taxonID	type	description	language	source
775C9A05D413FFAEFCA0FEC1919C965A.taxon	description	EMENDED DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere monomorphic and monothecate, with only spine-bearing BCs and no differentiated circum-flagellar coccoliths. BCs flat, with two rim cycles, an outer / upper cycle with nearradial sutures, an inner / lower cycle showing strong sinistral obliquity in proximal view. The radial lath cycle shown by many other Rhabdosphaeraceae is absent; instead, the lamellar cycle fills the central area. The lamellar cycle of tabular elements shows dextrogyral obliquity in distal view and laevogyral obliquity in proximal view. Central process is a spine, variable in shape but without a collar; proximal side with a central pore surrounded by several (usually three) angular nodes.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D413FFAEFCA0FEC1919C965A.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES: Palusphaera vandelii Lecal-Schlauder (1966) emend. R. E. Norris (1984). The original author published under the name Lecal.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D413FFA1FCA9FCFF95A591D3.taxon	description	Figs 7 – 11 PUBLISHED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES: Lecal (1966, pp 68 - 69, text-fig. K, pl. 2, fig. 9); Lecal (1967, pp 318 - 320, text-fig. 13, figs 19 - 20); Norris (1984, p. 35, figs 1 f, 9, 10); Kleijne (1992, pp 38 - 39, pl. 8, fig. 1); Giraudeau & Bailey (1995, p. 1833, pl. 3, fig. 3); Aubry (1999, pp 298 - 300, figs 3 - 13); Yang et al. (2001, pp 295 - 296, pl. III, fig. 8); Cros (2002, p. 36, pl. 9, fig. 5); Cros & Fortuño (2002, pp 24 - 25, fig. 22 B); Young et al. (2003, pp 56 - 57, pl. 25, fig. 9); Andruleit et al. (2005, p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 4); Kahn & Aubry (2006, pp 319, 334, text-fig. 2 c and pl. 2, figs 1 - 3 non figs 4 - 6); Kahn (2007, p. 38, pl. 2, figs 1 - 3 non figs 4 - 6); Gravalosa et al. (2008, p. 21, pl. I, fig. 4); Malinverno et al. (2008, p. 65, fig. 36); Wang et al. (2012, p. 5, pl. 2, figs G, I); Guerreiro et al. (2014, p. 355, fig. B. 17); Malinverno et al. (2015, p. 504, pl. 3, fig. 10); Chang & Northcote (2016, p. 8, fig. 3 b); Karatsolis et al. (2017, p. 144, pl. 2, fig. 7); Chang (2019, p. 51, figs 20 C, D).	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D413FFA1FCA9FCFF95A591D3.taxon	description	EMENDED DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere monomorphic, spherical but usually seen collapsed, composed of c. 50 BCs. BCs planoliths with a subcircular to circular outline; rim thin with typical Rhabdosphaeraceae rim structure. Lamellar cycle fills central area, convex on distal side and concave on the proximal side. Lamellar cycle elements rod shaped, overlapping and displaying dextrogyral curvature on the distal side and laevogyral in proximal view (e. g. Fig. 10). Central process with a central pore in proximal view, usually surrounded by two to three small nodes; distal side with a thin and long spine, formed of numerous spirally arranged elements at the base becoming less spiral upwards. Spine is styliform-shaped without a collar. DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter c. 5 – 10 μm excluding processes and c. 25 – 30 μm with processes. BCs c. 2.0 μm long and c. 1.7 μm wide; rim c. 0.2 – 0.5 μm. Spine c. 10 μm long.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A.taxon	description	Figs 12 – 16 PREVIOUS RECORDS UNDER MISAPPLIED NAMES: Rhabdosphaera longistylis J. Schiller sensu Reid (1980, p. 157, pl. 4, fig. 3). Palusphaera vandelii sensu Cros (2002, p. 36, pl. 9, fig. 3); Cros & Fortuño (2002, pp 24 - 25, fig. 22 A); Yang et al. (2003, p. 38, pl. IV, fig. 1); Young et al. (2003, pp 56 - 57, pl. 25, fig. 8); Kahn & Aubry (2006, p. 334, pl. 2, figs 4 - 6); Andruleit (2007, p. 43, fig. 6 d); Kahn (2007, p. 38, pl. 2, figs. 4 - 6); Wang et al. (2012, p. 5, pl. 2, fig. H). DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere, monomorphic and spherically shaped, but usually seen collapsed, composed of c. 45 – 60 BCs. BCs broadly elliptical to subcircular in plan view, with narrow rims and nearly flat bases. Rim with typical Rhabdosphaeraceae rim structure. Central area filled by a lamellar cycle of numerous rod-shaped, slightly overlapping crystal segments; no radial cycle is observed. Central process bears a thin, hollow, styliform spine with no collar; spine structure composed predominantly of numerous elongate elements arranged parallel to the axis of the spine. The spine is remarkably long compared to the coccosphere diameter. The proximal planolith side has three robust angular nodes around the central pore. DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter c. 7 – 8 μm excluding processes and c. 13 – 18 μm with processes. BCs c. 1.5 μm × c. 1.1 μm; rim c. 0.2 μm in length and width. Spine is typically c. 5 – 8 μm long.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: 118 - 55 (specimen illustrated in Fig. 12), stub no. 257 / 0, deposited at the collections of the Natural History Museum, London under the designation PM NF 4591 118 - 55. PARATYPES: 212 - 09 (stub no. 511 / 3, designation PM NF 4875 212 - 09); 188 - 03 (stub no. 459 / 2, designation PM NF 4814 188 - 03); 297 - 77 (stub no. 729 / 0, designation PM NF 4928 297 - 77); 212 - 19 (stub no. 511 / 3, designation PM NF 4875 212 - 19). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by Figs 13 – 16. TYPE LOCALITY: North-eastern Atlantic Ocean (29 ° 45.7 ' N, 17 ° 55.8 ' W, depth 25 m, 24 September 1997, P 233 B Expedition, Station P 233 b- 2).	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Subtropical waters. NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: Ten.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: After Dr. Ian Probert (Station Biologique de Roscoff) in recognition of his many contributions to extant coccolithophore biology and physiology.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A.taxon	discussion	REMARKS: The species is similar to P. vandelii but with noticeably smaller BCs that present a more broadly elliptical shape. The outer rim of the BCs on the distal side is usually narrower than that of P. vandelii, and the styliform central process is hollow and predominantly composed of a single set of very long elements aligned parallel to the long axis. This clearly opposes the spine structure of P. vandelii, which is formed by numerous shorter (c. 1 μm) elements in a spiral arrangement.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.taxon	description	Figs 17 – 21	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere, monomorphic and generally seen collapsed but probably spherical in shape, with c. 45 – 60 BCs. BC bases broadly elliptical in outline and slightly concavo-convex. Rim shows typical Rhabdosphaeraceae rim structure. Central area filled by the lamellar cycle; no radial cycle is present. Central process is a long, tapering spindleshaped spine. Maximum thickness is at one-third to one-quarter of the height and it tapers to a fine point. The spine is formed from robust laths, c. 1.0 μm × 0.15 μm at the base, becoming smaller towards the tip; they abutt neatly to form a 6 - to 8 - μm sided smooth hollow structure. Adjacent laths are offset by about one-third of their length. BC proximal side with a central pore surrounded by a few angular nodes. DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter c. 5 – 9 μm without processes and c. 15 – 25 μm including processes. BCs c. 1.2 – 2.0 μm × c. 1.0 μm; rim is c. 0.2 μm. Spine c. 6 μm long.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: 200 - 07 (specimen illustrated in Figs 17 – 18), stub no. 470 / 3, deposited at the collections of the Natural History Museum, London under the designation PM NF 4917 200 - 07. PARATYPES: 211 - 21 (stub no. 487 / 0, designation PM NF 4855 211 - 21); 211 - 22 (stub no. 487 / 0, designation PM NF 4855 211 - 22); 177 - 56 (stub no. 302 / 2, designation PM NF 4663 177 - 56). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by Figs 19 – 21. TYPE LOCALITY: North-western Mediterranean and Alboran Seas (37 ° 25.98 ' N, 0 ° 25.3 ' W, depth 70 m, October 1999, MATER II Expedition, Station 69 - 08).	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION: Subtropical waters.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.taxon	discussion	NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: Nine, plus two published in Cros & Fortuño (2002).	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: After Dr. Lluïsa Cros (Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC), who first illustrated the taxon, and in recognition of her many contributions to extant coccolithophore taxonomy.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS: The species differs from the other taxa in possessing a styliform spine with robust and thick lath-like crystal segments, markedly thicker at the one-third to one-quarter height from the base of the central area. The distal side outer rim cycle is distinctly narrower compared to that of P. vandelii.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214.taxon	description	Figs 22 – 24 DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere, monomorphic of subspherical to spherical shape, usually found collapsed, with c. 80 – 120 BCs. BCs broadly elliptical to circular in outline with slightly convex planolith bases. Rim shows the typical Rhabdosphaeraceae rim structure. Central area, filled by lamellar cycle, with overlapping tabular elements showing clockwise curvature in distal view. The radial cycle is absent. Central process is a trumpetshaped spine without a collar, formed of vertically elongate elements arranged in spiralling series; the distal end is formed of blockier elements, but these appear to have developed from the spiral elements of the spine. Trumpet aperture wider than the basal spine width. On the proximal side of the coccolith there is a central pore surrounded by two to three nodes. DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter c. 10 – 15 μm. BCs 1.0 – 1.5 μm long and wide; rim c. 0.2 μm in width. Spine c. 1.5 μm long and trumpet aperture c. 0.5 μm wide, although few spines tend to bear slightly closer apertures at their outermost part.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: 302 - 04 (specimen illustrated in Fig. 22), stub no. 756 / 1, deposited at the collections of the Natural History Museum, London under the designation PM NF 4930 302 - 04. PARATYPE: 308 - 031 (stub no. 768 / 0, designation PM NF 4932 308 - 031), 308 - 032 (stub no. 768 / 0, designation PM NF 4932 308 - 032). One specimen of this stub is illustrated by Figs 23, 24. TYPE LOCALITY: Subtropical waters of the South Atlantic Ocean (8 ° 49.52 ' S, 24 ° 59.72 ' W, depth 0 m, 28 October 2008, AMT 18 Expedition, Station CTD 063).	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214.taxon	discussion	NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: Two.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: After Professor Paul R. Bown (University College London), in recognition of his many contributions to Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene coccolithophore taxonomy.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214.taxon	discussion	REMARKS: We have only found two coccospheres of this species and to our knowledge no other specimens have been published. Nonetheless, this is a distinctive form and clearly separate from any other coccolithophore, so we are confident it is a discrete species. The species shows possible affinities to several genera. The trumpet-like spines resemble those of Discosphaera, but the base lacks a radial cycle, and the spine shows a structure that is not seen in Discosphaera. The spine structure is closer to that of Rhabdosphaera, but in Rhabdosphaera coccospheres are dimorphic with both spine-bearing and non-spine-bearing BCs. Finally, the species resembles Palusphaera in being monomorphic and lacking a radial cycle. In addition, the rows of the laminar cycle elements show the same curvature (clockwise in distal view) as that of Palusphaera coccoliths and the opposite of that shown by Rhabdosphaera coccoliths. Therefore, we place the species in Palusphaera.	en	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Young, Jeremy R. (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae). Phycologia 60 (6): 589-602, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758
