taxonID	type	description	language	source
752287812A46F97D2EFB89A7FB79AD3F.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 4, Table 1 – 2	en	Panina, Ksenia, Potapov, Mikhail, Rumak, Daria, Schneider, Clément (2025): Investigation on the origin of the “ nose ” in the genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Neelidae, Collembola) by the means of integrative taxonomy. Zootaxa 5590 (2): 209-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3
752287812A46F97D2EFB89A7FB79AD3F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: female on slide, Russia (European part), Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yugorsky Peninsula, Mys Belyy Nos [69.50 ° N, 60.21 ° E], dryadnik (Dryas meadow) with legumes on the southern slope; 08.07. 2015; leg. A. Babenko. 2 paratypes, female on slide, in the same location. 10 paratypes, female on slide, Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata, Shortcut to the « Three Brothers » Peak [43.13 ° N, 77.01 ° E], coniferous forest on the southern slope; 20.06.2024; leg. A. Shamrina. The holotype and 11 paratypes deposited in the collection of the Department of Zoology & Ecology, MSPU. One paratype was deposited in SMNG. Obtained molecular data. Kazakhstan, one individual sequenced for COI and 28 S rDNA D 1 – D 2, another individual sequenced for 28 S rDNA D 1 – D 2 [PQ 662848, PQ 672534, PQ 672535], same collection data as above.	en	Panina, Ksenia, Potapov, Mikhail, Rumak, Daria, Schneider, Clément (2025): Investigation on the origin of the “ nose ” in the genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Neelidae, Collembola) by the means of integrative taxonomy. Zootaxa 5590 (2): 209-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3
752287812A46F97D2EFB89A7FB79AD3F.taxon	description	Description. General aspect. Habitus and segmentation typical of the genus. Body length around 0.3 – 0.4 mm. Specimens whitish in alcohol. Body chaetotaxy sparse including chaetae, s-chaetae, trichobothria, neosminthuroid chaetae, wax-rods and inner sensilla within sensory fields 2 – 6. Chaetae ordinary on body, without any remarkable development (Figs 1 A – B, 2 A). Integument. Secondary granulation made of the usual dorsal rough granules. Integumentary channels extending laterally and dorsally in anterior and posterior parts of head. Anterior canal branching. Channels connection with linea ventralis could be compared to a roundabout. Detailed topology of channels not studied due to limited number of specimens. Sensory fields and wax rods (Figs 1 A – B, 2). Sensory field sf 1 with one wrc-chaeta (wrc) and without inner sensilla (s). Sf 2 with one s and one wrc, sf 3 with three s and one wrc, sf 4 and sf 5 with two s and one wrc, sf 6 with one s and two wrc (Figs 1 A, 2). All s are flame-shaped, but some sensilla are small, and easily confused with a secondary granule and sometimes difficult to distinguish under a light microscope. Body with a total of 14 + 14 wrc (2 + 2 on head, 12 + 12 on trunk), including 8 + 8 free wrc not associated with sensory fields. Wrc 7 notably larger than others with thicker rod similar to a candle inserted into a candlestick (Fig. 2 A). Wrc 7 with a small area without secondary grain around it. Mouthparts. Labrum typical for the genus, with chaetae a 1 and a 2 smooth and not forked. Labium with 4 + 4 proximal chaetae (Fig. 1 C). Basomedian fields with 3 + 3 chaetae. Labial palp (Fig. 1 C), as common for the genus (A, B, C, D, E, b 1, b 2, d 1, d 2, 2 e, H, h 1, h 2). Oral fold and maxillary outer lobe (Fig. 1 D) as typical for the genus, with one sublobal hair. Maxillary head ordinary. Head chaetotaxy. Forehead chaetotaxy as on Fig. 1 A – B. Clypeal-labral formula: 2, 5, 5, 4 / 5, 5, 4 (Fig. 1 A). Chaeta a 0 absent but an unpaired chaeta in cl. m row. Head with oval small papilla mimicking a “ nose ” (Figs 1 A – B). Dorsal posterior area with 14 lanceolate chaetae (Fig. 1 A). Ventral side with three pairs of postlabial chaetae. Trend for posterior chaetae to be longer and stronger than anterior chaetae. Antennal chaetotaxy (Figs 3 A – B). Ant. I and II with one and four chaetae, respectively. Ant. III with eightnine chaetae and two long S-chaetae (S 1 and S 4). Striations of Ant III sensory organ short sensilla (S 2 and S 3) distinguishable in light microscopy. Ant. IV with six chaetae (including X-chaeta) and nine-ten S-chaetae (trait variable). Some specimens have shortened S-chaetae (corresponding to Sb 1, 3, 4 and Sa 5) sometimes are barely distinguishable from chaetae. But other samples have ordinary S-chaetae. Sensory organ with Sx, Sy, Or, a, Sa; Or short, seems apically flared. Diagram of the chaetotaxy of the antenna in Fig. 3 C. Summary on antennal chaetotaxy provided in Table 1. Body chaetotaxy. Th. II with 12 + 12 chaetae, 1 + 1 tubular and curved s 1 - sensilla (Fig. 2 A). Th. III with 10 + 10 chaetae, 6 + 6 free wax-rods (wrc 1 – 6). Chaetae p 4 not close to wrc 2 (Fig. 2 A). Chaeta a 5 and a 6 subequal. Abd I – V terga with 19 + 19 ordinary chaetae, with 1 + 1 greatly enlarged free wax-rods resembling a candle inserted into a candlestick, 1 + 1 globular sensillum s 2. Globular sensillum s 3 absent. Chaetae of body subequal, slightly thickened. Trichobothria could not be studied for this species. Legs chaetotaxy typical of the genus (Table 2), consisting of ordinary chaetae of variable size (Fig. 4 A – C). Claws. Claw III bulkier than claw I and II. Claws subequal in unguis length (with a trend as unguis I> unguis II> unguis III). Unguis basal and posterior auxiliary lamellae (la, lp and Bp) well developed (Fig. 4 A – C). Unguiculus 0.5 – 0.6 as long as unguis. Abd. IV sternum and furca. Abd. IV sternum with 2 + 2 neosminthuroid chaetae and 2 + 2 chaetae. Manubrium with 2 + 2 posterior chaetae (Fig. 4 D) and 1 + 1 pegs with convex tip articulated with a corresponding concavity of the dens. Proximal subsegment of dens with a posterior chaeta (Fig. 4 D); distal subsegment posteriorly with two basal spines and one chaeta at the middle. Anterior side of dens with five apical spines, spines without elongated apex. Mucro narrowing in the distal ⅖, posterior lamellae smooth, with one notch. Chaetotaxy of Abd. V and VI not studied, apparently ordinary for the genus. Genital plate. Female apparently ordinary for the genus, male unknown. Tenaculum and ventral tube. Tenaculum with 3 + 3 hook-like teeth (Fig. 4 E). Ventral tube bulky with two apical pairs of chaetae. Name derivation. Megalothorax bokovae sp. nov. is dedicated to Anna Bokova, who helped to preserve the holotype of this species and thanks to whom the description of this species became possible at all.	en	Panina, Ksenia, Potapov, Mikhail, Rumak, Daria, Schneider, Clément (2025): Investigation on the origin of the “ nose ” in the genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Neelidae, Collembola) by the means of integrative taxonomy. Zootaxa 5590 (2): 209-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3
752287812A4DF97D2EFB8909FADAAF5F.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material. Two females on slide and one sex undetermined (this specimen lost after DNA extraction), Russia (European part), Buryatia, Barguzinsky Bay of Baikal, Maksimikha, Sports and health camp " Rovesnik " [53,2921 ° N, 108,6682 ° Е]; cedar-pine rhododendron forest; 13.06.2024; leg. S. Gulgenov; Deposited in MSPU. Obtained molecular data. Russia, two individuals sequenced for near-complete n-rDNA operon sequence [PQ 900091, PQ 900092], same collection data as above. Remarks. A newly sampled population of Megalothorax was used to obtain molecular data for M. processus. A single specimen could be used for proper morphological preparation, fitting with Megalothorax processus original description, but with globular sensilla inside the sensory fields. The skin of the sequenced specimen was retrieved, and we could observe the same. The shape of those sensilla were never found to be subject to intraspecific variability. Without any molecular sampling available from specimens with the original phenotype, and due to the limited amount of available specimens from the new phenotype we tentatively refer to this material as M. cf. processus.	en	Panina, Ksenia, Potapov, Mikhail, Rumak, Daria, Schneider, Clément (2025): Investigation on the origin of the “ nose ” in the genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Neelidae, Collembola) by the means of integrative taxonomy. Zootaxa 5590 (2): 209-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3
752287812A4CF97B2EFB8CFAFEE9AF77.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: female on slide, Austria, Vienna, catacombs of St. Stephan’s cathedral [48.2084 ° N, 16.3732 ° E]; gravelly substrate mixed with human bone fragments (see Christian 1998); 30.09.1996 – 12.01.1997; leg. E. Christian; NMW (COLLEMBOLA Inv. Nr. 130 to 134). Four paratypes (sex undetermined), same data as for the holotype. Other material. Three females, four males and one juvenile on slides, France, Paris, underground tunnels of the Jardin des Plantes (botanical garden) [48.8450 ° N, 2.3605 ° E]; silty substrate without visible organic debris; 17.03.2011; leg. C. Schneider; MNHN (EA 040126 – 131, 133, 135). Five females, one juvenile and two sex undetermined on slides; Kaliningrad; Botanic garden Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University [54.7365 ° N, 20.5156 ° E]; soil in an old greenhouse; leg. D. Levochko; 09.08.2023 and 04.02.2024. One female on slides, Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Peter the Great Botanical Garden [59.9731 ° N, 30.3272 ° E]; fern curtain; leg. N. Kuznetsova and M. Potapov; 25.04.2024. Obtained molecular data. France. One individual sequenced for the partial 28 S rDNA (d 1, d 1), COI mtDNA and 16 S mtDNA [PQ 900094, PQ 900415, PQ 900095], same collection data as above RUSSIA. One individual sequenced for near-complete n-rDNA operon sequence [PQ 900093], same collection data as above.	en	Panina, Ksenia, Potapov, Mikhail, Rumak, Daria, Schneider, Clément (2025): Investigation on the origin of the “ nose ” in the genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Neelidae, Collembola) by the means of integrative taxonomy. Zootaxa 5590 (2): 209-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3
752287812A4CF97B2EFB8CFAFEE9AF77.taxon	description	Redescription. General aspect. Habitus and segmentation typical of the genus (Fig. 10 A, B). Body length around 0.2 – 0.34 mm (biggest Russian individual found: 0.26 mm). Specimens whitish in alcohol. Body chaetotaxy sparse including chaetae, s-chaetae, trichobothria (Fig. 12 C), neosminthuroid chaetae, wax-rods and inner sensilla within sensory fields 2 – 6. Body chaetae ordinary, without any remarkable development (Figs 5 A, 6, 10 A, B). Integument. Secondary granulation made of the usual dorsal rough granules (e. g. Fig. 11 C – F). Integumentary channels extending laterally and dorsally in anterior and posterior parts of head, anterior canal branching (detailed topology on Fig. 5 A, also see Fig. 10 A – E). Channels connection with linea ventralis could be compared to a roundabout. Sensory fields and wax rods (Figs 5 A, 6, 8 B, C, 10 A – E, 11 C – F). Same configuration as in the genus, but with a novel sensory field (sf 7) associated with wrc 7, being a depression devoid of secondary grain, without inner sensilla (s) (Fig. 11 D, E). All s are flame-shaped (Figs 10 A, 11 C, F). The size of the sensilla increases from anterior to posterior sf: sf 2 has the smallest s, sf 6 has the largest s. Mouthparts. Labrum as typical for the genus (Fig. 5 B). Chaetae a 1 and a 2 forked, with one tooth. Labium with 4 + 4 proximal chaetae (Fig. 5 C). Basomedian fields with 3 + 3 chaetae, basolateral fields with 1 + 1 chaetae on tubercle (Fig. 5 A). Labial palp (Fig 5 C), as common for the genus (A, B, C, D, E, b 1, b 2, d 1, d 2, 2 e, H, h 1, h 2). Oral fold with two chaetae (Fig. 5 A). Maxillary outer lobe with two sublobal hairs (Fig. 5 D). Maxillary head without strong modification (Fig. 5 E, F). Mandibula ordinary (Fig. 5 G). Head chaetotaxy (Fig. 5 A). Dorsal anterior area with 9 + 9 chaetae and only one unpaired chaeta, a 0 missing and replaced with a “ nose ”: an oval papilla with an axial groove, like a coffee bean (Figs 5 A, 10 C, D). Clypeal-labral formula: 2, 2, 5, 4, 5 / 5, 4. Lateral anterior area with 1 + 1 chaetae (one missing in pr. a row). Dorsal posterior area with 12 + 12 chaetae. Ventral side with three pairs of postlabial chaetae. Trend for posterior chaetae to be longer and stronger than anterior chaetae. Antennal chaetotaxy (Figs 7 A – C, 10 E, F, 11 A). Ant. I and II with one and four chaetae, respectively. Ant. III with six chaetae and two long S-chaetae (S 1 and S 4). Striations of Ant III sensory organ short sensilla (S 2 and S 3) distinguishable in light microscopy. Ant. IV with five chaetae (X-chaeta missing) and 10 long S-chaetae. Sensory organ with s-chaetae Sx, Sy, Or, a, sa. Organite (Or) short, seems apically flared. Diagram of the chaetotaxy of the antenna in Fig. 7 C. Summary on antennal chaetotaxy provided in Table 1. Th. II — Abd. VI chaetotaxy (Figs 6, 8 B, C, 10 A – B, 12 A – C). Th. II with 12 + 12 chaetae, 1 + 1 tubular and curved s 1 - sensilla (Figs 6 A, 8 B). Th. III with 10 + 10 chaetae, 6 + 6 free wax-rods (wrc 1 – 6). Chaetae p 4 far from wrc 2. Chaeta a 5 smaller than a 6. Abd I – V terga with 19 + 19 ordinary chaetae. Chaeta ζ 4 absent. Globular s-chaeta s 3 present (Fig. 12 B), smaller than s 2 (Figs 11 F, 12 A), equidistant from chaetae γ 1 and δ 1 and in lateral position to γ 1 and δ 1. Chaetae of body subequal, slightly thickened. Abd VI chaetotaxy: nine dorsal chaetae as usual; one chaeta on each anal valve (av); mature specimens have 7 + 7 ventral chaetae (Fig. 9 A). Males have additionally two axial pairs of swollen chaetae with blunt apex, the outer pair of chaetae being larger than the most axial ones (Fig. 9 B). Genital plate. Female with 2 + 2 chaetae as usual (Fig. 9 A), male with 8 + 9 chaetae (observed on the only preparation, Fig. 9 B). Abd. IV sternum and furca (Fig. 9 A). Abd. IV sternum with 2 + 2 neosminthuroid chaetae, 2 + 2 chaetae and 1 + 1 tegumentary lobe. Manubrium with 2 + 2 posterior chaetae. Proximal subsegment of dens with a posterior chaeta; distal subsegment posteriorly with two basal spines and one median chaeta. Anterior side of dens with five apical spines, spines without elongated apex. Mucro narrowing in the distal ⅖, with all three lamellae entirely smooth. Legs chaetotaxy typical of the genus (Table 2), consisting of ordinary chaetae of variable size (Figs 8 A – C). Claws. Claw III bulkier than claw I and II. Claws subequal in unguis length (with a trend as unguis I> unguis II> unguis III). Unguis basal and posterior auxiliary lamellae (la, lp and Bp) well developed (Figs 8 A – C). Unguiculus 0.5 – 0.6 as long as unguis. Tenaculum and ventral tube. Tenaculum with 3 + 3 hook-like teeth (Fig. 9 C). Ventral tube bulky with two apical pairs of chaetae.	en	Panina, Ksenia, Potapov, Mikhail, Rumak, Daria, Schneider, Clément (2025): Investigation on the origin of the “ nose ” in the genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Neelidae, Collembola) by the means of integrative taxonomy. Zootaxa 5590 (2): 209-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3
752287812A4CF97B2EFB8CFAFEE9AF77.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology of Megalothorax sanctistephani Megalothorax sanctistephani has been found from three special localities. First, the catacombs of the cathedral St. Stephan in Vienna (Christian 1998). Second, the underground galleries under the Jardin des Plantes (botanical garden) in Paris; and third, near an old greenhouse in the botanical garden of Kaliningrad, under furniture debris. Whether the botanical garden or subterranean habitat is the key factor is unclear. In Vienna and Paris, it seems clear that the soil was poor in organic material. In Paris, M. sanctistephani had no direct competition from other springtails. In Kaliningrad it was found twice: once alone, and in a second sample coexisting with M. minimus. Megalothorax sanctistephani as never been found in natural caves, and its morphology is typical of soil species, without any of the usual troglobiontic modification (such as increased body size, elongated claws and enlarged sensorial organs of the antenna). Since European troglophilous Neelidae have received some attention (Deharveng 1978, Deharveng & Beruete 1993, Kováč & Papáč 2010, Papáč & Kováč 2013, Papáč et. al 2016, Papáč et. al 2019) we estimate that M. sanctistephani is at least uncommon there, if not really absent. The known ecological niche of M. sanctistephani can thus be described as follows: poor soil with low to no competition in frost-dampened urban habitat. Its natural habitat is likely comparable. It may have been overlooked in Europe due to a cryptic habitat (such as Mesovoid Shallow Substratum, e. g. Pipan & Culver 2019) or perhaps the species was imported with plants from tropical regions.	en	Panina, Ksenia, Potapov, Mikhail, Rumak, Daria, Schneider, Clément (2025): Investigation on the origin of the “ nose ” in the genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Neelidae, Collembola) by the means of integrative taxonomy. Zootaxa 5590 (2): 209-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.2.3
