taxonID	type	description	language	source
FA3F89B355CF50FDA3B714CD504BFB8D.taxon	description	Description. Tree 5 – 12 m tall, branchlets densely strigose with ferruginous erect trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, lenticels 0.5 – 1 mm long. Leaves alternate, petiolate, petioles 6 – 9 mm long, pilose with golden appressed trichomes 0.3 – 0.6 mm long, glabrescent; stipules deciduous, free, triangular, 3 – 4 × 1 – 1.7 mm, veined, costa pilose, margin ciliate, apex acuminate, mucronulate; lamina elliptic, 10 – 25 × 5 – 12 cm, foliaceous, glabrous on both sides, costa sparsely pilose on both sides with golden appressed trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long, with 8 to 11 pairs of major secondary vein, tertiary venation brochidodromous, base symmetrical, cuneate; margin subentire to subcrenate, apex acuminate, acumen 0.5 – 1 cm long, mucronulate, domatia absent. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, thyrsoid, solitary or in 2 to 3 fascicles, 7 – 15 cm long, rachis green when fresh, brown when dry, cymules with 1 to 5 flowers; common peduncle 2.5 – 5 mm long, pubescent with dispersed pilose golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long; pedicels 2 – 4 mm long, articulated near the base, pubescent with pilose golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long; bracts deciduous, lanceolate, 1 – 1.5 × 1 – 1.5 mm, costa pubescent with golden pilose trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, margin ciliate, mucronulate; bracteoles deciduous, ovate, 0.8 – 1.1 × 0.4 – 0.6 mm, subopposite, costa pubescent with golden pilose trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, margin ciliate, apex acuminate, mucronulate. Flowers subzygomorphic, 3.5 – 4 × 3.5 – 4 mm, flower buds conical; sepals ovate, 1.5 – 2 × 0.9 – 1.1 mm, pubescent near the base and along the costa with pilose golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, margin ciliate, apex subobtuse, mucronate, with 1 – 3 longitudinal veins; petals cream-colored, ovate, 3 – 4 × 0.8 – 1.5 mm, pubescent along the costa with dispersed pilose golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, margin sparsely ciliate, apex obtuse, cream when fresh, brown when dry; stamens 2.5 – 3 × 1.0 – 1.2 mm, filaments and dorsal glands adnate to form a staminal tube 0.2 mm tall, carnose, glabrous, anthers 0.8 – 1 × 0.4 – 0.5 mm, subsessile, ovoid, with two apical cusps 0.3 – 0.5 × 0.1 – 0.2 mm; connective ca. 0.75 × ca. 0.25 mm, pubescent with dispersed pilose trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 2 – 2.5 × 0.7 – 0.9 mm, scarious, margin entire, apex acuminate, brown when dry; ovary 0.8 – 1 mm, ovate, pubescent apically with pilose golden trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long; style 2 – 2.5 mm long, erect, glabrous, stigma apiculate. Fruit an asymmetrical capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 5 – 12 mm × 4 – 8 mm, pubescent with dimorphic golden trichomes, smaller trichomes 0.1 mm long, erect, larger trichomes 0.2 – 0.4 mm long, appressed; valves unequal, large valve 10 – 12 × 5 – 6 mm, smaller valves 6 – 7 × 4 – 5 mm, with persistent floral parts at the base. Seeds one per valve, ovoid, 4 – 5 mm diam., glabrous, shiny brown without maculae, with a conspicuous lateral hilum (Fig. 9).	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
FA3F89B355CF50FDA3B714CD504BFB8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Rinorea bicornuta is an endemic species near the border region of Colombia and Brazil, an area corresponding to the Imerí biogeographical province (sensu Morrone 2014; Fig. 8). It occurs in primary lowland wet forests between 50 and 200 m elevation.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
7CC9BAF49BF45C9E8AFB1A77CAC8F216.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rinorea cardenasii is similar to Rinorea macrocarpa (Mart. ex Eichler) Kuntze by the opposite leaves and racemose inflorescence, but it differs by the obovate lamina (vs. elliptic lamina in R. macrocarpa), 4 to 6 major secondary vein pairs (vs. 7 to 9), domatia present (vs. absent), connective scales with entire margin (vs. praemorse margin), filaments free (vs. filaments connate at the base forming a staminal tube), fruit 2.5 – 3.2 × 2 – 2.5 cm (vs. 3.5 – 5.8 × 2.5 – 3 cm), two pubescent seeds per valve (vs. three glabrous seeds), and seeds 5 – 7 mm in diam. (vs. 7.6 – 9 mm in diam.).	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
7CC9BAF49BF45C9E8AFB1A77CAC8F216.taxon	description	Description. Treelets 3 – 4 m tall, terminal branchlets pubescent with dimorphic ferruginous pubescence, small erect trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long and longer appressed trichomes 0.4 – 0.6 mm long. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 3 – 7 cm, pubescent with dimorphic ferruginous pubescence, small erect trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long and longer appressed trichomes 0.4 – 0.6 mm long; stipules deciduous, free, triangular, 3 – 6 × 1.3 – 1.8 mm, densely pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long; lamina obovate, 6 – 15 × 4 – 8 cm, foliaceous, veins abaxially pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, veins pinnate, semicraspedodromous, with 4 to 6 pairs of major secondary vein, secondary veins with unequal spacing between them, percurrent, base symmetrical, cuneate, margin crenate and ciliolate with ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, apex mucronate to acuminate, acumen 0.8 – 1.5 (2) cm long, leaf domatia present. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, solitary, 3 – 5 × 0.5 – 1 cm, central axis brown, densely pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long; pedicels 0.7 – 1.5 mm, pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, articulated at the base; bracts persistent, triangular, 1.5 – 2 × 1.2 – 1.5 mm, costa pubescent with appressed golden ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; bracteoles persistent, triangular, 1 – 1.2 × 0.7 – 0.9 mm, opposite, costate, pubescent with appressed trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate with ferruginous trichomes, apex mucronulate. Flowers 3 – 4 × 3 – 4 mm, subzygomorphic; sepals triangular, 1.8 – 2 × 1.5 – 2 mm, with 5 to 9 longitudinal veins, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; petals white, lanceolate, 2.5 – 3 × 1 – 1.3 mm, costa pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acute; stamens 2.2 – 2.5 × 0.4 – 0.6 mm, filaments free, dorsal gland covering the basal part of the filament, sparsely pubescent with golden appressed trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5 – 0.7 × 0.4 – 0.5 mm, glabrous, connective 0.9 – 1 mm long, apically pubescent with 1 to 2 golden setae 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, glabrescent; dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 2 – 2.2 × 0.5 – 0.7 mm, margin entire, brown; ovary globose, 0.8 – 1 × 0.9 – 1 mm, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.3 – 0.4 mm long; style filiform, erect, 1 – 1.2 mm long, pubescent with trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, stigma acute. Fruit a symmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 1.5 – 2.5 × 1.5 – 2 cm, apex truncate, green when fresh, brown when dry, dimorphic golden pubescence with small erect trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long and longer appressed trichomes 0.4 – 0.6 mm long. Seeds two per valve, globose, 3 – 4 mm diam., brown at maturity, densely pubescent with golden trichomes 0.3 – 0.5 mm long (Fig. 1).	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
7CC9BAF49BF45C9E8AFB1A77CAC8F216.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Rinorea cardenasii is an endemic species from the Departments of Caquetá and Guaviare in eastern Colombia, where it is restricted to areas of lowland forest at elevations of 200 to 350 m (Fig. 2). It grows in the vicinity of rocky outcrops of the Serranía de La Lindosa and the Serranía del Chiribiquete, which are the westernmost outcrops of the Guiana Shield in Colombia.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
7CC9BAF49BF45C9E8AFB1A77CAC8F216.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Rinorea cardenasii is named in honor of the late Dairon Cárdenas López (1957 – 2022) of the Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas (SINCHI) and director of the COAH herbarium in Bogotá, Colombia. Cárdenas López made many significant contributions to the knowledge of the flora of Amazonian Colombia.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
C9A375D201D05399B150FAB1EAC1D600.taxon	description	Description. Treelet 2 – 6 m, branchlets sparsely pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petioles 2 – 6 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent; stipules deciduous, free, linear, 1.9 – 2.3 × 0.1 – 0.3 mm, pubescent with trichomes golden, apex mucronulate; lamina elliptic, 4.5 – 10 × 2.5 – 5.5 cm, foliaceous, glabrous on both sides, costa pubescent abaxially with golden trichomes, with 8 to 9 major secondary vein pairs, tertiary venation reticulate, base symmetrical, rounded, margin crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 0.1 – 0.5 cm long, mucronulate, domatia present. Inflorescences axillary and lateral, racemose, solitary, 3 – 6 × 1 – 2 cm, flowers dense near the apex, lax near the base, central axis golden brown, pubescent; pedicels 2 – 2.5 mm long, pubescent with golden trichomes, articulated near the base; bracts, triangular, 1 – 1.5 × 1 – 1.5 mm, densely pubescent, trichomes adpressed, 0.2 – 0.3 mm, golden, ciliolate margin, apex acuminate, mucronulate; bracteoles, triangular, 0.5 – 1 × 0.5 – 1 mm, densely pubescent, trichomes adpressed, 0.2 – 0.3 mm, golden, ciliolate margin, apex acuminate, mucronulate. Flower buds erect to the apex of the inflorescence, becoming strongly deflexed when flowering; sepals subequal, ovate, 1.5 – 2 × 0.75 – 1.3 mm, carnose near the base, scarious near the margin, densely pubescent with golden trichomes, mainly along the costa and near the apex, margin ciliate, apex obtuse; petals yellow, narrowly elliptic, tapering to the apex, 3 – 3.5 × 0.6 – 0.8 mm, costa pubescent with golden trichomes, margin ciliate, apex obtuse; stamens 2.7 – 3.5 mm long, filaments free, 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, dorsal glands 0.5 – 0.7 mm long, covering the filament, carnose, glabrous, anthers ovoid, 1.2 – 1.3 × 0.3 – 0.4 mm, glabrous, connective narrowly deltoid, 0.6 – 0.9 mm long, glabrous, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 2.2 – 2.8 × 0.6 – 0.8 mm, scarious, brownish, margin erose near the apex; ovary globose 0.8 – 1 cm in diam., pubescent with golden trichomes, style filiform, erect, 2 – 2.5 mm long, glabrous, stigma apiculate. Fruit a symmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, born erect at maturity, ellipsoid, 12 – 16 × 10 – 14 mm, apex rounded, green at maturity, pubescence dimorphic with golden to ferruginous, small dense trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long and longer dispersed trichomes 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, surface veined. Seeds one per valve, globose, 5 – 6 mm, glabrous, brown, with maculae (Fig. 7).	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
C9A375D201D05399B150FAB1EAC1D600.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Rinorea deflexa has a restricted distribution in southern Ecuador and northern Peru, in the Western Ecuadorian and Ecuadorian biogeographical provinces (sensu Morrone 2014; Fig. 8). The species grows at elevations of 50 – 720 m, and it occurs in estuarine forest near riverbanks and in primary and secondary lowland dry forests.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
E0501524483E5F238EE1476E192FD5F5.taxon	description	Description. Trees or treelets 3 – 10 m tall, terminal branchlets pubescent with dispersed ferruginous trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, glabrescent, with white lenticels 0.4 – 0.6 mm. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 4 – 7 (10) mm long, pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long; stipules deciduous, free, lanceolate, 1.5 – 3 × 0.5 – 1.5 mm, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes, 0.2 – 0.3 mm long; lamina elliptic, 8 – 16 × 3 – 7 cm, foliaceous, glabrous, veins pinnate, brochidodromous, with 6 to 8 major secondary vein pairs, secondary veins with unequal spacing between them, percurrent, base symmetrical, cuneate, margin subcrenate to subentire, apex acuminate, acumen 4 – 8 mm, mucronulate, leaf domatia absent. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, solitary, (3) 5 – 7 (8) × 0.5 – 0.9 cm, central axis pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long; pedicels 1 – 1.5 mm long, articulated near the middle; bracts persistent, triangular, 0.8 – 1 × 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, costa moderately pubescent with golden ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acuminate, mucronulate, bracteoles deciduous, triangular, 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, opposite, costate, pubescent with ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acuminate, mucronulate. Flowers 4 – 5 × 4 – 5 mm, subzygomorphic; sepals ovate, 1 – 2 × 1 – 2 mm, with 3 – 5 longitudinal veins, pubescent with ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, glabrescent, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; petals lanceolate, 2.5 – 3.5 × 1 – 2 mm, glabrous, entire margin, rounded apex, white when fresh, brownish when dry; stamens 2 – 3 mm long, filaments free, glabrous, 0.6 – 0.8 mm long, dorsal gland free, 0.6 – 0.8 mm long, glabrous, anthers ovoid, 1 – 1.3 × 0.3 – 0.4 mm, glabrous, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 1 – 1.5 × 0.4 – 0.8 mm, margin fimbriate; ovary subglobose, 0.7 – 1.3 × 0.5 – 1.2 mm, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long; style filiform, erect, 0.8 – 1.3 mm long, glabrous, enlarged distally, stigma acute. Fruit a symmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 1.5 – 1.8 × 1 – 1.5 cm, apex acuminate, pubescent with dimorphic ferruginous trichomes, small abundant appressed trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long and scattered longer erect trichomes 0.4 – 0.5 mm long. Seeds one per valve, globose, 6 – 7 (8) mm diam., pubescent with ferruginous erect trichomes 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, with maculae, brown when dry.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
E0501524483E5F238EE1476E192FD5F5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Rinorea fernandeziana occurs in the Pacific Coast regions of Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia that correspond to the Guatuso – Talamanca biogeographical province (sensu Morrone 2014; Fig. 6). It grows in lowland and premontane wet forests, often on ridges and near rivers, at elevations of 20 to 1030 m.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
04A9E9EAEDDB5CADAE2C1F57A54B6D85.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rinorea idarragae resembles R. paniculata (Mart.) Kuntze by the alternate leaves, elliptic lamina with symmetrical base, absence of domatia, thyrsoid inflorescence, filaments connate at the base forming a staminal tube, asymmetrical capsule pubescent with velutinous trichomes, and one glabrous seed per valve, but differs by the pubescent stipules (vs. glabrous), leaves brown and papery when dry (vs. leaves pale green with a dark brown margin and coriaceous), cymules with 7 to 10 (15) flowers (vs. 3 to 4 [7]), and style sigmoid at the base (vs. style straight).	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
04A9E9EAEDDB5CADAE2C1F57A54B6D85.taxon	description	Description. Trees or treelets 6 – 16 (20) m tall, terminal branchlets pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long, glabrescent, with callose lenticels 0.3 – 0.5 mm long. Leaves alternate, petiolate; petiole 3 – 6 mm, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long; stipules deciduous, free, lanceolate, 2.5 – 6 × 1 – 1.5 mm, costa pubescent with appressed golden trichomes, 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate with mucron; lamina elliptic, 8 – 20 × 3 – 8 cm, foliaceous, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long, glabrescent, semicraspedodromous, with 8 to 11 pairs of major secondary vein, secondary veins with equal spacing between them, base symmetrical, cuneate, margin subcrenate, apex acuminate, acumen 0.5 – 1.5 cm, mucronulate, leaf domatia absent. Inflorescence terminal, thyrsoid, solitary or often accompanied by one distinctly smaller lateral inflorescence, 5 – 15 × 3 – 5 cm, central axis brown, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long, cymules with 7 to 10 (15) flowers; common peduncle 3 – 8 mm; pedicels 1 – 2 mm long, articulated near the base, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long; bracts persistent, triangular, 1 – 1.3 × 1 – 1.3 mm, with prominent costa, costa pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate, mucronulate; bracteoles persistent, triangular, 1 × 1 mm, costate, costa pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate. Flowers subzygomorphic, 2.5 – 3 × 2.5 – 3 mm; sepals triangular, 1.4 – 1.6 × 1.3 – 1.5 mm, without veins or costa, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; petals white, elliptic, 1.8 – 2.3 × 1.3 – 1.5 mm, costa pubescent with golden appressed trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acute; stamens 1.6 – 1.8 × 0.9 – 1.2 mm, filament connate at the base forming a glabrous staminal tube with glands covering the filament, filaments 0.2 – 0.3 mm, anthers ovoid, 0.5 – 0.7 × 0.4 – 0.6 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, connective 0.5 – 0.7 mm, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 1.3 – 1.5 × 0.8 – 1 mm, cream, margin entire, apex acuminate; ovary globose, 0.7 – 0.9 × 0.7 – 0.9 mm, pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.2 – 0.4 mm long; style filiform, curved at the base, 1 – 1.2 mm long, glabrous, stigma acute. Fruit an asymmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 1 – 1.3 × 0.8 – 1 cm, apex acuminate, densely tomentose with golden trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long. Seeds one per valve, ovoid, 4.5 – 5.5 mm diam., glabrous, shiny brown when dry (Fig. 3).	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
04A9E9EAEDDB5CADAE2C1F57A54B6D85.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Rinorea idarragae occurs in Costa Rica and Panama in the Punta Arenas-Chiriquí and Guatuso-Talamanca biogeographical provinces (sensu Morrone 2014), respectively (Fig. 4). The species occurs in primary tropical wet forests, often on ridges, at elevations of 50 – 300 m.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
04A9E9EAEDDB5CADAE2C1F57A54B6D85.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Rinorea idarragae is named in honor of Alvaro Idárraga Piedrahíta, director of the JAUM herbarium of the Botanical Garden Joaquin Antonio Uribe in Medellín. Idárraga has made many contributions to the floristic knowledge of Antioquia Department in Colombia and the taxonomy of the Araliaceae.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
6B7C8E68B2115562ABEF5CFD09E912E1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rinorea pabongonzaleziorum resembles R. macrocarpa (Mart. ex Eichler) Kuntze by the opposite leaves lacking domatia, racemose inflorescence, praemorse margin of the dorsal anther connective scale, and filaments connate at the base forming a staminal tube, but it differs by the obovate lamina (vs. elliptic lamina in R. macrocarpa), 4 to 6 major secondary vein pairs (vs. 7 to 9), two glabrous seeds per valve (vs. three), smaller fruits 2.5 – 3.2 × 2 – 2.5 cm (vs. 3.5 – 5.8 × 2.5 – 3 cm), and smaller seeds 5 – 7 mm diam. (vs. 7.5 – 9 mm diam.).	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
6B7C8E68B2115562ABEF5CFD09E912E1.taxon	description	Description. Treelets 3 – 5 m tall, terminal branchlets pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long, callose lenticels 0.5 – 0.6 mm long, brownish when dry. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 3 – 6.5 mm, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.1 – 0.3 mm long; stipules deciduous, free, lanceolate, 2 – 4 × 1 – 1.5 mm long, densely pubescent with appressed golden trichomes, 0.2 – 0.3 mm long; lamina obovate, 6 – 15 × 4 – 8 cm, foliaceous, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent on midvein, secondary and tertiary veins with appressed scattered golden trichomes 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, veins pinnate, semicraspedodromous, with 4 to 6 pairs of major secondary vein, secondary veins with unequal spacing between them, percurrent, base symmetrical, cuneate, margin subcrenate to subentire, apex acuminate, acumen 1 – 1.8 cm, mucronulate, leaf domatia absent. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, solitary, 3 – 4 × 0.8 – 1.5 cm, central axis brown, densely pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long; pedicels 0.5 – 0.9 mm, pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, articulated at the base; bracts persistent, triangular, 1 – 1.2 × 1 – 1.2 mm long, costa pubescent with appressed golden ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, mucronulate; bracteoles persistent, triangular, 0.5 – 0.6 × 0.5 – 0.6 mm, opposite, costate, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acuminate, mucronulate. Flowers 3 – 4 × 3 – 4 mm, subzygomorphic; sepals triangular, 1 – 1.2 × 0.8 – 0.9 mm, densely pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; petals white, lanceolate, 3 – 3.5 × 1.2 – 1.5 mm, costa pubescent with scattered ferruginous trichomes 0.3 – 0.4 mm long, glabrescent, margin entire, apex reflexed; stamens 2.3 – 2.6 × 1 – 1.3 mm, filaments connate at the base forming a glabrous staminal tube with glands covering the filament, tube 0.5 – 0.6 mm tall, anthers elliptic to ovoid, 0.8 – 0.9 mm, glabrous, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 1.4 – 1.7 × 1.3 – 1.5 mm, margin strongly fimbriate, cream-colored; ovary pyriform, 2 – 2.2 × 1.3 – 1.5 mm, densely pubescent with appressed golden trichomes 0.3 – 0.5 mm long; style filiform, erect, 0.4 – 0.6 mm long, glabrous, stigma acute. Fruit a symmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 2.5 – 3.2 × 2 – 2.5 cm, apex acuminate, pubescent with golden uncinate trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long. Seeds two per valve, globose, 5 – 7 (8) mm diam., glabrous, with maculae, brown when dry (Fig. 5).	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
6B7C8E68B2115562ABEF5CFD09E912E1.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Rinorea pabongonzaleziorum is endemic to the border region between Colombia and Venezuela, in the Imerí and Pantepui biogeographical provinces (sensu Morrone 2014; Fig. 2). It occurs in primary and secondary tropical wet forest, often on hill slopes, at elevations from 140 to 300 m.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
6B7C8E68B2115562ABEF5CFD09E912E1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Rinorea pabongonzaleziorum is named in honor of Professors Dr. Natalia Pabón M. and Dr. Favio González G., who have made significant contributions to the knowledge of the flora of Colombia. Professor Natalia Pabon M. is a specialist in floral evolution and development at Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, and Professor Favio González G., at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, specialized in the taxonomy of South American Aristolochiaceae and Campanulaceae.	en	Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo, Wahlert, Gregory A. (2025): Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae). PhytoKeys 256: 151-174, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.144950
