identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
672787C9FFAD670EB48A686CFCCCFBA0.text	672787C9FFAD670EB48A686CFCCCFBA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ascandra Haeckel 1872	<div><p>Genus  Ascandra Haeckel, 1872</p><p>Diagnosis: “  Calcinea with loosely anastomosed tubes. Tubes are free, at least in the apical region. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or sagittal triactines and tetractines. The apical actine is very thin (needle-like) or very thick at the base. Diactines may be added. Asconoid aquiferous system” (Klautau et al. 2016).</p><p>Type species:  Ascandra falcata Haeckel, 1872 by monotypy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFAD670EB48A686CFCCCFBA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFAD6713B48A6FA8FB8CFF40.text	672787C9FFAD6713B48A6FA8FB8CFF40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ascandra polejaeffi Lopes & Padua & Azevedo & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Ascandra polejaeffi sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CC4802AF-E781-4130-8C05-C63FC49DAF8D</p><p>(Figs 5–6; Table 3)</p><p>Synonyms.  Clathrina sp. nov. 10 Klautau et al. 2013: 452.  Clathrina sp. nov. 11 Klautau et al. 2013: 452.</p><p>Etymology. For Poléjaeff, in recognition to his contributions to the taxonomy of calcareous sponges, many described from Eastern Brazil.</p><p>Material examined.   Holotype — UFRJPOR 8805,  Escalvada Island, 7.9 m depth, 05.iv.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal  .   Paratype — UFRJPOR 6084, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.359276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.297861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.359276/lat -27.297861)">Ponta do Vidal</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.359276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.297861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.359276/lat -27.297861)">Reserva Biológica Marinha do Arvoredo</a>, Santa Catarina, Brazil (27°17’52.3” S, 48°21’33.4” W), 10–15 m depth, 11.vii.2009, colls. F. Azevedo, J. Carraro and A. Padua  .</p><p>Diagnosis. White  Ascandra with mostly ramified cormus without water-collecting tubes. Skeleton composed of lanceolate diactines, one category of triactines and two categories of tetractines. The triactines are the most abundant spicule category.</p><p>Description. Cormus formed by large, mostly ramified but also irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes at the base and free at the apical region (Figs 5A, B). Colour white alive and beige in ethanol (Figs 5A, B). Consistency fragile. Surface of the tubes can be smooth or hispid at the base due to the longitudinally disposed diactines, which project the lanceolate tip outside the cormus. Aquiferous system asconoid.</p><p>Skeleton composed of diactines, present mostly at the base of the tubes, one category of triactines and two categories of tetractines, tetractine I being rare and tetractine II abundant (Figs 5C, D). Triactines are the most abundant spicules. Trichoxeas are also present all over the body.</p><p>Spicules (Fig 6; Table 3).</p><p>*From Klautau et al. (2022).</p><p>Diactines: Sinuous and slightly curved in the middle. One tip thicker and lanceolate and the other sharp (Fig 6A). Size: 168.9 (± 63.8)/ 11.1 (± 4.2) µm (N = 18).</p><p>Triactines: Regular. Actines slightly conical, with blunt tips (Fig 6B). Size: 166.0 (± 18.8)/ 16.3 (± 2.1) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Tetractines I: Regular. Basal actines conical and stout, undulated, with sharp tips (Fig 6C). Apical actine conical and curved at the tip, which is sharp. Size: basal actine—297.1 (± 46.3)/ 41.8 (± 6.6) µm (N = 17); apical actine— 117.1 (± 10.2)/ 17.1 (± 1.6) µm (N = 3).</p><p>Tetractines II: Regular to subregular. Basal actines cylindrical to slightly conical, distally undulated, with blunt tips (Fig 6D). Apical actine shorter than the basal ones and thick only at the base, then becoming very thin, smooth and with sharp tip, straight, curved or spiralled (Fig 6E). Size: basal actine—177.0 (± 19.8)/ 19.5 (± 2.2) µm (N = 20); apical actine—92.1 (± 17.2)/ 9.9 (± 2.0) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Ecology. The specimen was hanging inside a crevice on a vertical wall among other sponges and algae (Fig 5A).</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern Caribbean ecoregion— Panama, Caribbean Sea (Klautau et al. 2013). Eastern Brazil ecoregion—Guarapari, Espírito Santo State (type locality; present study). Southeastern Brazil ecoregion— Arvoredo Island, Santa Catarina State (Klautau et al. 2013).</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. Eight out of the 18  Ascandra species have diactines in the skeleton. Of these, the species that most resembles  Ascandra polejaeffi sp. nov. is  Ascandra mascarenica Klautau, Lopes, Tavares &amp; Pérez, 2021 from La Réunion, Indian Ocean. Both species have identical skeleton composition, with one category of triactines, two categories of tetractines and lanceolate diactines. Overall measurements are also similar (Table 3), nevertheless, important differences were observed. For example,  A. mascarenica has a cormus with anastomosed tubes that converge to a single osculum and triactines are rare, while the new species has a cormus mainly ramified, with several oscula, and triactines are the most abundant spicules. In addition, they separated in the phylogenetic reconstructions, hence, we name the specimens from the Atlantic as a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFAD6713B48A6FA8FB8CFF40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFB06713B48A6A40FB43FDA8.text	672787C9FFB06713B48A6A40FB43FDA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borojevia Klautau, Azevedo, Condor-Lujan, Rapp, Collins & Russo 2013	<div><p>Genus  Borojevia Klautau, Azevedo, Cóndor-Luján, Rapp, Collins &amp; Russo, 2013</p><p>Diagnosis. “  Calcinea in which sponge cormus comprises tightly anastomosed tubes. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) triactines, tetractines, and tripods. The apical actine of the tetractines has spines. Aquiferous system asconoid” (Klautau et al. 2013).</p><p>Type species.  Ascaltis cerebrum Haeckel, 1872 by original designation in Klautau et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFB06713B48A6A40FB43FDA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFB06711B48A69A6FA3EFE44.text	672787C9FFB06711B48A69A6FA3EFE44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borojevia brasiliensis (Sole-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic & Thorpe 1991)	<div><p>Borojevia brasiliensis (Solé-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojević &amp; Thorpe, 1991)</p><p>(Fig 7; Table 4)</p><p>Synonyms:  Clathrina cerebrum, sensu Borojević 1971: 526 [non  Clathrina cerebrum (Haeckel, 1872)].  Clathrina brasiliensis, Solé-Cava et al. 1991: 382; Klautau et al. 1994: 372; Klautau &amp; Borojević 2001: 403; Klautau &amp; Valentine 2003: 11.  Borojevia brasiliensis, Klautau et al. 2013: 458 .</p><p>Material examined:   UFRJPOR 8827,  Escalvada Island, 12 m depth, 31.iii.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal  .</p><p>Diagnosis: White  Borojevia with regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Skeleton composed of tripods, triactines and tetractines, always conical. Spines on the apical actine of tetractines are very thin at the base, being proportionally much thinner than longer. They are organised in 3–6 rows.</p><p>Description: Cormus formed by thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes converge to large oscula. Colour white alive and in ethanol (Figs 7A, B). Consistency soft and slightly compressible. Surface of the tubes smooth. Aquiferous system asconoid.</p><p>Skeleton composed of tripods, triactines and tetractines (Fig 7C). Triactines are the most abundant spicules.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 7D–F; Table 4).</p><p>Tripods: Regular to subregular. Actines conical, undulated and stout, with blunt tips (Fig 7D). Size: 98.9 (± 9.1)/ 13.1 (± 1.1) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Triactines: Regular. Actines conical and straight, with blunt to sharp tips (Fig 8E). Size: 71.1 (± 9.3)/ 9.0 (± 1.3) µm (N = 30).</p><p>Tetractines: Basal actines are similar to the triactines (Fig 7F). The apical actine is shorter than the basal ones, conical, straight, sharp and ornamented with spines proportionally much thinner than longer and organised in 3–6 rows (Fig 7G). Size: basal actine—73.8 (± 12.7)/ 9.4 (± 2.0) µm (N = 20); apical actine—46.8 (± 4.5)/ 5.1 (± 0.3) µm (N = 20).</p><p>*From Klautau and Valentine (2003).</p><p>Ecology: The only specimen was collected among other sponges, hydrozoans and algae (Fig 7A).</p><p>Distribution: Eastern Brazil ecoregion—Guarapari, Espírito Santo State (present study); Cape of São Tomé, Rio de Janeiro State (Borojević 1971). Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Arraial do Cabo (Enseada), Rio de Janeiro State (type locality; Solé-Cava et al. 1991).</p><p>Taxonomic remarks: The first report of  Borojevia brasiliensis was to Cape of São Tomé, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil by Borojević (1971) as  Clathrina cerebrum (now  Borojevia cerebrum; see Klautau et al. 2013).  Borojevia cerebrum was originally described from the Mediterranean Sea (Haeckel 1872), and allozymes and molecular analyses indicated that the populations from Brazil were not conspecific with those from the Mediterranean (Solé-Cava et al. 1991). For that reason, the Brazilian specimens were named  B. brasiliensis . Before this study,  B. brasiliensis was considered endemic to Rio de Janeiro State (Muricy et al. 1991), hence we are here extending its distribution northwards to Espírito Santo State, which means to another ecoregion, the Eastern Brazil ecoregion.</p><p>Some morphological variations were observed when comparing the specimens from Espírito Santo with the holotype from Rio de Janeiro. The tips of the triactines and tetractines are mostly blunt in the holotype and sharp in our specimen. However, spicules with sharp tips were also found in the holotype. The C-LSU and ITS trees recovered the specimens of  B. brasiliensis from Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo in a single clade highly to moderately supported (C-LSU: B = 100%, PP = 0.9; ITS: B = 78%, PP = 0.7) and p-distances were of 0.0% for both markers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFB06711B48A69A6FA3EFE44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFB26717B48A690BFA34FD64.text	672787C9FFB26717B48A690BFA34FD64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borojevia trispinata Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy & Klautau 2017	<div><p>Borojevia trispinata Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy &amp; Klautau, 2017</p><p>(Fig 8; Table 5)</p><p>Synonyms:  Clathrina aspina, Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007: 4, Klautau et al. 2013: 448.  Clathrina aff. aspina, Rossi et al. 2011: 1028 .  Borojevia aspina, Imesek et al. 2014: 22, Lanna &amp; Klautau 2015: 3, Azevedo et al. 2015: 792.  Borojevia cf. aspina, Klautau et al. 2016: 5 .  Borojevia trispinata, Azevedo et al. 2017: 313, Fonseca et al. 2023: 67.</p><p>Material examined:   UFRJPOR 8802, UFRJPOR 8804, UFRJPOR 8820, UFRJPOR 8821, UFRJPOR 8826, UFRJPOR 8922,  Escalvada Island, 7.6–15 m depth, 29.iii.2017 – 04.iv.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal.   UFRJPOR 8923,  Marine Artificial Reef Victory 8B, 22 m depth, 30.iii.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal  .</p><p>Diagnosis: “  Borojevia with triactines, tetractines and tripods. There are only three spines radially disposed in one row on the apical actine of the tetractines” (Azevedo et al. 2017).</p><p>Description: Cormus formed by thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes present. Colour white alive and in ethanol (Figs 8A, B). Consistency soft and compressible. Tubes smooth. Aquiferous system asconoid.</p><p>*From Azevedo &amp; Klautau (2007), **From Azevedo et al. (2017), ***From Klautau &amp; Valentine (2003).</p><p>Skeleton composed of tripods, triactines and tetractines (Fig 8C). Tetractines are the most abundant spicules and their apical actine can have a single row with three spines or present no spines (Fig 8D). Trichoxeas are present.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 8D–G; Table 5).</p><p>Tripods: Regular to subregular or parasagittal. Actines conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig 8E). Size: 91.1 (± 10.5)/ 12.8 (± 0.7) µm (N = 8).</p><p>Triactines: Regular. Actines conical to slightly conical, undulated, with sharp tips (Fig 8F). At the oscular region, they become sagittal. Size: 87.3 (± 6.1)/ 11.1 (± 1.0) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Tetractines: Basal actines similar to the triactines. Apical actine long, conical, with a slightly curved sharp tip (Fig 8G), ornamented with a single row with three spines or without spines (Fig 8D). Size: basal actine—88.8 (± 6.7)/ 11.1 (± 1.2) µm (N = 20); apical actine—61.1 (± 8.9)/ 10.1 (± 0.6) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Ecology: Preference for shaded habitats, such as crevices, from 1 to 15 m of depth (Azevedo et al. 2017).</p><p>Distribution: São Pedro and São Paulo Islands ecoregion—São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (type locality; Azevedo et al. 2017). Eastern Brazil ecoregion— Salvador, Bahia State (Fonseca et al. 2023); Guarapari, Espírito Santo State (present study); Arraial do Cabo (Forno Beach), Rio de Janeiro State (Klautau et al. 1994). Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State (Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007; Klautau et al. 2013, 2016).</p><p>Taxonomic remarks: Azevedo et al. (2017) described  Borojevia trispinata based on specimens from the São Pedro and São Paulo Islands ecoregion. In that work, the authors mentioned that some DNA sequences and specimens previously identified as  Borojevia aspina (Klautau, Solé-Cava &amp; Borojević, 1994),  B. cf. aspina and  B. aff. aspina from Angra dos Reis (Southeastern Brazil ecoregion) and Arraial do Cabo (Forno Beach) (Eastern Brazil), both in Rio de Janeiro State, were, in fact,  B. trispinata (Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007; Klautau et al. 2013), a sympatric species.</p><p>Reanalysing the holotypes of  B. trispinata and  B. aspina, we observed that both species have some tetractines with smooth apical actines and some actines with spines. Nonetheless, in  B. trispinata most of the apical actines have three well-developed spines organised in one row, while in  B. aspina most of the apical actines have only vestigial spines. Unfortunately, we do not have sequences of  B. aspina from the type locality available up to date.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFB26717B48A690BFA34FD64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFB46717B48A686CFC58FB84.text	672787C9FFB46717B48A686CFC58FB84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina Gray 1867	<div><p>Genus  Clathrina Gray, 1867</p><p>Diagnosis: “  Calcinea in which the cormus comprises anastomosed tubes. A stalk may be present. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and/or parasagittal triactines, to which diactines and tripods may be added. Asconoid aquiferous system” (Klautau et al. 2013).</p><p>Type species:  Grantia clathrus Schmidt, 1864 by original designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFB46717B48A686CFC58FB84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFB46715B48A6F7BFCDFFD64.text	672787C9FFB46715B48A6F7BFCDFFD64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina albata Lopes & Padua & Azevedo & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Clathrina albata sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 67D256C9-BBE5-4CCE-A465-87FFEEDEB9AE</p><p>(Fig 9; Table 6)</p><p>Etymology: From the Latin albatus (= “clothed in white”), because of the bright white colour of this species.</p><p>Material examined:   Holotype — UFRJPOR 8808,  Escalvada Island, 8.3 m depth, 08.iv.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal.</p><p>Diagnosis: White  Clathrina with regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes absent. Skeleton composed of tripods and two categories of triactines. Spicules always with sharp tips.</p><p>Description: Cormus encrusting, formed by thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Colour white when alive and after fixation (Figs 9A, B). Oscula spread on the surface, without water-collecting tubes. Consistency friable and uncompressible to the touch. Surface of the tubes smooth. Aquiferous system asconoid. Skeleton composed of tripods and two different categories of triactines (Fig 9C).</p><p>*From Fonseca et al. (2023).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 9D–F; Table 6).</p><p>Tripods: Regular. Actines strongly conical, stout, straight, with sharp tips (Fig 9D). Rare. Size: 186.1 (± 55.7)/ 31.0 (± 7.2) µm (N = 14).</p><p>Triactines I: Regular. Actines cylindrical to slightly conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig 9E). Most abundant category. Size: 105.7 (± 15.4)/ 9.9 (± 1.2) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Triactines II: Regular. Actines conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig 9F). Very small in size, resembling young triactines. However, they are common; hence, we considered them as a different category. Size: 46.6 (± 8.5)/ 5.4 (± 1.3) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Ecology: The specimen inhabited cryptic and shaded environments, colonized mostly by algae, hydrozoans, and other sponges.</p><p>Distribution: Eastern Brazil ecoregion—Guarapari, Espírito Santo State (type locality; present study).</p><p>Taxonomic remarks: Three species of  Clathrina have tripods in the skeleton:  Clathrina clara Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003,  Clathrina robusta Fonseca, Cóndor-Luján &amp; Cavalcanti, 2023, and  Clathrina rotunda Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003 . Besides the tripods,  C. clara and  C. rotunda have one category of triactines, whereas  C. albata sp. nov. has two categories differing in shape and size. Moreover,  C. clara and  C. rotunda have water-collecting tubes, while the new species does not, and the triactines I of  C. clara and  C. rotunda are conical, while in  C. albata sp. nov. it is cylindrical to slightly conical.</p><p>Morphologically,  Clathrina robusta is the most similar species to  C. albata sp. nov. with only subtle differences. The tips of the spicules are blunt to sharp, while in our new species they are always sharp. Besides, although in the original description it was said that  C. robusta did not present water-collecting tubes, it is possible to recognise them on the picture (Fonseca et al. 2023). This is another difference, as the new species does not have water-collecting tubes. Considering molecular data, they are also distinct species.  Clathrina albata sp. nov. and  C. robusta were present in separate clades in our C-LSU tree (we do not have ITS sequences for the new species). The new species was sister of  C. capixaba sp. nov., and  C. robusta was sister of  C. helveola +  C. wistariensis (Fig 2). Hence, the p-distance between  C. albata sp. nov. and  C. robusta was 3.3%.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFB46715B48A6F7BFCDFFD64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFB66715B48A686CFD98F848.text	672787C9FFB66715B48A686CFD98F848.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina capixaba Lopes & Padua & Azevedo & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Clathrina capixaba sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A2BA09F3-FABA-44A0-9356-71CA04AD7A13</p><p>(Fig 10; Table 7)</p><p>Etymology: Capixaba is the gentile of who is born in Espírito Santo State.</p><p>Material examined:   Holotype — UFRJPOR 8823,  Escalvada Island, 15 m depth, 30.iii.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal  .   Paratypes — UFRJPOR8810,  Escalvada Island, 8 m depth, 29.iii.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal.  UFRJPOR 8828, Escalvada Island, 18 m depth, 30.iii.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal .</p><p>Diagnosis: White  Clathrina with regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes present. Two categories of triactines: one with conical actines and sharp tips, while the other category is more abundant and has cylindrical to slightly conical actines and sharp tips.</p><p>Description: Cormus formed by thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes present. Colour white in vivo and white to beige after fixation (Figs 10A, B). Consistency soft and compressible to the touch. The surface of the tubes is smooth. Aquiferous system asconoid. Skeleton composed of two categories of triactines (Fig 10C).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 10D–E; Table 7).</p><p>Triactines I: Regular to subregular. Actines are conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig 10D). Less abundant than the triactines II. Size: 151.1 (± 15.9)/ 13.7 (± 1.1) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Triactines II: Regular. Actines cylindrical to slightly conical, straight, with predominantly sharp tips (Fig 10E). More abundant than the triactines I. Size: 101.5 (± 9.3)/ 8.6 (± 1.2) µm (N = 24).</p><p>Ecology: We have several small specimens attached to octocorals under register numbers UFRJPOR 8823 and 8828. UFRJPOR 8828 was under a rock. Depth range of 8 to 18 m.</p><p>Distribution: Eastern Brazil ecoregion—Guarapari, Espírito Santo State (type locality; present study).</p><p>Taxonomic remarks: Four species of  Clathrina have only two categories of triactines forming their skeletons and cormus formed by tightly anastomosed tubes as  C. capixaba sp. nov.:  C. antofagastensis Azevedo, Hajdu, Willenz &amp; Klautau, 2009,  C. clara Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003,  C. rotunda Klautau &amp; Valentine, 2003, and  C. zelinhae Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy &amp; Klautau, 2017 .</p><p>Differently from  C. capixaba sp. nov.,  C. antofagastensis has no triactines with cylindrical actines.  Clathrina clara and  C. rotunda also do not present triactines with cylindrical actines, and  C. zelinhae has triactines with very different shapes and sizes, the most abundant triactine is cylindrical but much thinner than that of the new species [ C. zelinhae: 85.0–95.8 (±5.4)–107.5/ 3.9 (±1.0) µm], while the rare category is conical but much bigger than that of  C. capixaba sp. nov. [ C. zelinhae: 255.0–271.1 (±13.2)–290.0/ 20.8 (±2.2) µm]. Therefore, we conclude that our specimens represent a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFB66715B48A686CFD98F848	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFB8671AB48A6BB9FD09F82B.text	672787C9FFB8671AB48A6BB9FD09F82B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina delicata Fontana, Cóndor-Luján, Azevedo, Pérez & Klautau 2018	<div><p>Clathrina delicata Fontana, Cóndor-Luján, Azevedo, Pérez &amp; Klautau, 2018</p><p>(Figs 11, 12; Table 8)</p><p>Synonym:  Clathrina delicata, Fontana et al. 2018: 27. Muricy et al. 2024: 6.</p><p>Material examined:   UFRJPOR 8796 = MNRJ 21095,  Bellucia Shipwreck, 20–23 m depth, 01.iv.2017, coll. C. Leal.  UFRJPOR 8812, UFRJPOR 8813, Escalvada Island, 15–15.4 m depth, 29.iii.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal. UFRJPOR 8832, Escalvada Island, 18 m depth, 31.iii.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal .</p><p>Description: Cormus encrusting to somewhat massive, formed by large, irregular, and loosely anastomosed tubes. Several oscula, without water-collecting tubes, spread on the surface. Colour white alive and after fixation (Figs 11A, B). Consistency fragile and compressible to the touch. Surface of the tubes smooth. Aquiferous system asconoid. Skeleton composed of three categories of triactines (Fig 11C). Trichoxeas are also present.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 11, 12; Table 8).</p><p>Triactines I: Regular. Actines slightly conical to conical, straight, with sharp tips (Figs 11D, 12A). They are less abundant than triactines II and III. Size (UFRJPOR 8796): 194.6 (± 35.1)/ 21.6 (± 5.0) µm (N = 8).</p><p>Triactines II: Regular. Actines cylindrical, straight, with blunt to sharp tips (Figs 11D, 12B). They are the most abundant category. Size (UFRJPOR 8796): 121.6 (± 15.7)/ 9.7 (± 1.4) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Triactines III: Regular. Actines slightly conical to conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig 12C). Size (UFRJPOR 8796): 45.0 (± 12.1)/ 5.8 (± 1.0) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Ecology:  Clathrina delicata is a sciophilous species, originally collected inside a cave in Martinique (Fontana et al. 2018).  Our specimens were collected within crevices. Depth range of 6 to 23 m.</p><p>Distribution: Eastern Caribbean ecoregion— Martinique, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea (type locality; Fontana et al. 2018). Eastern Brazil ecoregion—Guarapari, Espírito Santo State (present work).</p><p>*From Fontana et al. 2018.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks:  Clathrina delicata was until now known only from its type locality (Martinique,  Caribbean Sea; Fontana et al. 2018).  The morphology of the Espírito Santo specimens matches greatly the type series. Only two differences were observed between them: (1) colour after fixation, which was light yellow in the holotype and paratypes and white in ours; (2) triactines I, which were very rare and more conical in one of our specimens (UFRJPOR 8796). We interpreted these differences as intraspecific variability, considering that in our molecular analysis, all the specimens of  C. delicata were recovered in a single clade with high support (C-LSU and ITS: B = 100%, PP = 1.0) and p-distance of 0%.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFB8671AB48A6BB9FD09F82B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFBA6719B48A6BB9FDA6F99C.text	672787C9FFBA6719B48A6BB9FDA6F99C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina soluta Fonseca, Condor-Lujan & Cavalcanti 2023	<div><p>Clathrina soluta Fonseca, Cóndor-Luján &amp; Cavalcanti, 2023</p><p>(Fig 13; Table 9)</p><p>Synonyms:  Clathrina soluta, Fonseca et al. 2023: 13 .</p><p>Material examined:   UFRJPOR 8806,  Escalvada Island, 7.9 m depth, 06.iv.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal  .</p><p>Diagnosis: “  Clathrina white to light beige, with slightly anastomosed tubes. Two types of triactines with sharp tips, one mostly cylindrical and the other, conical. Trichoxeas may be present” (Fonseca et al. 2023).</p><p>Description: Cormus globular, formed by thin, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes present. Colour beige alive and white after fixation (Figs 13A, B). Consistency soft and compressible to the touch. Surface of the tubes smooth, although some trichoxeas protrude through the surface. Aquiferous system asconoid. Skeleton composed of two categories of triactines (Figs 13C, D). Trichoxeas also present (Fig 13E).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 13E, F; Table 9).</p><p>Triactines I: Regular. Actines cylindrical to slightly conical, distally undulated, with sharp tips (Fig 13F). Size: 85.1 (± 7.1)/ 6.8 (± 1.0) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Triactines II: Regular. Actines conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig 13F). Size: 68.3 (± 11.9) µm/ 7.6 (± 2.0) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Ecology: The Espírito Santo specimen was found in a crevice protected from sunlight.  It is a shallow water species, found between depths of 1 and 7.9 m. It can be associated with calcareous algae (Fonseca et al. 2023).</p><p>Distribution: Eastern Brazil ecoregion— Salvador, Bahia State (type locality; Fonseca et al. 2023); Guarapari, Espírito Santo State (present study).</p><p>Taxonomic remarks: The only divergences we could observe between  C. soluta from Bahia and our specimen from Espírito Santo were slight differences on the size of the triactines I and II (Table 9). Nevertheless, considering the standard deviation, those measurements overlap. Considering that our specimen matches greatly with the original description of  C. soluta and it was recovered in the same clade with the types, we consider this difference a variation of the species. For that reason, the occurrence of  C. soluta is expanded to the central part of the Eastern Brazil ecoregion.</p><p>Interestingly,  C. soluta, based on the phylogenetic analyses, is closely related to  Clathrina luteoculcitella Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 1999, from the Indo-Pacific. The C-LSU phylogeny could not distinguish both species and they were recovered in a polytomic branch (Fig 2). On the other hand, in the ITS analysis,  C. luteoculcitella formed a single clade with Australian and Indonesian sequences. This clade was sister to sequences of  C. soluta, where the sequence from Espírito Santo grouped with one paratype, and the other was at the base of the branch, not forming a clade with the other two sequences (Fig 3). It is possible that both markers do not have enough variability to properly recover two different clades of  C. soluta and  C. luteoculcitella, especially the C-LSU. Perhaps, including more sequences of  C. soluta in the future will resolve this clade, forming a monophyletic group.</p><p>Morphologically, both species are very similar but have differences.  Clathrina soluta presents loosely anastomosed tubes, while in  C. luteoculcitella the anastomosis is dense. The skeleton composition is also different:  C. luteoculcitella has a single category of conical triactines and  C. soluta has two categories of triactines, one mostly cylindrical and more abundant, and the other conical. Hence, there is enough evidence to consider  C. soluta and  C. luteoculcitella as different species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFBA6719B48A6BB9FDA6F99C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFBB671FB48A6CB5FBB1FE44.text	672787C9FFBB671FB48A6CB5FBB1FE44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grantia Fleming 1828	<div><p>Genus  Grantia Fleming, 1828</p><p>Diagnosis: “  Leucosolenida in which there is always a cortex, supported by a skeleton of tangential spicules that can be diactines, triactines, tetractines, or any combination of these. The aquiferous system is either syconoid with radial and elongate choanocyte chambers, or sylleibid or leuconoid with elongate or spherical, scattered choanocyte chambers. The inhalant and exhalant aquiferous systems are always fully developed. The choanoskeleton is articulate, tubular in syconoid species, and contains few to several rows of triactines and/or tetractines, or is, in leuconoid species, arranged without apparent order. In the latter case, the choanoskeleton always preserves traces of the radial organisation, particularly at the level of the subatrial triactines and/or tetractines. The atrial skeleton consisting of tangential triactines and/or tetractines is well developed” (Borojević et al. 2002).</p><p>Type species:  Spongia compressa Fabricius, 1780 by original designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFBB671FB48A6CB5FBB1FE44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FFBC671CB48A690DFAAAFEF0.text	672787C9FFBC671CB48A690DFAAAFEF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grantia kempfi Borojevic & Peixinho 1976	<div><p>Grantia kempfi Borojević &amp; Peixinho, 1976</p><p>(Figs 14, 15; Table 10)</p><p>Synonyms:  Grantia kempfi, Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976: 1019, Muricy et al. 2011: 27, Van Soest 2017: 205.</p><p>Material examined:   UFRJPOR 8831,  Escalvada Island, 18 m depth, 31.iii.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal.   UFRJPOR 8803,  Marine Artificial Reef Vitória 8B, 22 m depth, 30.iii.2017, colls. A. Padua and C. Leal  .</p><p>Diagnosis:  Grantia with syconoid aquiferous system. The cortical skeleton is composed of two categories of diactines, one small and fusiform (rare) and the other large and lanceolated, and triactines. Tubar skeleton composed of triactines and tetractines, the latter being less abundant. Subatrial skeleton composed of triactines and tetractines (very rare). Atrial skeleton composed of few triactines and tetractines.</p><p>Description: Vase shaped sponge. Osculum single and apical, with a neck and a crown of trichoxeas (Fig 14A). Colour white alive and white to beige after fixation (Fig 14A). Consistency friable and fragile. External surface hispid with long diactines protruding through the cortex. Atrium central and hispid due to the apical actines of the atrial tetractines (Figs 14B, E). Radial tubes are fully coalescent, long and arranged side by side (Fig 14B). Aquiferous system syconoid.</p><p>The oscular crown comprises long and smooth trichoxeas and diactines II (Figs 15A, C). The oscular neck has a skeleton formed by T-shaped triactines (Fig 15D). Cortical skeleton composed of scattered rare small diactines (diactines I), longitudinal large diactines (diactines II) and tangential triactines (Fig 14C). The lanceolated tip of the diactines II protrudes through the cortex, while the fusiform tip penetrates the body. Tubar skeleton articulated, composed of rows of triactines and tetractines, the latter being less abundant (Figs 14B, D). Subatrial skeleton composed of triactines and very rare tetractines with the unpaired actine pointing to the cortex (Fig 14E). Atrial skeleton composed of triactines and abundant tetractines, with a long apical actine projected into the atrial cavity (Figs 14E, F).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 15B–J; Table 10).</p><p>Cortical diactines I: Fusiform with sharp tips (Fig 15B). Very rare. Size: 413.5 (± 238.2)/ 14.2 (± 2.8) µm (N = 4).</p><p>Cortical diactines II: Fusiform, undulated and slightly curved, one tip sharp and the other lanceolated (Fig 15C). Mostly broken due to the huge size. Size: 945/ 4.5 µm (N = 1).</p><p>Cortical triactines: Sagittal. Actines conical, straight, with sharp tips. Paired actines slightly undulated and longer than the unpaired one (Fig 15E). Unpaired actine straight or bent when surrounding a canal. Size: paired actine—131.6 (± 31.4)/ 11.6 (± 1.5) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—74.2 (± 23.4)/ 12.4 (± 1.8) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Tubar triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Actines conical, straight, with sharp tips. Paired actines may have different sizes and the shorter one can be curved. Nonetheless, they are always smaller than the unpaired actine (Figs 15 F, G). The apical actine of the tetractines is curved, conical, smooth and small, with sharp tips (Fig 14E). Size (triactines): paired actine—92.3 (± 12.5)/ 8.1 (± 0.9) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—121.2 (± 17.6)/ 8.9 (± 1.2) µm (N = 20). Size (tetractines): paired actine—96.1 (± 16.0)/ 7.8 (± 0.8) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—128.2 (± 20.4)/ 9.2 (± 1.3) µm (N = 20); apical actine—38.5 (± 5.7)/ 7.6 (± 0.9) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Subatrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Paired actines slightly conical, with sharp to blunt tips and curved or straight. The unpaired actine is slightly conical to conical, straight, with sharp tips. It is longer than the paired ones (Fig 15H). Apical actine of tetractines curved, conical, smooth and small, with sharp tips. Subatrial tetractines are very rare, only three were observed on the skeleton sections, therefore they were not measured. Size: paired actine—87.1 (± 32.3)/ 6.9 (± 1.3) µm (N = 16); unpaired actine—167.2 (± 31.6)/ 8.6 (± 1.1) µm (N = 16).</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Actines slightly conical to conical with sharp tips (Fig 15I). The unpaired actines have variable sizes, usually smaller or the same size of the paired ones. Nonetheless, some longer unpaired actines were also observed (Figs 15I, J). Apical actine of tetractines curved, slightly conical to conical, smooth and large, with sharp tips (Fig 14E). Size (triactines): paired actine—166.7 (± 25.2)/ 9.2 (± 1.6) µm (N = 12); unpaired actine—188.8 (± 46.0)/ 9.8 (± 2.0) µm (N = 12). Size (tetractines): paired actine—148.0 (± 46.0)/ 9.8 (± 2.0) µm (N = 20); unpaired—180.8 (± 39.3)/ 9.6 (± 1.7) µm (N = 20); apical actine—128.3 (± 22.4)/ 8.5 (± 1.5) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Ecology: Specimens from Espírito Santo were attached to other organisms (UFRJPOR 8831 on algae and UFRJPOR 8803 on  Carijoa sp.) in depths of 18 and 22 m. Previously described material was collected on sandy bottoms, from 18 to 71 m depth (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976; Van Soest 2017).</p><p>Distribution: Guianan ecoregion— Guyana Shelf (Van Soest 2017). Amazonia ecoregion—Amapá State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976). Northeastern Brazil ecoregion— Rio Grande do Norte State; Pernambuco State (type locality); Alagoas State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976). Eastern Brazil ecoregion— Bahia State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976); Guarapari, Espírito Santo State (present study).</p><p>Taxonomic remarks: Initially described to the Brazilian coast,  Grantia kempfi was later found in the Guyana Shelf (Van Soest 2017). Originally, the subatrial skeleton of  G. kempfi was described as having only triactines and only the large lanceolated diactine was mentioned (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976). Reanalysing the slides of the holotype (MNHN.LBIM.C 1975-4 = MNRJ 037), we found three subatrial tetractines and a smaller fusiform diactine. Likewise, in our material the fusiform diactines and the subatrial tetractines were also very rare. These spicules were not described for the Guyana Shelf material; however, we believe that they could have easily been overlooked due to their rarity.</p><p>Two differences must be considered comparing ours to the type material: (1) the choanocyte chambers of  G. kempfi were described as ramified distally. Nonetheless, the original slides of the holotype were not sectioned properly in a transversal orientation; therefore, we were not able to confirm this feature. In our specimen, the choanocyte chambers do not ramify and run side by side radially to the atrium. (2) Regarding the sizes of the spicules, the specimens from Espírito Santo have larger atrial triactines and tetractines when compared to the holotype (Table 10). Nonetheless, the shape is identical. For those reasons, we identify our material as  Grantia kempfi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FFBC671CB48A690DFAAAFEF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FF806723B48A6BF1FA90FE38.text	672787C9FF806723B48A6BF1FA90FE38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vosmaeropsis Dendy 1892	<div><p>Genus  Vosmaeropsis Dendy, 1892</p><p>Diagnosis:  Heteropiidae with sylleibid or leuconoid organisation. The choanoskeleton is composed of proximal subatrial triactine and tetractine spicules and an irregular layer of scattered triactines and tetractines (modified of Borojević et al. 2002).</p><p>Type species:  Heteropia macera Carter, 1886 by subsequent designation in Dendy and Row (1913).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FF806723B48A6BF1FA90FE38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
672787C9FF806721B48A6AD1FEBEF810.text	672787C9FF806721B48A6AD1FEBEF810.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vosmaeropsis anomala Lopes & Padua & Azevedo & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Vosmaeropsis anomala sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 94A0A3D0-1305-4D13-B363-25CC733C442E</p><p>(Figs 16–18; Table 11)</p><p>Etymology: From the latin anomalus (= irregular), refers to the irregular growth form of the species body.</p><p>Material examined:   Holotype — UFRJPOR 8835,  Floating Pier at the Vitória Yacht Club, 31.iii.2017, colls. R. Rocha &amp; L.M. Vieira  .  Paratype — UFRJPOR 8839, same data as the holotype . Additional material —  UFRJPOR 8937, UFRJPOR 8938, UFRJPOR 8940, UFRJPOR 8950, same data as the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis:  Vosmaeropsis with leuconoid aquiferous system. Cortical skeleton composed of triactines and microdiactines forming a reticulation. Subcortical skeleton composed of pseudosagittal triactines. Choanosomal skeleton composed of three categories of triactines and one of tetractines. Subatrial skeleton composed of triactines and tetractines. Atrial skeleton composed of strongly sagittal triactines and tetractines.</p><p>Description: Sponge tubular, repent or erect, light gray to beige in ethanol (Fig 16A). Consistency rigid and uncompressible. Surface with ridges and projections, but smooth. Osculum at the top of lateral projections or a single apical aperture, with a bright membrane. Atrium central and smooth, with conspicuous excurrent canals. Aquiferous system leuconoid. All specimens presented reproductive elements, mostly larvae.</p><p>Oscular membrane supported by T-shaped triactines and tetractines. Cortical skeleton composed of microdiactines tangentially disposed, forming a reticulation, and triactines of variable sizes (Fig 16B). Subcortical skeleton composed of sparse pseudosagittal triactines (Fig 16C). Choanosomal skeleton disorganised (Fig 16D), composed of three size categories of triactines and one category of tetractines. Triactines III and the tetractines surround the canals (Figs 16D, E). Subatrial skeleton composed of triactines and tetractines (Figs 16F, G). Atrial skeleton composed of triactines and tetractines (Fig 16H). Abnormal tetractines with two apical actines (Fig 17A) or one actine growing on another were observed (Fig 17B).</p><p>Spicules (Fig 18; Table 11).</p><p>Microdiactines: Fusiform, one tip rounded and the other sharp, with large spines covering the entire spicule (Fig 18A). We found three of these spicules without spines. Size: 57.5 (± 10.4)/ 2.7 µm (N = 20).</p><p>Cortical triactines: Subregular to sagittal. Actines cylindrical, with sharp tips. One actine frequently undulated (Fig 18B). Size: paired actine—173.6 (± 19.8)/ 9.7 (± 1.4) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—126.9 (± 19.5)/ 10.3 (± 1.7) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Subcortical triactines: Pseudosagittal.Actines cylindrical, straight or undulated, with sharp tips (Fig 18C). Size: paired 1 actine—216.1 (± 32.3)/ 12.8 (± 1.9) µm (N = 20); paired 2 actine—128.6 (± 23.9)/ 11.4 (± 2.3) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—112.0 (± 22.1)/ 10.9 (± 1.8) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Choanosomal triactines I: Regular to subregular. Huge. Actines conical, stout, with sharp tips (Fig 18D). Size: 411.5 (± 87.2)/ 31.9 (± 7.8) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Choanosomal triactines II: Regular to subregular. Large. Actines cylindrical, with sharp tips (Fig 18E). Size: 279.0 (± 43.8)/ 15.5 (± 5.1) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Choanosomal triactines III and tetractines (canals): Sagittal. Actines conical, with sharp tips. Paired actines curved (Figs 18F, G). Apical actine of tetractines short, conical, slightly curved, with sharp tips. Tetractines are more abundant than the choanosomal triactines III. Size (triactines): paired actine—220.0 (± 21.9)/ 10.7 (± 1.8) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—276.0 (± 34.2)/ 15.0 (± 2.3) µm (N = 20). Size: (tetractines): paired actine—156.4 (± 32.5)/ 11.3 (± 3.2) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—208.8 (± 23.0)/ 15.0 µm (N = 2); apical actine—50.0 (± 14.5)/ 9.3 (± 2.4) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Subatrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Actines conical to slightly conical, straight, with sharp tips. Paired actines smaller than the unpaired actine (Figs 18H, I). Apical actine of tetractines short, cylindrical, straight, with sharp tip. Size (triactines): paired actine—172.5 (± 20.0)/ 14.5 (± 1.4) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—262.3 (± 29.0)/ 16.4 (± 1.7) µm (N = 2). Size (tetractines): paired actine—192.8 (± 25.2)/ 13.0 (± 1.8) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—262.8 (± 46.4)/ 15.0 (± 2.2) µm (N = 20); apical actine—42.4 (± 11.4)/ 8.4 (± 1.5) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Strongly sagittal. Actines cylindrical, with blunt tips. Paired actines much longer than the unpaired and form an angle of 180º (Figs 18J, K). The apical actine of the tetractines is short, conical, slightly curved, with sharp tip. Size (triactines): paired actine—171.9 (± 22.5)/ 10.5 (± 1.0) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—72.6 (± 15.9)/ 8.2 (± 0.6) µm (N = 20). Size (tetractines): paired actine—174.4 (± 29.2)/ 10.0 (± 0.9) µm (N = 20); unpaired actine—77.2 (± 18.4)/ 8.5 (± 0.9) µm (N = 20); apical actine—27.7 (± 10.6)/ 6.2 (± 1.1) µm (N = 20).</p><p>Ecology: Specimens collected only on artificial substrates.</p><p>Distribution: Eastern Brazil ecoregion—Vitória, Espírito Santo State (type locality; present study).</p><p>Taxonomic remarks:  Vosmaeropsis anomala sp. nov. can be differentiated from all the other 23 accepted species of the genus mainly by the skeleton composition.</p><p>Five species of  Vosmaeropsis have microdiactines in the cortical skeleton, namely:  Vosmaeropsis gardineri Ferrer-Hernández, 1916,  Vosmaeropsis japonica Hôzawa, 1929,  Vosmaeropsis macera (Carter, 1886),  Vosmaeropsis oruetai Ferrer-Hernández, 1918 and  Vosmaeropsis ovata Tanita, 1942 .</p><p>Vosmaeropsis gardineri can be differentiated from the new species because it does not have a subatrial skeleton and has only tetractines in the atrium.  Vosmaeropsis japonica has cortical diactines and only triactines in the subatrial skeleton, while  V. anomala sp. nov. does not have diactines (only microdiactines) and has subatrial triactines and tetractines.  Vosmaeropsis macera and  V. oruetai have cortical diactines and do not have atrial tetractines, and  V. oruetai has also microdiactines in addition to the triactines in the atrial skeleton. The new species has atrial triactines and tetractines and no microdiactines in the atrial skeleton. Finally, the subatrial skeleton of  V. ovata has only triactines, while again the new species has subatrial triactines and tetractines.</p><p>With the new species,  Vosmaeropsis now comprises 24 valid species. The current diagnosis of the genus implies that only triactines compose the subatrial skeleton; however,  V. anomala sp. nov. and other two species ( V. hispanica, and  V. spinosa) have triactines and tetractines in their subatrial skeleton, and one has only tetractines ( Vosmaeropsis levis Hôzawa, 1940; see Cavalcanti et al. 2015). Therefore, we emend the current diagnosis to consider tetractines in the subatrial skeleton:</p><p>Heteropiidae with sylleibid or leuconoid organisation. The choanoskeleton is composed of proximal subatrial triactines and/or tetractines and an irregular layer of scattered triactines and tetractines (modified from Borojević et al. 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787C9FF806721B48A6AD1FEBEF810	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Matheus Vieira;Padua, André;Azevedo, Fernanda;Klautau, Michelle	Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Padua, André, Azevedo, Fernanda, Klautau, Michelle (2025): Integrative taxonomy of Calcarea (Porifera) from Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5618 (2): 151-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.2.1
