 shallow bowing upward; M 1 and M 2 slightly curved upward; cell cua open at margin; CuA and CuP well separated. Dark marking on R 1 positioned just basal to humeral cross vein. Membrane with smoky brown infuscation, appearing darker on anterior 1 / 2–1 / 3 of wing; posterior region of wing somewhat paler but never hyaline; isolated darker patches indistinct in pale region; the distinction between brown infuscation and hyaline membrane gradual, never striking. Tuft of pile on base of wing white. Haltere with pale brown to yellow stalk; bulb dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 3 B). Colour of abdomen generally black; T 2 with posterior margin stout and relatively broad; abdomen tapering abruptly after T 3. Tergites with silvery pruinescence; membrane between T 1 and T 2 with silvery to brown pruinescence; medial brown pruinescent vitta distinct (sometimes indistinct), extending from the posterior margin of T 1 to terminalia, usually not covering the full length of each tergite. Pile on tergites mostly black, both long and short, of intermediate density; along anterior margins of T 2 black or white to pale yellow, elongate, sparse; posterolateral pile on T 2 – T 4 black and white, elongate, dense; T 5 with pile along lateral margins more evenly distributed than that of T 2 – T 4. Sternites typically paler than tergites; grey to black; pruinescence silverly with medial brown vitta in some specimens. Sternites with pile a mixture of black and white, mostly long, sparse; pile on S 1 and S 2 noticeably longer, white; pile on membrane adjacent to lateral margins of S 2 – S 4 typically with profuse, decumbent, elongate, pale yellow to golden.</p><p>Genitalia (Fig. 7 C, D). Hypandrium triangular in shape; broad, tapering abruptly 1 / 2 way up towards apex; laterally convex, bulging; 1.7 × longer than basal width; with apical 1 / 5 projecting past the top of the gonocoxites. Hypandrium vestiture short, sparse, on the apical 1 / 2. Gonocoxite apical 1 / 2 not parallel sided; gonocoxites widest in apical 1 / 3, narrowing apically; rounded apically. Gonocoxite vestiture on the lateral 1 / 2, of apical 1 / 2, mostly short, laterally projecting. Gonostylus narrowed medially; and narrow apical region. Phallus near parallel sided; narrowing apically.</p><p>Female. Same as male, except for genitalia dimorphism and the following characters: Head. Frons width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.9 × the width above antennal insertions.</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Prosoeca marinusi occurs in a limited area around Nieuwoudtville and towards the Hantamsberg near Calvinia in the Northern Cape Province (Fig. 1).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Prosoeca marinusi can be found on the wing from early August to early November. The individuals found in the Hantamsberg appear to fly slightly later than those from lower lying areas. From specimen labels, P. marinusi appears to visit Lapeirousia jacquinii, Lapeirousia oreogena, Nemesia cheiranthus . Visits to Babiana framesii, Lapeirousia montana (Barraclough, 2018) and Babiana vanzyliae (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/241874048 [accessed 10 February 2025]) have also been reported.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Individuals from the Hantamsberg tend to be slightly darker in colouration than those from Nieuwoudtville, but the mean genetic differentiation between these populations is 2.06 % (range: 1.96 % – 2.27 %).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/10246222AE725551832D9E14D669CBB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Theron, Genevieve L.;Ellis, Allan G.;Midgley, John M.	Theron, Genevieve L., Ellis, Allan G., Midgley, John M. (2025): A revision of a spring-active clade of Prosoeca Schiner, 1867 (Diptera, Nemestrinidae), keystone pollinators from the Greater Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 1257: 249-284, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.155954
38EAD2FB03B05E858C87D9CED1CE7E39.text	38EAD2FB03B05E858C87D9CED1CE7E39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prosoeca ora Theron & Ellis & Midgley 2025	<div><p>Prosoeca ora sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 2 B, 2 C, 3 E, 4 E, 5 E, 6 E, 8 C, D</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: South Africa: • 1 ♂, Northern Cape: Hantam Botanical Garden; 27 Aug. 2017; T. van der Niet leg.; NMSA -DIP 219345; NMSA . Paratypes: South Africa: • 2 ♀♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville; 26 Aug. 1999; P. Goldblatt &amp; J. Manning leg.; visiting Babiana vanzyliae ( Iridaceae); NMSA -DIP 79017, NMSA -DIP 79018; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Sutherland: Komsberg; J. Manning leg.; NMSA -DIP 54396; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Calvinia: Hantamsberg; 3 Sep. 1994; 29; on Pteronia incana; NMSA -DIP 54393, [handwriting of Dr. J. Manning]; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Western Cape: Middelpos: Gannaka Pass; 1 Jul. 1993; NMSA -DIP 76672, [handwriting of Dr. J. Manning]; NMSA . • 1 ♂ 4 ♀♀ Northern Cape: Sutherland: Ouberg; 24–25 Sep. 2022; visiting Dimorphotheca cuneata; Allan Ellis leg.; NMSA -DIP 219360 – NMSA -DIP 219364; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Smoushoogte Pass: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.70072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.81363" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.70072/lat -32.81363)">De Plaat</a>; 32.81363°S, 20.70072°E; 17 Oct. 2008; Anton Pauw leg.; AP 414; NMSA -DIP 221842; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville: Greylon Renosterveld; 03 Oct. 2012; Anton Pauw leg.; AP 674; visiting Hesperantha cucullata; NMSA -DIP 221843; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville: Glenlyon; Renosterveld; 3 Sep. 2012; Anton Pauw leg.; AP 675; RMCA -ENT 000056701; RMCA . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville: Glenlyon; Renosterveld; 3 Sep. 2012; Anton Pauw leg.; AP 676; RMCA -ENT 000056702; RMCA .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>South Africa: • 1 ♀ Western Cape: Maitjiesfontein Koppie: E. Soetwater; 07 Sep. 2019; Allan Ellis leg.; NMSA -DIP 219351; NMSA . • 2 ♂♂ Northern Cape: Hantam Botanical Garden; 27 Aug. 2017; T. van der Niet leg.; NMSA -DIP 219344, NMSA -DIP 219346; NMSA . • 3 ♂♂ Northern Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.78919&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.39563" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.78919/lat -31.39563)">Hantamsberg</a>; - 31.39563°S, 19.78919°E; 18 Sep. 18; Florent Grenier leg.; NMSA -DIP 219348 – NMSA -DIP 219350; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Western Cape: 7 km N of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.166666/lat -32.233334)">Wuppertal: North slope</a>; 32°14'S, 19°10'E; 780 m; 31 Aug. 1995; J &amp; A Londt leg.; Flowers; NMSA -DIP 50966; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Western Cape: 7 km N of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.166666/lat -32.233334)">Wuppertal: North slope</a>; 32°14'S, 19°10'E; 780 m; 31 Aug. 1995; J &amp; A Londt leg.; Flowers; NMSA -DIP 76690; NMSA . • 1 ♂ 1 ♀ National Road 22 m from Touws River; 3 Oct. 1964; B. &amp; P. Stuckenberg leg.; NMSA -DIP 52836, NMSA -DIP 78337; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Nothern Cape: Middelpos: Gannaka Pass; 1 Jul. 1993; NMSA -DIP 51673 [handwriting of Dr. J. Manning] • NMSA . 2 ♂♂ Northern Cape: Smoushoogte Pass: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.70072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.81363" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.70072/lat -32.81363)">De Plaat</a>; 32.81363°S, 20.70072°E; 17 Oct. 2008; Anton Pauw leg.; AP 414; visiting yellow annual Pseudoselago; NMSA -DIP 221840 - NMSA -DIP 221841; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Western Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.07513&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.20636" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.07513/lat -32.20636)">Heuningvlei</a>; 32.20636°S, 19.07513°E; # SIM 1207 C; SI Morita leg.; Prosoeca peringueyi; CDFA -ENT; CDFA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nieuwoudtville: Trekpad; 3 Sep. 2012; Anton Pauw leg.; AP 673 RMCA -ENT 000056703; RMCA . • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Sutherland: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.700724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.813637" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.700724/lat -32.813637)">Smoushoogte</a>; 32°48'49.1"S, 20°42'02.6"E; 7 Oct. 2008; Anton Pauw leg.; AP 415; RMCA -ENT 000056704; RMCA .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Medium-sized (length 10–17 mm), thorax dark, scutellum and thorax with conspicuous grey border, abdomen black but tergites interrupted medially by a pale grey band, often flaring out posteriorly, and a dark brown median vitta, femora dorsally darker than tibia and tarsi, proboscis length 0.7 ± 0.02 × the length of the body (range of un-extended proboscis length 6–11 mm). Prosoeca ora sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species in the clade by the distinct grey, brown and black patterning on the abdomen (Figs 2 B, C, 3 E). Unlike P. parva sp. nov. which has hyaline wings, the wings of P. ora sp. nov. are infuscated on the anterior ¼ with a relatively straight costal margin in both sexes, whereas P. aquilo sp. nov. has a slight flexure in the costal margin of males (Fig. 5 D – F). Prosoeca ora sp. nov. has a proboscis that is shorter than the length of its own body, unlike P. marinusi, P. torquata, and P. peringueyi .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male. Body length: mean 13.8 mm; range 10–17 mm (n = 19). Intertegular width: mean 6.5 mm; range 4–8 mm (n = 9). Proboscis length: 9.7 mm; range 6–11 mm (n = 18). Wing length: mean 15.4 mm; range 11–18 mm (n = 19).</p><p>Head. (Figs 4 E, 6 E) Ground colour generally grey to black. Ocellar tubercle somewhat bulbous and developed, just evident above upper eye margin in profile, with dense silvery pruinescence; width between eyes at the anterior ocellus 2.5–3.5 × the length of the anterior ocellus; anterior ocellus separated from posterior ocelli by shallow transverse groove; pile generally long, black. Frons trapezoid; width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.5–0.6 × the width above antennal insertions; slightly to moderately swollen between antennal insertions and anterior ocellus; swelling recedes strongly towards eye margin; pruinescence relatively dense, silver to brown; pile mostly white (sometimes with black pile dorsally), usually dense on entire frons (sometimes sparse). Antenna with scape 1–1.5 × length of pedicel; first flagellomere shorter than the length of scape + pedicel; style shorter than scape + pedicel + flagellomere 1; ground colour dark brown to black, style darker than remainder of antenna; scape, pedicel and flagellomere 1 with irregular silver to brown pruinescence; pedicel with mostly elongate pile, black pile, flagellomere 1 with short black pile basally on the dorsal side. Facial area bulbous in profile, with horizontal groove present; with silver to brown pruinescence, evenly distributed across face; pile mostly white, elongate, usually dense (sometimes sparse), similar to that of frons. Gena with pile mostly off-white to golden (sometimes with some black pile), elongate and dense, forming the beard. Proboscis 0.6–0.8 × the length of the body, dorsal and ventral side black. Palpus with first segment significantly longer than that of second segment, second segment much narrower than first segment; colour generally dark brown to black; pile long on both segments.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 3 E). Scutum dark grey to black; pruinescence mostly brown, with pale grey to silvery pruinescence complete along the lateral sides of the scutum, joining on scutellum; median and paired sublateral vittae absent; pile mixture of black and pale to golden, sparse, shorter than the pile on the posterior of the scutellum; postalar callus with black pile dorsally, ventral side with a tuft of golden pile. Scutellum anterior margin covered by brown pruinescence; posterior margin with a dark, black border; pile on disc of scutellum golden or black, relatively long, sparse compared to scutum; pile along posterior margin elongate, a mixture of black and pale, white or yellow, same density as on disc of scutellum; with some pale yellow to golden pile laterally. Pleuron mostly blackish; with silver pruinescence, sparser than on scutum; pile generally a mixture of black and white to yellow, relatively long, of intermediate density; most dense and elongate in two tufts, ventral and anterior to the base of the wing and between postalar callus and posterior spiracle; tuft of pile anterior to wing base directed posteriorly, mostly white to golden with some black pile; tuft of pile on katatergite directed posteriorly, black and golden (sometimes mostly pale yellow to golden); katepimeron with sparse elongate white pile. Legs. Coxae dark brown to black; with pile mostly off-white to golden, elongate, dense. Trochanters mostly blackish, with some yellow-brown colouring; pile short, very sparse. Femora red-brown to dark brown (sometimes more yellow-brown), with dark marking on dorsal side of the distal end present; pile short golden with long black and white interspersed, mostly short, dense, but with elongate pile dorsally on proximal 1 / 3–1 / 2; ventral pile typically longer, sparse; hind femur with short pile more evenly distributed than on fore and mid femora. Tibiae red-brown to black (sometimes closer to yellow-brown); with dense, short, pale pile and sparse, darker, elongate pile, most dense on hind tibia. Tarsi red-brown to dark brown, hind tarsi tend to be darker. Wings (Fig. 5 E). Shape relatively slender; broadest just basal to termination of CuP on posterior margin; alula broad; costal margin close to straight, without distinct anteriorly curved flexure; Sc termination on C aligned with termination of M 4 on posterior margin of wing; R 1 terminated closer to R 2 + 3 than to Sc; termination of Sc and R 1 well separated; short appendix just beyond fork on R 4 + 5 always absent; cross vein between M 1 and M 2 absent; cross vein just beyond fork between R 4 and R 2 + 3 absent; R 1 relatively straight; R 4 deep bowing upward; R 5 deeply bowing upward; M 1 and M 2 gently bowing upward; cell cua open at margin; CuA and CuP well separated. Dark marking on R 1 positioned just basal to humeral cross vein; membrane with smoky brown infuscation; appearing darker on anterior 1 / 2–1 / 3 of wing; posterior region of wing somewhat paler but never hyaline; isolated darker patches distinct in pale region; the distinction between brown infuscation and pale membrane gradual, never striking. Tuft of pile on base of wing white. Haltere with pale brown to yellow stalk; bulb dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 3 E). Colour of abdomen generally black; T 2 with posterior margin stout and relatively broad; abdomen tapering abruptly after T 3. Tergites with silvery pruinescence; membrane between T 1 and T 2 with silvery to brown pruinescence; medial brown pruinescent vitta distinct, extending from the posterior margin of T 1 to terminalia, usually not covering the full length of each tergite; grey pruinescence surrounding medial vitta, on T 2 – T 5; posterior margin of T 2 – T 4 with contrasting pruinescent border. Pile on tergites mostly black, both long and short, of intermediate density; along anterior margins of T 2 white to pale yellow (sometimes more golden), elongate, dense; posterolateral pile on T 2 – T 4 black and white, elongate, dense; T 5 with pile along lateral margins more evenly distributed than that of T 2 – T 4. Sternites typically paler than tergites; grey to black; pruinescence silvery, relatively sparse (sometimes with relatively dense golden pruinescence). Sternites with pile off-white to golden, mostly long, dense; pile on membrane adjacent to lateral margins of S 2 – S 4 typically with profuse, decumbent, elongate, pale yellow to golden.</p><p>Genitalia (Fig. 8 C, D). Hypandrium triangular in shape; broad, tapering gradually towards the apex; laterally convex; 1.9 × longer than basal width; with apical 1 / 3 projecting past the top of the gonocoxites. Hypandrium vestiture short, sparse, on the apical 1 / 2. Gonocoxite apical 1 / 2 not parallel sided; gonocoxites widest in apical 1 / 3, narrowing apically; rounded apically. Gonocoxite vestiture on the lateral 1 / 2, of apical 2 / 3, long, laterally projecting. Gonostylus with parallel sides and globular apical section. Phallus near parallel sided; narrowing apically.</p><p>Female. Same as male, except for genitalia dimorphism and the following characters: Head. Ocellar tubercle width between eyes at the anterior ocellus 3.4–4.5 × the length of the anterior ocellus. Frons width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.6–0.7 × the width above antennal insertions. Facial area with horizontal groove present (less pronounced than in males). Legs. Femora dark brown to black (sometimes closer to red-brown).</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Prosoeca ora sp. nov. has been recorded from Nieuwoudtville in the Northern Cape to Matjiesfontein and Touws River in the Western Cape (Fig. 1).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Prosoeca ora sp. nov. is on the wing from early August to mid-October in the winter-rainfall region of the Western and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa. This species has been recorded visiting Pteronia incana, Dimorphotheca cuneata, Babiana vanzyliae, Hesperantha cucullata and yellow Pseudoselago ( Scrophulariaceae). Additionally, based on the representative specimen accessioned into NMSA from Goldblatt and Manning (2007), we note that Prosoeca ora sp. nov. is likely the pollinator of Romulea syringodeoflora .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin ora = edge or rim; referring to the characteristic grey pruinescence on the dark thorax forming a distinct border. To be treated as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Comment.</p><p>The single female specimen from Soetwater (NMSA -DIP 219351, NMSA) shows significant genetic differentiation from other P. ora sp. nov. specimens but resembles this species morphologically. This specimen is placed in P. ora sp. nov. until further sampling can resolve its relationship within this clade.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/38EAD2FB03B05E858C87D9CED1CE7E39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Theron, Genevieve L.;Ellis, Allan G.;Midgley, John M.	Theron, Genevieve L., Ellis, Allan G., Midgley, John M. (2025): A revision of a spring-active clade of Prosoeca Schiner, 1867 (Diptera, Nemestrinidae), keystone pollinators from the Greater Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 1257: 249-284, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.155954
D1A60800C15D5E3DA4707CAC3442E8E8.text	D1A60800C15D5E3DA4707CAC3442E8E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prosoeca parva Theron & Ellis & Midgley 2025	<div><p>Prosoeca parva sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 3 F, 4 F, 5 F, 6 F, 8 E, F</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: South Africa: • 1 ♂ Northern Cape, Calvinia: Hantamsberg; 3 Sep. 1994; 30; Felicia; NMSA -DIP 76671; NMSA . Paratype: South Africa: • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Calvinia: Hantamsberg; 3 Sep. 1994; 30; Felicia; NMSA -DIP 76670; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.78919&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.39563" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.78919/lat -31.39563)">Hantamsberg</a>; 31.39563°S, 19.78919°E; 15 Sep. 2018; F. Grenier leg.; # FG 46; RMCA -ENT 000056705; RMCA . • 1 ♂, Northern Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.78919&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.39563" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.78919/lat -31.39563)">Hantamsberg</a>; 31.39563°S, 19.78919°E; 15 Sep. 2018; F. Grenier leg.; # FG 48; RMCA -ENT 000056706; RMCA .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Relatively small species (length 8–11 mm), thorax dark without distinct central markings, thorax and scutellum with a conspicuous grey border, abdomen uniformly black, proboscis length 0.57 ± 0.04 × the length of the body (range of un-extended proboscis length 4 mm – 6 mm), femora very dark with pale red-brown tibia and tarsi and conspicuously short antennal style. Prosoeca parva sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species in the clade by the apparent lack of patterning on the abdomen (Fig. 3 F), largely hyaline wings (Fig. 5 F) and the dark femora which contrast the paler tibia and tarsi. Prosoeca parva sp. nov. is notably smaller than P. marinusi, P. peringueyi, and P. torquata with a proboscis shorter than the length of its body, usually not reaching past the hind legs when folded beneath body.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male. Body length: mean 9.8 mm; range 8–11 mm (n = 4). Intertegular width: mean 3.8 mm; range 3–4 mm (n = 4). Proboscis length: mean 5.6 mm; range 4–6 mm (n = 4). Wing length: mean 11.2 mm; range 11–12 mm (n = 4).</p><p>Head. (Figs 4 F, 6 F) Ground colour generally grey to black. Ocellar tubercle somewhat bulbous and developed, just evident above upper eye margin in profile, with dense silvery pruinescence; width between eyes at the anterior ocellus 3.8 × the length of the anterior ocellus; anterior ocellus separated from posterior ocelli by shallow transverse groove; pile generally long, black. Frons trapezoid; width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.7 × the width above antennal insertions; slightly to moderately swollen between antennal insertions and anterior ocellus; swelling recedes strongly towards eye margin; pruinescence relatively dense, silver to brown; pile black and white, dense on entire frons. Antenna with scape 1.5–2 × the length of pedicel; first flagellomere shorter than the length of scape + pedicel; style shorter than scape + pedicel + flagellomere 1; ground colour dark brown to black, style darker than remainder of antenna; scape, pedicel and flagellomere 1 with irregular silver to brown pruinescence; pedicel with mostly elongate pile, black pile, flagellomere 1 with short black pile basally on the dorsal side. Facial area bulbous in profile, with horizontal groove present; with silver to brown pruinescence, evenly distributed across face; pile mostly white, elongate, dense, similar to that of frons. Gena with pile a mixture of black and white to pale yellow, elongate, and dense, forming the beard. Proboscis 0.5–0.7 × the length of the body, dorsal and ventral side black. Palpus with first segment significantly longer than that of second segment, second segment much narrower than first segment; colour generally dark brown to black; pile long on both segments.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 3 F). Scutum dark grey to black; pruinescence mostly brown, with pale grey to silvery pruinescence complete along the lateral sides of the scutum, joining on scutellum; median and paired sublateral vittae absent; pile mixture of black and pale to golden, sparse, shorter than the pile on the posterior of the scutellum; postalar callus with black pile dorsally, ventral side with a tuft of golden pile. Scutellum anterior margin covered by brown pruinescence; posterior margin with a dark, black border; pile on disc of scutellum golden or black, relatively long, of similar density to that on the scutum; pile along posterior margin elongate, a mixture of black and pale, white or yellow, same density as on disc of scutellum; with some pale yellow to golden pile laterally. Pleuron mostly blackish; with silver pruinescence, sparser than on scutum; pile generally a mixture of black and white to yellow, relatively long, of intermediate density; most dense and elongate in two tufts, ventral and anterior to the base of the wing and between postalar callus and posterior spiracle; tuft of pile anterior to wing base directed posteriorly, mostly white to golden with some black pile; tuft of pile on katatergite directed posteriorly, black and golden; katepimeron with pile absent. Legs. Coxae dark brown to black; with pile mostly off-white to golden, elongate, dense. Trochanters mostly blackish, with some yellow-brown colouring; pile short, very sparse. Femora dark brown to black, with dark marking on dorsal side of the distal end present; pile mostly black, mostly short, dense; ventral pile typically longer, sparse; hind femur with short pile (may have very sparse elongate pile on hind femur) more evenly distributed than on fore and mid femora. Tibiae yellow-brown to dark brown; with mostly short pile, most dense on hind tibia. Tarsi red-brown to dark brown, hind tarsi tend to be darker. Wings (Fig. 5 F). Shape relatively slender; broadest just basal to termination of CuP on posterior margin; alula broad; costal margin close to straight, without distinct anteriorly curved flexure; Sc termination on C aligned with termination of M 4 on posterior margin of wing; R 1 terminated closer to R 2 + 3 than to Sc; termination of Sc and R 1 well separated; short appendix just beyond fork on R 4 + 5 always absent; cross vein between M 1 and M 2 absent; cross vein just beyond fork between R 4 and R 2 + 3 absent; R 1 relatively straight; R 4 deep bowing upward; R 5 shallow bowing upward; M 1 and M 2 slightly curved upward; cell cua open at margin; CuA and CuP well separated. Dark marking on R 1 positioned just basal to humeral cross vein; membrane without smoky brown infuscation; appearing almost entirely hyaline; isolated darker patches absent. Tuft of pile on base of wing white. Haltere with pale brown to yellow stalk; bulb dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 3 F). Colour of abdomen generally black; T 2 with posterior margin stout and relatively broad; abdomen tapering abruptly after T 3. Tergites with pruinescence largely absent; membrane between T 1 and T 2 dark brown to black; medial brown pruinescent vitta indistinct, extending from the posterior margin of T 1 to terminalia. Pile on tergites mostly black, both long and short, of intermediate density; along anterior margins of T 2 white to pale yellow, elongate, sparse; posterolateral pile on T 2 – T 4 black, elongate, dense; T 5 with pile along lateral margins more evenly distributed than that of T 2 – T 4. Sternites typically paler than tergites; grey to black; pruinescence silvery, relatively sparse. Sternites with pile mostly black, mostly long, sparse; pile on S 1 and S 2 noticeably longer, white; pile on membrane adjacent to lateral margins of S 2 – S 4 typically with profuse, decumbent, elongate, pale yellow to golden.</p><p>Genitalia (Fig. 8 E, F). Hypandrium triangular in shape; broad, tapering gradually towards the apex; laterally convex; 2.1 × longer than basal width; with apical 1 / 5 projecting past the top of the gonocoxites. Pile on apical 1 / 3 of the hypandrium. Gonocoxite apical 1 / 2 not parallel sided; gonocoxites widest in apical 1 / 3, narrowing apically; rounded apically. Gonocoxite vestiture on the lateral 1 / 2, of apical 1 / 3. Gonostylus narrowed medially; and globular apical section. Phallus near parallel sided; narrowing apically.</p><p>Female. Same as male, except for genitalia dimorphism and the following characters: Head. Ocellar tubercle width between eyes at the anterior ocellus 3.8–4.5 × the length of the anterior ocellus. Frons width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.8 × the width above antennal insertions. Wings. Sharp short appendix just beyond fork on R 4 sometimes present.</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Known from only a single locality on the Hantamsberg near Calvinia (Fig. 1)</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Known to be on the wing in September and has been recorded visiting flowers in the Asteraceae genus Felicia . A male and a female were caught mating on a mountain peak, potentially hill-topping (RMCA -ENT 000056705; RMCA -ENT 000056706; RMCA.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin parva = little; referring to the small size of this species compared to all other species in this clade. To be treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D1A60800C15D5E3DA4707CAC3442E8E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Theron, Genevieve L.;Ellis, Allan G.;Midgley, John M.	Theron, Genevieve L., Ellis, Allan G., Midgley, John M. (2025): A revision of a spring-active clade of Prosoeca Schiner, 1867 (Diptera, Nemestrinidae), keystone pollinators from the Greater Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 1257: 249-284, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.155954
71AC49E3AC9E5ECC8FB39F6EB01F0FFB.text	71AC49E3AC9E5ECC8FB39F6EB01F0FFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prosoeca peringueyi Lichtwardt 1920	<div><p>Prosoeca peringueyi Lichtwardt, 1920</p><p>Figs 1, 2 D, 3 C, 4 C, 5 C, 6 C, 7 E, F</p><p>Prosoeca peringueyi Lichtwardt, 1920: 98; Bezzi 1924: 175; Bernardi 1973: 258; Bowden 1980: 375; Barraclough 2006: 49.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Lectotype: South Africa: • 1 ♂ Northern Cape, Ookiep, Namaqua Div; R. Lightfoot leg.; Sep. 1990; SAM-DIP-A 009013; SAMC . This specimen is hereby designated as lectotype. Paralectotype: South Africa • 1 ♀ Northern Cape, Namaqualand, Klipfontein, Aug. 1890; R. M. Lightfoot; SAM-DIP A 009009; SAMC . This specimen is hereby designated as paralectotype.</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>South Africa: • 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Northern Cape: Van Rhynsdorp; 28 Jul. 1927; Dr. Brauns leg.; Lapeirousia fissifolia, [illegible]; NMSA -DIP 49945, NMSA -DIP 049943; NMSA . • 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ Western Cape: Clanwilliam district: Pakhuis Pass; 950 m; 17–19 Oct. 1964; B &amp; P Stuckenberg leg.; NMSA -DIP 052845, NMSA -DIP 76251, NMSA -DIP 76252; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Western Cape: Pakhuis Mts: Pakhuis Farm 2 miles NNE; 14 Sep. 1972; Irwin M. E., Irwin B. J. leg.; NMSA -DIP 054873; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Western Cape: Vanrhynsdorp: Gifberge; Sep. 1911; NMSA -DIP 055007; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: 5 km N of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.516666/lat -29.75)">Komaggas</a>; 29°45'S, 17°31'E; 390 m; # 85; 24 Aug. 1995; J &amp; A Londt leg.; Rocky slope; Macchia; NMSA -DIP 50895; NMSA . • 5 ♀♀ Western Cape: Clanwilliam; Sep. 1928; Dr. Brauns leg.; NMSA -DIP 76253 –76255, NMSA -DIP 76248, NMSA -DIP 76249; NMSA. • 1 ♂ Western Cape: Clanwilliam; Dr. Brauns leg.; Sep. 1928; NMSA -DIP 76250; NMSA . • 2 ♀♀ Western Cape Vanrynsdorp; Jul. - Aug. 1927; G. v. Son leg.; NMSA -DIP 52017, NMSA -DIP 51796; NMSA . • 1 ♂ Western Cape: Clanwilliam: Karroo-berg; G. van Son leg.; 9 Aug. 1927; NMSA -DIP 51950; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Studers Pass road: NE of Garies; Late Aug. - early Sep. 2005; sweep-net; G. B. P. Davies leg.; NMSA -DIP 078933; NMSA . • 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Western Cape: Clanwilliam area: Cederberg mnts: Pakhuis Pass: Kleinkliphuis Farm; G. B. P. Davies leg.; NMSA -DIP 078929, NMSA -DIP 078930; NMSA . • 4 ♂♂ 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nama Khoi: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.701" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.665/lat -29.701)">Naries</a>; 29.701°S, 17.665°E; 5 Aug. 2007; T. van der Niet leg.; NMSA -DIP 219356 – 219359, NMSA -DIP 219355; NMSA . • 1 ♀ Western Cape Province: Clanwilliam Dam: E bank; 23 Sep. 1996; F. W., S. K. &amp; R. W. Gess leg.; 96 / 97 / 209, on purple fls, Lapeirousia sp. Iridaceae; AMGS -ENT 101701; AMGS . • 1 ♂ Western Cape: Vanryansdorp: Gifberg; 1 Sep. 1911; SAM-DIP A 009010; SAMC . • 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Western Cape: Clanwilliam: Pakhuis pass; 1 Sep. 1942; South African Museum Expedition leg.; SAM-DIP A 009008; SAMC . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Namaqualand: Bowesdorp; SA Museum leg.; SAM-DIP A 009011; SAMC . • 2 ♀♀ Northern Cape: Namaqualand; 2917 D 8; Hester Malan N. R.; M. Struck leg.; 13 Sep. 1986; SAM-DIP A 012367, SAM-DIP A 009007; SAMC . • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Soebatsfontein turnoff from N 7; 3017 BB; 6 Sep. 1986; K. Steiner leg.; 1428; Babiana; SAM-DIP A 012381; SAMC . • 1 ♀ Western Cape: Clanwilliam: Ramskop Camp; - 32.18, 18.88; K Steiner leg.; 1736; 21 Aug. 1984; Lapeirousia jacquinii; SAM-DIP A 012382; SAMC . • 2 ♂♂ Northern Cape: 12 km N of Steinkopf; 2917 BB; 4 Aug. 1988; K. Steiner leg.; Sutera fruticosa; SAM-DIP A 012386; SAMC . • 1 ♀ Western Cape: Clanwilliam: Ramskop; Macpherson leg.; 22 Aug. 1984; Laperiousia jaquenii; SAM-DIP A 009012; SAMC . • 1 ♂ Western Cape: 10 km W. Algeria, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.03/lat -32.21)">Clanwilliam road</a>, 32.21°S, 19.03°E; 4 Sep. 1987; C. D. Eardley leg.; SANC .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Large-sized (length 13–21 mm), grey body with intricate patterning on the thorax and the abdomen, thorax with two dark black sub-lateral vittae extending to the transverse suture, legs dark brown, proboscis length 1.55 ± 0.02 × the length of the body (range of un-extended proboscis length 23–35 mm), wings with smoky brown patterned infuscation on the anterior 1 / 2 of the wing and cross-vein between R 4 &amp; R 2 + 3 complete in specimens from the northern part of the range (north of Calvinia). Prosoeca peringueyi, P. marinusi, and P. torquata can be distinguished from all other species in the clade by their proboscis which is longer than the length of their bodies, in contrast to P. ora sp. nov., P. aquilo sp. nov., and P. parva sp. nov. that have a proboscis shorter than the length of their body. Prosoeca peringueyi and P. torquata have a dark smoky brown wing patterning that is strikingly distinct from the almost hyaline posterior wing membrane, while P. marinusi has a paler brown wing patterning that is never strikingly distinct from the lightly infuscated posterior wing membrane (Fig. 5 A – C). Prosoeca peringueyi differs most noticeably from P. torquata and P. marinusi, by the presence of two dark black sublateral vittae on the anterior of the thorax. Additionally, P. peringueyi has a generally paler thorax than P. torquata or P. marinusi .</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Male. Body length: mean 18.1 mm (n = 43); range 13–21 mm. Intertegular width: mean 7.0 mm; range 5–8 mm (n = 11). Proboscis length: mean 29.2 mm; range 23–35 mm (n = 29). Wing length: mean 19.6 mm; range 18–21 mm (n = 19).</p><p>Head. (Figs 4 C, 6 C) Ground colour generally red-brown to dark brown. Ocellar tubercle somewhat bulbous and developed, just evident above upper eye margin in profile, with dense silvery pruinescence; width between eyes at the anterior ocellus 3.9–4.2 × the length of the anterior ocellus; anterior ocellus separated from posterior ocelli by shallow transverse groove; pile generally long, black. Frons trapezoid; width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.7 × the width above antennal insertions; slightly to moderately swollen between antennal insertions and anterior ocellus; swelling recedes strongly towards eye margin; pruinescence relatively dense, brownish; pile generally absent. Antenna with scape 1.5–2 × length of pedicel; first flagellomere subequal to the length of scape + pedicel; style longer than scape + pedicel + flagellomere 1; ground colour transitioning to a darker hue, on the proximal side of the first flagellomere, style darker than remainder of antenna; scape, pedicel and flagellomere 1 with irregular silver to brown pruinescence; pedicel with both elongate and short pile, black and white pile, flagellomere 1 with short black pile basally on the dorsal side. Facial area bulbous in profile, with horizontal groove present; sublaterally irregular yellow-brown; with silver to brown pruinescence, but pruinescence largely absent from medial section of face; pile mostly white, elongate, sparse, more dense than on frons. Gena with pile a mixture of black and white to pale yellow, elongate, and dense, forming the beard. Proboscis 1.2–1.7 × the length of the body, black with dorsal part of basal 1 / 3–1 / 2 brown. Palpus with first segment significantly longer than that of second segment, second segment much narrower than first segment; colour generally dark brown to black; pile longer on the first segment.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 3 C). Scutum dark grey to black; pruinescence mostly silver and brown, with pale grey to silvery pruinescence complete along the lateral sides of the scutum, joining on scutellum; median and paired sublateral vittae evident; medial vitta narrow anteriorly, widening towards scutellum; paired sublateral vittae distinct black, straight, ending at transverse suture; pruinescence forming irregular pattern; pile mostly black, sparse, shorter than the pile on the posterior of the scutellum; pile on postpronotal lobe and anterodorsal region of scutum white, sparse; postalar callus with black pile dorsally, ventral side with a tuft of white pile. Scutellum with distinct central dot, or central diamond shaped marking; anterior margin covered by silver to brown pruinescence; posterior margin with a dark, black border; pile on disc of scutellum black, relatively long, sparse compared to scutum; pile along posterior margin elongate, mostly black, dense compared to disc of scutellum; with some pale yellow to golden pile laterally (sometimes closer to white). Pleuron mostly blackish; with silver pruinescence, sparser than on scutum; pile generally a mixture of black and white to yellow, relatively long, of intermediate density; most dense and elongate in two tufts, ventral and anterior to the base of the wing and between postalar callus and posterior spiracle; tuft of pile anterior to wing base directed posteriorly, mostly white to golden with some black pile; tuft of pile on katatergite directed posteriorly, black and golden; katepimeron with pile absent, or sparse elongate white pile. Legs. Coxae red-brown to dark brown; with pile mostly off-white to golden, elongate, dense. Trochanters mostly blackish, with some yellow-brown colouring; pile short, very sparse. Femora red-brown to dark brown, with dark marking on dorsal side of the distal end present; pile mostly black, mostly short, dense, but with elongate pile dorsally on proximal 1 / 3 – 1 / 2; ventral pile typically longer, sparse; hind femur with short pile more evenly distributed than on fore and mid femora. Tibiae red-brown to black; with mostly short pile, most dense on hind tibia. Tarsi red-brown to dark brown, hind tarsi tend to be darker. Wings (Fig. 5 C). Shape relatively slender; broadest just basal to termination of CuP on posterior margin; alula broad; costal margin close to straight, without distinct anteriorly curved flexure; Sc termination on C aligned with termination of M 4 on posterior margin of wing; R 1 terminated closer to R 2 + 3 than to Sc; insertions of Sc and R 1 well separated; cross vein between M 1 and M 2 absent; cross vein between R 4 and R 2 + 3 just beyond fork of R 4 and R 5 present, or absent; R 1 relatively straight; R 4 deep bowing upward; R 5 shallow bowing upward; M 1 and M 2 slightly curved upward; cell cua open at margin; CuA and CuP well separated. Dark marking on R 1 positioned just basal to humeral cross vein; membrane with smoky brown infuscation; appearing darker on anterior 1 / 2–1 / 3 of wing; posterior region of wing almost hyaline; isolated darker patches distinct in hyaline region; the distinction between brown infuscation and hyaline membrane sharply delineated. Tuft of pile on base of wing white. Haltere with pale brown to yellow stalk; bulb dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 3 C). Colour of abdomen generally red-brown; T 2 with posterior margin stout and relatively broad; abdomen tapering abruptly after T 3. Tergites with silvery pruinescence; membrane between T 1 and T 2 with silvery to brown pruinescence; medial brown pruinescent vitta distinct, extending from the posterior margin of T 1 to terminalia, usually not covering the full length of each tergite; paired sublateral markings of indistinct shape, on T 2 – T 4. Pile on tergites mostly black, both long and short, of intermediate density; along anterior margins of T 2 white to pale yellow, elongate, sparse; posterolateral pile on T 2 – T 4 black, elongate, dense; T 5 with pile along lateral margins more evenly distributed than that of T 2 – T 4. Sternites typically paler than tergites; pale reddish brown; pruinescence silver with medial brown vittae, relatively sparse. Sternites with pile a mixture of black and white, mostly short, sparse; pile on S 1 – S 3 intermixed, long, white; membrane adjacent to lateral margins of S 2 – S 4 typically with profuse, decumbent, elongate, white pile.</p><p>Genitalia (Fig. 7 E, F). Hypandrium triangular in shape; relatively narrow; laterally straight sided; 1.8 × longer than basal width; with apical 1 / 5 projecting past the top of the gonocoxites. Hypandrium vestiture long, dense, on the apical 1 / 3. Gonocoxite apical 1 / 2 parallel sided; gonocoxites widest in basal 1 / 2, narrowing apically; rounded apically. Gonocoxite vestiture on the lateral 1 / 2, of apical 1 / 3, mostly short, laterally projecting. Gonostylus with parallel sides; and narrow apical region. Phallus near parallel sided; narrowing apically.</p><p>Female. Same as male, except for genitalia dimorphism and the following characters: Head. Frons width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.8 × the width above antennal insertions.</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Prosoeca peringueyi is the most widespread species in this clade. It occurs from Khuboes near the Namibia / South Africa border in the north to Piekenierskloof pass in the Western Cape Province in the south (pers. obs., A. G. Ellis), with a distribution gap within the Knersvlakte (Fig. 1).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>The P. peringueyi complex is known to visit many plant species (Manning and Goldblatt 1996; Manning and Goldblatt 2000; Pauw et al. 2020) in both Fynbos and Succulent Karoo biomes. It is however, not precisely known for all plant species whether P. peringueyi and P. torquata are pollinators of the same suite of plants or if they partition these floral resources. Prosoeca peringueyi is known with some certainty, from specimen labels, to visit Lapeirousia pyramidalis, Pelargonium magenteum, Lapeirousia silenoides, Lapeirousia jacquinii, Pelargonium incrassatum, and Sutera fruticosa .</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Prosoeca peringueyi has a degree of genetic differentiation between the populations north and south of the Knersvlakte (mean 6.27 %). This genetic disjunction is supported by a difference in wing venation, with the cross vein between R 4 and R 2 + 3 just beyond fork of R 4 and R 5 present north of the Knersvlakte and absent in the south. As the wing vein character is not functional and the genetic difference below the usual threshold for species delineation, we consider this to be a single species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71AC49E3AC9E5ECC8FB39F6EB01F0FFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Theron, Genevieve L.;Ellis, Allan G.;Midgley, John M.	Theron, Genevieve L., Ellis, Allan G., Midgley, John M. (2025): A revision of a spring-active clade of Prosoeca Schiner, 1867 (Diptera, Nemestrinidae), keystone pollinators from the Greater Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 1257: 249-284, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.155954
80C7E56843AD5DB08A4342A3864073FD.text	80C7E56843AD5DB08A4342A3864073FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prosoeca Schiner 1867	<div><p>Genus Prosoeca Schiner, 1867</p><p>Prosoeca Schiner, 1867; Bezzi 1924; Bernardi 1973; Bowden 1980; Barraclough 2006.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Nemestrina westermanni (Weidemann, 1821), by original designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/80C7E56843AD5DB08A4342A3864073FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Theron, Genevieve L.;Ellis, Allan G.;Midgley, John M.	Theron, Genevieve L., Ellis, Allan G., Midgley, John M. (2025): A revision of a spring-active clade of Prosoeca Schiner, 1867 (Diptera, Nemestrinidae), keystone pollinators from the Greater Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 1257: 249-284, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.155954
76DBCF73274950AEA12ECD89888A8DAF.text	76DBCF73274950AEA12ECD89888A8DAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prosoeca torquata Theron 2020	<div><p>Prosoeca torquata Theron, 2020</p><p>Figs 1, 3 A, 4 A, 5 A, 6 A, 7 A, B</p><p>Prosoeca torquata Theron, 2020: 29.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Holotype: South Africa • ♂ Northern Cape, Steinkopf, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.55686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.12631" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.55686/lat -29.12631)">Kosiesberg</a>; -29.12631, 17.55686; 3 Aug 2019; F. Grenier leg.; NMSA -DIP 166602; NMSA . Paratypes: South Africa • 1 ♀ N. Cape, Steinkopf, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.55686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.12631" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.55686/lat -29.12631)">Kosiesberg</a>; -29.12631, 17.55686; 3 Aug. 2019; T. van der Niet leg.; NMSA -DIP 166605; NMSA . • 1 ♂ 3 ♀♀ Cape, Steinkopf, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.55686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.12631" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.55686/lat -29.12631)">Kosiesberg</a>; -29.12631, 17.55686; 3 Aug. 2019; F. Grenier leg.; NMSA -DIP 166602 –166606; NMSA . • 3 ♂♂ Northern Cape, Springbok, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.66491&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.69043" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.66491/lat -29.69043)">Naries</a>; -29.69043, 17.66491; 4 Aug. 2019; F. Grenier leg.; NMSA -DIP 166607 –166609; NMSA . • 1 ♀ 1 ♂ Steinkopf, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.55686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.12631" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.55686/lat -29.12631)">Kosiesberg</a>; -29.12631, 17.55686; 3 Aug. 2019; T. van der Niet leg.; RMCA ENT 13300, RMCA -ENT 13301; RMCA .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>South Africa • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Kamiesberg: Leliefontein; 19 Oct. 2008; 34 visiting Satyrium erectum; T. van der Niet leg.; NMSA -DIP 219367; NMSA. • 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Nama Khoi: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.701" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.665/lat -29.701)">Naries</a>; 29.701°S, 17.665°E; Spring 2009; T. van der Niet leg.; Satyrium erectum; NMSA -DIP 219347; NMSA. • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Steinkopf: Kosiesberg; 26 Aug 2016; Bruce Anderson leg; NMSA -DIP 221846; NMSA • 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ Northern Cape: Namaqualand: Kamiesberg: 2 km S of Leliefontein; 17 Sep. 1992; F. W. and S. K. Gess leg.; On pink flowers of Pelargonium cf. incrassatum; AMGS -ENT 101691 –101693 AMGS. • 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ Northern Cape: Namaqualand: Kamiesberg: 2 km S of Leliefontein; 12 Sep. 1992; F. W. and S. K. Gess leg.; Flowers: Hesperantha paucifolia ( Iridaceae); AMGS -ENT 101694 –101697; AMGS. • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Namaqualand: Kamiesberg: 2 km S of Leliefontein; 13 Sep. 1992; F. W. and S. K. Gess leg.; On deep pink flowers of Pelargonium sp. ( Geraniaceae); AMGS -ENT 101698; AMGS. • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Namaqualand: Kamiesberg: 2 km S of Leliefontein; 17 Sep. 1992; F. W. and S. K. Gess leg.; AMGS -ENT 101700; AMGS. • 1 ♂ Northern Cape: Namaqualand: Kamiesberg: 2 km S of Leliefontein; 12 Sep. 1992; F. W. and S. K. Gess leg.; AMGS -ENT 101699; AMGS. • 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Namaqualand: Bowesdorp; SA Museum staff leg.; Sep. 1941; SAM-DIP A 009011; SAMC . NAMIBIA • 1 ♀ Namuskluft 88:! NamiNus constituency (on label as Luderitz); SE 2710 Dd; 20–22 Sep. 1973; H 14602; NMNW .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>(adapted from Theron et al. 2020). Medium- to large-sized (length 12–21 mm), dark body, with intricate patterns on the abdomen, dark brown legs, proboscis length 1.10 ± 0.02 × the length of the body (range of un-extended proboscis length 14–24 mm), and patterned smoky brown infuscation on the anterior 1 / 2 of the wing. Prosoeca torquata, P. marinusi Barraclough, 2018 and P. peringueyi Lichtwardt, 1920 can be distinguished from all other species in the clade by their proboscis which is longer than the length of their bodies, in contrast to P. ora sp. nov., P. aquilo sp. nov. and P. parva sp. nov. that have a proboscis shorter than the length of their body. Prosoeca torquata and P. peringueyi both have a distinct dark smoky brown wing anterior, abruptly becoming hyaline on the posterior section (Fig. 5 A, C). Prosoeca torquata differs most noticeably from P. peringueyi and P. marinusi, by the presence of a white band of pile on the anterior of the thorax and white pile on the face (Figs 3 A, 6 A), which is largely lacking in the latter two species. Additionally, P. torquata has a darker thorax than P. peringueyi . Prosoeca torquata generally has a proboscis that is only slightly longer than the body, in comparison to P. marinusi and P. peringueyi, which both have a proboscis substantially longer than the body. Prosoeca torquata can be found north of the Knersvlakte to the southern part of Namibia.</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Male. Body length: mean 15.7 mm; range 12–21 mm (n = 42). Intertegular width: mean 6.1 mm; range 4–8 mm (n = 12). Proboscis length: mean 17.8 mm; range 14–24 mm (n = 33). Wing length: mean 16.5 mm; range 12–19 mm (n = 14).</p><p>Head. (Figs 4 A, 6 A) Ground colour generally red-brown to dark brown or black. Ocellar tubercle somewhat bulbous and developed, just evident above upper eye margin in profile, with dense silvery pruinescence and long black pile; width between eyes at the anterior ocellus 2.2–2.5 × the length of the anterior ocellus; anterior ocellus separated from posterior ocelli by shallow transverse groove. Frons trapezoid; width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.6 × the width above antennal insertions; slightly to moderately swollen between antennal insertions and anterior ocellus; swelling recedes strongly towards eye margin; pruinescence relatively dense, silver to brown; pile generally absent. Antenna with scape 1.2–1.5 × length of pedicel; first flagellomere longer than the length of scape + pedicel; style subequal to or longer than scape + pedicel + flagellomere 1; ground colour transitioning to a darker hue, on the proximal side of the first flagellomere, style darker than remainder of antenna; scape, pedicel and flagellomere 1 with irregular silver to brown pruinescence; pedicel with mostly elongate black pile, flagellomere 1 with short black pile basally on the dorsal side. Facial area bulbous in profile, with horizontal groove present; sublaterally irregular yellow-brown; with silver to brown pruinescence, but pruinescence largely absent from medial section of face; pile mostly white, elongate, dense, more dense than on frons. Gena with pile a mixture of black and white to pale yellow, elongate, and dense, forming the beard. Proboscis 0.9–1.3 × the length of the body, black with dorsal part of basal 1 / 3–1 / 2 brown. Palpus with first segment significantly longer and much wider than the second segment; colour generally dark brown to black; pile longer on the first segment.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 3 A, 4 A). Scutum dark grey to black; pruinescence mostly brown, with pale grey to silvery pruinescence along the lateral sides of the scutum, joining on scutellum; median and paired sublateral vittae evident but never striking, or indistinct; pile mostly black, sparse, shorter than the pile posterior on the scutellum; pile on postpronotal lobe and anterodorsal region of scutum white, dense forming broad collar; postalar callus with black pile dorsally, ventral side with a tuft of white pile. Scutellum with distinct darker central dot or diamond; anterior margin covered by silver to brown pruinescence; posterior margin with a dark, black border; pile on disc of scutellum black, relatively long, sparse compared to scutum; pile along posterior margin elongate, a mixture of black and pale, white or yellow, dense compared to disc of scutellum; with some pale yellow to golden pile laterally. Pleuron mostly blackish; with silver pruinescence, sparser than on scutum; pile generally a mixture of black and white to yellow, relatively long, of intermediate density; most dense and elongate in two tufts, ventral and anterior to the base of the wing and between postalar callus and posterior spiracle; tuft of pile anterior to wing base directed posteriorly, mostly white to golden with some black pile; tuft of pile on katatergite directed posteriorly, black and golden; katepimeron with pile absent, or sparse elongate white pile. Legs. Coxae yellow brown to dark brown; with pile mostly off-white to golden, elongate, dense. Trochanters mostly blackish, with some yellow-brown colouring; pile short, very sparse. Femora yellow-brown, with dark marking on dorsal side of the distal end present; pile mostly black, mostly short, dense, but with elongate pile dorsally on proximal 1 / 3–1 / 2; ventral pile typically longer, sparse; hind femur with short pile more evenly distributed than on fore and mid femora. Tibiae yellow-brown to dark brown; with dense, short, pale pile and sparse, elongate, darker pile (sometimes only short pile present), most dense on hind tibia. Tarsi red-brown to dark brown, hind tarsi tend to be darker. Wings (Fig. 5 A). Shape relatively slender; broadest just basal to termination of CuP on posterior margin; alula broad; costal margin close to straight, without distinct anteriorly curved flexure; Sc termination on C aligned with termination of M 4 on posterior margin of wing; R 1 terminated closer to R 2 + 3 than to Sc; termination of Sc and R 1 well separated; short appendix just beyond fork on R 4 + 5 sometimes present; cross vein between M 1 and M 2 absent; cross vein between R 4 and R 2 + 3 absent; R 1 relatively straight; R 4 and R 5 deeply bowing upward; M 1 and M 2 gently bowing upward; cell cua open at margin; CuA and CuP well separated. Dark marking on R 1 positioned just basal to humeral cross vein; membrane with smoky brown infuscation; appearing darker on anterior 1 / 2–1 / 3 of wing; posterior region of wing mostly hyaline; isolated darker patches distinct in hyaline region; the distinction between brown infuscation and hyaline membrane sharply delineated. Tuft of pile on base of wing white. Haltere with pale brown to yellow stalk; bulb dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 3 A). Colour of abdomen generally red-brown; T 2 with posterior margin stout and relatively broad; abdomen tapering abruptly after T 3. Tergites with brown or silvery pruinescence; membrane between T 1 and T 2 with silvery to brown pruinescence; medial brown pruinescent vitta distinct, extending from the posterior margin of T 1 to terminalia, usually not covering the full length of each tergite; paired sublateral markings of indistinct shape, on T 2 – T 4. Pile on tergites mostly black, both long and short, of intermediate density; along anterior margins of T 2 white to pale yellow, elongate, sparse; posterolateral pile on T 2 – T 4 black, elongate, dense; T 5 with pile along lateral margins more evenly distributed than that of T 2 – T 4. Sternites typically paler than tergites; pale reddish brown; pruinescence silvery, relatively sparse. Sternites with pile a mixture of black and white, mostly short, sparse; pile on S 1 – S 3 intermixed, long, black or white; pile on membrane adjacent to lateral margins of S 2 – S 4 typically with profuse, decumbent, elongate, white pile.</p><p>Genitalia (Fig. 7 A, B). Hypandrium triangular in shape; relatively narrow, tapering gradually towards the apex; laterally straight sided; 1.8 × longer than basal width; with apical 1 / 5 projecting past the top of the gonocoxites. Hypandrium vestiture short, sparse, on apical 1 / 3. Gonocoxite apical 1 / 2 parallel sided; gonocoxites widest in basal 1 / 2, narrowing apically; rounded apically. Gonocoxite vestiture on the lateral 1 / 2 of apical 1 / 2 long, laterally projecting. Gonostylus narrowed medially; with globular apical section. Phallus near parallel sided; narrowing apically.</p><p>Female. Same as male, except for genitalia dimorphism and the following characters: Head. Ocellar tubercle width between eyes at the anterior ocellus 3–3.5 × the length of the anterior ocellus. Frons width anterior to ocellar tubercle 0.8 × the width above antennal insertions.</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Prosoeca torquata occurs between Namuskluft in Namibia (single NMNW specimen) in the north and the Knersvlakte region in the Northern Cape Province at Uilklip in the south and is generally abundant when host plants are flowering (Fig. 1).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>The P. peringueyi complex, including P. torquata, is known to visit many plant species (Manning and Goldblatt 1996, 2000; Pauw et al. 2020) in both Fynbos and Succulent Karoo biomes. It is, however, not precisely known whether P. peringueyi and P. torquata are pollinators of the same suite of plants, or if they partition floral resources. Prosoeca torquata is known with some certainty, from specimen labels, to visit Lapeirousia silenoides, Pelargonium echinatum, Pelargonium crithmifolium, Satyrium erectum, Pelargonium incrassatum, and Hesperantha pauciflora . Published data that do not refer to vouchered specimens are of unclear value, as they may refer to P. torquata or P. peringueyi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/76DBCF73274950AEA12ECD89888A8DAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Theron, Genevieve L.;Ellis, Allan G.;Midgley, John M.	Theron, Genevieve L., Ellis, Allan G., Midgley, John M. (2025): A revision of a spring-active clade of Prosoeca Schiner, 1867 (Diptera, Nemestrinidae), keystone pollinators from the Greater Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 1257: 249-284, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.155954
