identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
627A87D62E20FF86FF112567FC78FD73.text	627A87D62E20FF86FF112567FC78FD73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lanius Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>L. [Lanius] scapulatus M. H. C. Lichtenstein, 1823: 49</p><p>TL: Ind. orient.; restricted to Java (see below).</p><p>Now Platylophus galericulatus galericulatus (Cuvier, 1816) . See Bonaparte 1851: 79, Sharpe 1877: 317, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 113.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 1383. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Java. Coll.? Delaroque. Ex.Coll.: Delbrück. [Ex, Mus]. ZMB 1384. [ No sex or age given]. Loc.: Java. Coll .? Delaroque. Ex.Coll.: Delbrück. [Ex, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: The taxonomic position of the genus Platylophus is uncertain and it may not be closely related to the Corvidae (Dickinson et al. 2004a: 87) . Lichtenstein (1823) referred in his sale list only to material available at that time in the ZMB. Therefore both ZMB specimens are considered true syntypes, although the description was partly taken from Levaillant’s plate 42 (Levaillant 1806). Furthermore, by indication (ICZN 1999, arts. 12.2.1, 12.2.7, 74.4) any specimen used for Levaillant’s illustration would also be a syntype of Lanius scapulatus . Carl Delbrück (fl. 1819–1838) was apparently a ‘Consul’ (probably with some connections to Senegal), co-founder of the auction house ̔Albrecht &amp; Delbrück’ in Bordeaux and natural history dealer in the first half of the 19th century, with nearly global coverage (ZMB archives, Zool. Mus., Sign. SI, Delbrück, C. I &amp; II). The ZMB bought from him one specimen of this species each in March and October 1822, both probably collected by a Mr Delaroque, a person named in the specimen lists (ZMB archives, Zool. Mus., Sign. SI, Delbrück, C. II, p. 4, no. 167; p. 12, no. 60; birds labelled as acquired from a Mr Delaroque two decades later are also found at the MNHN, cf. Voisin &amp; Voisin 2008: 478). Lichtenstein (1823) gave the origin of the specimens as ‘ India orientalis’. The collecting locality on the label, however, is given as Java, to which I therefore here formally restrict the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E20FF86FF112567FC78FD73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E27FF86FF112177FF53F84F.text	627A87D62E27FF86FF112177FF53F84F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lophocitta Gray 1840	<div><p>L. [Lophocitta] ardesiaca ‘Cabanis MS’ Bonaparte, 1850: 374</p><p>TL: Java? [= Java]; erroneously corrected to Malacca (Robinson &amp; Kloss 1924: 328; cf. Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 205, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 126); see below.</p><p>Now Platylophus galericulatus galericulatus (Cuvier, 1816) . See below. Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 205, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 65, Dickinson 2003: 504, Dickinson et al. 2004a: 113, and Wells 2007: 121 treat the name P. g. ardesiacus as senior name for the Malayan population.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 1383. [ No sex or age given]. Loc.: Java. Coll.? Delarogue. Ex.Coll.: Delbrück. [Ex, Mus]. ZMB 1384. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Java. Coll.? Delarogue. Ex.Coll.: Delbrück. [Ex, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: Bonaparte (1850; for dating of the work see the species’ account of Lophocitta histrionica) referred to Cabanis’ MS and a doubtful type locality “Java” (birds from Java are almost black in body plumage). This was apparently corrected from Cabanis’ earlier reference to Sumatra 1 (where birds are distinctly reddish-brown). At the time of the original description only specimens at MHH and ZMB would have been at Cabanis’ disposal. Bonaparte explicitly named the MS to the catalogue of the Museum Heineanum (Cabanis 1851b: 219) as the source for his name. He did, however, include his own description, indicating that Bonaparte also saw a specimen of this taxon on a visit to Berlin. Both descriptions are meagre and do not reveal the true identity of the name. Four specimens at the ZMB (and none at the MHH) qualify as potential types: ZMB 2002.595 from Malacca, ZMB 1383 &amp; ZMB 1384 from Java, and ZMB 1385 from Sumatra. Because Cabanis later coined a new name for the mainland population, Platylophus malaccensis Cabanis, 1866, it seems most probable that Cabanis did not use specimens from Malacca for the name. He might have accidentally renamed Platylophus galericulatus galericulatus from Java, making the two specimens from Java possible syntypes, or he might have used the Sumatran specimen, thereby creating a junior synonym for Platylophus galericulatus coronatus (Raffles, 1822) . However, because Bonaparte named both the Sumatran (see species account of Lophocitta histrionica Bonaparte, 1850) and the Javan populations in his Conspectus Generum Avium (Bonaparte 1850: 374), I conclude that the type specimens of Lophocitta ardesiaca Bonaparte, 1850, are those from Java. Thus, the new taxonomy that applies is: Platylophus galericulatus malaccensis Cabanis, 1866, for birds from the Malayan Peninsula; Platylophus galericulatus coronatus (Raffles, 1822) for birds from Sumatra (and Borneo; ssp. lemprieri has not been studied here) and Platylophus galericulatus galericulatus (Cuvier, 1816) for birds from Java. The younger synonyms of the nominate subspecies are Lanius scapulatus M. H. C. Lichtenstein, 1823, and Lophocitta ardesiaca Bonaparte, 1850 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E27FF86FF112177FF53F84F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E26FF87FF1121A4FD03F909.text	627A87D62E26FF87FF1121A4FD03F909.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lophocitta histrionica MS	<div><p>Lophocitta histrionica ̔ MS Müller’ Bonaparte, 1850: 374</p><p>TL: Sumatra, Borneo.</p><p>Now Platylophus galericulatus coronatus (Raffles, 1822) . See Sharpe 1877: 318, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 113. SYNTYPE: ZMB 1385. Adult. Loc.: Sumatra. Coll.: Schönberg &amp; Müller [Ex, Mus written by Stresemann].</p><p>COMMENTS: Duncan (1937: 80) dated the publication of Bonaparte’s paper in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (Bonaparte 1851: 79) as 12 November 1850 but this was corrected to 14 March 1851 by Dickinson et al. (2004b: 138, footnote 81), thus making the first publication of the name that in Bonaparte’s Conspectus Generum Avium (pages relating to corvids published in November or December 1850, cf. Zimmer 1926: 68–69, van Rossem 1946: 243; E. Dickinson in litt. March 2009). The ZMB register and the label refer both to a Mr Schönberg and to Salomon Müller (1804–1863), who had explored the Malay Region while in the service of the Dutch, especially Sumatra from 1833 to 1835, amassing 6500 bird skins for the Leiden Museum. It was there in 1850 that Charles Lucian Bonaparte (1803–1857), after Müller had left Leiden in the same year, studied Müller’s MS notes and named the new taxon accordingly. Therefore all specimens of this taxon in Müller’s collection have to be considered syntypes, including this ZMB specimen. Two further syntypes are housed at the RMNH, 90634 and 90866, from Bantang Singalang, Sumatra. Hermann Schlegel (1857: 327) used alternatively the names histrionicus and rufulus for the birds of Sumatra and Borneo where Bonaparte in naming histrionica referred to Garrulus rufulus as the MS name of Temminck for the same specimens. The alternative offering of these names was thought by Dickinson et al. (2004b: 113) to be an invalid usage of the name rufulus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E26FF87FF1121A4FD03F909	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E26FF87FF1122E2FAA5FCAC.text	627A87D62E26FF87FF1122E2FAA5FCAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platylophus malaccensis Cabanis 1866	<div><p>Platylophus malaccensis Cabanis, 1866: 310</p><p>TL: Malacca.</p><p>Now Platylophus galericulatus malaccensis Cabanis, 1866 . See above; formerly erroneously referred to Platylophus galericulatus ardesiacus (Bonaparte, 1850) in Sharpe 1877: 318, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 113.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 17122 [batch acquisition B.289]. Adult. Loc.: Malacca. Coll.: Ihne. [Ex, Mus]. ZMB 17123 [batch acquisition B.289]. Adult. Loc.: Malacca. Coll.: Ihne. [Ex, A /R, no ZMB label]. ZMB 17124 [specimen missing] [batch acquisition B.289]. Adult. Loc.: Malacca. Coll.: Ihne. [Ex, A /R]. ZMB 17125 [batch acquisition B.289]. Immature. Loc.: Malacca. Coll.: Ihne. [Ex, Mus]. ZMB 2002.595 [new registration]. Adult. Loc. Malacca. Coll. Galathea - Expedition. [S, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: The Dutch engineer and architect W. Ihne (fl. 1850s) collected in Java and Malacca, and the ZMB acquired a large batch of 1368 avian specimens from him in November 1853 (numbered 431 in the acquisition catalogues of the entire museum, 289 in the ornithological catalogues; ZMB archives, Zool. Mus. Sign. SI, Ihne, W., pp. 5–9). Ihne collected 7 specimens of this taxon of which four were given to the ZMB (only these are types), and one each to schools in Breslau [Wrocław], Halle (Saale) and Bonn (none of these school specimens traced; ZMB archives, Zool. Mus. Sign. SI, Ihne, W., p. 8). However, not just these four ZMB specimens were available to Cabanis in 1866, but also a specimen from the Danish Galathea -Expedition 1845–1847, received from Wilhelm Friedrich Georg Behn (see Crypsirhina pallida Blyth, 1846, for more details), one of the expedition’s naturalists. Additional syntypes are found at the MHH (registration numbers MHH 4669, 4670, 4671, 4672) in Halberstadt, all also from Malacca (Quaisser &amp; Nicolai 2006: 70).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E26FF87FF1122E2FAA5FCAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E26FF84FF112559FBEAFC44.text	627A87D62E26FF84FF112559FBEAFC44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyanocorax F. Boie 1826	<div><p>C. [Cyanocorax] hyacinthinus ̔ MS Natterer’ Cabanis, 1848: 683</p><p>TL: Venezuela, Canuku-Gebirge [= Venezuela and Kanuku Mountains, Guyana]; restricted to Barinas, Venezuela [= Barinas, 180 m, at foot of Andes on NW edge of Ilanos, 25 km SE of Barintas; Paynter 1982: 16] (Zimmer 1953: 2–3).</p><p>Now Cyanocorax violaceus violaceus du Bus de Gisignies, 1847 . See Sharpe 1877: 125, Zimmer 1953: 2–3, Quaisser &amp; Nicolai 2006: 71.</p><p>SYNTYPE: ZMB 1402. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Venezuela. Date: [not given]. Coll.: Moritz. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Out of all possible specimens only ZMB 1402 carries an old museum label citing Johann Natterer’s MS name ‘ C. hyacinthinus ’. Cabanis (1848) explicitly referred to a single specimen of this species at the ZMB which apparently had been labelled with a Natterer MS name during Natterer’s visit to Berlin in 1839 (Zimmer 1953: 3). This specimen was collected by Carl A. Moritz (1796–1866), a medical doctor by training, who worked on the island of St. Thomas, and in Colombia and Venezuela (Olpp 1932: 344) where he also assembled large natural history collections. He stayed in Venezuela in the years 1835 to 1837, collecting plants and animals in the region north of the Apure and Orinoco rivers, particularly in Trujillo and Mérida (Zimmer 1953: 3). The original description not only mentioned the ZMB specimen as a type, but, by including Richard Schomburgk’s (1811–1891) field notes concerning a specimen collected by the latter in the Kanuku Mountains of former British Guiana, Schomburgk’s specimen, now MHH 4741 (Quaisser &amp; Nicolai 2006: 71), becomes a syntype, too. An additional Schomburgk specimen (BMNH 1840.7.3.42) is also believed to have syntypical status (Zimmer 1953: 3; Warren &amp; Harrison 1971: 245), although Cabanis, who worked on the collection of the MHH and on Schomburgk’s field notes, only knew the identity of the MHH specimen; Cabanis had not studied any bird at the BMNH. It remains to be determined however which specimen(s) Schomburgk himself described when writing his field notes, as both the MHH and the BMNH birds would have been available to him. The ZMB syntype has not been compared with birds of the subspecies pallidus Zimmer &amp; Phelps, 1944: 12, but here I follow Zimmer (1953) for synonymization.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E26FF84FF112559FBEAFC44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E25FF84FF11218CFC8BF86D.text	627A87D62E25FF84FF11218CFC8BF86D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>C. [Corvus] splendidus M. H. C. Lichtenstein, 1823: 21</p><p>TL: San Paulo Brasil [= State of São Paulo, Brazil].</p><p>Now Cyanocorax cristatellus (Temminck, 1823) . See Sharpe 1877: 137, who synonymized the name with Corvus cyanoleucus Maximilian Prinz von Wied, 1820 .</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 1512. [No sex or age given; adult by plumage]. Loc.: Brazil [São Paulo in Lichtenstein 1823]. Date: [not given; 1818–1819]. Coll.: Sello &amp; Olfers. [Ex, Mus]. ZMB 1513 [specimen missing]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Brazil [São Paulo in Lichtenstein 1823]. Date: [not given; 1818–1819]. Coll.: Sello &amp; Olfers. [Mount or Ex, A / R]. ZMB 1514. [No sex or age given; adult by plumage]. Loc.: Brazil [São Paulo in Lichtenstein 1823]. Date: [not given; collected in 1818–1819; acquisition date of the third consignment containing this bird (No. 62) was 8 th September 1820]. Coll.: Sello &amp; Olfers. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 1515. Juvenile. Loc.: Brazil [São Paulo in Lichtenstein 1823]. Date: [not given; 1818–1819]. Coll.: Sello &amp; Olfers. [Ex, A /R; original ZMB label lacking].</p><p>COMMENTS: Corvus cyanoleucus Maximilian Prinz von Wied, 1820, is preoccupied by Corvus cyanoleucus Latham, 1801, today’s Grallina cyanoleuca . Therefore Blake &amp; Vaurie (1962: 222) correctly used the next younger synonym, i.e. Corvus cristatellus Temminck, 1823 . Temminck’s text and plate 193 were published in Livraison 33 in April 1823 (cf. Dickinson 2001), Lichtenstein’s Verzeichniss not before September 1823 (i.e. the date of Lichtenstein’s foreword). ZMB 1515, the only juvenile bird in the ZMB collection, was found without any data, but preparation style and register data suggest its identity as a Sello &amp; Olfers’ specimen. Friedrich Sellow (alias Sello) (1789–1831) and Ignaz Franz Joseph Maria von Olfers (1793–1872) joined each other on a Prussian state-funded expedition to the Brazilian provinces of Minas Geraes and São Paulo. Olfers was based in Brazil from 1817 until 1828 working as a sort of Prussian economy consultant. He later became the director in general of the ZMB. Sellow explored Brazil as a self-employed zoologist and short contract worker during several expeditions from 1814 until his early death in 1831. The specimens above are part of an expedition in the years of 1818 and 1819. Altogether the ZMB received 4931 Brazilian bird skins from Sellow, of which only 1634 specimens remained in 1854 after exchanges and sales arranged by Lichtenstein (Gebhardt 1964: 264, 335).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E25FF84FF11218CFC8BF86D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E24FF85FF1120F9FB36FB25.text	627A87D62E24FF85FF1120F9FB36FB25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyanocorax F. Boie 1826	<div><p>C. [Cyanocorax] cyanocapillus Cabanis, 1846: 233, footnote</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.9/lat 19.566668)">Xalapa</a> [= Jalapa Enríquez, Veracruz, Mexico; 19°34’N, 96°54’W].</p><p>Now Cyanocorax yncas luxuosus (Lesson, 1839) . See Hellmayr 1934 (in litt. E. Dickinson March 2009). Sharpe 1877: 131 considered the name to be valid.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 1521. [No sex or age given]. Loc. Mexico. Date: [not given]. Coll.: Deppe. [Ex, Mus]. ZMB 1522. Male. Loc. Xalapa [Jalapa, Veracruz]. Date: [not given; Stresemann 1954 a: 89 cited it from Lichtenstein MS as ̔ January 1825 ’]. Coll.: Graf von Sack &amp; Deppe. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 1523 [specimen missing]. [No sex or age given]. Loc. Xalapa [Jalapa, Veracruz]. Date: [not given; Stresemann 1954 a: 89 cited it from Lichtenstein MS as ̔ January 1825 ’]. Coll.: Deppe. [Mount or Ex, A /R].</p><p>COMMENTS: Cabanis (1846) unmistakably referred to “several” ZMB birds from Xalapa. ZMB 1521, today without locality except “ Mexico ” on its label, but with the same origin, was certainly included in the original series of syntypes. Ferdinand Deppe (1794-c. 1860), originally a gardener appointed to the Royal Gardens of Berlin, accompanied Count von Sack, the second hunt master and chamberlain of the Prussian king, on an expedition to Mexico from December 1824 to May 1825, continuing on his own until January 1827, collecting alone in the years 1825–1826 some 958 bird specimens representing 315 species, and visiting regions not scientifically explored before. For an itinerary see Stresemann (1954 a: 86–88).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E24FF85FF1120F9FB36FB25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E24FF85FF1122E2FACBFDE9.text	627A87D62E24FF85FF1122E2FACBFDE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyanocorax tucumanus Cabanis 1883	<div><p>Cyanocorax tucumanus Cabanis, 1883: 216</p><p>TL: Tucuman [Province Tucumán, Argentina].</p><p>Now Cyanocorax chrysops tucumanus Cabanis, 1883 . See Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 224, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 89, Dickinson 2003: 506.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 26543 [individual acquisition on arrival B. 17778]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Tucumán, Argentina. Date: [not given]. Coll.: Fritz Schulz. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: The ZMB received only a single specimen of this taxon. Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz (d. 1933) had been trained as zoologist at the ZMB before immigrating to Córdoba in Argentina around 1866. Soon afterwards he became a taxidermist for, and later administrator of, the zoological museum of the University of Córdoba (Gebhardt 1964: 327–328), from which he explored the provinces of Córdoba and Tucumán.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E24FF85FF1122E2FACBFDE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E24FF85FF112722FCC0F894.text	627A87D62E24FF85FF112722FCC0F894.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pica (Wagler 1829) MS	<div><p>P. [Pica] Morio ̔ MS Lichtenstein’ Wagler, 1829: col. 751</p><p>TL: Mexico; restricted to Jalapa [= Jalapa Enríquez; 19°34’N, 96°54’W], Veracruz (Stresemann, 1954 a: 89).</p><p>Now Cyanocorax morio morio (Wagler, 1829) . See Sharpe 1877: 139, Stresemann 1954 a: 89, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 227. Treated as monotypic in Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 94. Dickinson 2003: 507 included the species in Cyanocorax .</p><p>LECTOTYPE: ZMB 1527. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Xalapa [Jalapa, Veracruz]. Date: [not given; Stresemann 1954 a: 89 cited it from Lichtenstein MS as ̔ January 1825 ’]. Coll.: Graf von Sack &amp; Deppe. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>PARALECTOTYPES: ZMB 1524. Female. Loc.: Valle Real. Date: [not given]. Coll.: Deppe. [Ex, Mus]. ZMB 1525 [specimen missing]. Male. Loc.: Valle Real. Date: [not given]. Coll.: Deppe. [Ex, A/R]. ZMB 1526 [specimen missing]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Alvarado [Veracruz]. Date: [not given; Stresemann 1954 a: 89 cited it from Lichtenstein MS as ̔ December 1824 ’]. Coll.: Deppe. [Ex, A/R].</p><p>COMMENTS: Stresemann (1954 a: 89) designated ZMB 1527 as lectotype. It is assumed that Stresemann, in 1954, still would have seen specimen ZMB 1526, now lost, as he referred to it in his publication. For an itinerary of Deppe’s travel see Stresemann (1954 a: 86–88).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E24FF85FF112722FCC0F894	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2BFF8AFF1122E2FB83FD21.text	627A87D62E2BFF8AFF1122E2FB83FD21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus azureus MS	<div><p>Corvus azureus ̔ MS Lichtenstein’ W. Deppe, 1830: [1]</p><p>TL: Mexico.</p><p>Now Aphelocoma ultramarina ultramarina (Bonaparte, 1825) . See Meise MS, Stresemann identification on label.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 1397. Adult male. Loc.: Real-Arriba, Mexico. Coll.: Deppe [Ex, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 1398. Adult male. Loc.: Uzhitaka, Mexico. Coll.: Deppe [Mount, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: For an itinerary of Deppe’s travels see Stresemann (1954 a: 86–88). These birds were collected during Deppe’s second Mexico visit, together with Wilhelm Schiede, from May 1829 (end of direct shipments to the ZMB) to 1830. Wilhelm Deppe, the brother of Ferdinand back in Berlin, tried to sell the remaining specimens by distributing a Preis-Verzeichniss. In this, W. Deppe (1830) referred to four specimens on sale, adding therein a short description and the MS name azureus of Lichtenstein (the latter probably helped in compiling the list). The name azureus is a junior homonym of Corvus azureus Temminck, 1822, and a junior synonym of Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte, 1825 . Pica sieberii of Wagler (1827: Pica, No. 23), which also refers to this taxon, was based on specimens in Benjamin Leadbeater’s (fl. 1800s-1840s) collection in London and Wagler’s own collection, probably collected by William Bullock (c. 1773–1849) on his Mexico trips in 1823 and 1825 onwards (Costeloe 2006), but not on any ZMB bird.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2BFF8AFF1122E2FB83FD21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2BFF8AFF112121FB37F991.text	627A87D62E2BFF8AFF112121FB37F991.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garrulus glandarius subsp. japonicus Temminck & Schlegel 1847	<div><p>Garrulus glandarius japonicus Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1847: pl. 43 [p. 83]</p><p>TL: Japon [Japan]; restricted to northern Kiusiu [Kyushu] (Momiyama 1927: 81).</p><p>Now Garrulus glandarius japonicus Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1847 . See Sharpe 1877: 95, Hartert 1903: 32, Vaurie 1959: 144, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 234, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 96, Dickinson 2003: 509, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 114, Morioka et al. 2005: 65.</p><p>SYNTYPE: ZMB 1421. [No sex or age given; adult on plumage]. Loc.: Japan. Date: [1823–1830]. Coll.: [Philipp Franz von Siebold]. Ex.Coll.: Gustav Adolph Frank. [Ex, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: The name is dated from the plate, which was published in 1847, not from the text, which appeared in 1848 (Holthuis &amp; Sakai 1970, Dickinson 2003). The ZMB acquired the specimen, not formerly recognized as a type, in February 1849, two years after the original description had been published. The specimen was obtained from Gustav Adolph Frank (1808–1880), a natural history dealer in Amsterdam. On 9 February 1849 he wrote in a letter to M. H. C. Lichtenstein (1780–1857) that the specimen was named and illustrated in the Fauna Japonica (ZMB archives, Sign. SI, Frank, G.A., pp. 81–82). Therefore it is conclusive that this Japanese bird specimen from the mid 19 th century had been collected by Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866), the only ornithologist with access to Japan’s wildlife at that time (mainland Japan was not accessible for foreign visitors until 1856, Morioka et al. 2005: 69–70), and worked up by Coenraad Jacob Temminck (1778–1858) and Hermann Schlegel (1804–1884) after shipment of the specimen from Japan to Leiden in 1830. Three additional syntypes are found at the RMNH (90626-28; Dekker &amp; Quaisser 2006: 65, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 114), with a given collecting locality ‘Kioe Sioe’ [Kyushu], Japan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2BFF8AFF112121FB37F991	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2BFF8BFF1124D1FB92FD59.text	627A87D62E2BFF8BFF1124D1FB92FD59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garrulus rufescens Reichenow 1897	<div><p>Garrulus rufescens Reichenow, 1897: 123</p><p>TL: Nördliches Jünnan [Northern Yunnan], Sikkim; restricted to Northern Yunnan (Vaurie 1959: 143; but see below).</p><p>Now Garrulus glandarius sinensis Swinhoe, 1871 . See Vaurie 1959: 143, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 233, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 114.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 32628. [Juvenile]. Loc.: Ta-tsien-lu-ting, Sichuan [? Daxiang Ling, China]. Date [not given]. Coll.: Paul Kinsbourg. [S, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 2002.598. [Formerly registered together with ZMB 32628 under one number]. [Juvenile]. Loc.: Ta-tsien-lu-ting, Sichuan [China]. Date [not given]. Coll.: Paul Kinsbourg. [S, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: Only these two ZMB specimens fit Anton Reichenow’s (1847–1941) description. Both are juveniles of Garrulus glandarius sinensis . Reichenow attributed the collecting locality of these specimens to “Northern Yunnan ” whereas the two skins are labelled as coming from Sichuan. Both specimens were originally registered under one number and marked as types in the register and on their labels. Paul Kinsbourg (as Kingsbourg on the label) was a natural history dealer in Paris (ZMB archives, Sign. SII, Akte K). A third bird mentioned in Reichenow (1897: 123) as being from Sikkim and collected by Henry John Elwes (1846–1922), has not been traced in the ZMB collection. Elwes travelled extensively in Asia, where he studied birds, butterflies and plants. He was also the president of the British Ornithologists’ Union in 1921–1922 (Warr 1996). More than 20 years after Reichenow’s description, Hartert (1918: 430) coined a new name interstinctus based on three specimens of the same taxon. Two of them were collected by Elwes in Darjeeling, Sikkim, in 1883 (AMNH 626627 and 626628). One of these might have been the specimen seen by Reichenow but no evidence has been found on this in the ZMB archives (index to Zool. Mus. Sign. S. II; Zool. Mus. S.II, Giglioli, H.: 2–3, Hartert, E.: 21–22 [from Tring Museum]).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2BFF8BFF1124D1FB92FD59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2AFF88FF1120A9FB57FF24.text	627A87D62E2AFF88FF1120A9FB57FF24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garrulus glandarius subsp. minhoensis Kleiner 1939	<div><p>Garrulus glandarius minhoensis Kleiner, 1939: 185</p><p>TL: Buge b. Tsanpo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.76667/lat 31.466667)">Mien</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.76667/lat 31.466667)">Szetschwan</a> [Mien = Mianyang, Fu Jiang River, Sichuan, 31°28’N, 104°46’E].</p><p>Now Garrulus glandarius sinensis Swinhoe, 1871 . See Vaurie 1959: 143, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 233, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 114.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 25.1182. [No sex or age given; adult on plumage]. Loc.: Buge b. Tsanpo SW v. Wönntschwan a. Mien, Szetschwan [Mianyang, Sichuan]. Date: 2 January 1915 Coll.: Weigold, Stötznersche Szetschwan-Expedition. Remark: “gefl. Scheitel“ [maculated forehead] [S, Weigold label].</p><p>PARATYPE: ZMB 25.1180. Female [adult on plumage]. Loc.: Kwanhsien, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.61667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.61667/lat 31.0)">Szetschwan</a> [Sichuan; 31°00’N, 103°37’E]. Date: 23 January 1915. Coll.: Weigold, Stötznersche Szetschwan-Expedition. [S, Weigold label].</p><p>COMMENTS: Ernst Hartert (1859–1933), the curator of the Rothschild collection at Tring, was the first to draw attention to a darker variety of jays in the Tsinling and Yang-tse-kiang region, although without naming a taxon as he was aware of “lighter and darker specimens from various localities” (Hartert 1918: 431). Ernst Mayr (1904–2005) added that Hartert’s Tsinling bird “although larger than the co[a]stal Chinese bird, does not materially differ in coloration” (cit. in Kleiner 1939: 214). Nevertheless, Kleiner (1939) later described the taxon as a new subspecies, although discussing its close similarity to G. g. sinensis. Several additional specimens from the same region at the ZMB show very similar characters to those given in the original description. These additional specimens were not mentioned in the original description by Kleiner despite the fact that they would have been at his disposal at the time. A male and an unsexed paratypes are found at the SMTD (C.23090, C.23094). The volume of Aquila for the years 1935/38 containing the original description has a printed publishing date of 30 November 1939 ( Aquila 1935 –1938: [ii]: “issued/distributed on 30th November 1939 ”). 2 According to the Zoological Record ( Aves) for 1941 (Sclater 1942: 21), however, the issue of Aquila for the years 1935/38 was published in 1940, a date used inter alias by Blake &amp; Vaurie (1962). 3 Reprints of this volume at the ZMB with own pagination are also dated on cover 1940. But in contrast to this, one reprint with the running pagination of the journal is dated 1939 (ZMB S.123.b.22, Schenk 1939, pp. 267–409). This confirms that the volume and reprints deriving from this volume directly were published in 1939, as indicated in the volume and on reprint covers, but separate reprints with own pagination were produced delayed in 1940 4. Hence the second date in use in Sclater (1942: 21) and Blake &amp; Vaurie (1962: 233). The collector, Hugo Weigold (1886–1973), after joining Walther Stötzner’s Szetschwan-Expedition in 1913–1919, assembled during the remainder of his life a many hundred-page manuscript on the biogeography of Tibet, published posthumously in 2005, mainly based on ornithological data. Therein he also refers to this taxon: it was met at any altitude leaving the question open whether the holotype came from the Zangbo valley itself or the nearby mountains (Weigold 2005: 297)—the village of Buge has not been traced.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2AFF88FF1120A9FB57FF24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E29FF88FF112194FE45F97A.text	627A87D62E29FF88FF112194FE45F97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garrulus bispecularis subsp. pekingensis Reichenow 1905	<div><p>Garrulus bispecularis pekingensis Reichenow, 1905: 425</p><p>TL: Peking [Beijing, China; 39°52’N, 116°27’E].</p><p>Now Garrulus glandarius pekingensis Reichenow, 1905 . See Vaurie 1959: 142, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 233, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 96, Dickinson 2003: 509, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 113.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 2002.599 [new registration, batch acquisition on arrival B.12614]. [No sex or age given]. Loc. Peking [Beijing, China]. Date: March 1874. Coll.: E. I. von Möllendorff. [S, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 2002.600 [new registration, batch acquisition on arrival B.12614]. [No sex or age given]. Loc. Peking [Beijing, China]. Date: March 1874. Coll.: E. I. von Möllendorff. [S, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: No records for E. I. von Möllendorff have been traced. “E. I.” may have been either a relative or the wife of Paul Georg von Möllendorff (1847–1901, cf. Möllendorff 1930), who worked from 1869 and 1874 for the Imperial Maritime Customs Service in Shanghai and Hankou, China, and subsequently joined the German consular service based in Tianjin, from 1874–1882, or Otto Franz von Möllendorff (1848–1903, cf. Martens 1875, Horn et al. 1990), a natural history collector in East Asia and a mollusc specialist. Both Möllendorffs also published together a treatise on Chinese literature and had an interest in the Chinese language (Möllendorff &amp; Möllendorff 1876). Blake &amp; Vaurie (1962: 233) erroneously cited the original name as Garrulus glandarius pekingensis Reichenow, 1905, whereas Reichenow used the name in combination with Garrulus bispecularis . Vaurie (1959: 142) considered the race as being an intergrade between G. g. brandtii and G. g. sinensis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E29FF88FF112194FE45F97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E29FF88FF11232CFD61FC5C.text	627A87D62E29FF88FF11232CFD61FC5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garrulus cervicalis Bonaparte 1853	<div><p>Garrulus cervicalis Bonaparte, 1853: 828 [as separate: 6]</p><p>TL: Algérie [Algeria].</p><p>Now Garrulus glandarius cervicalis Bonaparte, 1853 . See Hartert 1903: 34, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 230, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 96, Dickinson 2003: 508.</p><p>ARGUABLE SYNTYPES: ZMB 1422. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Algier, Algeria. Date: [not given]. Coll.: Klocke. [Ex, A / R, Meise MS]. ZMB 1423. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Algier, Algeria. Date: [not given]. Coll.: Klocke. [Mount, A /R, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Except for having been so labelled by museum staff in the early 20 th century, there is nothing else to indicate the type status of these specimens, nor does the original description refer to specimens at ZMB. Bonaparte may have studied these specimens during his intensive work at the ZMB, but no evidence is given on original labels or in publications. Elisabeth (c. 1825–1857) and Oskar Klocke (1835–1857) ran the short-lived natural history sales rooms in Dresden, which were taken over by the well known Ludwig Wilhelm Schaufuss (1833–1890) after the early deaths of the siblings Klocke (Horn et al. 1990: 205–206, 345). The actual field collector of the specimens is unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E29FF88FF11232CFD61FC5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E28FF8EFF112644FE42FC6C.text	627A87D62E28FF8EFF112644FE42FC6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus (Pica) stridens Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1828	<div><p>Corvus (Pica) stridens Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg, 1828: plate XX</p><p>TL: Syria.</p><p>Now Garrulus glandarius atricapillus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 (nomen protectum). See Sharpe 1877: 97, Hartert 1903: 32, Kumerloeve 1962: 5.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 1424. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Syria. Date: 1824 [cf. Stresemann 1954 b: 171: 18 May to 6 August 1824]. Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg [No. 45/46 given on label]. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 1425 [specimen missing]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Syria. Date: [not given; in Stresemann 1954 b: 171: 18 May to 6 August 1824]. Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg. [Mount or Ex, A/R, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: The same specimens are also syntypes of Corvus iliceti Gloger, 1833 . Wilhelm Friedrich Hemprich (1796–1825) joined Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg’s (1795–1876) second expedition to explore the Arabian Peninsula and North-East Africa from Egypt to the Nubian region and the Red Sea south to coastal Abyssinia (Eritrea), enriching the ZMB collection by 4671 specimens of 429 species of Oriental and North African birds (Humboldt 1826, Gebhardt 1964). The two specimens were included in the 9th shipment to the ZMB, numbered 45 and 46, respectively, and came from collecting activities in Syria between 18 May and 6 August 1824 (Stresemann 1954 b: 175). Dresser &amp; Blanford (1874: 337) list a single type specimen in their work on Hemprich and Ehrenberg’s type material, and also Meise in his MS from 1949–1950 could likewise account for a single specimen only. ZMB 1425 is assumed to have been lost or exchanged between 1833 and 1874. The original description is dated from the plate not from the text which was given on the second page of folio ‘z’, in a footnote, issued February 1833. There is some discussion on whether the second set of plates, XI–XX, was indeed published as early as 1828. Zimmer (1926: 204) mentions plates of the Symbolae Physicae seu Icones adhuc ineditae [sic] which were printed in 1899 (Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg 1899) but these plates are not the same set referred to above; Zimmer attributed here a date to an illustration of the skeleton of Ciconia abdimii and non-avian illustrations of Hemprich and Ehrenberg published posthumously by O. Carlgren. The ornithological plates IX and XII of the ZMB copy of Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg’s original Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Avium were printed on the same sheet of paper with a continuous watermark – this speaks for publication of all ornithological plates I–XX in 1828. This date is already recorded for the first set of plates, I–X, by Zimmer (1926: 204). The fixation of the publication date as early as 1828 makes the name Garrulus glandarius atricapillus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832, a junior synonym of Garrulus glandarius stridens (Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg, 1828) . In the interest of nomenclatural stability, however, and in accordance with the Code (ICZN 1999, articles 23.9.1.1. and 23.9.1.2.) I herewith state explicitly that the junior synonym Garrulus glandarius atricapillus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 (nomen protectum), is valid; it has been in prevailing usage as the taxon's presumed valid name in more than 25 works published by more than 10 authors from 1958–2008 (i. a. Vaurie 1959: 140; Flach 1959: 172; Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 231; Kumerloeve 1962: 5; Keve 1969: 16; Kumerloeve 1969: 195; Hüe &amp; Étchécopar 1970: 527; Benson 1970: 116; Keve 1973: 188; Goodwin 1976: 225; Wolters 1977: 225; Keve 1985: 15; Paz 1987: 232; Hovel 1987: 146; Heinzel et al. 1988: 305; Howard &amp; Moore 1991: 538; Haffer 1993: 1383; Cramp &amp; Perrins 1994: 7; Baumgart 1995: 104; Andrews 1995: 149; Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 96; Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990: 465; Monroe &amp; Sibley 1993: 199; Shirihai 1996: 567; Beaman &amp; Madge 1998: 745; Svensson et al. 2000: 332; Clements 2000: 601; Dickinson 2003: 508, Kirwan et al. 2008: 411), therefore fulfilling article 23.9.2. of the Code (ICZN 1999). The older name Corvus stridens Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg, 1828 (nomen oblitum), is from now on invalid; it has not been used as a valid name after 1899 (Hartert 1903: 32; Salvadori 1909: 1; Hartert 1918: 432; Meinertzhagen 1920: 199; Ticehurst 1926a: 3 [misspelled atricapellus]; Stresemann 1928b: 338; Antonius 1929: 33; Bodenheimer 1935: 155; Paludan 1938: 590; Kleiner 1939: 178; Dementiev et al. 1954: 69; Moore &amp; Boswell 1956: 164; Kasparyan 1956: 48; Kuroda 1957: 75), fulfilling article 23.9.1. of the Code (ICZN 1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E28FF8EFF112644FE42FC6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E28FF89FF1122E2FBF2FC0C.text	627A87D62E28FF89FF1122E2FBF2FC0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garrulus glandarius subsp. kansuensis Stresemann 1928	<div><p>Garrulus glandarius kansuensis Stresemann, 1928a: 41</p><p>TL: Langtsetang’schui-Schlucht, Umgebung von Tschiau-tou, Süd-Tetungsche Berge, Nord-Kansu [gorge of one of the tributaries of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.63333/lat 36.833332)">Datong He</a>, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.63333/lat 36.833332)">Datong</a> (= Qiaotou), South Daban Shan, Qinghai, China; c. 36°50’N, 101°38’E].</p><p>Now Garrulus glandarius kansuensis Stresemann, 1928a . See Stresemann 1937: 454, Vaurie 1959: 142, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 232, Dickinson 2003: 509, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 113.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 27.897. Adult male. Loc.: Coniferous forest patches, “Langtsetang’schui”- Gorge, near Datong, Daban Shan, Qinghai, China [see TL above]. Date: 29 January 1927. Coll.: W. Beick No. 336. [S, Beick label, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: In his description and measurements, Stresemann (1928a) referred only to a single male specimen. The ZMB holds a further five specimens from the same locality and collector (ZMB 28.58, 28.59, 28.154, 35.267, 35.268). The type was bought on 4 th January 1928. The original description dates from March 1928. The next batch containing Garrulus skins arrived in Berlin on 22 nd May 1928, too late to be included in the original description. Walter Beick (1883–1933), originally in the service of Russia, fled the advancing Bolshevik army to China, where he began a career in natural history exploration and collecting. The ZMB bought 859 skins directly from Beick and received another 1200 skins and his very important field diaries (containing notes on 2841 collected specimens) after Beick’s suicide in March 1933 (Gebhardt 1964: 30, Nowak 2005: 364–368). Erwin Stresemann (1889–1972), Wilhelm Meise (1901–2002) and Max Schönwetter (1874–1961) worked on the ornithological material in a series entitled Neue Formen aus Nord-Kansu and Aves Beickianae (cf. Cyanopica cyanus kansuensis Meise, 1937, and also Stresemann 1937). Beick referred in his field diaries to the holotype as Garrulus glandarius subsp. (the collector’s number therein is 333, which was annotated by Stresemann as disagreeing with the label data). The habitat is given as a mixed forest of junipers, birches, poplars, and spruces (Beick MS, ZMB Ornithological Dept 336.2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E28FF89FF1122E2FBF2FC0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2FFF8EFF112664FD8BFAA0.text	627A87D62E2FFF8EFF112664FD8BFAA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus iliceti MS	<div><p>Corvus iliceti ̔ MS Lichtenstein’ Gloger, 1833: 143</p><p>TL: Syrien [Syria].</p><p>Now Garrulus glandarius atricapillus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 . See Sharpe 1877: 97, Hartert 1903: 32.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 1424. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Syria. Date: 1824 [cf. Stresemann 1954 b: 171: 18 May to 6 August 1824]. Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg [No. 45 / 46 given on label]. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 1425 [specimen missing]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Syria. Date: [not given; in Stresemann 1954 b: 171: 18 May to 6 August 1824]. Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg. [Mount or Ex, A/R, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: The same specimens are also syntypes of Corvus stridens Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg, 1828; see above for details on collecting.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2FFF8EFF112664FD8BFAA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2FFF8FFF1127A0FB62FE1B.text	627A87D62E2FFF8FFF1127A0FB62FE1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyanopica cyanus subsp. kansuensis Meise 1937	<div><p>Cyanopica cyanus kansuensis Meise, 1937: 452</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.0/lat 37.0)">Desen-laka</a> unweit des Tetung-ho [Datong He, South Daban Shan, Qinghai, China; c. 36°– 37°N, 101°E].</p><p>Now Cyanopica cyanus kansuensis Meise, 1937 . See Vaurie 1959: 147, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 245 [ C. cyana kansuensis], Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 111 [ C. cyana kansuensis], Dickinson 2003: 509, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 117.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 35.263. Adult male. Loc.: Desen-laka unweit des Tetung-ho [see type locality]. Date: 21 March 1928. Coll.: W. Beick No. 734. [S, Beick label, Meise MS].</p><p>PARATYPES: ZMB 35.261. Adult male. Loc.: Desen-laka unweit des Tetung-ho. Date: 21 March 1928. Coll.: W. Beick No. 737. [S, Beick label]. ZMB 35.264. Adult male. Loc.: Desen-laka unweit des Tetung-ho. Date: 21 March 1928. Coll.: W. Beick No. 736. [S, Beick label]. ZMB 35.262. Immature female. Loc.: Hung-ho-siae [in Qinghai, China]. Date: 13 June 1928. Coll.: W. Beick No. 903. [S, Beick label].</p><p>COMMENTS: See David &amp; Gosselin (2002: 39) for the spelling correction: the name cyanus is the latinized Greek noun kuanos (a blue substance), and as such is invariable (ICZN 1999, articles 31.2.1., 32.3, 34.2.1). Originally Meise (1937) referred to an additional four specimens. Except for a male, formerly ZMB 35.260, from Hu-dja-dschuang, which was exchanged with SMTD, now registered C.33531 (Eck &amp; Quaisser 2004: 284), none of the other paratypes had been registered with the ZMB collection. After ZMB acquisition, but before registration, they went directly to the AMNH. Each of the AMNH specimens has a blank ZMB label with the name written on it, presumably by Meise: AMNH 423359, (adult) male, Desen-laka, 21 March 1928, W. Beick No. 735; AMNH 423360, (?immature) female, Lau-hu-kou, 13 December 1926, W. Beick No. 282; AMNH 423361, (adult) female, Hu-dja-dschuang, 29 January 1932, W. Beick No. 2801. On 21st March 1928, the collecting date of the holotype, two of the ZMB and one of the AMNH paratypes, Beick wrote in his diary that he went bird collecting in dense scrub along the river shores, shooting these four specimens of Cyanopica cyanus, subsequently numbering them 734–737 (Beick MS, ZMB Ornithological Dept 336.2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2FFF8FFF1127A0FB62FE1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2EFF8FFF112681FF5DF924.text	627A87D62E2EFF8FFF112681FF5DF924.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cissa pyrrhocyanea MS	<div><p>Cissa pyrrhocyanea ̔ MS Lichtenstein’ Gould, 1850: plate 53 and text</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.86667/lat 6.9666667)">Killarneyganga</a>, Ceylon [= Kelani Ganga, Sri Lanka; 6°58’N, 79°52’E].</p><p>Now Urocissa ornata (Wagler, 1829) . See Sharpe 1877: 87 [as Cissa ornata], Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 240, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 103, Dickinson 2003: 509, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 115.</p><p>SYNTYPE: ZMB 1534. [Adult]. Loc.: Ost-Indien [Sri Lanka]. Date: [not given, acquisition date October 1826]. Coll.: Becker. [Ex, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: This is the same specimen as the holotype of P. ornata Wagler, 1829 . Gould saw the ZMB specimen on his Berlin visit in 1843. At that time, Lichtenstein had added a second MS name to the mounted specimen (this label seems to be lost), and it was this second MS name that John Gould subsequently used in his publication. Gould, however, included further information from a second specimen collected by a Mr Aubrey J. D. Paul, making both birds syntypes of Gould’s synonymous name (cf. Dickinson et al. 2004b: 129). The type locality comes from the second specimen, not the ZMB bird which had only ‘East India’ on its label.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2EFF8FFF112681FF5DF924	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2EFF8FFF11206FFD39FB41.text	627A87D62E2EFF8FFF11206FFD39FB41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pica Wagler 1829	<div><p>P. [Pica] ornata ̔ MS Lichtenstein’ Wagler, 1829: col. 749</p><p>TL: India orientali [= Sri Lanka, cf. Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 240].</p><p>Now Urocissa ornata (Wagler, 1829) . See Sharpe 1877: 87 [as Cissa ornata], Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 240, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 103, Dickinson 2003: 509, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 115.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 1534. [Adult]. Loc.: Ost-Indien [Sri Lanka]. Date: [not given; acquisition in October 1826]. Coll.: Becker. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Probably only this single specimen was received by the ZMB, making it the holotype of the name. Wagler (1829) referred exclusively to this ZMB bird. Lichtenstein had originally labelled the specimens Corvus ornatus, the epithet subsequently published by Wagler. I assume however, that Lichtenstein later changed the name in favour of the more descriptive name Cissa pyrrhocyanea . This name was subsequently published by John Gould (see below), creating, at least partially, an objective synonym of Wagler’s name (cf. Dickinson et al. 2004b: 129). August Becker (fl. 1821–1829) was natural history dealer in Leipzig (Pelzeln 1890: 518, 528; ZMB archives). The sales’ list of Becker erroneously refers to the specimen as “ Indien Roller” but the original acquisition record corrects this to Corvus ornatus (ZMB archives, Zool. Mus. S.I. Becker, A.: Blatt 16 &amp; Blatt 18, no. 2709; Blatt 19, no. 16). No collecting locality or source of the specimen are given in the original documents.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2EFF8FFF11206FFD39FB41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2EFF8CFF112509FBF0FCBC.text	627A87D62E2EFF8CFF112509FBF0FCBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Urocissa flavirostris subsp. victoriae Sick 1939	<div><p>Urocissa flavirostris victoriae Sick, 1939: 78</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.933334/lat 21.183332)">Mt. Victoria</a>, südliche Chin-Hills, Burma [Natmataung, southern Chin Hills, Myanmar; c. 21°11’N, 93°56’E].</p><p>Now Urocissa flavirostris schaeferi Sick, 1939 . See Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 241 [original spelling schäferi], Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 105 [misspelled schaferi], Dickinson 2003: 509 [correctly as schaeferi], Dickinson et al. 2004b: 115.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 39.2. Adult male. Loc.: Mt. Victoria, 2600m, Pakokku, Chin-hills [Myanmar]. Date: 4 June 1938. Coll.: Gerd Heinrich, Burma Expedition No. 3626. Iris: yellowish brown. Feet: orange-red. Bill: lemon. Testes: 5 x 2.5 mm. [S, Heinrich label, Meise MS].</p><p>PARATYPES: ZMB 39.283. Adult male. Loc.: Mt. Victoria, 2800m, Pakokku, Chin-hills [Myanmar]. Date: 2 May 1938. Coll.: Gerd Heinrich, Burma Expedition No. 3057. Iris: yellow. Feet: orange. Bill: lemon. Testes: 5 x 3 mm. [S, Heinrich label]. ZMB 39.284. Adult female. Loc.: Mt. Victoria, 2600m, Pakokku, Chin-hills [Myanmar]. Date: 5 May 1938. Coll.: Gerd Heinrich, Burma Expedition No. 3115. [No further data]. [S, Heinrich label]. ZMB 39.285. Adult female. Loc.: Mt. Victoria, 2600m, Pakokku, Chin-hills [Myanmar]. Date: 15 April 1938. Coll.: Gerd Heinrich, Burma Expedition No. 2739. Iris: brown. Feet: orange. Bill: lemon. [S, Heinrich label].</p><p>COMMENTS: Of the original four male and nine female paratypes, the ZMB bought one male and two females for its collection in 1939. Additional paratypes are found at the AMNH (306211-306213; M. LeCroy in litt. February 2009) and the MCZ (265722-265725, J. Trimble in litt. February 2009), all originating from the same collecting trip and site as the ZMB specimens. The ICZN (1999, article 32.5.2.1) demands the alteration of German Umlauts as corrected by Dickinson (2003) and Dickinson et al. (2004b). See Dickinson et al. (2004a: 90) for the discussion of subspecies. In the original description (Sick 1939) the name Urocissa flavirostris victoriae was used accidentally and is here treated as a lapsus for Urocissa flavirostris schaeferi Sick, 1939 . The name U. f. victoriae is an objective synonym in any case, as the name is based on the same name-bearing types as schaeferi (cf. Steinheimer cit. in Dickinson et al. 2004b: 129).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2EFF8CFF112509FBF0FCBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2DFF8CFF1121B4FDEAF893.text	627A87D62E2DFF8CFF1121B4FDEAF893.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psilorhinus albicapillus Blyth 1846	<div><p>Psilorhinus albicapillus Blyth, 1846: 28</p><p>TL: North-west Himalaya.</p><p>Now Urocissa erythrorhyncha occipitalis (Blyth, 1846) . See Blyth 1852: 93, Jerdon 1863: 309, Sharpe 1877: 70, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 116.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 2002.596. [Juvenile]. Loc.: [not given; acquired in Calcutta; Blyth 1846: 28 cited North-west Himalaya as collecting locality]. Date: [not given = acquisition date is December 1845]. Coll. Behn / Galathea . [S, Mus &amp; Galathea labels].</p><p>COMMENTS: Wilhelm Friedrich Georg Behn (see Crypsirhina pallida Blyth, 1846, for further details) wrote on the Galathea label that the specimen had [my translation] “been bought in Calcutta for the Kiel Museum” and that the species identification is [my translation] “ Psilorhinus albicapillus Bl. named from this specimen.” The Galathea -Expedition called in India during its circumnavigation in 1845–1846. Blyth (1852: 93) subsequently put his own name in synonymy of Psilorhinus occipitalis Blyth, 1846, of which Psilorhinus albicapillus Blyth, 1846, was thought to be the young. Comparisons of this specimen with other specimens in the ZMB collection show the light greyish cheeks and mantle typical of juvenile birds. Sharpe (1877) also synonymized albicapillus Blyth, 1846, with Urocissa erythrorhyncha occipitalis (Blyth, 1846) . Blyth (1846) referred to Behn’s specimen as follows: “the young of Psilorhinus albicapillus, [was] obtained in a small collection from that part [North-west Himalaya], purchased in Calcutta by Prof. Behn, of Kiel University, who first called my attention to [its] distinctness […].” It remains uncertain from whom Behn bought the birds in Calcutta. Blyth (1852: 93) referred to an adult bird of this taxon which he had obtained for his own collection in 1843 from Robert W. G. Frith, but whether Behn acquired his collection of Indian birds from the same source is speculation. Dickinson et al. (2004b: 116) erroneously assumed (as did I when reviewing their manuscript) that the holotype of Psilorhinus albicapillus Blyth, 1846, might be found in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India at Calcutta.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2DFF8CFF1121B4FDEAF893	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2CFF8DFF1122E2FCA2FD78.text	627A87D62E2CFF8DFF1122E2FCA2FD78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cissa F. Boie 1826	<div><p>C. [Cissa] minor Cabanis, 1851a: 86 (footnote)</p><p>TL: Sunda-Inseln (Sumatra) [Sumatra, Greater Sunda Islands].</p><p>Now Cissa chinensis minor Cabanis, 1851 . See Sharpe 1877: 86, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 243, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 108, Dickinson 2003: 510, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 116.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 1535 [= ZMB 1999.2246; double registration]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Sumatra. Date: [not given, probably during 1833–1835]. Coll. Schönberg &amp; Müller. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: The ZMB register lists only this single specimen from Sumatra for the taxon in question. It is therefore most likely that Cabanis had only this specimen in front of him when describing the new taxon. The specimen was probably collected by Salmon Müller (1804–1863), from the Dutch East-India Company (Gebhardt 1964: 251, see Lophocitta histrionica Bonaparte, 1850, for further details). No connection to the first collector’s name, Schönberg, has been traced. The specimen was accidentally double-registered in 1999 but only the older number should be used. For the publication date of 1851 for the first part of volume 1 of Museum Heineanum see Quaisser &amp; Nicolai (2006: 20).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2CFF8DFF1122E2FCA2FD78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E2CFF96FF112088FB97F9D4.text	627A87D62E2CFF96FF112088FB97F9D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crypsirhina pallida Blyth 1846	<div><p>Crypsirhina pallida Blyth, 1846: 30</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.26667/lat 13.1)">Western Himalaya</a>; = error; here restricted to Chennai, Coromandel Coast, SE India [13°06’N, 80°16’E]; (see below).</p><p>Now Dendrocitta vagabunda pallida (Blyth, 1846) ( Dendrocitta rufa vernayi Kinnear &amp; Whistler, 1930, is a junior synonym; see below). Jerdon 1863: 315 listed the taxon as valid species. Sharpe 1877: 77 synonymized the name with Lanius rufus Scopoli, 1786 (preoccupied by Lanius rufus Linnaeus, 1766) = D. vagabunda vagabunda (Latham, 1790) .</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 2002.601 [new registration]. [No sex or age given, first year bird]. Loc.: [not given; acquired in Calcutta; ̔Western Himalaya’ in Blyth 1846, in error for SE India]. Date: [acquisition in December 1845]. Coll. Behn / Galathea . [S, Mus &amp; Galathea labels, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Edward Blyth (1810–1875), after making his name for editing Griffith’s English production of Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom (Griffith 1824 –1835), was recruited in 1841 as Curator of the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal at Calcutta (Walters 2003: 156). There he met Wilhelm Friedrich Georg Behn (1808–1878), who during the circumnavigation of the Danish corvette Galathea, was visiting Calcutta in December 1845. At the market of this town Behn bought some bird specimens that he showed to Blyth. One of these Blyth (1846: 30) described as a new species, Crypsirhina pallida, stating that:</p><p>“This species, and the young of Psilorhinus albicapillus, were obtained in a small collection from that part [Western Himalaya], purchased in Calcutta by Prof. Behn, of Kiel University, who first called my attention to the distinctness of each of them from its near congener, and kindly permitted me to draw up descriptions for publication.”</p><p>Behn wrote on the Galathea label that the specimen had been “bought in Calcutta for the Kiel Museum” [für das Kieler Museum in Calcutta gekauft] and that the species “ Crypsirhina pallida Bl. was named from this specimen.” [ Crypsirhina pallida Bl. nach diesem Exemplar gemacht – my translations]. The actual field collector and collecting locality of the type specimen remains unknown. Blyth 5 referred to the taxon again in his Catalogue (Blyth 1852: 336), where no further details were given. Subsequent evaluations of the taxon were based solely on Blyth’s description with no consultation and discussion of the possible whereabouts of the holotype (e.g. Horsfield &amp; Moore 1858: 568, Jerdon 1863: 314–316, Ticehurst 1922, Paynter 1961). Since the publication of Ticehurst (1922: 537), most subsequent authors considered the name Crypsirhina pallida Blyth, 1846, to refer to populations of Dendrocitta vagabunda either from the Western Himalayas or Western and western Central India, or to birds from both regions (Jerdon 1863: 315–316, Ticehurst 1926b: 692, Whistler 1928: 12, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 246, Ali &amp; Ripley 1972: 217, Ripley 1982: 288, Howard &amp; Moore 1991: 539, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 113, Clements 2000: 603, Dickinson 2003: 510, Dickinson et al. 2004a: 91, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 118, 131, Rasmussen &amp; Anderton 2005: 595). Paynter (1961: 380) was an exception in casting doubt on the origin of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.21667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.21667/lat 31.05)">Blyth’s</a> specimen, considering that the original description more closely applied to birds then known under the name parvulus or vernayi. The type locality was erroneously restricted to Simla by Ticehurst (1922: 537) [= Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India; 31°03’N, 77°13’E] and was reluctantly revised by Paynter (1961: 381) to Galkund, Surat Dangs [ Galkund Village, The Dangs District, SE Gujarat, West India].</p><p>The discovery of the holotype of C. pallida in the ZMB collection provides the opportunity to ascertain its true identity and reveals that Blyth’s original description and measurements were correct even though they had been doubted by some (e.g. Ticehurst 1922), but not the cited type locality.</p><p>Comparisons were made with specimens in ZMB, BMNH, and AMNH, including photographs of the holotype of Dendrocitta vagabunda vernayi . The comparisons also included specimens of the nominate subspecies D. v. vagabunda from Calcutta. Calcutta is the restricted type locality of D. v. vagabunda (Ticehurst 1922: 537) and the locality where the type of pallida was originally purchased. The studies also included specimens referred to D. v. vernayi and specimens from western and western Central India that had formerly been referred to pallida (Kinnear &amp; Whistler 1930, Paynter 1961, Ripley 1982, Dickinson 2003). The holotype of C. pallida Blyth is in overall coloration and measurements (wing 140 mm, tail 216 mm [222 mm in original description], tarsus 29.4 mm, bill 28.9 mm) similar to specimens previously referred to D. v. vernayi (see Paynter 1961: 382 and Table 1). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.26667/lat 13.1)">The</a> type is an immature bird as shown by the brownish tinge of the head and upper breast as opposed to the drab colour with greyish tinge of adult birds (Figures 1–3). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.26667/lat 13.1)">Specimens</a> with collecting locality given as Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh match the type specimen in morphology and measurements best (see Table 1 and 2). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.26667/lat 13.1)">It</a> is therefore assumed that the specimen was collected in or near the former trading town and harbour of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.26667/lat 13.1)">Madras</a> – a town known for its strong trading links to Calcutta. Madras and its surrounding are also the only known places within the modern range of this subspecies which were already ornithologically explored in the 19th century (Kinnear &amp; Whistler 1930: 386). Because the given type locality of “Western Himalaya” for pallida Blyth, 1846, is erroneous (see also Paynter 1961: 380), and because no historical collecting locality could be traced, I herewith correct and restrict in accordance with recommendation 76A (ICZN 1999) 6 the type locality to Madras [Chennai], 13°06’N, 80°16’E, Coromandel Coast, SE India.</p><p>5. Blyth (1852: 344) received a good number of Indian and Sri Lankan bird specimen from a Robert W. G. Frith (died before 1879) who himself published papers on Indian natural history. Frith had good (trading?) connections to several parts of India and apparently was based in Khulna, Bangladesh, where he run an Indigo factory (Grote 1875: viii). Whether Behn had also contact to Frith and bought the type from him, however, cannot be answered. Another possible source could be Thomas Claverhill Jerdon (1811–1872) whose bird specimens from Madras are the only 19th century records from that region known to exist in British and Indian collections (Kinnear &amp; Whistler 1930: 386). Jerdon (1863: 314–316), however, had, to his own accounts (see footnote, p. 314), never seen a specimen of pallida and relied on Blyth’s original description for the caption in Birds of India.</p><p>6. Recommendation 76A.1. (ICZN 1999) recommends for clarifying a type locality to take into account: 1. data accompanying the original material (none except the town of acquisition is given); 2. collector’s notes, itineraries or personal communications (nothing known to exist, collector unknown); 3. the original description of the taxon (therein an erroneous type locality is given); and 4. as a last resort, and without prejudice to other clarification, localities within the known range of the taxon or from which specimens referred to the taxon had been taken (this is followed here). Recommendation 76A.2. recommends the correction of erroneous type localities (also followed here).</p><p>to be continued.</p><p>to be continued.</p><p>to be continued.</p><p>Dendrocitta rufa vernayi Kinnear &amp; Whistler, 1930: 17, becomes a junior synonym of Crypsirhina pallida Blyth, 1846, which leaves the population of the Surat Dangs and the northern and central-Western Ghats in India that formerly went under the name pallida without a name (see Sharpe 1877: 77, Oates 1889: 30–31, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 246, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 118) for which I propose.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E2CFF96FF112088FB97F9D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E37FF94FF11241DFB07FF24.text	627A87D62E37FF94FF11241DFB07FF24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrocitta vagabunda subsp. behni Steinheimer 2009	<div><p>Dendrocitta vagabunda behni subsp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: AMNH 388673, adult female; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.65/lat 20.766666)">Loc. Mulchond Village</a>, Dangs District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.65/lat 20.766666)">N.Western Ghats</a>, S. Gujarat, India, 1300 ft. [396 m]; 20°46’N, 73°39’E. Collected 16 October 1953 by E. M. Shull No. 154.</p><p>Paratypes: AMNH 388674, AMNH 348365, AMNH 676958. For specimen data see Table 1.</p><p>Description of holotype: Head, upper breast and mantle Vandyke brown (Smithe 1975, no. 221) with greyish tinge, becoming sepia (no. 119) towards forehead, lore and chin; caudal margins of mantle and breast are mixed with medium neutral grey (no. 84); belly, flanks, vent and undertail-coverts between chamois (no. 123D) and clay colour (no. 26). Tail graduated with outer tail feathers shortest; upper and under side pale neutral grey (no. 86) graduating to off-white distally with black on distal 4–6 cm. Back, rump and uppertailcoverts cinnamon (no. 123A) with rufous tinge on shoulders. Primaries and secondaries entirely dark sepia (no. 119), 5th secondary in moult in the holotype but paratypes show some pale neutral grey (no. 86) on lower third of outer web. Secondaries 6 to 8 and tertials with entire outer web light grey (6th with darker on tip), inner web sepia. The tip of the folded wing is formed by primaries 4, 5 and 6. Underwing-coverts light grey with hair brown to dark drab tips (no. 119A, 199B), underwing hair brown. Greater wing-coverts sepia; scapulars and remaining upperwing-coverts off-white to white (studied on folded wing). Tail length from skin insertion to tip 237 mm, flat wing from shoulders to tip 150 mm, tarsus from the distal margin of intertarsal joint to distal margin of last undivided scale 31.1 mm, bill from skull to tip 31.3 mm.</p><p>Diagnosis: See also descriptions of the name D. v. pallida in recent handbooks (e.g. Ripley 1982: 288, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 113, Rasmussen &amp; Anderton 2005: 595). Nine subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda are currently recognized, although geographical variation is sometimes less pronounced than individual variation within a given subspecies. Geographical variation is basically clinal and all forms intergrade. The overall colour is also affected by the season, feather wear, and bleaching in sunlight. Having said this, though, in India the two southern forms pallida and parvula on one hand, and the northern forms vagabunda, bristoli and behni on the other hand are very distinct in both, measurements and plumage colour. In the study here I can only outline the trends and provide a new name for the population formerly known as pallida . Sample sizes are, however, too small for a review of the taxonomy of the entire Dendrocitta vagabunda complex which is left for future research. Nevertheless, specimens of all nine subspecies have been consulted for the following diagnosis. On average D. v. behni is the second largest (see Table 2) subspecies of D. vagabunda found on the Indian Subcontinent, with substantially longer tail and wings than in pallida (former vernayi) or parvula, slightly larger than nominate vagabunda, and on average slightly smaller than bristoli (especially in tail length) but with the bill as deep or deeper as bristoli. The lower breast and belly colourations lack any rufous and are more greyish buff and ochre, respectively, than in nominate vagabunda, bristoli (some have tawny olive; no. 223D) or parvula, which all have a distinct rufous tinge on the belly and flanks. D. v. behni is, however, more intensely coloured brownish on the lower breast and belly than in pallida, which is pure buff ventrally (Smithe 1975, no. 124). Nominate vagabunda and parvula both show rufous tawny brown (no. 38) on the back and rump whereas in behni the rump is cinnamon, and towards raw Sienna (no. 136) in bristoli. D. v. pallida is distinguished by a light clay colour (no. 123C) on the back and rump. Specimens of behni are darkest in the south of the range where intergradation with parvula is assumed to take place on the western slopes of the Western Ghats towards the coast of Malabar. A specimen from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, shows intermediate characters of bristoli, behni and nominate vagabunda (smaller size, more rufous brown), indicating that intergradation of these three subspecies takes place in the transition zone between the Himalayan foothills and the plains of the Ganges valley on one side, and the Ganges valley and mountains of Madhya Pradesh on the other side. Specimens of subspecies further east (Myanmar and Thailand to Indochina) differ in having the back and rump darker brown (antique brown, no. 37) than in bristoli or behni, with an olive tinge.</p><p>Range: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.36667/lat 14.233334)">From</a> the hills of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.36667/lat 14.233334)">East Surat District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.36667/lat 14.233334)">South</a> Gujarat, in the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.36667/lat 14.233334)">Western Ghats</a> south to at least <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.36667/lat 14.233334)">Chitradurga</a>, central Karnataka, south-western Central India (14°14’N, 76°22’E), eastwards to the mountain ridges of the Western Ghats. The holotype is probably from the same hill range to which Paynter (1961: 381) restricted the type locality of pallida (see above).</p><p>Measurements: See Table 1 and Ticehurst 1922: 537, Kinnear &amp; Whistler 1930: 17, and Paynter 1961: 382. This subspecies shows clinal variation from larger specimens in the mountains to smaller specimens in the coastal plains of western Central India.</p><p>Etymology: Named for Wilhelm Friedrich Georg Behn, the first scientist to recognize the subspecies pallida as a separate taxon.</p><p>The name pallida, which had been misapplied to the new subspecies D. v. behni, is a senior synonym of vernayi. Herewith this paper explicitly states that, according to the Code (ICZN 1999, articles 23.9.1.1. and 23.9.1.2.), the younger name Dendrocitta rufa vernayi Kinnear &amp; Whistler, 1930: 17 cannot be considered a nomen protectum and the valid name of the population has to remain Crypsirhina pallida Blyth, 1846: 30 = Dendrocitta vagabunda pallida (Blyth, 1846) . The Natural History Museum in Tring (BMNH) holds the holotype of D. v. vernayi, BMNH 1937.12.21.46 (Warren &amp; Harrison 1971: 580), the ZMB the holotype of the valid name Dendrocitta vagabunda pallida (Blyth, 1846), ZMB 2002.601 (see above).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E37FF94FF11241DFB07FF24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E35FF94FF11232CFEE8FCA5.text	627A87D62E35FF94FF11232CFEE8FCA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrocitta formosae subsp. schistacea Stresemann 1929	<div><p>Dendrocitta formosae schistacea Stresemann, 1929: 139</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.3/lat 24.033333)">Yao-schan</a> [Dayao Shan, Guangxi, China; c. 24°02’N, 110°18’E].</p><p>Now Dendrocitta formosae sinica Stresemann, 1913 . See Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 248, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 118.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 29.349. Female [on label, Stresemann 1929:? male]. Loc.: Yao-schan, Kwang-si Provinz [Dayao Shan, Guangxi, China]. Date: 3 December 1928. Coll.: Prof. S. S. Sin, No. 885 [and] No. 2 [? number for the taxon]. [S, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>PARATYPE: ZMB 29.350. Male. Loc.: Yao-schan, Kwang-si Provinz. Date: 1928. Coll.: Prof. S. S. Sin, No. 1683 [and] No. 2 [? number for the taxon]. [S, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: The ZMB received these two specimens only. They had been donated to the ZMB by Prof. S. S. Sin from Guangxi in June 1929 (ZMB archives, Sign. SIII, Akte S; no further information on collector traced). Stresemann (1929) published his paper in September 1929. The holotype of Dendrocitta formosae sinica Stresemann, 1913, was never in the ZMB collection, but was part of F. W. Styan’s collection, which went via the Rothschild collection to the AMNH (677042, female, loc. Ching-Feng, Fokien, China, 21 December 1897).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E35FF94FF11232CFEE8FCA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E35FF94FF1121A2FDFCF849.text	627A87D62E35FF94FF1121A2FDFCF849.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nucifraga relicta Reichenow 1889	<div><p>Nucifraga relicta Reichenow, 1889: 288</p><p>TL: Alpen [European Alps]; here restricted to Bosnia-Herzegovina (see below).</p><p>Now Nucifraga caryocatactes caryocatactes (Linnaeus, 1758) . See Meise MS, Hartert 1903: 25. Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 256 did not account for Reichenow’s name.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 30882 [individual acquisition on arrival B. 21230]. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.416666/lat 43.85)">Juvenile</a> male. Loc.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.416666/lat 43.85)">Dovliči</a>, Trebević, Bosnien [Dovliči near Sarajevo, Bosnia; 43°49’N, 18°29’E]. Date: 15 August 1887. Coll. O. Reiser. [S, Reiser label, Meise MS]. ZMB 2002.602 [new registration, individual acquisition on arrival B. 21231]. Juvenile female. Loc.: Igman, Pl. Póliza, Strasse nach Konjica, Bosnien [= road to Konjic, Bosnia; c. 43°39’N, 17°59’E]. Date: 25 June 1888. Coll. O. Reiser. [S, Reiser label, Meise MS]. ZMB 2002.603 [new registration, individual acquisition on arrival B. 21229]. Female. Loc.: Vučija Luka bei Sarajevo, Bosnien [= Vucija Luka, Bosnia; c. 43°51’N, 18°25’E]. Date: August 1888. Coll. O. Reiser. [S, Reiser label, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Reichenow (1889) unfortunately did not comment on which specimens he had based his new European form of Nutcracker. Therefore it is assumed that any ZMB specimen of Nucifraga c. caryocatactes collected in the Alps and adjacent mountain regions to the southeast (South Germany, Austria, France, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina), that was present in the collection prior to the publication date of July 1889 would have the status of a syntype. Four specimens fulfill such a criterion. Reichenow himself added the new name in red ink to the labels of these specimens, providing additional evidence that he had studied them. All four came from the mountains of Bosnia-Herzegovina; thus the vague original type locality can formally be restricted to the mountain range of central Bosnia-Herzegovina. For more information on this population see Reiser 1939 (pp. 128–133). The B-catalogue signs out B. 21230 to Jablonski on 10 July 1890: “ Vertauscht an M. Jablonski.” This must be an error as the specimen is still in the ZMB collection. ZMB 29770 and ZMB 29771 from Bucsum, Hungary [outside the core Alpine range], which had been acquired from the Linnaea stores, arrived too late to be included in the original description of Reichenow (collected in October 1887 and October 1889, respectively, the latter three months after the original description had been published).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E35FF94FF1121A2FDFCF849	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E34FF95FF112732FD08F904.text	627A87D62E34FF95FF112732FD08F904.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus splendens subsp. maledivicus Reichenow 1904	<div><p>Corvus splendens maledivicus Reichenow, 1904: 356</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.25/lat 0.5)">Suvadiva-Inseln</a>, südliche Malediven [Suvadiva Atoll, Southern Maldives; 0°30’N, 73°15’ E].</p><p>Now Corvus splendens maledivicus Reichenow, 1904 . See Meinertzhagen 1926: 107, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 264, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 139, Dickinson 2003: 512, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 122.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 99.2243 [late registration]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Suvadivainseln [Southern Maldives]. Date: 20 February 1899. Coll.: Edelmann, Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition. [S, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Anton Reichenow referred to this single specimen only. The ship Valdivia of the Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition (= German Deep Sea Expedition) left Hamburg on 31 July 1898, and returned to that town 9 months later. The collector of the specimen, Edelmann, was not among the official scientists on board so was most probably a ship’s crew member.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E34FF95FF112732FD08F904	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E34FF95FF1120BCFC5AFB35.text	627A87D62E34FF95FF1120BCFC5AFB35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrrhocorax alpinus var. digitata W.Hemprich, Ehrenberg & C G 1833	<div><p>Pyrrhocorax alpinus var. digitata [sic] Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg, 1833: fol. z (2nd page)</p><p>TL: Syria: montis Libani [Mountains of Lebanon; sight observations ascribed to lower Sinai and Egypt]; restricted to Lebanon (Vaurie 1959: 163).</p><p>Now Pyrrhocorax graculus digitatus Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg, 1833 . See Vaurie 1959: 163, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 260, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 132, Dickinson 2003: 512.</p><p>SYNTYPE: ZMB 1575. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.016666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.016666/lat 34.25)">Bischerra</a> [=? Bcharre, Lebanon; 34°15’N, 36°01’E]. Date: [not given; in Stresemann 1954 b: 171: 18 May to 6 August 1824]. Coll. Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg [No. 573]. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg (1833) referred to two specimens. Only one of the syntypes was registered at ZMB and was studied by Dresser &amp; Blanford in 1874 (page 337). The second specimen was probably sold by Lichtenstein. Expected purchasers might have been RMNH (no specimen listed in Dekker &amp; Quaisser 2006), MHH (no specimen listed in Quaisser &amp; Nicolai 2006), or NMW (no Pyrrhocorax graculus of Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg traced in collection, nor any listed in Ehrenberg’s correspondence, in the NMW acquisition and register books; E. Bauernfeind, in litt. 5 August 2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E34FF95FF1120BCFC5AFB35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E34FF95FF1122E2FE33FDB4.text	627A87D62E34FF95FF1122E2FE33FDB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax subsp. pontifex Stresemann 1928	<div><p>Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax pontifex Stresemann, 1928b: 343</p><p>TL: Gilan: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.083332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.083332/lat 37.05)">Pish Kuh</a> [Iran; 37°03’N, 50°05’E]. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.083332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.083332/lat 37.05)">Now</a> Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax docilis (S. G. Gmelin, 1774) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.083332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.083332/lat 37.05)">See</a> Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 259, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 121.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 27.819. Adult male. Loc.: Pish Kuh, Elburs mountains, Persia, 2500m. Date: 22 May 1927. Coll.: Gerd Heinrich No. 295 [S, Heinrich label, Meise MS].</p><p>PARATYPES: ZMB 27.820. Adult male. Loc.: Pish Kuh, Elburs mountains, Persia, 3000m. Date: 15 May 1927. Coll.: Gerd Heinrich No. 255 [S, Heinrich label]. ZMB 27.822. Adult female. Loc.: Pish Kuh, Elburs mountains, Persia, 2700m. Date: 29 May 1927. Coll.: Gerd Heinrich No. 339 [S, Heinrich label].</p><p>COMMENTS: Three out of the original five specimens studied by Stresemann (1928b) have been acquired by the ZMB. The two missing paratypes are found in the collection of the MCZ (135122, 135123; MCZ online database, accessed 6 June 2009). Stresemann (1928b: 343) erroneously cited the collecting date of the holotype as 2 May 1927.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E34FF95FF1122E2FE33FDB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E34FF9AFF11254CFDF7FD97.text	627A87D62E34FF9AFF11254CFDF7FD97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus enca subsp. celebensis Stresemann 1936	<div><p>Corvus enca celebensis Stresemann, 1936: 368</p><p>TL: Rurukan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.3333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.88333/lat 1.3333334)">North</a> Celebes [= Rurukan, near Lake Tondano, Minahasa District, North Sulawesi; 01°20’N, 124°53’E]. Now Corvus enca celebensis Stresemann, 1936 . See Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 264, Dickinson 2003: 512, Dickinson et al.</p><p>2004b: 122.</p><p>PARATYPES: ZMB 33.1091. Male. Loc.: Rurukan, N. - Celebes, 800m. Date: 14 February 1931. Coll.: Heinrich-Expedition No. 3720. Iris: dark brown. Feet: black. Bill: black. [S, Heinrich label]. ZMB 33.1084. Female. Loc.: Rurukan, N. - Celebes, 800m. Date: 14 February 1931. Coll.: Heinrich-Expedition No. 3719. Iris: dark brown. Feet: black. Bill: black. [S, Heinrich label]. ZMB 33.1085. Male. Loc.: Rurukan, N. - Celebes, 500m. Date: 30 January 1931. Coll.: Heinrich-Expedition No. 3487. Iris: dark brown. Feet: black. Bill: black. [S, Heinrich label]. ZMB 33.1083. Female. Loc.: Rurukan, N. - Celebes, 500m. Date: 30 January 1931. Coll.: Heinrich-Expedition No. 3488. Iris: dark brown. Feet: black. Bill: black. [S, Heinrich label].</p><p>COMMENTS: Gerd Heinrich’s (1896–1984) collection had been split between the Rothschild collection (now in AMNH), the AMNH and the ZMB. The holotype is AMNH 299071 (male, loc. Rurukan, 900 m, 17 February 1931, Heinrich no. 3753, cf. Dickinson et al. 2004b: 122). The ZMB holds five additional Celebes specimens of Heinrich’s from other than the type locality Rurukan. See Dickinson et al. (2004a: 93–95) for a detailed discussion on this species-group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E34FF9AFF11254CFDF7FD97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3BFF9BFF1120D7FC60FE41.text	627A87D62E3BFF9BFF1120D7FC60FE41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus kubaryi Reichenow 1885	<div><p>Corvus Kubaryi Reichenow, 1885: 110</p><p>TL: Pelau-Inseln [= Palau Islands]; questionably corrected to Guam (Mariana Group) and the Caroline Islands (Meinertzhagen 1926: 73) and restricted to Guam by Blake &amp; Vaurie (1962: 265), but see comments below.</p><p>Now Corvus kubaryi Reichenow, 1885 . See Meinertzhagen 1926: 73, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 265, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 144–145, Dickinson 2003: 513.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 27719 [individual number on acquisition B.18768]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Pelau Inseln [see below]. Date: [not given; most likely 1884–1885]. Coll.: Kubary. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS; one wing missing (already noted by Meise in the MS of 1949/50)].</p><p>COMMENTS: The original description does not indicate the number of specimens consulted. However, the ZMB, and therefore Reichenow, received a single specimen only, acquired from Johann Stanislaus Kubary (1846–1896). Kubary explored the Pacific on behalf of Johann Cesar Godeffroy (1813–1885) of Hamburg, called en route at Tonga, stayed several months on Savai’i (Samoa) during 1869, moved for three months in the summer of 1870 to Ebon Atoll in the Southern Ralik Chain (Marshall Islands), and arrived on Yap in autumn 1870. By January 1871 he had moved on to the Palau Islands (recorded visits are to Peleliu, Koror, Earakong, Stony Rocks, Aremolunguj) where he stayed for the next 3 years (Gebhardt 1964: 201). In August 1873 he shipped to the Nukuoro-Atoll (Federated States of Micronesia), followed by a longer stay on Ponapé [= Pohnpei] until late August 1874. Kubary then planned to return to Hamburg via Palau, the Marshall Islands, and Samoa. Off the island of Jaluit ( South Marshall Islands) he lost most of his over 100 crates of collections in a ship wreck, and was forced to stay on Jaluit until December 1874 when he got the opportunity to travel to Auckland, arriving in Hamburg in May 1875 after some delay. He returned to the South Seas by autumn of 1875, and arrived in Samoa in 1876, and on Pohnpei in 1877. In the following years he studied the inhabitants and natural history of several of the smaller Carolines (recorded are visits to Nukuoro-Atoll, Mortlock Islands and Satawan, and Truk = Chuuk). After the bankruptcy of Godeffroy’s trade emporium in 1879, he had to make a living from his plantations on Pohnpei. However, because of financial pressures he left Pohnpei for Japan in the vain hope of working for the Yokohama School of Commerce (he also sought employment in Hong Kong and Guam), so he returned to Palau and stayed until 1884, where he collected for a spell for the RMNH. Between 1884 and 1885 Kubary was employed by the Ethnographic Museum of Berlin, working mainly on Yap, Sorol (both in the Western Carolines), St. David (not traced) and Merir (Sonsorol State, South Palau Islands). He then joined the German Navy as an interpreter fostering Germany’s colonial ambitions on Palau, Yap, Uleai [= Woleai], Chuuk, Pohnpei, Pingelap and Kusaie [= Kosrae], and Matupi near New Britain where he remained until at least 1886 (Scheps 2005: 117–130). Stresemann [handwritten remark in register] corrected the type locality to Guam, Mariana Islands. However, Kubary only visited Guam on his job search in 1882, and it is unlikely that any specimen of this trip would have been forwarded to the ZMB (rather than to the RMNH, his subsequent employer). The holotype most likely arrived at the ZMB during Kubary’s employment by the Ethnographic Museum of Berlin in the years 1884 to 1885 (however, without any trace of the specimen in the archival records of the ZMB), and during this time he exclusively worked in the Western Carolines and Palau, but not on Guam (nor on Rota where the species currently is also found). Reichenow (1885: 110) defined the term “Pelau-Inseln” as located south of the Mariana Islands as the most western extension of the Carolines south of Uliti [= Ulithi] and Eap [= Yap], and as spreading from Gilolo [= Sulawesi] to the north-east; thus he indeed referred to the Palau Islands as such. Either the specimen was bought by Kubary from other collectors visiting Guam or Rota, or the species was once distributed on other Pacific islands, then most likely including Yap.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3BFF9BFF1120D7FC60FE41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3AFF9BFF112381FDFCFA4A.text	627A87D62E3AFF9BFF112381FDFCFA4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>C. [Corvus] capensis M. H. C. Lichtenstein, 1823: 20</p><p>TL: [not given]; restricted to Cape of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.416666/lat -33.766666)">Good Hope</a> (Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 267); here formally restricted to Uitenhage [near Port Elisabeth, South Africa; 33°46’S, 25°25’E] (see below).</p><p>Now Corvus capensis capensis M. H. C. Lichtenstein, 1823 . See Meinertzhagen 1926: 91, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 148, Dickinson 2003: 513. Sharpe 1877: 12, and Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 267, treated the species as monotypic.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 1490. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.416666/lat -33.766666)">Zondagsrivier</a> [Sundays River, Eastern Cape, South Africa]. Date: [not given, 1816–1819 in Stresemann 1954c: 77]. Coll.: Mund. [Ex, Mus]. ZMB 1491. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Uitenhage [near Port Elisabeth, South Africa; 33°46’S, 25°25’E]. Date: [April–June 1822 according to Stresemann on label]. Coll.: Krebs. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 1492. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Kaffernland [= Tembu- and Pondoland]. Date: [not given]. Coll.: Krebs. [Ex, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: No locality was given in the original description, so that one may assume that any ZMB specimen of appropriate age from the Cape region could be considered a syntype. Ludwig Krebs (1795–1844) settled in Uitenhage near Port Elisabeth, South Africa. Between 1820 and 1839 he forwarded more than 3000 bird skins to the ZMB (Gebhardt 1964). Specimen ZMB 1491 was included in Krebs’ 7th shipment sent in July 1822 from the Sundays River, consisting of specimens collected at that site and Uitenhage, Eastern Cape Province, between April and June 1822. The other bird collected by Krebs came from a later shipment (probably 12, sent from Grahamstown), and was collected in “Kaffernland” [= Tembu- and Pondoland] between February 1826 and November 1829 (Stresemann 1954c: 80–81). The type locality is herewith formally restricted to Uitenhage, near Port Elisabeth, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Many of Krebs’ original specimens were later exchanged or sold for desiderata of the ZMB and are nowadays dispersed in many European museums. It cannot be said whether there were further types among these specimens. Leopold Mund was a pharmacist, who actively collected birds in South Africa between 1816–1827 (correspondence Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Bestand Kultusministerium, Signatur Rep. 76 v c, Sektion 1, Tit. XII, No. 35, vol. I 1816 –22, vol. II 1822 –27).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3AFF9BFF112381FDFCFA4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3AFF98FF11279FFC09FD59.text	627A87D62E3AFF98FF11279FFC09FD59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus minutus Gundlach 1852	<div><p>Corvus minutus Gundlach, 1852: 315</p><p>TL: Island of Cuba. Now Corvus palmarum minutus Gundlach, 1852 . See Meinertzhagen 1926: 91 (given in C. brachyrhynchos), Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 270, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 156, Dickinson 2003: 513. Garrido et al. (1997) treated the form as full species.</p><p>ARGUABLE SYNTYPE: ZMB 18925. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Cuba. Coll.: Gundlach. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Johannes Gundlach (1810–1896) arrived in Cuba in the year 1838 and he resided there until his death in 1896. Fourteen years after his first encounter with Cuba Gundlach gave a talk to the Boston Natural History Society, on 3 March 1852 (Gundlach 1852), describing the new form of crow from Cuba. The description of Corvus minutus was apparently based on female specimens. Yet it is unclear if only a single bird or several specimens were studied for the original description. Gundlach forwarded one specimen to the ZMB in January 1868. It at first appeared that Jean Louis Cabanis (1816–1906) had another specimen at hand when editing Gundlach’s notes for the Journal für Ornithologie (Gundlach 1856). However, the ZMB registers account for only a single bird. Cabanis probably added his remark based on comparisons of published measurements, not of specimens actually handled. The ZMB bird is considered an authentic specimen of Gundlach, most probably a syntype, if not the holotype. A male specimen of Gundlach is at the AMNH, but this has no type status (M. LeCroy in litt. March 2009). An unsexed specimen is found at the FMNH, 30301, with no associated data, from the former Cory Collection (No. 21686) (FMNH online collection data-base, URL: http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/birds/brd_index.php; accessed 6 April 2009), but the acquisition of an original Gundlach specimen by Charles Barney Cory (1857–1921) in the late 19th century is unlikely. No type specimen of this taxon is listed for the birds from Gundlach’s collection at the IES in Havanna by Román &amp; Garrido (2000: 2–4). However, one of the two Corvus palmarum minutus found by Wiley et al. (2008: 22) for Cuban collections is from the IES, catalogue number 2214, unsexed adult mount from the “Juan C. Gundlach Historical Collection”, original Gundlach number 210 (J.W. Wiley in litt. April 2009). Whether this is an additional type is difficult to assess because no sex is given for the bird and sexes are difficult to separate on plumage and biometrics with given data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3AFF98FF11279FFC09FD59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E39FF98FF1120A9FBF9FB3B.text	627A87D62E39FF98FF1120A9FBF9FB3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus coronoides subsp. inoptatus Rensch 1928	<div><p>Corvus coronoides inoptatus Rensch, 1928: 7</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.416664/lat -8.55)">Rana Mesé</a>, Flores [crater lake Rana Mesé, Ruteng Area, West-Flores, c. 8°33’S, 120°25’E] Now Corvus macrorhynchos macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827 . See Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 275, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 124. HOLOTYPE: ZMB 30.1071. Adult male. Loc.: Rana Mesé, W. - Flores. Date: 30 June 1927. Coll. Rensch, Sunda-Expedition 1927, No. 921. [S, Rensch label, Meise MS].</p><p>PARATYPE: ZMB 30.1070. Adult male. Loc.: Rana Mesé, W. - Flores. Date: 23 June 1927. Coll. Rensch, Sunda-Expedition 1927, No. 798. Iris: brown. Bill: black. Feet: black. [S, Rensch label].</p><p>COMMENTS: Rensch (1928) referred in the original description to three male and two female specimens from Rana Mesé and one male from Sumbawa Besar, of which two specimens were donated to the ZMB. Two female paratypes are found at the SMF, numbered 73542 and 73543 (G. Mayr in litt. February 2009), the third male paratype from Flores and the specimen from Sumbawa Besar are not accounted for. Rensch designated ZMB 30.1071 as the holotype. Bernhard Rensch (1900–1990) led an expedition to the Sunda-Islands in 1927. See Dickinson et al. (2004a: 96–102) for a detailed discussion of this species-group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E39FF98FF1120A9FBF9FB3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E39FF99FF11274FFCDFFE97.text	627A87D62E39FF99FF11274FFCDFFE97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus hassi Reichenow 1907	<div><p>Corvus hassi Reichenow, 1907: 51</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4/lat 36.083332)">Tsingtau</a> [= Qingdao, Shandong, China; 36°05’N, 120°24’E].</p><p>Now Corvus macrorhynchos colonorum Swinhoe, 1864 . See Meinertzhagen 1926: 82, Vaurie 1959: 169, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 273, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 124.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 49.235 [batch acquisition B. 398]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Tsingtau. Date: [not given, before/in 1904]. Coll. Hass. [S, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 2002.544 [new registration; batch acquisition B. 398]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Tsingtau. Date: [not given, before/in 1904]. Coll. Hass. [S, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: See Dickinson et al. (2004a: 96–102) for a detailed discussion on this species-group. Reichenow (1907) referred to “several specimens”. The ZMB acquisition book (No. B.398) lists 155 skins (out of originally 163) donated by the head forest warden Walter Hass (fl. 1904–1913) of the German Imperial Forestry Department of Qingdao, however, without listing specimens per species. The hand-written acquisition records by Reichenow and the correspondence between the ZMB and the Imperial Forestry Department, shed some light on these consignments: the forestry department bore all costs in exchange for the determination of the skins, some bird literature and collecting tools. The first shipment containing birds was sent out in two separate consignments, one box with non-passerines (65 skins of 35 species of which 14 were considered new for the region) and one with passerines (163 skins, no further details). While the nonpasserine box arrived at the ZMB in August 1904 (ZMB archives, Zool. Mus. SIII, Hass, W., p. 5), the first passerine box got separated from the non-passerine box, was delayed and arrived in Berlin in December 1906 due to logistic problems of the shipping companies (ZMB archives, Zool. Mus. SIII, Hass, W., pp. 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18). A third consignment of mixed taxa reached Berlin in August 1907 (128 bird skins of 87 species of which 13 were considered to be new for the region)—too late to have included any type of the taxon (p. 23). Thus, the collecting date of the types was in or before 1904.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E39FF99FF11274FFCDFFE97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E38FF99FF1123D3FBCBFA59.text	627A87D62E38FF99FF1123D3FBCBFA59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler 1827	<div><p>Corvus Macrorhynchos ̔ MS Temminck’ Wagler, 1827: species 3, Corvus [p. 313 of species chapters]</p><p>TL: Nova-Hollandia, Nova-Guinea, in insulis Sumatra et Java [Australia, New Guinea, Sumatra &amp; Java]; restricted to Java (Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 275).</p><p>Now [ex parte] Corvus macrorhynchos macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827 . See Meinertzhagen 1926: 85, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 275, Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 163, Dickinson 2003: 514, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 124.</p><p>SYNTYPE: ZMB 1494 [specimen not located in May 2005]. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: Neuholland [Australia, error for?Sunda Islands]. Date: [before 1812]. Ex.Coll.: Sieber. [Mount or Ex, A/R].</p><p>COMMENTS: Friedrich Wilhelm Sieber (fl. 1793–1812) explored Brazil on behalf of his master, Johann Centurius Graf von Hoffmannsegg (1766–1849). In 1812 he returned to Europe. In London Sieber exchanged some of his Brazilian birds for specimens of 65 bird species from New South Wales (Gebhardt 1964: 336). The present bird, probably collected in the Sunda Islands, may have been included among these ‘Australian’ birds. The ZMB acquired Sieber’s collection in 1824. The original description by Wagler (1827) is based on specimens in the collections of the Sturm family in Nuremberg and of Sieber. The original description, however, also included a Temminck’s MS name. Thus, also birds of Temminck’s collection are part of the syntypical series by this indication. Furthermore, the original description cited names or/and illustrations in the publications of Dampier (1697: 81), Latham (1801: 117, Variable Crow) and Raffles (1822: 300, Corvus corax). One further syntype each is found at the ZSM and the RMNH. No type material has so far been located at the NKMBA and the university of Erlangen where some Sturm specimens are housed (cf. Steinheimer 2003b: 144). The ZSM syntype, numbered A15, was originally also from Sieber’s collection, but was later obtained by Sturm (cf. Stresemann 1916: 287 and Meinertzhagen 1926: 85 who referred to the Sturm type as presumable holotype, and http://www.gbif-vertebrata.de/, accessed 28 July 2008). The RMNH syntype, numbered 90607, was collected by Heinrich Boie (1794–1827) in Java during his ill-fated visit from 1826 until his early death. It later became part of Temminck’s collection (Dekker &amp; Quaisser 2006: 63). The name Corvus macroryhnchos probably is based on a mixed type series. Further investigations are wanted. See Dickinson et al. (2004a: 96–102) for a detailed discussion of this species-group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E38FF99FF1123D3FBCBFA59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E38FF9EFF1127A9FC77FC07.text	627A87D62E38FF9EFF1127A9FC77FC07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus insularis Heinroth 1903	<div><p>Corvus insularis Heinroth, 1903: 69</p><p>TL: Gazelle-Halbinsel [Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain], und vielleicht der ganze Bismarck-Archhipel, Waigiu, Nord-Celebes [and perhaps also Bismarck Archipelago, Waigeo, North-Sulawesi]; restricted to Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain (Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 275).</p><p>Now Corvus insularis Heinroth, 1903 . See below.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 25879 [batch acquisition number B.17156]. Female. Loc.: New Britain. Date: 6 September 1880. Coll.: Otto Finsch No. 201, Pacific Expedition. Iris: “nicely” sky blue. [Ex, Finsch label, A/R; ZMB label lost]. ZMB 26326 [batch acquisition number B.17156]. Male. Loc.: New Britain. Date: [not available anymore]. Coll.: Otto Finsch No. 356, Pacific Expedition. [Ex, Finsch label, A/R; ZMB label lost]. ZMB 2002.545. Adult female. Loc.: Matupi [Matupi Harbour, near Rabaul, E New Britain; 4°14’S, 152°12’ E]. Date: 17 December 1900. Coll.: Mencke / Deutsche Südsee-Expedition. [S, Mus]. ZMB 2002.546. [No sex or age given]. Loc.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Blanchebucht</a> [Blanche Bay, south of Rabaul, New Britain]. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Date</a>: 22 December 1900. Coll.: Mencke / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Deutsche Südsee-Expedition.</a> [S, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 2002.547. [No sex or age given]. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Loc.</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Blanchebucht. Date</a>: 1 January 1901. Coll.: Mencke / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Deutsche Südsee-Expedition.</a> [S, Mus]. ZMB 2002.548. [No sex or age given]. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Loc.</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Blanchebucht. Date</a>: 3 February 1901. Coll.: Mencke / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Deutsche Südsee-Expedition.</a> [S, Mus]. ZMB 2002.549. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Immature. Loc.</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Ralum</a> [Gazelle Peninsula, E New Britain] (bought). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Date</a>: 8 March 1897. Coll.: Dahl [No coll. number]. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Iris</a>: whitish grey. [S, Dahl label]. ZMB 2002.550. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Female. Loc.</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Ralum. Date</a>: 22 July 1896. Coll.: Dahl No. 104. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.2/lat -4.233333)">Iris</a>: blue. [S, Dahl label]. ZMB 2002.551. Male. Loc.: Ralum. Date: 16 May 1896. Coll.: Dahl. [No coll. number]. [S, Mus].</p><p>ARGUABLE SYNTYPE: ZMB 25878 [batch acquisition number B.17156]. Male. Loc.: New Ireland. Date: 12 September 1880. Coll.: Otto Finsch No. 223, Pacific Expedition. [Mount, Finsch label; ZMB label lost].</p><p>COMMENTS: Oskar Heinroth (1871–1945), when working on his material from the first German South Sea Expedition, discovered that the specimen of Corvus orru that he collected at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Hafen (= today’s Madang) differed considerably from specimens collected on New Britain. In the original description he also referred to two birds from Waigeo (and in general terms to birds from Sulawesi), without making it clear, however, if he considered that they should be included in his new taxon or not. The two Waigeo birds (ZMB 27595 and 2002.552), collected by Carl Constantin Platen (1843–1898) on 17 and 22 December 1883, are not considered in this type list. All ZMB specimens from New Britain collected before 1903 are certain syntypes, including specimens of Friedrich Dahl (1856–1929) and Otto Finsch (1839–1917). The single bird collected in New Ireland is an arguable syntype of Heinroth’s name. A further true syntpe from the German South Sea Expedition is found at the AMNH (674444, not sexed, Blanchebucht, 2 February 1901, coll. Mencke / Deutsche Südsee-Expedition; M. LeCroy in litt. March 2009). The taxon has been treated by most authors as a subspecies of Corvus orru (Meinertzhagen 1926, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962, Madge &amp; Burn 1999, Dickinson 2003). Finch &amp; McKean (1987) and Storer &amp; Eastwood (1991), however, noted taxonomic affinities of insularis with Corvus meeki rather than with C. orru . Jones &amp; Lambley (1987) treated insularis as an own species without giving more details. Guy Dutson, Phil Gregory and Walter Boles, in new research on this subject, give now strong evidence for considering Corvus insularis as a full species which is followed here (G. Dutson, P. Gregory &amp; W. Boles, MS paper, in litt. 17 April 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E38FF9EFF1127A9FC77FC07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3FFF9EFF112647FBA3F897.text	627A87D62E3FFF9EFF112647FBA3F897.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus salvadorii Finsch 1884	<div><p>Corvus salvadorii Finsch, 1884b: 109 [separate 28]</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.21666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.466666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.21666/lat -9.466666)">Port Moresby</a> [in New Guinea; 9°28’S, 147°13’E].</p><p>Now Corvus orru orru Bonaparte, 1850 . See Meinertzhagen 1926: 85, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 275, Dickinson et al. 2004b: 125.</p><p>PARATYPE: ZMB 26971 [individual acquisition number B.17989]. Adult female. Loc.: Port Moresby, New Guinea. Date: 10. April [1879–1882]. Coll.: Otto Finsch No. 1280. [Ex, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: Three paratypes from D’Albertis collection exist in the Genoa museum (MSNG: C.E. 11936- 11938, one female, one male and one indet, Yule Island, SE New Guinea, 20 March, 11 June and October 1875; Arbocco et al. 1979: 249, therein erroneously as syntypes). According to a hand-written remark of Carlo Violani (in litt. June 2007), paratypes are also found in Milan museum (MSNM). The holotype is at the NMW (Dickinson et al. 2004b: 125, 134). Otto Finsch (1839–1917) was already a well-known ornithologist and taxonomist before he left for New Guinea in 1879, being involved in establishing the German protectorate Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land in 1884. In December 1882 the first large consignment of birds were given to the ZMB. Among the specimens donated to Berlin was the Corvus orru orru from Port Moresby. However, in the original description Finsch (1884b) cited a collection number 1255 which was given to the bird now at the NMW, not 1280 of the ZMB specimen. Finsch (1884a), in his foreword to the series of papers on the ‘birds of the South Seas’, indicated that all specimens mentioned in the descriptions had been collected by himself. The sequence of numbers given in the publications shows clearly that the cited numbers are collection numbers and not reference numbers to species. Therefore the ZMB bird is, as those in the MSNG and MSNM, just a paratype. For the dating of Bonaparte’s name I follow Zimmer (1926: 68–69).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3FFF9EFF112647FBA3F897	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3EFF9FFF1122E2FE4EFC49.text	627A87D62E3EFF9FFF1122E2FE4EFC49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus difficilis Stresemann 1943	<div><p>Corvus difficilis Stresemann, 1943: 125</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.33333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.33333/lat -21.1)">Malbon im District Cloncurry</a> [north-western Queensland; 21°06’S, 140°20’E].</p><p>Now Corvus bennetti x Corvus coronoides coronoides (hybrid). See Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 277.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ZMB 43.516. Adult male. Loc.: Malbon [District Cloncurry, N. - Australia]. Date: 27 February 1938. Coll.: Dr. G. Neuhäuser No. 240. [S, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Stresemann (1943) based his new name on a single specimen only. The bird has white feather bases on neck and breast, a beak similar to bennetti, but wing measurements and chin feathers like those of coronoides . Therefore it is assumed that the specimen is a hybrid and as such the name has no nomenclatural standing. Dr. Gabriele Neuhäuser (born 1911, active until 1970s) was a Jewish-German student at the universities of Freiburg and Berlin. She finished her PhD in mammalogy in 1933 and went subsequently collecting mammals for the ZMB in Turkey and Palestine (ZMB archives, card index Zool. Mus. S.III, Neuhäuser, G.). In 1937 she accepted an offer from the American Museum of Natural History to come to Australia on a two year visa to collect mammals in northern Australia. After the political situation in Gemany changed for the worse, she stayed on in Australia collecting Australian birds and mammals for the ZMB and the Queensland Museum. During collecting work on the Atherton Tablelands she sought help from a local mining prospector, John Scott, whom she later married. In later life Neuhäuser gave up collecting and worked, from 1950–1970, as a librarian in Brisbane (see: http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/ P004706b.htm and http://facesofredcliffe.redcliffe.qld.gov.au/display.php?faceID=126 [both webpages accessed 14 April 2009]).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3EFF9FFF1122E2FE4EFC49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3EFF9CFF112199FE2AFE41.text	627A87D62E3EFF9CFF112199FE2AFE41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus phaeocephalus Cabanis 1851	<div><p>Corvus phaeocephalus Cabanis, 1851b: 232</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.433334/lat 15.483334)">Abyssinien</a> [historical Kingdom of Abyssinia = parts of Eritrea and Ethiopia]; restricted to Arkiko, Eritrea [= Hargigo near Massawa, 15°29’N, 39°26’E] (see Corvus scapularis aethiops).</p><p>Now Corvus albus x Corvus ( ruficollis) edithae (hybrid). See Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 177, Fry et al. 2000: 546; Sharpe 1877: 23, Meinertzhagen 1926: 112, and Quaisser &amp; Nicolai 2006: 73 synonymized this taxon with C. albus .</p><p>SYNTYPE: ZMB 1481. [Hybrid, no sex or age given]. Loc.: Abyssinien [= Arkiko, Eritrea]. Date: [not given; December 1824 – April 1825]. [Coll. Hemprich], Ex.Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>ARGUABLE SYNTYPES: ZMB 1479. Adult [hybrid, no sex given]. Loc.: Abyssinien [= Arkiko, Eritrea]. Date: [not given; December 1824 – April 1825]. [Coll. Hemprich], Ex.Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg. [Ex, Mus, A/R, Meise MS]. ZMB 1480. “Juvenile” [adult, hybrid, no sex given]. Loc.: Abyssinien [= Arkiko, Eritrea]. Date: [not given; December 1824 – April 1825]. [Coll. Hemprich], Ex.Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: Cabanis (1851b) referred to two specimens in Heine’s collection. These two certain syntypes are found at the MHH (4818, 4819) in Halberstadt (Quaisser &amp; Nicolai 2006: 73). The MHH specimens show rather brown heads and on breast and collar a varying amount of black speckles. Cabanis’ original description said nothing about additional specimens studied in the ZMB collection. However, he mentions “younger birds” with a more blackish-brown head instead of pure brown, not reflected by any of the MHH specimens. Instead, specimen ZMB 1481 shows these characters. Cabanis probably mistook the denser mottling of breast and collar of this ZMB bird as a juvenile character rather than the pattern of a first-generation hybrid. It cannot be ruled out that Cabanis, when describing the taxon in 1851, also studied other ZMB birds, but no clues are given in his original description. Two of the ZMB specimens have printed type labels saying “No. II” and “No. III der Typen von Corvus phaeocephalus .” Although the make of the labels is from the beginning of the 20 th century, when Jean Cabanis (1816–1906) was still active at the ZMB, they refer not to type status, but to plate IV in the Journal für Ornithologie, vol. 54 (1906), which is entitled “Typen von [meaning: forms of] Corvus phaeocephalus Cab. ” The second (II) and third (III) specimens on plate IV are ZMB 1480 and 1481, the first (I) is ZMB 1479. The ZMB specimens are also certain syntypes of Corvus scapularis aethiops (see below). Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 177 and Ash &amp; Atkins 2009: 372 discussed the hybridization of Corvus albus and Corvus ( ruficollis) edithae in Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. They also noted that the name Corvus phaeocephalus Cabanis, 1851, was given to this interbreeding population. These hybrids differ from purebred, glossy bluish-black C. albus in having rather dark brown heads and upper breasts, with the brown sometimes extending to the body. They are similar to C. ruficollis but unlike the latter, with white pattern on collar, lower breast and belly. Some birds appear mottled brownish black within the white collar. Because the name has been given to a hybrid population it is invalid for any further use in ornithological nomenclature (ICZN 1999, arts. 1.3.3, 17.2, 23.8).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3EFF9CFF112199FE2AFE41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3DFF9CFF112381FE2AF9C5.text	627A87D62E3DFF9CFF112381FE2AF9C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus scapularis var. aethiops Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833	<div><p>Corvus scapularis var. Aethiops Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg, 1833: fol. z (2nd page)</p><p>TL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.433334/lat 15.483334)">Nubia</a> et <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.433334/lat 15.483334)">Dongola</a> [Nubia and Dongola = Sudan], Habessinia litto [= Littoral Abyssinia], restricted to Arkiko, Eritrea [= Hargigo near Massawa, 15°29’N, 39°26’E] (see below).</p><p>Now Corvus albus x Corvus ( ruficollis) edithae (hybrid) [ZMB 1479, 1480, 1481]. See Madge &amp; Burn 1999: 177, Fry et al. 2000: 546. Sharpe 1877: 23 and Meinertzhagen 1926: 112 synonymized the name with Corvus albus Statius Müller, 1776 [this refers to sight records cited by Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg 1833, see below].</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 1479. Adult [hybrid, no sex given]. Loc.: Abyssinien [= Arkiko, Eritrea]. Date: [not given; December 1824 – April 1825]. [Coll. Hemprich], Ex.Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg. [Ex, Mus, A/R, Meise MS]. ZMB 1480. “Juvenile” [adult, hybrid, no sex given]. Loc.: Abyssinien [= Arkiko, Eritrea]. Date: [not given; December 1824 – April 1825]. [Coll. Hemprich], Ex.Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS]. ZMB 1481. [Adult, hybrid, no sex given]. Loc.: Abyssinien [= Arkiko, Eritrea]. Date: [not given; December 1824 – April 1825]. [Coll. Hemprich], Ex.Coll.: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: One specimen is certainly and the two others arguably syntypes of the name Corvus phaeocephalus (see above). The original description of aethiops does not indicate the number of specimens consulted. However, three birds were entered in the Aves I register up until the end of the 19 th century, and the same three specimens are still housed in the bird department of the ZMB today. Dresser &amp; Blanford (1874: 337), when working on Hemprich and Ehrenberg’s type material, also studied three syntypes of this name. The syntypes came, however, from coastal Abyssinia, i.e. Eritrea, rather than Nubia and Dongola, which are cited as additional localities in the original description. Those localities were based on sight records of purebred C. albus and have no validity for determining the type locality of the original description according to the ICZN (1999). The shipment lists for the 10th consignment include seven specimens of “ Corvus albicollis et var. nigra ” from Dhalak [Dhalak Archipelago] and Arkiko [Hargigo], coastal Eritrea, collected between December 1824 and July 1825, but only the “ var. nigra ” specimens are described in the original description of Corvus scapularis var. Aethiops . According to the correspondence of Hemprich and Ehrenberg cited in Stresemann (1954 b: 143), Hemprich collected 5 specimens of the variety in Arkiko before May 1825. Thus, the type locality can formally restricted to Arkiko = Hargigo near Massawa, Eritrea. Because the name was given to a hybrid population it is invalid for any further use in ornithological nomenclature (ICZN 1999, arts. 1.3.3, 17.2, 23.8).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3DFF9CFF112381FE2AF9C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3DFF9DFF112401FC36FEA8.text	627A87D62E3DFF9DFF112401FC36FEA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus sinuatus MS	<div><p>Corvus sinuatus ̔ MS Lichtenstein’ Wagler, 1829: col. 748</p><p>TL: Mexico, restricted to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.2/lat 20.5)">Ixmiquilpán</a> (see below) [20°30’N, 99°12’W].</p><p>Now Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler, 1829 . See Meinertzhagen 1926: 102, Stresemann 1954 a: 89, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 279, Dickinson 2003: 514.</p><p>SYNTYPE: ZMB 1501. Male. Loc.: Ixmiquilpec [=Ixmiquilpán, Mexico]. Date: [not given = 13 April to 16 July 1826 according to Stresemann (1954 a: 87)]. Coll.: Deppe. [Ex, Mus, Meise MS].</p><p>COMMENTS: A second historical, formerly mounted bird from Mexico in the collection, ZMB 1500 [data on label: Mexico, Aschenborn], had been obtained from Alwin Aschenborn. It arrived in the ZMB in October 1841, too late for the original description (ZMB archives, Zool. Mus., Sign. SI, Aschenborn, A., p. 11). Other syntypes were originally designated as being at RMNH (“Mus. Lugd.”) but none are listed in Dekker &amp; Quaisser 2006. The label information gives ‘Ixmiquilpec’ [mispelling for Ixmiquilpán on the river Tula] as the collecting locality, thus the type locality can be formally restricted to that town. For an itinerary of Deppe’s travels see Stresemann (1954 a: 86–88). The name Corvus cacalotl Wagler 1831: col. 527, now synonymized with C. c. sinuatus (cf. Meinertzhagen 1926: 102), was based on the texts and name of Hernandez (1651: 48, cap. Clxxiv, de Cacalotl, seu Corvo) and not on any ZMB specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3DFF9DFF112401FC36FEA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3CFF9DFF1121A2FCA6FA14.text	627A87D62E3CFF9DFF1121A2FCA6FA14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus corax subsp. islandicus Hantzsch 1906	<div><p>Corvus corax islandicus Hantzsch, 1906: 130</p><p>TL: Island [Iceland].</p><p>Now Corvus corax varius Brünnich, 1764 . See Hartert &amp; Steinbacher 1932: 3, Vaurie 1959: 175, Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 279, Dickinson 2003: 514, Eck &amp; Quaisser 2004: 286.</p><p>PARALECTOTYPES (designation by Meise 1929: 3): ZMB 2002.540 [new registration, acquisition number B.374]. Male. Loc.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-19.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=65.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -19.65/lat 65.75)">Saudárkrókur</a>, northern Iceland [19°39’W, 65°45’N]. Date: 9 March 1906. Ex.Coll.: Hantzsch. [S, Mus]. ZMB 2002.541 [new registration, acquisition number B.374]. Male. Loc.: Saudárkrókur, North-Iceland. Date: 24 January 1906. Ex.Coll.: Hantzsch. [S, Mus]. ZMB 2002.542 [new registration, acquisition number B.374]. Female. Loc.: Saudárkrókur, North-Iceland. Date: 20 October 1905. Ex.Coll.: Hantzsch. [S, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: Of the 25 specimens referred to by Hantzsch (1906) in the original description, three were bought for the ZMB on 10 October 1906. Eleven paralectotypes C19578-79, C21666-72, C21674-75 were later sold to the SMTD (Eck &amp; Quaisser 2004: 286, Quaisser &amp; Eck 2006: 134). Meise’s lectotype C21673 was lost during WWII. It was also housed in the SMTD.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3CFF9DFF1121A2FCA6FA14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
627A87D62E3CFF9DFF1123B8FB9EFCA5.text	627A87D62E3CFF9DFF1123B8FB9EFCA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corvus sardus O. Kleinschmidt 1903	<div><p>Corvus sardus O. Kleinschmidt, 1903: 92</p><p>TL: Sardinien [Sardinia]</p><p>Now Corvus corax hispanus E. Hartert &amp; O. Kleinschmidt, 1901 . See Meinertzhagen 1926: 101, Cramp et al. 1994: 206, Dickinson 2003: 514; Blake &amp; Vaurie 1962: 280 treated the taxon within the nominate race.</p><p>SYNTYPES: ZMB 35460 [acquisition number B.207]. Female. Loc.: Arzana, Reg. Ogliastra, Sardinia [39°54’N, 09°32’E]. Date: 6 March 1903. Ex.Coll.: K. Wolterstorff. [S, Mus &amp; field labels]. ZMB 2002.543 [new registration, formerly doubled registered with specimen above under ZMB 35460 and B.207 on acquisition]. Female. Loc.: Sardinia. Date: 20 February 1903. Ex.Coll.: Kleinschmidt. [S, Mus].</p><p>COMMENTS: Kleinschmidt (1903) referred to Dr. K. Wolterstorff of Magdeburg for the source of the specimens. Kleinschmidt (1903) did not say how many specimens he had seen for the original description. The ZMB got its two birds in exchange with Wolterstorff and Kleinschmidt.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/627A87D62E3CFF9DFF1123B8FB9EFCA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Steinheimer, Frank D.	Steinheimer, Frank D. (2009): The type specimens of Corvidae (Aves) in the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrocitta vagabunda. Zootaxa 2149 (1): 1-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.1
