identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
611B87F4FFB8FF9B15FAFDBFFDB4FC54.text	611B87F4FFB8FF9B15FAFDBFFDB4FC54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyamocephalus loganensis Currie 1927	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cyamocephalus loganensis</p>
            <p> The holotype (NHMUK IA 16521) from the Silurian-aged (Wenlock)?Patrick Burn Formation in Scotland (Anderson, 1999) was originally thought to have an LCE on the left side of the prosomal shield (Currie, 1927). However, we report no conclusive evidence of LCEs and only weakly defined ophthalmic ridges (Fig. 2C, D). Documentation of the more recently studied  Cyamocephalus cf. loganensis specimen from the Late Silurian (Ludlow)?Ludlow Group in England (NHMUK IA 25) shows no evidence for LCEs (Anderson, 1999). We confirm the lack of LCEs and note that this specimen has more pronounced ophthalmic ridges than the holotype (Fig. 2A, B). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFB8FF9B15FAFDBFFDB4FC54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
611B87F4FFB8FF9B1662FE62FABDFCC5.text	611B87F4FFB8FF9B1662FE62FABDFCC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limuloides limuloides (Woodward 1865)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Limuloides limuloides</p>
            <p> This species from the Late Silurian-aged (Ludlow) Leintwardine Formation, England was originally described by Woodward (1865), who suggested that on ‘one side of the shield’ along a ridge there might be a small LCE. This was supported by Bergström (1975: fig. 1), who reconstructed  Limuloides limuloides with small (millimetric scale), ovate LCEs on the second set of radial ridges. Reconsidering GSM 32393, we find no evidence for LCEs, but well-defined radial ridges (sensu Bergström, 1975) are noted (Fig. 3C, D). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFB8FF9B1662FE62FABDFCC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
611B87F4FFB8FF9B1662FCD5FA63FB1D.text	611B87F4FFB8FF9B1662FCD5FA63FB1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoniscus clarkei Ruedemann 1916	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pseudoniscus clarkei</p>
            <p> This species from the Late Silurian-aged (Ludlow, sensu Gupta, 2014) Vernon Shale from New York State, USA, was originally described by Ruedemann (1916) as having small, lunular LCEs. Krzemiński et al. (2010) doubted that  Pseudoniscus taxa possessed any ocular features. Re-examination of the  Pseudoniscus clarkei specimen (NSYM 19113) shows no evidence for LCEs, but a prominent ophthalmic ridge is preserved on the left side of the prosomal shield (Fig. 4A, B). </p>
            <p>SYNZIPHOSURINES WITH LATERAL COMPOUND EYES</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFB8FF9B1662FCD5FA63FB1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
611B87F4FFB8FF9B15FAFA0EFC05FE7E.text	611B87F4FFB8FF9B15FAFA0EFC05FE7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoniscus falcatus (Woodward 1868)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pseudoniscus falcatus</p>
            <p> The holotype (NHMUK IA 44122) from the Silurian-aged (Wenlock)?Patrick Burn Formation, Scotland (sensu Anderson, 1999) was originally described a n d r e c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h s m a l l, k i d n e y -s h a p e d (reniform) LCEs on ophthalmic ridges (Woodward, 1868). In contrast, Størmer (1952) reconstructed  Pseudoniscus falcatus without LCEs. Reconsideration of the holotype (Fig. 3A, B) shows no evidence of LCEs, although prominent ophthalmic ridges are present, particularly well expressed on the left side of the prosomal shield. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFB8FF9B15FAFA0EFC05FE7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
611B87F4FFB8FF991662FAB5FD77FDA6.text	611B87F4FFB8FF991662FAB5FD77FDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoniscus roosevelti Clarke 1902	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pseudoniscus roosevelti</p>
            <p> The other synziphosurine taxon from the Late Silurian-aged (Ludlow, sensu Gupta, 2014) Vernon Shale in New York State, USA was originally described by Clarke (1902) as being blind. Ruedemann (1916) investigated more specimens of  Pseudoniscus roosevelti than Clarke and suggested that LCEs were present, but the legitimacy of his observations was doubted by Eldredge (1974), Bergström (1975) and, more recently, by Krzemiński et al. (2010). Re-examination of NYSM 19112 led us to the identification of a prominent reniform LCE preserved on the left side of the prosomal shield (Fig. 4C, D). There is no evidence for the presence of ophthalmic ridges on the prosoma. The LCE is 2.1 mm from the anterior, 4.5 mm from the posterior, 2.2 mm from the lateral boarders and 2.5 mm from the prosomal midline. The LCE outline is darker than the surrounding specimen, and most of the posterior 0.3 mm section is completely pigmented. The eye is 0.5 mm wide and 0.9 mm long. Possible evidence for ommatidia is also preserved (Fig. 4D), consisting of a quadruplet of circular lenses on an isolated lateral patch of dark material, with another lens triplet on the anterolateral margin of the preserved eye. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFB8FF991662FAB5FD77FDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
611B87F4FFBAFF991662FE87FC0AFD2C.text	611B87F4FFBAFF991662FE87FC0AFD2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Houia yueya	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Houia yueya</p>
            <p> The original description of  Houia yueya from the Early Devonian-aged (Lochkovian) Xishancun Formation in Yunnan, China reported no conclusive evidence for LCEs (Lamsdell et al., 2013). On reconsideration of the taxon by Selden et al. (2015), ovate LCEs were noted on both sides of the prosomal shield, a statement that we reaffirm here (Fig. 6A, B). Lateral compund eyes are 8 mm from the lateral, 10 mm from the posterior and 4 mm from the anterior boarders and 4 mm from the prosomal midline. Ophthalmic ridges are absent. The LCEs have a dark, pigmented border (Fig. 6B). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFBAFF991662FE87FC0AFD2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
611B87F4FFBAFF991662FD4EFC2CFB64.text	611B87F4FFBAFF991662FD4EFC2CFB64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kasibelinurus amicorum Pickett 1993	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kasibelinurus amicorum</p>
            <p>The holotype (AM F 68969), from the Late Devonian-aged (Famennian, see Holland, 2010) Mandagery Sandstone in Australia was originally described as having LCEs on both sides of the prosoma (see Pickett, 1993). We found evidence for only a single LCE, preserved as an ovate structure on the right prosomal shield (Fig. 6C–E). Ophthalmic ridges are absent. The LCE is located 10 mm from the anterior, 10 mm from the posterior and 18 mm from the lateral boarders and 8 mm from the prosomal midline. The eye has a small amount of relief (2 mm) when considered in profile view (Fig. 6E).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFBAFF991662FD4EFC2CFB64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
611B87F4FFBAFF9915FAFD25FD07FB7E.text	611B87F4FFBAFF9915FAFD25FD07FB7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Legrandella lombardii Eldredge 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Legrandella lombardii</p>
            <p>The holotype (AMNH 29273) from the Early Devonian-aged (Emsian–Eifelian, sensu Hernández et al., 2018) Icla Formation in Bolivia was originally described as having slit-shaped LCEs on both sides of the anterior prosomal shield (Eldredge, 1974). We corroborate this observation (Fig. 5A, B). Lateral compound eyes are located ~ 21 mm from the midline of the prosomal shield along well-defined ophthalmic ridges. Furthermore, we report that well-preserved ommatidia are expressed in the facets of the LCEs (Fig. 5C) (Eldredge, 1974). At least 26 ovate ommatidia are preserved on the left LCE. Sizes range between 0.39 and 0.61 mm wide, but are mostly ~ 0.6 mm wide.</p>
            <p>EUCHELICERATES WITH LATERAL COMPOUND EYES</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFBAFF9915FAFD25FD07FB7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
611B87F4FFBAFF971662FB76FE42FF14.text	611B87F4FFBAFF971662FB76FE42FF14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus 1758)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Limulus polyphemus</p>
            <p> The extant American horseshoe crab has reniform LCEs with visible ommatidia (Fig. 7A–E; Harzsch et al., 2006; Miether &amp; Dunlop, 2016; Strausfeld et al., 2016).  Limulus polyphemus LCEs can have&gt; 1000 ommatidia, and Poschmann et al. (2016) suggested an average lens width of 0.14 mm. This value depends on the age, size, and sex of a given specimen. This taxon contrasts with other extant chelicerates that have more derived eyes and a greatly reduced number of lenses (Battelle, 2006; Harzsch et al., 2007). Lateral compound eyes on the studied specimen are located in the centre of the cephalothorax, 22 mm from the lateral border on both sides of the cephalothorax and located along well-defined ophthalmic ridges (Fig. 7D, E; Bicknell et al., 2018). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFBAFF971662FB76FE42FF14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
611B87F4FFBAFF9915FAFB10FAEAFF17.text	611B87F4FFBAFF9915FAFB10FAEAFF17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lunataspis aurora	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lunataspis aurora</p>
            <p>The holotype (MM I-4000A) from the Late Ordovicianaged (Hirnantian)?Churchill River Group from Canada was originally described as having reniform LCEs on both sides of the prosomal shield (Rudkin et al., 2008). We corroborate this description and note that the LCE on the left side is more pronounced than the right (Fig. 5D, E). The LCEs taper anteriorly towards a point and are located on a weakly developed ophthalmic ridge (Rudkin et al., 2008). The eye is only slightly darker than the surrounding specimen. Lateral compound eyes on MM I-4000A (Fig. 5D) are located 5 mm from the prosomal midline, 9 mm from the anterior, 5 mm from the posterior and 6 mm from the prosomal lateral boarders. The posterior eye section is pigmented and darker than the anterior (Rudkin et al., 2008). There is no clear evidence of preserved ommatidia.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611B87F4FFBAFF9915FAFB10FAEAFF17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bicknell, Russell D C;Amati, Lisa;Ortega-Hernández, Javier	Bicknell, Russell D C, Amati, Lisa, Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019): New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (4): 1061-1077, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/4/1061/5543300
