identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FA3F89B355CF50FDA3B714CD504BFB8D.text	FA3F89B355CF50FDA3B714CD504BFB8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rinorea bicornuta Hekking	<div><p>9.  Rinorea bicornuta Hekking . Phytologia 43: 474. 1979.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Brazil • Amazonas: Tocantins,  Solimões, 1927, W. A. Ducke 21353 (holotype: RB [barcode RB 00560922]!; isotype: RB [barcode RB 00544454]!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Tree 5–12 m tall, branchlets densely strigose with ferruginous erect trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, lenticels 0.5–1 mm long. Leaves alternate, petiolate, petioles 6–9 mm long, pilose with golden appressed trichomes 0.3–0.6 mm long, glabrescent; stipules deciduous, free, triangular, 3–4 × 1–1.7 mm, veined, costa pilose, margin ciliate, apex acuminate, mucronulate; lamina elliptic, 10–25 × 5–12 cm, foliaceous, glabrous on both sides, costa sparsely pilose on both sides with golden appressed trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long, with 8 to 11 pairs of major secondary vein, tertiary venation brochidodromous, base symmetrical, cuneate; margin subentire to subcrenate, apex acuminate, acumen 0.5–1 cm long, mucronulate, domatia absent. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, thyrsoid, solitary or in 2 to 3 fascicles, 7–15 cm long, rachis green when fresh, brown when dry, cymules with 1 to 5 flowers; common peduncle 2.5–5 mm long, pubescent with dispersed pilose golden trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long; pedicels 2–4 mm long, articulated near the base, pubescent with pilose golden trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long; bracts deciduous, lanceolate, 1–1.5 × 1–1.5 mm, costa pubescent with golden pilose trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, margin ciliate, mucronulate; bracteoles deciduous, ovate, 0.8–1.1 × 0.4–0.6 mm, subopposite, costa pubescent with golden pilose trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, margin ciliate, apex acuminate, mucronulate. Flowers subzygomorphic, 3.5–4 × 3.5–4 mm, flower buds conical; sepals ovate, 1.5–2 × 0.9–1.1 mm, pubescent near the base and along the costa with pilose golden trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, margin ciliate, apex subobtuse, mucronate, with 1–3 longitudinal veins; petals cream-colored, ovate, 3–4 × 0.8–1.5 mm, pubescent along the costa with dispersed pilose golden trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, margin sparsely ciliate, apex obtuse, cream when fresh, brown when dry; stamens 2.5–3 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, filaments and dorsal glands adnate to form a staminal tube 0.2 mm tall, carnose, glabrous, anthers 0.8–1 × 0.4–0.5 mm, subsessile, ovoid, with two apical cusps 0.3–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm; connective ca. 0.75 × ca. 0.25 mm, pubescent with dispersed pilose trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 2–2.5 × 0.7–0.9 mm, scarious, margin entire, apex acuminate, brown when dry; ovary 0.8–1 mm, ovate, pubescent apically with pilose golden trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long; style 2–2.5 mm long, erect, glabrous, stigma apiculate. Fruit an asymmetrical capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 5–12 mm × 4–8 mm, pubescent with dimorphic golden trichomes, smaller trichomes 0.1 mm long, erect, larger trichomes 0.2–0.4 mm long, appressed; valves unequal, large valve 10–12 × 5–6 mm, smaller valves 6–7 × 4–5 mm, with persistent floral parts at the base. Seeds one per valve, ovoid, 4–5 mm diam., glabrous, shiny brown without maculae, with a conspicuous lateral hilum (Fig. 9).</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Rinorea bicornuta is an endemic species near the border region of Colombia and Brazil, an area corresponding to the Imerí biogeographical province (sensu Morrone 2014; Fig. 8). It occurs in primary lowland wet forests between 50 and 200 m elevation.</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>The species was recorded in flower in February and November and in fruit in February.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Rinorea bicornuta was described by Hekking (1979) from a single flowering specimen. Over the course of revising the genus from Colombia, a second fruiting herbarium specimen from Vaupés Department was observed and allowed us to provide and updated description here.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Colombia. Vaupés: • Taraira, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.51748&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.0727223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.51748/lat -1.0727223)">Estación Biológica Mosiro Itajura (Caparú)</a>, 01°04'21.8"S, 69°31'2.9"W, 200 m, 20 Feb 2004 (fl, fr), L. Clavijo 404 (COAH, COL, HUA, UBDC)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA3F89B355CF50FDA3B714CD504BFB8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E.;Ballard Jr., Harvey E.;Callejas Posada, Ricardo;Wahlert, Gregory A.	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
7CC9BAF49BF45C9E8AFB1A77CAC8F216.text	7CC9BAF49BF45C9E8AFB1A77CAC8F216.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rinorea cardenasii Hoyos-Gomez 2025	<div><p>1.  Rinorea cardenasii Hoyos-Gómez sp. nov.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia • Dept. Guaviare: Mpio. San José del Guaviare, Serranía de la Lindosa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.87112&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.526389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.87112/lat 2.526389)">vereda Cerro Azul, camino desde la casa de José Noe por la trocha hacia el Raudal</a>, 02°31'35"N, 72°52'16"W, 200–220 m, 20 Sep 2023, S. E. Hoyos-Gómez et al. 5393 (holotype: HUA [acc. no. 236209; barcode HUA 0049795]!; isotype: HUA [acc. no. 236210; barcode HUA 0049796]!)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Rinorea cardenasii is similar to  Rinorea macrocarpa (Mart. ex Eichler) Kuntze by the opposite leaves and racemose inflorescence, but it differs by the obovate lamina (vs. elliptic lamina in  R. macrocarpa), 4 to 6 major secondary vein pairs (vs. 7 to 9), domatia present (vs. absent), connective scales with entire margin (vs. praemorse margin), filaments free (vs. filaments connate at the base forming a staminal tube), fruit 2.5–3.2 × 2–2.5 cm (vs. 3.5–5.8 × 2.5–3 cm), two pubescent seeds per valve (vs. three glabrous seeds), and seeds 5–7 mm in diam. (vs. 7.6–9 mm in diam.).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Treelets 3–4 m tall, terminal branchlets pubescent with dimorphic ferruginous pubescence, small erect trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long and longer appressed trichomes 0.4–0.6 mm long. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 3–7 cm, pubescent with dimorphic ferruginous pubescence, small erect trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long and longer appressed trichomes 0.4–0.6 mm long; stipules deciduous, free, triangular, 3–6 × 1.3–1.8 mm, densely pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long; lamina obovate, 6–15 × 4–8 cm, foliaceous, veins abaxially pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.3–0.5 mm long, veins pinnate, semicraspedodromous, with 4 to 6 pairs of major secondary vein, secondary veins with unequal spacing between them, percurrent, base symmetrical, cuneate, margin crenate and ciliolate with ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, apex mucronate to acuminate, acumen 0.8–1.5 (2) cm long, leaf domatia present. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, solitary, 3–5 × 0.5–1 cm, central axis brown, densely pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long; pedicels 0.7–1.5 mm, pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, articulated at the base; bracts persistent, triangular, 1.5–2 × 1.2–1.5 mm, costa pubescent with appressed golden ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; bracteoles persistent, triangular, 1–1.2 × 0.7–0.9 mm, opposite, costate, pubescent with appressed trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate with ferruginous trichomes, apex mucronulate. Flowers 3–4 × 3–4 mm, subzygomorphic; sepals triangular, 1.8–2 × 1.5–2 mm, with 5 to 9 longitudinal veins, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; petals white, lanceolate, 2.5–3 × 1–1.3 mm, costa pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.3–0.5 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acute; stamens 2.2–2.5 × 0.4–0.6 mm, filaments free, dorsal gland covering the basal part of the filament, sparsely pubescent with golden appressed trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5–0.7 × 0.4–0.5 mm, glabrous, connective 0.9–1 mm long, apically pubescent with 1 to 2 golden setae 0.3–0.5 mm long, glabrescent; dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 2–2.2 × 0.5–0.7 mm, margin entire, brown; ovary globose, 0.8–1 × 0.9–1 mm, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.3–0.4 mm long; style filiform, erect, 1–1.2 mm long, pubescent with trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, stigma acute. Fruit a symmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 1.5–2.5 × 1.5–2 cm, apex truncate, green when fresh, brown when dry, dimorphic golden pubescence with small erect trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long and longer appressed trichomes 0.4–0.6 mm long. Seeds two per valve, globose, 3–4 mm diam., brown at maturity, densely pubescent with golden trichomes 0.3–0.5 mm long (Fig. 1).</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Rinorea cardenasii is an endemic species from the Departments of Caquetá and Guaviare in eastern Colombia, where it is restricted to areas of lowland forest at elevations of 200 to 350 m (Fig. 2). It grows in the vicinity of rocky outcrops of the Serranía de La Lindosa and the Serranía del Chiribiquete, which are the westernmost outcrops of the Guiana Shield in Colombia.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Rinorea cardenasii is named in honor of the late Dairon Cárdenas López (1957–2022) of the Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas (SINCHI) and director of the COAH herbarium in Bogotá, Colombia. Cárdenas López made many significant contributions to the knowledge of the flora of Amazonian Colombia.</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>The species has been recorded with flowers and fruit in September.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Rinorea cardenasii has an extremely limited distribution and is known from only three collections representing three occurrences and two subpopulations. It has a geographic range in the form of an estimated EOO of 8 km 2 (adjusted upward from 3.017 km 2 following IUCN guidelines, 2024) and an AOO of 8 km 2. The three occurrences are located outside protected areas and are threatened by deforestation for timber extraction, agriculture, and grazing. With respect to the most serious plausible threat of deforestation, the three occurrences represent two locations, which falls within the limits for “ Endangered ” status. We infer an ongoing loss of habitat that will lead to continuing decline in AOO, EOO, habitat extent and quality, and the number of subpopulations and mature individuals.  Rinorea cardenasii is therefore preliminarily assessed as “ Endangered ” [EN B 1 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) + 2 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v)] in accordance with the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2024).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Rinorea cardenasii is most similar morphologically to  R. macrocarpa and  R. pabongonzaleziorum .  Rinorea cardenasii can be differentiated from  R. pabongonzaleziorum by its symmetric, cuneate lamina base (vs. symmetric, decurrent lamina base in  R. pabongonzaleziorum), its petals with a pubescent costa and ciliolate margin (vs. costa with scattered pubescence and entire margin), its pubescent sepals with 5–9 longitudinal veins (vs. densely pubescent sepals without longitudinal veins), its free filaments (vs. connate filaments forming a staminal tube), and its two pubescent seeds per valve (vs. one glabrous seed per valve). Table 1 highlights the key morphological differences among  Rinorea cardenasii,  R. macrocarpa, and  R. pabongonzaleziorum .</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Colombia. Dept. Caquetá: • Mpio. Solano, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.63278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.53444445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.63278/lat 0.53444445)">Cuenca media del río Cuñare, bosque de tierra firme</a>, 0°32'4"N, 72°37'58"W, 350 m, 15 Nov 2000 (fl), H. Mendoza et al. 11676 (JAUM, FMB)  .   Dept. Guaviare: • Mpio. San José del Guaviare, Serranía de la Lindosa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.870834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.5261111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.870834/lat 2.5261111)">vereda Cerro Azul, camino por la trocha hacia el Raudal</a>, 02°31'34"N, 72°52'15"W, 200 m, 13 Aug 2024 (fr), S. E. Hoyos-Gómez et al. 5779 (HUA, JAUM, COAH, FMB)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7CC9BAF49BF45C9E8AFB1A77CAC8F216	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E.;Ballard Jr., Harvey E.;Callejas Posada, Ricardo;Wahlert, Gregory A.	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
C9A375D201D05399B150FAB1EAC1D600.text	C9A375D201D05399B150FAB1EAC1D600.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rinorea deflexa (Benth.) S. F. Blake	<div><p>8.  Rinorea deflexa (Benth.) S. F. Blake, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 20: 513. 1924.</p><p>≡  Alsodeia deflexa Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur: 67. 1844.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador. Esmeraldas: •  Atacames, s. d., G. W. Barclay s. n. (holotype: K [barcode K 000327511]!; isotypes: K [barcode K 000327512; specimen in same type folder as K 000327511]!; US [cat. no. 1056900; barcode 00114474]!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Treelet 2–6 m, branchlets sparsely pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petioles 2–6 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent; stipules deciduous, free, linear, 1.9–2.3 × 0.1–0.3 mm, pubescent with trichomes golden, apex mucronulate; lamina elliptic, 4.5–10 × 2.5–5.5 cm, foliaceous, glabrous on both sides, costa pubescent abaxially with golden trichomes, with 8 to 9 major secondary vein pairs, tertiary venation reticulate, base symmetrical, rounded, margin crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 0.1–0.5 cm long, mucronulate, domatia present. Inflorescences axillary and lateral, racemose, solitary, 3–6 × 1–2 cm, flowers dense near the apex, lax near the base, central axis golden brown, pubescent; pedicels 2–2.5 mm long, pubescent with golden trichomes, articulated near the base; bracts, triangular, 1–1.5 × 1–1.5 mm, densely pubescent, trichomes adpressed, 0.2–0.3 mm, golden, ciliolate margin, apex acuminate, mucronulate; bracteoles, triangular, 0.5–1 × 0.5–1 mm, densely pubescent, trichomes adpressed, 0.2–0.3 mm, golden, ciliolate margin, apex acuminate, mucronulate. Flower buds erect to the apex of the inflorescence, becoming strongly deflexed when flowering; sepals subequal, ovate, 1.5–2 × 0.75–1.3 mm, carnose near the base, scarious near the margin, densely pubescent with golden trichomes, mainly along the costa and near the apex, margin ciliate, apex obtuse; petals yellow, narrowly elliptic, tapering to the apex, 3–3.5 × 0.6–0.8 mm, costa pubescent with golden trichomes, margin ciliate, apex obtuse; stamens 2.7–3.5 mm long, filaments free, 0.5–0.8 mm long, dorsal glands 0.5–0.7 mm long, covering the filament, carnose, glabrous, anthers ovoid, 1.2–1.3 × 0.3–0.4 mm, glabrous, connective narrowly deltoid, 0.6–0.9 mm long, glabrous, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 2.2–2.8 × 0.6–0.8 mm, scarious, brownish, margin erose near the apex; ovary globose 0.8–1 cm in diam., pubescent with golden trichomes, style filiform, erect, 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous, stigma apiculate. Fruit a symmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, born erect at maturity, ellipsoid, 12–16 × 10–14 mm, apex rounded, green at maturity, pubescence dimorphic with golden to ferruginous, small dense trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long and longer dispersed trichomes 0.3–0.5 mm long, surface veined. Seeds one per valve, globose, 5–6 mm, glabrous, brown, with maculae (Fig. 7).</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Rinorea deflexa has a restricted distribution in southern Ecuador and northern Peru, in the Western Ecuadorian and Ecuadorian biogeographical provinces (sensu Morrone 2014; Fig. 8). The species grows at elevations of 50–720 m, and it occurs in estuarine forest near riverbanks and in primary and secondary lowland dry forests.</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>The species flowers in January and fruits in January through March.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Alsodeia deflexa was described by Bentham based on a single flowering specimen. Over the course of revising the genus from Colombia, many additional fruiting herbarium specimens from Ecuador were observed and allowed us to provide an updated description.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Prov. Guayas: • Guayas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.63333/lat -2.45)">Naranjal</a>, 02°27'S, 79°38'W, 350 m, 28 Dec 1991 (st), C. E. Cerón Martínez 17807 (MO) ; •  ibid., 250–350 m, 28 Feb 1992 (st), C. E. Cerón Martínez 18340 (MO); •  ibid., 02°24'S, 79°36'W, 350–380 m, 11 Aug 1992 (st), C. E. Cerón Martínez 20069 (MO); •  ibid., 340–370 m, 17 Aug 1992 (st), C. E. Cerón Martínez 20331 (MO); •  ibid., 02°27'S, 79°38'W, 50–70 m, 27 Sep 1992 (st), C. E. Cerón Martínez 20389 (MO); •  ibid., 150–200 m, 2 Oct 1992 (st), C. E. Cerón Martínez 20621 (MO); •  Guayas, 02°27'S, 79°36'W, 180 m, 21 Mar 2006 (fr), T. B. Croat et al. 96202 (MO); • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0/lat -2.25)">Cerro Azul</a>, 02°15'S, 80°00'W, 50–300 m, 17 Jan 1991 (fl), A. H. Gentry et al. 72346 (ECUAMZ, MO, JAUM) ; •  Guayas, 12 km from Guayaquil, 18 Feb 1962 (fr), A. J. Gilmartin 590 (US); • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.96667/lat -2.1666667)">Cerro Blanco</a>, 02°10'S, 79°58'W, 370 m, 27 Feb 1996 (fr), D. A. Neill et al. 10449 (MO, QNCE) ; •  ibid., 02°10'S, 79°57'W, 420 m, 29 Feb 1996 (fr), D. A. Neill et al. 10495 (MO, QNCE); •  Cerro Azul, 02°10'S, 79°58'W, 500 m, 18 Mar 1992 (fr), W. A. Palacios et al. 9983 (MO); •   Guayas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.96667/lat -2.1666667)">Guayaquil</a>, 02°10'S, 79°58'W, 400 m, 21–25 Jan 1992 (fl), D. Rubio et al. 2319 (ECUAMZ, MO, QNCE) ; •  ibid., (fr), D. Rubio et al. 2367 (ECUAMZ, MO, QNCE) .  Prov. Loja: • Lajas, 03°53'S, 80°04'W, 350 m, 8 Jun 1995 (fl), X. Cornejo et al. 4139 (U) .   Prov. Manabí: • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.7/lat -1.6)">estero Perro Muerto</a>, 01°36'S, 80°42'W, 400–420 m, 23 Jan 1991 (st), A. H. Gentry et al. 72673 (F, MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.06666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.15/lat -0.06666667)">Jama</a>, 0°04'S, 80°09'W, 50 m, 6 Jan 2006 (fl), D. A. Neill 15107 (MO, QNCE)  .   Peru. Dept. Tumbes: • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.25/lat -3.8333333)">Zarumilla</a>, 03°50'S, 80°15'W, 720 m, 25 Jul 1992 (st), C. Díaz de la Guardia Guerrero 5127 A (MO) ; •   Zarumilla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.25/lat -3.8333333)">Campo Verde el Caucho</a>, 03°50'S, 80°15'W, 500 m, 12 Nov 1992 (st), C. Díaz Santibáñez et al. 6038 (MO) ; •  ibid., 12 Nov 1992 (st), C. Díaz Santibáñez et al. 6087 (MO); •  ibid., 12 Nov 1992 (st), C. Díaz Santibáñez et al. 6088 (MO); •  ibid., 12 Nov 1992 (st), C. Díaz Santibáñez et al. 6089 (MO); •  ibid., 10 Feb 1993 (fr), C. Díaz Santibáñez et al. 6259 (MO); •  ibid., 15 Feb 1993 (fr), C. Díaz Santibáñez et al. 6435 (MO); •  ibid., 18 Feb 1993 (fr), C. Díaz Santibáñez et al. 6620 (MO); •  ibid., 18 Feb 1993 (fr), C. Díaz Santibáñez et al. 6664 (MO); •  ibid., 20 Jan 1995 (fr), C. Díaz Santibáñez et al. 7442 (MO) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C9A375D201D05399B150FAB1EAC1D600	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E.;Ballard Jr., Harvey E.;Callejas Posada, Ricardo;Wahlert, Gregory A.	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
E0501524483E5F238EE1476E192FD5F5.text	E0501524483E5F238EE1476E192FD5F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rinorea fernandeziana (Hekking) Hoyos-Gomez 2025	<div><p>4.  Rinorea fernandeziana (Hekking) Hoyos-Gómez,  comb. et stat. nov.</p><p>≡  Rinorea lindeniana var. fernandeziana Hekking, Phytologia 43: 482. 1979. Type. Colombia. Prov. Chocó, Coredó, along the Pacific coast, 16 Jun 1950, 0 m, A. Fernández-Pérez 365 (holotype: COL [acc. no. 34415]!; isotypes: NY [acc. 00073974]!; US [cat. no. 1998021; barcode US- 00114491]!).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees or treelets 3–10 m tall, terminal branchlets pubescent with dispersed ferruginous trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, glabrescent, with white lenticels 0.4–0.6 mm. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 4–7 (10) mm long, pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long; stipules deciduous, free, lanceolate, 1.5–3 × 0.5–1.5 mm, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes, 0.2–0.3 mm long; lamina elliptic, 8–16 × 3–7 cm, foliaceous, glabrous, veins pinnate, brochidodromous, with 6 to 8 major secondary vein pairs, secondary veins with unequal spacing between them, percurrent, base symmetrical, cuneate, margin subcrenate to subentire, apex acuminate, acumen 4–8 mm, mucronulate, leaf domatia absent. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, solitary, (3) 5–7 (8) × 0.5–0.9 cm, central axis pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long; pedicels 1–1.5 mm long, articulated near the middle; bracts persistent, triangular, 0.8–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm long, costa moderately pubescent with golden ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acuminate, mucronulate, bracteoles deciduous, triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm long, opposite, costate, pubescent with ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acuminate, mucronulate. Flowers 4–5 × 4–5 mm, subzygomorphic; sepals ovate, 1–2 × 1–2 mm, with 3–5 longitudinal veins, pubescent with ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, glabrescent, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; petals lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 × 1–2 mm, glabrous, entire margin, rounded apex, white when fresh, brownish when dry; stamens 2–3 mm long, filaments free, glabrous, 0.6–0.8 mm long, dorsal gland free, 0.6–0.8 mm long, glabrous, anthers ovoid, 1–1.3 × 0.3–0.4 mm, glabrous, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 1–1.5 × 0.4–0.8 mm, margin fimbriate; ovary subglobose, 0.7–1.3 × 0.5–1.2 mm, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long; style filiform, erect, 0.8–1.3 mm long, glabrous, enlarged distally, stigma acute. Fruit a symmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 1.5–1.8 × 1–1.5 cm, apex acuminate, pubescent with dimorphic ferruginous trichomes, small abundant appressed trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long and scattered longer erect trichomes 0.4–0.5 mm long. Seeds one per valve, globose, 6–7 (8) mm diam., pubescent with ferruginous erect trichomes 0.3–0.5 mm long, with maculae, brown when dry.</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Rinorea fernandeziana occurs in the Pacific Coast regions of Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia that correspond to the Guatuso – Talamanca biogeographical province (sensu Morrone 2014; Fig. 6). It grows in lowland and premontane wet forests, often on ridges and near rivers, at elevations of 20 to 1030 m.</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>The species flowers and fruits throughout the year.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Hekking (1979) differentiated  Rinorea lindeniana var. fernandeziana from the nominate species based on the symmetrical and decurrent leaf lamina base (vs. asymmetrical and subauriculate in  var. lindeniana), the shorter racemose inflorescences (vs. longer thyrsoid inflorescences), larger sepals 1.5–2 × 1.5–2 mm (vs. 0.75–1.5 × 0.75–1.5), and style subclavate (vs. sigmoid). The two taxa have different geographic distributions, with  R. fernandeziana occurring in Costa Rica and Panama and the northern portion of the Darien region and  R. lindeniana occurring in the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia south to the lowland areas of Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Colombia. • Dept. Chocó: • Mpio. de Acandí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.3/lat 8.616667)">corregimiento de Capurganá, bahía el Aguacate, Serranía del Darién</a>, 08°37'N, 77°18'W, 250–350 m, 10 Jan 2007 (fr), J. C. Betancur B. &amp; S. E. Hoyos-Gómez 12477 (HUA, COL) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.328224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.616278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.328224/lat 8.616278)">Reserva Natural el Aguacate</a>, 08°36'58.6"N, 77°19'41.6"W, 200–250 m, 23 Jul 2008 (fr), S. E. Hoyos-Gómez et al. 796 (HUA, COL) ; •   Vereda el Brillante, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.38608&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.583167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.38608/lat 8.583167)">la Paloma camino a los pozos y alrededores</a>, 08°34'59.4"N, 77°23'09.9"W, 80–120 m, 28 Jan 2018 (fr), S. E. Hoyos-Gómez et al. 3378 (HUA) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5916667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.73333/lat 7.5916667)">SW Ridge leading to alturas de Nique, Colombia and Panama border</a>, 07°35'30"N, 77°44'00"W, 800–900 m, 28 Dec 1980 (fr), R. L. Hartman 12326 (MO) ; •   Hydro Camp 14, Río Salaqui,  6 days upstream from Río Sucio, 200 m, 23 May 1967 (fl), J. A. Duke 11374 (MO)  .   Costa Rica. Prov. Guanacaste: • P. N. Guanacaste, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.42777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.990556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.42777/lat 10.990556)">estación Pitilla, La Cruz</a>, 10°59'26"N, 85°25'40"W, 700 m, 7 Nov 1990 (fl), C. Moraga et al. 215 (MO)  .   Prov. Puntarenas: • Península de Osa, estación El Tigre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.46/lat 8.53)">cabecera del Río Agujas, finca Azofeifa</a>, 08°31'48"N, 83°27'36"W, 700 m, 19 Nov 1993 (fl, fr), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 2659 (MO) ; •  ibid., 08°31'N, 83°25'W, 200 m, 5 May 1994 (fl), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 3218 (MO); •   P. N. Corcovado, Península de Osa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.416664/lat 8.516666)">estación El Tigre, cabecera Río Agujas, finca Azofeifa</a>, 08°31'N, 83°25'W, 200 m, 8 May 1994 (fl), R. A. Aguilar Fernández et al. 3247 (MO) ; •   Cuenca, Terraba-Sierpe, Quebrada Guerra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.433334/lat 9.15)">Reserva Montana Tigre</a>, 09°09'N, 83°26'W, 400 m, 10 Feb. 2000 (fr), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 5933 (MO) ; •   Cantón de Golfito P. N. Corcovado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.42777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.42777/lat 8.525)">Península De Osa Bonanza</a>, 08°31'30"N, 83°25'40"W, 5 Mar 1997 (fr), A. Azofeifa 259 (MO) ; •  ibid., 08°32'11"N, 83°25'31"W, 21 Nov 1996 (fl, fr), A. Azofeifa 227 (MO); •   Uvita, San Josecito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.763054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.208333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.763054/lat 9.208333)">faldas de la Fila Alivio, finca Oro Verde</a>, 09°12'30"N, 83°45'47"W, 400–500 m, 2 Feb 2000 (fr), M. A. Blanco et al. 1379 (MO) ; •   hills above Palmar Norte, 100–200 m, 20 May 1976 (fl), T. B. Croat 35130 (MO) ; •   R. F. Golfo Dulce, Serranías de Golfito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.24305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.690278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.24305/lat 8.690278)">estación Río Bonito, Sendero a San Josecito</a>, 08°41'25"N, 83°14'35"W, 250–300 m, 23 May 1996 (fl), E. Fletes 316 (MO) ; •   Fila before Rancho Quemada, near Rincón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.55/lat 8.7)">Osa Península</a>, 08°42'N, 83°33'W, 300 m, 11 Jan 1993 (st), A. H. Gentry et al. 78675 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.39361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.158055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.39361/lat 9.158055)">finca El Edén, km 183, Route 2, ca. 400 m E of Santa Marta</a>, 09°09'29"N, 83°23'37"W, 400 m, 6 Sept 1984 (fl, fr), L. D. Gómez 22958 (MO) ; •   P. N. Corcovado, Península de Osa,  trayecto entre la Quebrada La Bonanza y el Cerro Rincón, por la Fila Matajambre, 300–745 m, 7 May 1994 (fl), J. A. González et al. 255 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.708333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.5/lat 8.708333)">Ridge between Quebrada Aparicio and Quebrada Aguabena, S and W of Rincón de Osa</a>, 08°42.5'N, 83°30'W 40–200 m, 25 May 1986 (fl), M. H. Grayum et al. 7554 (MO) ; •   Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce Osa Península, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.46667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.46667/lat 8.616667)">trocha de La Tarde Rd. 10 km SW of La Palma, S of Rincón de Osa, ridge E of the Río Rincón valley</a>, 08°37'N, 83°28'W, 150–200 m, 28 Apr 1988 (fr), B. E. Hammel et al. 16745 (F, MO) ; •   P. N. Corcovado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.63333/lat 8.5)">El Tigre / Cerro Mueller</a>, 08°27'N, 83°33'W – 8°30'N, 83°38'W, 150–650 m, 22 May 1988 (fl), C. Kernan et al. 519 (MO) ; •   R. F. Golfo Dulce, Península de Osa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.42555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.536667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.42555/lat 8.536667)">Río Agujas, estación Agujas, Sendero Zamia</a>, 08°32'12"N, 83°25'32"W, 300 m, 9 Oct 1997 (fl, fr), M. Lobo 120 (MO) ; •   Golfito P. N. Corcovado, Península de Osa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.531111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.433334/lat 8.531111)">estación Agujas, Sendero Zamia</a>, 08°31'52"N, 83°26'00"W, 300 m, 03 Nov 1999 (fl), E. Mora et al. 590 (MO) ; •   P. N. Corcovado, Valle de Coto Colorado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.25/lat 8.766666)">Punta Estrella y Punta Bejuco</a>, 08°46'00"N, 83°15'00"W, 100 m, 8 Nov 1993 (fl), F. J. Quesada 802 (MO)  . •   Prov. San José: Pérez Zeledón, Río Nuevo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.93667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.412777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.93667/lat 9.412777)">Viento Fresco</a>, 09°24'46"N, 83°56'12"W, 609 m, 8 Feb 2001 (fr), S. Lobo et al. 300 (MO) ; •   Cuenca del Savegre, Río Nuevo, 1.6 km SE de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.93667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.412777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.93667/lat 9.412777)">Viento Fresco</a>, 09°24'46"N, 83°56'12"W, 600 m, 08 Feb 2001 (fr), A. Rodriguez et al. 7021 (MO)  .  Panama • Without precise locality: J. A. Duke 6552 (MO); J. A. Duke 15685 (MO) .   Prov. Darién: • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.73333/lat 7.866667)">Cerro Pirre</a>, 07°52'N, 77°44'W, 11 Apr 1967 (fr), N. Bristan 578 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.76667/lat 7.95)">Middle slopes on W side of Cerro Pirre</a>, 07°57'N, 77°46'W, 550–760 m, 28 Jun 1988 (fl, fr), T. B. Croat 68860 (MO) ; •   Pipeline Road, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.75/lat 9.166667)">N of Gamboa, upstream of the tenth bridge (Río Guacharo), beyond the big waterfall</a>, 09°10'N, 079°45'W, 100 m, 04 Aug 1984 (fl, fr), G. C. de Nevers 3619 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.416667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.85/lat 9.416667)">trail from mouth of Río Irgandí to a tributary of Río Cartí Senni</a>, 09°25'N, 78°51'W, 20 Dec 1985 (fr), G. C. de Nevers 6578 (MO) ; •   Coclé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.13333/lat 8.6)">near El Valle</a>, 08°36'N, 80°08'W, 4 Aug 1963 (fl), J. A. Duke &amp; H. W. Mussell 6592 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.73333/lat 8.016666)">area around Rancho Frío, half-way up slope of Cerro Pirre from Piji Vasal</a>, 08°01'N, 77°44'W, 12 Nov 1977 (fr), J. P. Folsom 6238 (MO) ; •   along bank of Río Aqua Salud between Frijoles and Pipeline Road, 100 m, 21 Oct 1970 (fl, fr), R. B. Foster et al. 1950 (MO) ; •   Río Pirre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.73333/lat 8.016666)">near Dos Bocas</a>, 08°01'N, 77°44'W, 04 Aug 1975 (fl), R. B. Foster et al. 2831 (MO) ; •   Pipeline Road, 4 miles N of  Gamboa, 50–100 m, 21 Dec 1971 (st), A. H. Gentry et al. 3244 (MO) ; •   ibid.,  6–8 mi N of Gamboa, 100 m, 29 Dec 1971 (st), A. H. Gentry et al. 3369 (MO) ; •   Pipeline road, 50–120 m, 11 Mar 1983 (fr), A. H. Gentry et al. 41127 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.36667/lat 7.9666667)">Cerro Sapo</a>, 07°58'N, 78°22'W, 762 m, 1 Feb 1978 (fr), B. E. Hammel 1192 (MO) ; •  ibid., 3 Feb 1978 (fl), B. E. Hammel 1318 (MO); •   South of Garachiné, near Pacific coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.9333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.4/lat 7.9333334)">above Casa Vieja, along boundary trail of P. N. Darién, W flank Serranía Sapo</a>, 07°56'N, 78°24'W, 50–150 m, 21 May 1991 (fl), N. C. Hensold 1073 (MO) ; •   P. N. Darién, Serranía de Cerro Sapo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.38333/lat 7.9666667)">por la trocha limítrofe del PND entre Casa Vieja y Cerro Sapo</a>, 07°58'N, 78°23'W, 20–400 m, 24 Nov 1990 (fr), H. Herrera et al. 745 (MO) ; •  ibid., 07°56'N, 78°23'W – 7°58'N, 78°24'W, 150–300 m, 22 May 1991 (fl), H. Herrera et al. 978 (MO); •   vecindad de Yannuadi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.583336/lat 9.366667)">Isla de Narganá, a 5 km de la costa</a>, 09°22'N, 78°35'W, 50–100 m, 23 Oct 1992 (fr), H. Herrera et al. 1232 (MO) ; •   Pipeline Road,  Agua Salud, 1 Nov 1972 (fl, fr), H. Kennedy et al. 1886 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.78333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.7666664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.78333/lat 7.7666664)">Cuasí-Cana Trail on Cerro Campamento east of Tres Bocas, headwater of Río Cuasi</a>, 07°46'N, 77°47'W, 450 m, 29 Apr 1968 (fl), J. H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1255 (BHO, MO) ; •   near Puerto Obaldía, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.416664/lat 8.666667)">W of village, on foot-trail to La Bonga</a>, 08°40'N, 77°25'W, 50–140 m, 24 Mar 1985 (fr), G. D. McPherson 6966 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.75/lat 8.0)">S of El Real on trail up Cerro Pirre</a>, 08°00'N, 77°45'W, 550–1030 m, 29 Mar 1985 (fr), G. D. McPherson 7049 (MO) ; •  ibid., (fl), G. D. McPherson 7050 (MO); •   on El Llano-Carti road; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.0/lat 9.25)">near Nusigandí, along Wedar trail</a>, 09°15'N, 79°00'W, 250 m, 31 Oct 1992 (fr), G. D. McPherson 15996 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7/lat 8.0)">north slopes of Cerro Pirre</a>, 08°00'N, 77°42'W, 300–700 m, 8 Apr 1975 (fr), S. A. Mori et al. 5506 (MO) ; •  ibid., (st), S. A. Mori et al. 5513 (MO); •   along Río Mendoza and small tributary, 0.5–1 km upstream from Pipeline Road bridge, 8 km NW of Gamboa, 100 m, 1 Nov 1973 (fl), M. H. Nee 7734 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.73333/lat 9.15)">canal area, along Río Mendoza 0.5 km downstream from Pipeline Road bridge, 8 km NW of Gamboa</a>, 09°09'N, 79°44'W, 90 m, 9 Feb 1974 (st), M. H. Nee 9570 (MO) ; •   Sarsib Yala, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.916664/lat 9.116667)">tierra firme frente a Isla Ustupu, por el camino del acueducto</a>, 09°07'N, 77°55'W, 0–100 m, 15 Feb 1988 (fr), R. Paredes 404 (MO) ; •   Aila Terrain (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.674995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.808333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.674995/lat 8.808333)">Río Acla</a>), 08°48'30"N, 77°40'30"W, 25–100 m, 16 Jan 1979 (fr), A. M. Sugden 353 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.674995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.808333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.674995/lat 8.808333)">San Blás</a>, 08°48'30"N, 77°40'30"W, 25–100 m, 16 Mar 1979 (fl), A. M. Sugden 547 B (MO) ; •   10 km NE of Jaqué slopes of Río Tabuelitas above Birogueirá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.083336/lat 7.55)">Indian village on Río Jaqué below mouth of Río Pavarandó</a>, 07°33'N, 78°05'W, 400 ft, 30 Jan 1981 (fr), K. J. Sytsma et al. 3330 (MO)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E0501524483E5F238EE1476E192FD5F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E.;Ballard Jr., Harvey E.;Callejas Posada, Ricardo;Wahlert, Gregory A.	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
04A9E9EAEDDB5CADAE2C1F57A54B6D85.text	04A9E9EAEDDB5CADAE2C1F57A54B6D85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rinorea idarragae Hoyos-Gomez 2025	<div><p>2.  Rinorea idarragae Hoyos-Gómez sp. nov.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Costa Rica • Prov. Puntarenas: Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, Península de Osa, Rincón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.536385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.676111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.536385/lat 8.676111)">Banegas, camino a Rancho Quemado en la primera cuesta</a>, 08°40'34"N, 83°32'11"W, 192 m, 20 Jul 2010, S. E. Hoyos-Gómez &amp; R. A. Aguilar Fernández 1110 (holotype: MO [acc. no. 6335352; barcode MO- 2326294]!; isotypes: MEDEL [acc. no. 56951]!; MO [acc. no. 6335353; barcode MO- 2326291]!; MO [acc. no. 6603524; barcode MO- 2679512]!; HUA [acc. no. 179370; barcode HUA – 001977]!; HUA [acc. no. 179369; barcode HUA – 0019778]!; JAUM [acc. no. 058851]!; JAUM [acc. no. 058843]!; CR [cat. no. 4238055]!; NY [barcode 02841133]!)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Rinorea idarragae resembles  R. paniculata (Mart.) Kuntze by the alternate leaves, elliptic lamina with symmetrical base, absence of domatia, thyrsoid inflorescence, filaments connate at the base forming a staminal tube, asymmetrical capsule pubescent with velutinous trichomes, and one glabrous seed per valve, but differs by the pubescent stipules (vs. glabrous), leaves brown and papery when dry (vs. leaves pale green with a dark brown margin and coriaceous), cymules with 7 to 10 (15) flowers (vs. 3 to 4 [7]), and style sigmoid at the base (vs. style straight).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees or treelets 6–16 (20) m tall, terminal branchlets pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long, glabrescent, with callose lenticels 0.3–0.5 mm long. Leaves alternate, petiolate; petiole 3–6 mm, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long; stipules deciduous, free, lanceolate, 2.5–6 × 1–1.5 mm, costa pubescent with appressed golden trichomes, 0.3–0.5 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate with mucron; lamina elliptic, 8–20 × 3–8 cm, foliaceous, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long, glabrescent, semicraspedodromous, with 8 to 11 pairs of major secondary vein, secondary veins with equal spacing between them, base symmetrical, cuneate, margin subcrenate, apex acuminate, acumen 0.5–1.5 cm, mucronulate, leaf domatia absent. Inflorescence terminal, thyrsoid, solitary or often accompanied by one distinctly smaller lateral inflorescence, 5–15 × 3–5 cm, central axis brown, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long, cymules with 7 to 10 (15) flowers; common peduncle 3–8 mm; pedicels 1–2 mm long, articulated near the base, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long; bracts persistent, triangular, 1–1.3 × 1–1.3 mm, with prominent costa, costa pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate, mucronulate; bracteoles persistent, triangular, 1 × 1 mm, costate, costa pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate. Flowers subzygomorphic, 2.5–3 × 2.5–3 mm; sepals triangular, 1.4–1.6 × 1.3–1.5 mm, without veins or costa, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; petals white, elliptic, 1.8–2.3 × 1.3–1.5 mm, costa pubescent with golden appressed trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acute; stamens 1.6–1.8 × 0.9–1.2 mm, filament connate at the base forming a glabrous staminal tube with glands covering the filament, filaments 0.2–0.3 mm, anthers ovoid, 0.5–0.7 × 0.4–0.6 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, connective 0.5–0.7 mm, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 1.3–1.5 × 0.8–1 mm, cream, margin entire, apex acuminate; ovary globose, 0.7–0.9 × 0.7–0.9 mm, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.2–0.4 mm long; style filiform, curved at the base, 1–1.2 mm long, glabrous, stigma acute. Fruit an asymmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 1–1.3 × 0.8–1 cm, apex acuminate, densely tomentose with golden trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long. Seeds one per valve, ovoid, 4.5–5.5 mm diam., glabrous, shiny brown when dry (Fig. 3).</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Rinorea idarragae occurs in Costa Rica and Panama in the Punta Arenas-Chiriquí and Guatuso-Talamanca biogeographical provinces (sensu Morrone 2014), respectively (Fig. 4). The species occurs in primary tropical wet forests, often on ridges, at elevations of 50– 300 m.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Rinorea idarragae is named in honor of Alvaro Idárraga Piedrahíta, director of the JAUM herbarium of the Botanical Garden Joaquin Antonio Uribe in Medellín. Idárraga has made many contributions to the floristic knowledge of Antioquia Department in Colombia and the taxonomy of the  Araliaceae .</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>The species flowers and fruits throughout the year.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Rinorea idarragae is known from 27 collections representing 21 occurrences. It has a geographic range in the form of an estimated EOO of 15,728 km 2 and an AOO of 64 km 2. While the species is well conserved in protected areas of the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, it is subject to mining and deforestation for timber extraction, agriculture, and grazing across the rest of its range in Panama. With regard to the most serious plausible threat of mining, the 21 occurrences represent 15 locations, and we project that ongoing mining and deforestation will lead to continuing decline in the area, extent and / or quality of habitat of the species. Nevertheless, the species does not meet the criteria for threatened status and is therefore preliminarily assessed as “ Near Threatened ” (NT) in accordance with the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2024).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Rinorea idarragae can be differentiated from  R. zygomorpha H. E. Ballard &amp; Wahlert by its 3 to 5 × branched inflorescence (vs. 2 to 3 × branched), cymules bearing 7 to 11 flowers (vs. 3–5), smaller sepals 1.4–1.6 × 1.3–1.5 mm and sepals lacking veins or costa (vs. larger sepals 1.9–2 × 1–1.5 mm and sepals 3 - to 5 - veined), smaller elliptic petals 1.8–2.3 × 1.3–1.5 mm (vs. larger broadly oblong petals 3.2–3.8 × 1.2–1.3 mm), smaller stamens 1.6–1.8 × 0.9–1.2 mm (vs. 3–3.5 mm), and smaller dorsal anther connective scale 1.3–1.5 × 0.8–1 mm with margin praemorse (vs. 2.7–3.2 × 0.9–1.1 mm with margin entire).</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Costa Rica. Prov. Puntarenas: • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.520004&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.520004/lat 8.68)">Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce Camino saliendo de Rancho Quemado a Quebrada Baneguas</a>, 08°40'48"N, 83°31'12"W, 100–200 m, 31 Aug 1991 (fl), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 291 (CR, MO) ; •   Mpio. Golfito, Estación Los Patos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.51&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.51/lat 8.56)">Sendero Sirena</a>, 08°33'36"N, 83°30'36"W, 200 m, 2 Jun 1994 (fr), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 3319 (CR, MO) ; •   Osa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.560005&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.71" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.560005/lat 8.71)">fila llegando a Rancho Quemado</a>, 08°42'36"N, 83°33'36"W, 200 m, 1 Nov 1994 (fr), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 3646 (CR, MO) ; •   Reserve Forestal Golfo Dulce, Península de Osa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.49389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.694167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.49389/lat 8.694167)">fila Casa Loma, Cerro Chocuaco</a>, 08°41'39"N, 83°29'38"W, 200–300 m, 14 Apr 1998 (fr), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 5405 (CR, MO) ; •   Canton Osa, Distrito Sierpe, Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce,  Rancho Quemado, camino a Chiqueron en la parte mas alta de la fila al sur de Rancho Quemado, 630 m, 11 Nov 2001 (fl), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 6709 (NY) ; •   Distrito Sierpe, Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, Rincón,  Banegas camino a Rancho Quemado en la primer cuesta, 192 m, 23 Jul 2009 (fl), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 12214 (NY) ; •   fila before Rancho Quemado, near Rincon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.55/lat 8.7)">Osa Peninsula</a>, 08°42'N, 83°33'W, 300 m, 11 Jan 1993 (fr), A. H. Gentry et al. 78660 (CR, MO) ; •   Rancho Quemado, Fila División, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.54&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.54/lat 8.68)">entre Banegas y Rancho Quemado</a>, 08°40'48"N, 83°32'24"W, 300 m, 16 Jul 1991 (fl, fr), J. Marín 12 (CR, MO) ; •   Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce Osa Península, Rancho Quemado; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.73" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.6/lat 8.73)">in forest on trail to Drake on ridge at N end of valley, on slope leading down to Guerra</a>, 08°43'48"N, 83°36'00"W, 200 m, 2 May 1988 (fl, fr), B. E. Hammel et al. 16785 (CM, CR, MO, NY) ; •   Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce Osa Península, Rancho Quemado, ca. 15 km W of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.55/lat 8.7)">Rincón</a>; • at bottom of valley along Río Riyito near bridge and in forest along road on ridge above valley, 08°42'00"N, 83°33'00"W, 250–350 m, 31 May 1988 (fr), B. H. Hammel et al. 16904 (MO) ; •   along road between Rincón de Osa and Rancho Quemado, ca. 10 km W of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.541664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.541664/lat 8.683333)">main Rincón-Pto. Jimenez Road</a>, 08°41'00"N, 83°32'30"W, 150–260 m, 3 Mar 1985 (fl), T. B. Croat 59768 (CR, MO) ; •   Rancho Quemado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.566666/lat 8.7)">finca de Jorge Cascante</a>, 08°42'N, 83°34'W, 200 m, 5 Jul 1991 (fr), F. J. Quesada 524 (MO)  .   Panama. Prov. Colón: • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.6475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.839444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.6475/lat 8.839444)">Teck Cominco Petaquilla mining concession, collected near plot C 003</a>, 08°50'22"N, 80°38'51"W, 184 m, 18 Sep 2007 (fr), G. D. McPherson 19677 (MO, US, NY) ; •   Teck Cominco Mining Concession, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.6625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.823334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.6625/lat 8.823334)">Camp Colina</a>, along road, 08°49'24"N, 80°39'45"W, 274 m, 27 Feb 2008 (fr), M. C. Merello 3075 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.66334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.823334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.66334/lat 8.823334)">Teck Cominco Petaquilla mining concession, along road</a>, 08°49'18"N, 80°39'35"W – 8°49'24"N, 80°39'48"W, 255–292 m, 28 Nov 2007 (fl), H. van der Werff 22177 (MO, US) ; •   San Juan del General, Conseción del Proyecto Mina de Cobre Panamá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.68278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.821667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.68278/lat 8.821667)">Valle Grande</a>, 08°49'18"N, 80°40'58"W, 280 m, 25 Jul 2014 (fl), J. de García et al. 796 (MO, PMA) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.5625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.5625/lat 9.075)">Coclé del Norte</a>, 09°04'30"N, 80°33'45"W, 100 m, 23 Aug 1978 (fl), B. E. Hammel 4460 (MO) ; •   Santa Rita Ridge, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.65417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.395833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.65417/lat 9.395833)">logging area 19 km from Transisthmian highway</a>, 09°23'45"N, 79°39'15"W, 28 Jan 1968 (fr), J. W. Dwyer 8556 (MO) ; •   Santa Rita Ridge road, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.7/lat 9.35)">4 mi from Transisthmian Highway to Agua Clara weather station</a>, 09°21'N, 79°42'W, 500 m, 11 Dec 1973 (fl, fr), A. H. Gentry 8830 (MBM, MO)  .   Prov. San Blás: • Río Cagandí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.458333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.11667/lat 9.458333)">hills W of river S of confluence with Río Titamibe</a>, 09°24'00"N, 79°06'00"W – 9°27'30"N, 79°07'00"W, 50–150 m, 27 Jan 1985 (fl), G. C. de Nevers et al. 4666 (MO) ; •   El Llano-Cartí road, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.0/lat 9.25)">north of Nusagandi, 2–6 miles</a>, 09°15'N, 79°00'W, 250–300 m, 31 Mar 1988 (fl), G. D. McPherson 12392 (MO, USCG) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.6475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.839444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.6475/lat 8.839444)">Teck Cominco Petaquilla mining concession</a>, 08°50'22"N, 80°38'51"W, 205 m, 18 Sep 2007 (fl), G. D. McPherson 19683 (MO) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.65806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.824445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.65806/lat 8.824445)">Teck Cominco Petaquilla mining concession</a>, 08°49'28"N, 80°39'29"W, 190 m, 21 Sep 2007 (fl, fr), G. D. McPherson 19772 (MO) ; •  ibid., 08°49'18"N, 80°39'35"W, 255 m, 28 Nov 2007 (fl, fr), G. D. McPherson 19850 (MO, US); •  ibid., (fr), G. D. McPherson 19856 (MO); •   Teck Cominco Mining Concession, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.65889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.823055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.65889/lat 8.823055)">Colina Camp, along road</a>, 08°49'23"N, 80°39'32"W, 101 m, 26 Feb 2008 (fl), M. C. Merello et al. 3058 (MO)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/04A9E9EAEDDB5CADAE2C1F57A54B6D85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E.;Ballard Jr., Harvey E.;Callejas Posada, Ricardo;Wahlert, Gregory A.	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
38ECC85F63BC5B618ED45F8C849E562D.text	38ECC85F63BC5B618ED45F8C849E562D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rinorea laurifolia L. B. Sm. & A. Fernandez	<div><p>5.  Rinorea laurifolia L. B. Sm. &amp; Á. Fernández, Caldasia 6: 90. 1954.</p><p>=  Rinorea cordata L. B. Sm. &amp; Á. Fernández, Caldasia 6: 90. 1954, syn. nov. Type. Colombia. Dept. Santander: camp on Margarita Creek, vicinity of Barranca Bermeja, between Sogamoso and Colorado Rivers, 100–500 m, 10 Oct 1934, O. L. Haught 1388 (holotype: US [barcode 00114471; cat. no. 1592066]!; isotype COL [barcode COL 000002869]!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia • Dept. Santander: vicinity of Puerto Berrio,  between Carare and Magdalena Rivers, 100–700 m, Jul 1936, O. L. Haught 1908 (holotype: COL [barcode COL 000002872]!; isotype: US [barcode 00114483; cat. no. 1661881]!)  .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The type localities of  Rinorea laurifolia and  R. cordata are separated by less than 40 km in the area between Barrancabermeja and Puerto Berrío on the Magdalena River. Both of the localities are also similar in terms of vegetation type and climate. The two species were described from fragmentary herbarium material, yet after examination of the types and several additional specimens, the nearly 20 qualitative and quantitative morphological characters we measured were found to overlap considerably.  Rinorea cordata clearly fit within the circumscription of  R. laurifolia, and we were unable to characterize any consistent differences that would allow us to differentiate or maintain the two as separate taxa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/38ECC85F63BC5B618ED45F8C849E562D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E.;Ballard Jr., Harvey E.;Callejas Posada, Ricardo;Wahlert, Gregory A.	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
6B7C8E68B2115562ABEF5CFD09E912E1.text	6B7C8E68B2115562ABEF5CFD09E912E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rinorea pabongonzaleziorum Hoyos-Gomez 2025	<div><p>3.  Rinorea pabongonzaleziorum Hoyos-Gómez sp. nov.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia. Dept. Vaupés: • Mpio. Mitú,  above Mitú, bank of río Vaupés, 200 m, 24 Mar 1970, D. D. Soejarto 2315 (holotype: HUA [acc. no. 3197; barcode HUA – 0019764]!; isotype: F [acc. no. 1835143]!)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Rinorea pabongonzaleziorum resembles  R. macrocarpa (Mart. ex Eichler) Kuntze by the opposite leaves lacking domatia, racemose inflorescence, praemorse margin of the dorsal anther connective scale, and filaments connate at the base forming a staminal tube, but it differs by the obovate lamina (vs. elliptic lamina in  R. macrocarpa), 4 to 6 major secondary vein pairs (vs. 7 to 9), two glabrous seeds per valve (vs. three), smaller fruits 2.5–3.2 × 2–2.5 cm (vs. 3.5–5.8 × 2.5–3 cm), and smaller seeds 5–7 mm diam. (vs. 7.5–9 mm diam.).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Treelets 3–5 m tall, terminal branchlets pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long, callose lenticels 0.5–0.6 mm long, brownish when dry. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 3–6.5 mm, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long; stipules deciduous, free, lanceolate, 2–4 × 1–1.5 mm long, densely pubescent with appressed golden trichomes, 0.2–0.3 mm long; lamina obovate, 6–15 × 4–8 cm, foliaceous, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent on midvein, secondary and tertiary veins with appressed scattered golden trichomes 0.3–0.5 mm long, veins pinnate, semicraspedodromous, with 4 to 6 pairs of major secondary vein, secondary veins with unequal spacing between them, percurrent, base symmetrical, cuneate, margin subcrenate to subentire, apex acuminate, acumen 1–1.8 cm, mucronulate, leaf domatia absent. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, solitary, 3–4 × 0.8–1.5 cm, central axis brown, densely pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long; pedicels 0.5–0.9 mm, pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, articulated at the base; bracts persistent, triangular, 1–1.2 × 1–1.2 mm long, costa pubescent with appressed golden ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, mucronulate; bracteoles persistent, triangular, 0.5–0.6 × 0.5–0.6 mm, opposite, costate, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acuminate, mucronulate. Flowers 3–4 × 3–4 mm, subzygomorphic; sepals triangular, 1–1.2 × 0.8–0.9 mm, densely pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; petals white, lanceolate, 3–3.5 × 1.2–1.5 mm, costa pubescent with scattered ferruginous trichomes 0.3–0.4 mm long, glabrescent, margin entire, apex reflexed; stamens 2.3–2.6 × 1–1.3 mm, filaments connate at the base forming a glabrous staminal tube with glands covering the filament, tube 0.5–0.6 mm tall, anthers elliptic to ovoid, 0.8–0.9 mm, glabrous, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 1.4–1.7 × 1.3–1.5 mm, margin strongly fimbriate, cream-colored; ovary pyriform, 2–2.2 × 1.3–1.5 mm, densely pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.3–0.5 mm long; style filiform, erect, 0.4–0.6 mm long, glabrous, stigma acute. Fruit a symmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 2.5–3.2 × 2–2.5 cm, apex acuminate, pubescent with golden uncinate trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long. Seeds two per valve, globose, 5–7 (8) mm diam., glabrous, with maculae, brown when dry (Fig. 5).</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Rinorea pabongonzaleziorum is endemic to the border region between Colombia and Venezuela, in the Imerí and Pantepui biogeographical provinces (sensu Morrone 2014; Fig. 2). It occurs in primary and secondary tropical wet forest, often on hill slopes, at elevations from 140 to 300 m.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Rinorea pabongonzaleziorum is named in honor of Professors Dr. Natalia Pabón M. and Dr. Favio González G., who have made significant contributions to the knowledge of the flora of Colombia. Professor Natalia Pabon M. is a specialist in floral evolution and development at Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, and Professor Favio González G., at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, specialized in the taxonomy of South American  Aristolochiaceae and  Campanulaceae .</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>The species was recorded in flower in February and March and September through December. It was in fruit in February, March, and December.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Rinorea pabongonzaleziorum is known from 14 collections representing nine occurrences. It has a geographic range in the form of an estimated EOO of 211,657 km 2 and an AOO of 32 km 2. The species occurs in Serranía La Neblina National Park in Venezuela, but across the rest of its range, it is subject to deforestation for timber extraction, agriculture, and grazing. We project that ongoing deforestation will lead to continuing decline in the area, extent and / or quality of habitat of the species. With regard to the most serious plausible threat of deforestation, the nine occurrences represent six locations. Therefore,  R. pabongonzaleziorum is preliminarily assessed as “ Vulnerable ” [VU B 2 ab (iii)] in accordance with the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2024).</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Colombia. Dept. Vaupés: • Mpio. Taraira, comunidad Jotabeyá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.5833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.183334/lat -0.5833333)">caño Jotabeyá, mas adentro del río Apaporis, varador “ Chorro de Yarumo, ”</a> 0°35'S, 70°11'W, 150–250 m, 27 Mar 2009 (fr), J. C. Betancur B. 13854 (COAH, COL, HUA) ; •   Mpio. Mitú,  km 11.2 carretera Mitú – Montfort, Sep 1993 (fl), X. Martínez et al. 1322 (HUA) ; •   Mpio. Mitú, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.14694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.1608334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.14694/lat 1.1608334)">Caño Cucura</a>, 01°09'39"N, 70°08'49"W, 147 m, 7 Dec 2021 (fl, fr), S. E. Hoyos-Gómez 4850 (HUA, JAUM, COAH, MO, US, NY) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.056114&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.0858334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.056114/lat 1.0858334)">Carretera Mitú-Tayazu</a>, 01°05'09"N, 70°03'22"W, 180 m, 22 Ago 2024 (fr), S. E. Hoyos-Gómez 5792 (HUA, JAUM, COAH) ; •   Río Guainía,  Puerto Colombia (opposite Venezuelan town of Maroa) and vicinity, 249–254 m, 31 Oct – 2 Nov 1952 (fl), R. E. Schultes 17932 (US) ; •  ibid., R. E. Schultes 17933 (US, GH) .   Venezuela. Amazonas State: • Dept. Río Negro, Neblina Base Camp, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.166664/lat 0.8333333)">Río Mawarinuma</a>, 0°50'N, 66°10'W, 140 m, 25 Nov 1984 (fl), B. B. Boom 5132 (MO, NY, GH) ; •  ibid., 2 Feb 1984 (fl, fr), B. B. Boom 5536 (INPA, K, MO, US); •   Río Negro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.166664/lat 0.8333333)">1.5 km south of Cerro de La Neblina Base Camp, which is on Río Mawarinuma</a>, 0°50'N, 66°10'W, 140 m, 12 Mar 1984 (fl, fr), R. L. Liesner 16554 (BHO, MO, VEN) ; •  ibid., 27 Nov 1984 (fr), R. L. Liesner 17352 (F, MO, US); • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.166664/lat 0.8333333)">Cerro Neblina base camp along Río Mawarinuma</a>, ca. 0°50'N, 66°10'W; 140 m, 2 Dec 1984 (fl), T. B. Croat 59562 (F, MO, NY, US) ; •   Dpto. Atures, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.1/lat 4.366667)">125 km de la boca (delta) del Guayapo en Sipapo</a>, 04°22'N, 67°06'W, 130 m, May 1989 (fr), E. Foldats et al. 9187 (MO, NY) ; •   Mpio. Foraneo Aripao, margen derecha del caño Minchaquene (Hormiga), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.166664/lat 7.3333335)">tributario del Alto Caura, entre Araguaña y Campamento</a>, 7°20'N, 65°10'W, 300 m, 2–5 May 1988 (fr), G. A. Aymard C. et al. 6810 (MO)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B7C8E68B2115562ABEF5CFD09E912E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E.;Ballard Jr., Harvey E.;Callejas Posada, Ricardo;Wahlert, Gregory A.	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
7F7BB0CE51815F568AC34D1FFEEC89AB.text	7F7BB0CE51815F568AC34D1FFEEC89AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rinorea squamata S. F. Blake	<div><p>7.  Rinorea squamata S. F. Blake, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 20: 516. 1924.</p><p>=  Rinorea pubipes S. F. Blake, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 20: 515. 1924, syn. nov. Type: Costa Rica. Limón: Zent Farms, ca. 30 km W of Puerto Limon, s. d., H. F. Pittier s. n. (holotype: US [cat. no. 578517, barcode 00114502]!; isotype F [acc. 1709848]!).</p><p>=  Rinorea antioquiensis L. B. Sm. &amp; Á. Fernández, Caldasia 6: 105. 1954, syn. nov. Type: Colombia. Antioquia: SE of Chigorodo, 40 km S of Turbo, 50 m, 15 Apr 1945, O. L. Haught 4566 (holotype: US [cat. no. 1709146, barcode 00114466]!; isotypes: COL [acc. no. 30955; barcode COL 000002868]!; K [barcode K 000327516]!; NY [barcode 00095074]!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Panama • Canal zone,  near Gatun, 10 Feb 1911, E. A. Goldman 1864 (holotype: US [cat. no. 690300; barcode 00114504]!)  .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Rinorea squamata and  Rinorea pubipes were both described by Blake (1924), with the latter synonymized under  R. squamata by Hekking (1988). Later, Smith and Fernández (1954) described  Rinorea antioquiensis from a single collection. After careful study of vegetative and reproductive morphology of the type specimens, no distinguishing characters could be found to separate the three taxa.  Rinorea squamata is morphologically uniform across its wide range, from Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) to northern Colombia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F7BB0CE51815F568AC34D1FFEEC89AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E.;Ballard Jr., Harvey E.;Callejas Posada, Ricardo;Wahlert, Gregory A.	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
7D1D4BF6E1685FDC96CD4313B37B8D30.text	7D1D4BF6E1685FDC96CD4313B37B8D30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rinorea ulmifolia (Kunth) Kuntze	<div><p>6.  Rinorea ulmifolia (Kunth) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 42. 1891.</p><p>≡  Conohoria ulmifolia Kunth,  Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 5: 387. 1823.</p><p>≡  Alsodeia ulmifolia (Kunth) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 807. 1825 [1824].</p><p>=  Rinorea hymenosepala S. F. Blake, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 20: 504. 1924, syn. nov. Type: Colombia. Antioquia: Malena, 12 Jan 1918, 150– 170 m, F. W. Pennell 3783 (holotype: NY [barcode 00095077]!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia • Antioquia: Rio Magdalena,  propé Bartholomé, May 1801, A. J. A. Bonpland 1608 (holotype: P [barcode P 02141374]!)  .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The type localities of  Rinorea ulmifolia and  R. hymenosepala are in the immediate vicinity of Puerto Berrío on the Magdalena River and are similar in terms of vegetation type and climate. In the description of  R. hymenosepala, Blake (1924) notes that the new species most closely resembles  R. ulmifolia, however, when citing the type of  R. ulmifolia, he states that he did not actually examine it. One character Blake used to differentiate the two species was the margin of the dorsal anther connective scale: erose in  R. hymenosepala and entire in  R. ulmifolia . In reality, examination of the types and associated specimens all show that the anther scale margin is erose near the base. Another character used to differentiate the two taxa was the phyllotaxy:  Rinorea hymenosepala appears to have alternate leaf arrangement on proximal portions of the stem and opposite arrangement on distal portions, whereas  R. ulmifolia is consistently opposite. Field observations of whole plant architecture of species in  Rinorea sect. Pubiflora do indeed show that leaves growing on first-year or very young stems are spirally arranged, but when the plant matures, the phyllotaxy becomes opposite. The type specimen of  R. hymenosepala was taken from a very young plant and shows this pattern of phyllotaxy, which has been observed in the field in several species in R. sect. Pubiflora. After examining many other morphological characters, we found no differences that would allow us to maintain  Rinorea hymenosepala as distinct from  R. ulmifolia . In fact, the type specimen of  R. hymenosepala fits neatly within the range of morphological variation of  R. ulmifolia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D1D4BF6E1685FDC96CD4313B37B8D30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E.;Ballard Jr., Harvey E.;Callejas Posada, Ricardo;Wahlert, Gregory A.	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
