identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
65A26A8E0CA255B583EA01E1C8EC1C71.text	65A26A8E0CA255B583EA01E1C8EC1C71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigmella hahniella (Worz 1937) Gerasimov 1952	<div><p>Stigmella hahniella (Wörz, 1937)</p><p>Figs 6–8, 32–39, 40, 41</p><p>Nepticula hahniella Wörz, 1937: 290. Lectotype ♂ (designated by Schoorl et al. 1985: 80). Germany, Württemberg, Lemberg bei Zuffenhausen, 17 u 25.7. [19] 36, 
Sorbus
torm., Wörz. Genitalia slide ♂ VU no. 0434, SMNS – Lepid. Präparat-Nr. 215 Eup. (SMNS). Pinned with female paralectotype and 2 cocoons on same piece of polyporus (Fig. 6).</p><p>Stigmella hahniella (Wörz, 1937) Gerasimov 1952: 241. New combination.</p><p>Stigmella hahniella; important citations: Schoorl et al. 1985; Johansson and Nielsen 1990; Puplesis and Schoorl 1994; Laštůvka and Laštůvka 1997; Navickaitė et al. 2014; Robrecht et al. 2024.</p><p>Recognition.</p><p>Adult (Figs 6–8) (based on earlier descriptions (Schoorl et al. 1985; Johansson and Nielsen 1990). Wingspan ♂ 3.5–4.1 mm, ♀ 3.5–4.0 mm. Antennae ♂ with 19–23 articles, ♀ with 17. Moth characterised by black frontal tuft, white collar; forewings proximal two-thirds or three-quarters bronze brown, sometimes with faint purple tinge; apical third or quarter dark brown with faint purple tinge; demarcation between basal and apical colours sharply or weakly defined; hindwing in male with dark androconial scales at costa and dorsum. Could be confused with other dark winged  Stigmella species, but sharp demarcation on forewing usually diagnostic; only black headed  S. anomalella (Goeze, 1783) look rather similar.</p><p>Male and female genitalia resemble closely those of  Stigmella crataegella (Klimesch, 1936), see diagnosis and illustrations in Johansson and Nielsen (1990), Schoorl et al. (1985) and photos in Navickaitė et al. (2014).</p><p>Leafmines (Figs 32–39). Egg always on leaf underside close to midrib or another main vein. Mine starts often very contorted, but also regularly as a rather straight gallery; frass completely brown or green, coiled throughout, filling mine completely or leaving narrow margins in latter part of mine.</p><p>Larva: green, head capsule and thorax pale, larva with dorsum upwards.</p><p>Cocoon: pale brown.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 41).</p><p>Austria * (Zimmermann 1944; Huemer 2013), Bosnia * (new record) (Fig. 37), Croatia (Laštůvka and Laštůvka 1997), Czechia (Laštůvka 1994; Laštůvka and Marek 2002; Šumpich 2011), France * (new record) (Figs 36, 38), Georgia (new record) (Fig. 39), Germany (Wörz 1937; Buhr 1940; Huber 1969; Robrecht et al. 2024), Hungary (Szőcs 1965, 1977 b; Pastoralis and Szeőke 2011), Italy (Huemer 2002), Russia * (Wörz 1937), Slovakia (Povolný and Gregor 1952; Patočka and Kulfan 2009), Slovenia * (Lesar and Govedic 2010), Ukraine: Crimea (Navickaitė et al. 2014). Records based on mines only are annotated with an asterisk.</p><p>Several records were doubted in the past, such as those from Germany: Schwaben (Bavaria) (Huber 1969) and Austria (Zimmermann 1944), leading to removal of the species resp. from the Bavarian and Austrian lists (Huemer and Tarmann 1993; Haslberger and Segerer 2016). The Austrian record was later confirmed (Huemer 2013), and we think that Huber’s record is rather likely, considering the current knowledge of its distribution.</p><p>The old records from Pfalz and Thüringen by Wörz (1937) also could well be correct as also the new records show. An old record from Neubrandenburg in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Buhr 1940) has been completely overlooked until now, and on first sight might seem unlikely, so far north. However,  Torminalis does occur in this region, but probably as rather isolated trees (Welk et al. 2016). Confirmation of this record is therefore needed as it is not impossible that  Stigmella oxyacanthella (Stainton, 1854) could occasionally occur on this host and make rather similar mines. The renewed search for  Stigmella torminalis also led to the rediscovery of leafmines of  S. hahniella in Germany in 2023, now in Rheinland-Pfalz, and independently by Maurizio König in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. In 2024 it was found in Hessen (Figs 33, 34, 40) and Thüringen (Fig. 32) and the species was discovered in North East France (Figs 36, 38).</p><p>The record from Russia, Sochi by Wörz (1937) was overlooked in the Russian checklist (van Nieukerken and Sinev 2019), but the new record from Georgia, confirmed by DNA barcodes, supports its occurrence in the Caucasus region.</p><p>Records from Denmark (Jøker 1944) on  Crataegus and various  Sorbus species are certainly incorrect and were also not repeated in the catalogue of Danish leafmines (Sønderup 1949).</p><p>Host plant.</p><p>Only known from  Torminalis glaberrima. Szőcs (1973, 1981 a) reported leafmines from  Sorbus aria and  S. degenii Jáv. (now respectively  Aria edulis and  Karpatiosorbus degenii (Jáv.) Sennikov &amp; Kurtto). As these have not been confirmed by reared adults or DNA barcoding we consider them as unlikely, or at least unproven.</p><p>Life history.</p><p>Bivoltine. Larvae are found from May to June and from August to October. Adults emerged respectively from June to July, and in March (probably forced indoors). There are no records of wild caught adults, very few adults are known. Most recent records are based on vacated leafmines, with a few dead larvae (used for DNA barcoding), and only a single photo represents a living larva https://observation.org/observation/321525068/.</p><p>DNA barcoding (Fig. 53).</p><p>We have four DNA barcodes, two from adults from Czechia and two from dead larvae in Germany, all belong to BIN BOLD: ADF 7891, with a maximum distance of 0.8 %, and average distance of 0.47 %. One barcoded larva from Georgia falls in another BIN, BOLD: AEF 9699, at a distance of 2.4 % from the European ones.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Adults (Host always  Torminalis glaberrima). –   GERMANY • 1 ♀ Paralectotype, pinned together with Holotype; Baden-Württemberg, Zuffenhausen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.14&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.14/lat 48.82)">Lemberg</a>; [48.82°N, 9.14°E]; 27 Jun. 1936; A. Wörz leg.; emerged 17–25 Jul. 1936; Genitalia slide: VU 0438 | SMNS 215; GART 00125 b; SMNK  . –   HUNGARY • 2 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.799" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.495/lat 46.799)">Badacsony</a>; [46.799°N, 17.495°E]; J. Szőcs leg.; emerged 27–28 Jun. 1968; Genitalia slide: VU 1757; HNHM  . •   1 ♂ 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.94&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.47" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.94/lat 47.47)">Budaörs</a>; [47.47°N, 18.94°E]; 12 Jun. 1974; A. Borkowski leg.; emerged 04 Jul. 1974; Genitalia slide: RJ 1475; personal collection R. Johansson  . •   2 ♂ 1 ♀; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.978&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.474" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.978/lat 47.474)">Rupphegy</a>; [47.474°N, 18.978°E]; J. Szőcs leg.; emerged 06 Jul. 1974, 26–28 Jun. 1975; Genitalia slides: VU 1472, VU 1477, VU 1754; HNHM  .</p><p>Leafmines and larvae (Host always T. glaberrima, coll RMNH unless otherwise mentioned). – AUSTRIA •   4 mines; Niederösterreich, Gumpoldskirchen: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.2507&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.0303" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.2507/lat 48.0303)">Glaslauterriegel</a>; 48.0303°N, 16.2507°E; alt. 300–340 m; 01 Oct. 1983; van Nieukerken &amp; Boomsma leg.; EventId: VU no. 83323 - H; ZMA.INS.MIG.12041  . •   1 mine; Wien, Leopoldsberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.34782&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.2773" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.34782/lat 48.2773)">W. of Kahlenberg</a>; 48.2773°N, 16.34782°E; alt. 200–425 m; 25 Oct. 1983; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; EventId: VU no. 83540 - H; RMNH.INS.39794  . –   BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA • 2 mines (Fig. 37); Republika Srpska, Brezičani, 5 km NW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.669&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.014" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.669/lat 45.014)">Prijedor</a>; 45.014°N, 16.669°E; 17 Oct. 1983; van Nieukerken &amp; Boomsma leg.; EventId: VU no. 83494 - H; ZMA.INS.MIG.12042  . –   FRANCE • 1 mine; Meuse, Chauvoncourt, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.50107&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.88963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.50107/lat 48.88963)">Pelouses et vallons forestiers de Chauvoncourt</a> – N 2000; 48.88963°N, 5.50107°E; alt. 296 m; 26 Jul. 2024; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; EventId: EvN no 2024065–2 H; RMNH.INS.38649  . •   5 mines (Fig. 36); Meuse, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.7259&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.66367" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.7259/lat 48.66367)">Pagny-sur-Meuse</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.7259&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.66367" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.7259/lat 48.66367)">Chapelle de Massey</a>; 48.66367°N, 5.7259°E; alt. 288 m; 25 Jul. 2024; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; EventId: EvN no 2024060–1 H; RMNH.INS.38641, RMNH.INS.38642  . –   GEORGIA • 1 larva, 3 mines (Fig. 39); Adjara AR, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.86278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.57028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.86278/lat 41.57028)">Chikuneti</a>; 41.57028°N, 41.86278°E; alt. 880 m; 26 Sep. 2018; M. V. Kozlov &amp; V. Zverev leg.; slide: RMNH.INS.31426. P; RMNH.INS.31426 (larva); RMNH.INS.48098, RMNH.INS.48099 (leafmines)  . –   GERMANY • 1 larva, 4 mines; Baden-Württemberg, Königheim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.57404&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.63765" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.57404/lat 49.63765)">Haigergrund</a>; 49.63765°N, 9.57404°E; alt. 329 m; 14 Aug. 2023; Maurizio König leg.; RMNH.INS.31739 (larva), RMNH.INS.49915, RMNH.INS.49816 (leafmines)  . •   2 mines; Baden-Württemberg, Tauberbischofsheim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.63004&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.64794" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.63004/lat 49.64794)">Hunsenberg</a>; 49.64794°N, 9.63004°E; alt. 285 m; 25 Aug. 2023; Maurizio König leg.; RMNH.INS.49917  . •   1 larva, 1 mine (Fig. 35); Baden-Württemberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.66925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.49514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.66925/lat 49.49514)">Schweigern</a>; 49.49514°N, 9.66925°E; alt. 265 m; 10 Aug. 2023; Maurizio König leg.; RMNH.INS.31738 (larva), RMNH.INS.49786 (leafmine)  . •   3 mines (Figs 33, 34); Hessen, Diemelstadt-Rhoden, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.9922&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.4558" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.9922/lat 51.4558)">Feldflur am Schartenberg</a>; 51.4558°N, 8.9922°E; 15 Sep. 2024; Dieter Robrecht &amp; Hubertus Trilling leg.; Collection D. Robrecht  .</p><p>Photographs examined (Host always T. glaberrima). –   CZECHIA • 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (specimens barcoded); Moravia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.7349&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.7368" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.7349/lat 48.7368)">Valtice</a>; 48.7368°N, 16.7349°E; 18 Aug. 2006; A. Laštůvka leg.; emerged Mar. 2007; RMNH. 5012142, RMNH. 5012141; Collection A. Laštůvka  . •   1 ♀ (barcoding failed); Moravia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.8272&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.9478" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.8272/lat 48.9478)">Němčičky</a>; 48.9478°N, 16.8272°E; 13 Aug. 2000; A. Laštůvka leg.; emerged Mar. 2001; RMNH. 5012143; Collection A. Laštůvka  . •   1 ♂ (Fig. 7); Moravia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.47" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.1/lat 49.47)">Prostejov</a>; 49.47°N, 17.1°E; A. Laštůvka leg.; emerged Mar. 2001; Collection A. Laštůvka  . •   1 ♀ (Fig. 8); Moravia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.849" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.7/lat 48.849)">Milovice</a>; 48.849°N, 16.7°E; A. Laštůvka leg.; emerged Mar. 2001; Collection A. Laštůvka  . –   GERMANY • 1 mine; Hessen, Diemelstadt-Rhoden, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.9922&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.4558" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.9922/lat 51.4558)">Feldflur am Schartenberg</a>; 51.4558°N, 8.9922°E; 13 Sep. 2024; Hubertus Trilling leg.; https://observation.org/observation/327910701/  . •   1 mine; Rheinland-Pfalz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.5947&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.9608" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.5947/lat 49.9608)">BIT Hüttingen an der Kyll</a>; 49.9608°N, 6.5947°E; 26 Aug. 2023; Alexander Franzen leg.; https://observation.org/observation/285968698/  . •  1 mine; same locality data as previous; 07 Sep. 2024; Alexander Franzen leg.; https://observation.org/observation/327389394/ . •   2 mines; Rheinland-Pfalz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.45992&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.94597" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.45992/lat 49.94597)">BIT Messerich</a>; 49.94597°N, 6.45992°E; 17 Sep. 2023; Alexander Franzen leg.; https://observation.org/observation/288425626/  . •   1 larva (Fig. 32); Thüringen,, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.3873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0389/lat 51.3873)">KYF Ochsenburg</a>; 51.3873°N, 11.0389°E; 27 Jul. 2024; Alexander Franzen leg.; https://observation.org/observation/321525068/  . –   HUNGARY • 1 mine; Budakeszi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.922&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.535" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.922/lat 47.535)">Hársbokorhegy</a>; [47.535°N, 18.922°E]; Aug. 1952; L. Gozmány leg. ; Budapest. •   9 mines [on 3 herbarium sheets]; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.61&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.26" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.61/lat 47.26)">Nadap</a>; [47.26°N, 18.61°E]; 12–13 Aug. 1951, 14 Sep. 1951, 12 Oct. 1951; L. Gozmány leg.; HNHM  .</p><p>Additional observation. –   SLOVAKIA • Larva, leafmines; Banská Bystrica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.7957&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.1653" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.7957/lat 48.1653)">Šiatorská Bukovinka</a>; [48.1653°N, 19.7957°E]; 07 Sep. 2023, A. Laštůvka &amp; Z. Laštůvka leg.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/65A26A8E0CA255B583EA01E1C8EC1C71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	van Nieukerken, Erik J.;Robrecht, Dieter	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
BDEEE863877451EAAF2B7A560E6D2E49.text	BDEEE863877451EAAF2B7A560E6D2E49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigmella mespilicola (Frey 1856) Klimesch 1948	<div><p>Stigmella mespilicola (Frey, 1856)</p><p>Figs 9, 10, 28, 29, 31, 42, 43, 46, 47–51, 52</p><p>Nepticula mespilicola Frey, 1856: 392. Holotype ♂ Switzerland, Zürich, Uetliberg (ca. 47.35°N, 8.49°E), mines on 
Amelanchier, emerged 1856, Frey collection, Genitalia slide BM 21825 (NHMUK. Illustrated in watercolour by R. Johansson in Johansson and Nielsen (1990) and van Nieukerken et al. (2016).</p><p>Nepticula ariella Herrich-Schäffer, 1860: 60. Syntypes Germany: [Regensburg], “ Raupe im Herbste in den Blättern von 
Sorbus aria
”. Depository unknown, types probably lost. Synonymised by Frey (1880: 422) under the name “ Ariae H. - S. ”. [colour plate published later, Herrich-Schäffer (1861: 32, f. 168)].</p><p>Stigmella ariella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860) Klimesch 1948: 57, 
new combination, male genitalia.</p><p>[ Stigmella mespilicola (Frey, 1856) Klimesch 1948: 57,  new combination . Misidentification for  S. hybnerella (Hübner, 1796)].</p><p>Stigmella cotoneastri sensu Klimesch, 1948: 60.</p><p>Stigmella mespilicola; important citations: Johansson and Nielsen 1990; Laštůvka and Laštůvka 1997; Robrecht et al. 2024.</p><p>Recognition.</p><p>Adult (Figs 9, 10, 51). Forewing length ♂ 1.7–2.2 mm (2.0 ± 0.2, n = 6), ♀ 2.3 mm (n = 2), wingspan ♂ 3.9–4.8 mm (n = 6), ♀ 5.0–5.3 (n = 2); antennae ♂ with 23–29 articles (26.7 ± 2.3, n = 6), ♀ with 22–24 (n = 2).  Stigmella mespilicola is most similar to  S. hybnerella (Hübner, 1796), but differs by darker, strongly shining copper brown forewing, purple along costa and black head in all specimens. Several  S. hybnerella specimens, especially females, have a brown or yellowish hair tuft. In doubt genitalia should be examined. From  S. torminalis it differs by the narrower, more distal and silver fascia and in the male by the presence of black androconial scales on the hindwing.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 42, 43). Very different from most  Stigmella species, except  S. hybnerella, see figures. In comparison with  S. hybnerella (Fig. 44), the valvae are shorter and do not reach the tip of the uncus in ventral view (they do reach that tip in  S. hybnerella), the phallus is somewhat shorter, without the 3–4 large cornuti at the apex.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 46). As those of  S. hybnerella with a strongly coiled accessory sac, with about four convolutions (6–7 in  S. hybnerella, Fig. 45).</p><p>Leafmines (Figs 28, 29, 31, 47–50). Egg more often on leaf upperside than underside, in ca 100 mines 28 % was on underside, but for mines in  Torminalis this percentage is 40 % (n = 73); usually not on or near a vein, but upperside eggs may be sometimes deposited on top of a vein. Mine starts as an often rather contorted gallery, sometimes later following a vein for a short stretch, black frass line rather wide, in early mine often about half mine width in middle; frass often broken in several places, often distinctly zigzagging, in later mine usually not more than 1 / 3 mine width. Some mines have frass as narrow as in  S. torminalis, but then more broken and less continuous. Margins of mine irregular, often bulged.</p><p>Larva: pale whitish yellow, prothoracic sclerite pale brown to almost invisible, paired brains pale brown and well visible, larva with dorsum upwards.</p><p>Cocoon: dark brown.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 52).</p><p>Albania (new record, https://observation.org/observation/291620627/), Austria, Belgium (Wullaert 2017), Bosnia (new record), Bulgaria (new record), Croatia, Czechia, France (van Nieukerken et al. 2006) (new for departments 05, 06, 21, 31, 53, 55, 72), Germany (new for Niedersachsen, https://observation.org/observation/296867262/), Hungary, Italy, Luxemburg (new record, https://observation.org/observation/325644295/), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia (Maček 1999), Spain (van Nieukerken et al. 2004), Switzerland, Turkey (Klimesch 1978) and United Kingdom (England) (Emmet 1988; Agassiz 1992) (general references for distribution (Johansson and Nielsen 1990; Laštůvka and Laštůvka 1997; van Nieukerken 2018).</p><p>Hostplants.</p><p>Reared from  Amelanchier ovalis,  Aria edulis,  Cormus domestica (L.) Spach (=  Sorbus domestica),  Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik., and  Torminalis glaberrima. Records from  Crataegus are certainly wrong (e. g. by Hering 1957; Maček 1999). Leafmines on  Cotoneaster racemiflorus (Desf.) K. Koch (Klimesch 1978),  Hedlundia mougeotii (Soy. - Will. &amp; Godr.) Sennikov &amp; Kurtto,  Karpatiosorbus degenii (Ellis 2024),  K. latifolia (Lam.) Sennikov &amp; Kurtto and  K. semiincisa (Borbás) Sennikov &amp; Kurtto (the last four published as species in  Sorbus) probably also belong to  S. mespilicola . Szőcs (1981 b) recorded  Sorbus aucuparia as host of  Stigmella torminalis (specimen and leafmine cited below from Rupphegy). This represents a double misidentification, the reared moth being  S. mespilicola and the host  Cormus domestica . Another herbarium sample (Harshegy, 19. vii. 1958) was similarly identified, but no reared adult was available. Although the mine could belong to  S. mespilicola, the identity of the host is uncertain, as  Sorbus aucuparia is very rare to almost absent in Hungary (Räty et al. 2016), and leaves cannot be reliably separated from  C. domestica .</p><p>Life history.</p><p>Bivoltine. Larvae are found from early June to July and from late August to October. Adults emerged respectively from late June to July, and from March to May.</p><p>DNA barcoding (Fig. 53).</p><p>We have ten DNA barcodes, seven from our own projects, three from the “  Lepidoptera of the Alps ” projects, eight of which have all BIN BOLD: ABW 6508, and two incomplete barcodes. The Maximum distance between these is 2.16 %, the average distance 1.29 %, nearest neighbour is the not closely related  Stigmella fasciata van Nieukerken &amp; Johansson, 2003, at a distance of 4.9 %.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>On the basis of the genitalia figures in Klimesch (1948), the species feeding on  Amelanchier was considered to be  S. hybnerella, with exceptions (van Nieukerken 1986). Also a male reared from  Amelanchier by Axel Scholz (collection Stuttgart) proved to be a  S. hybnerella, but the holotype of  S. mespilicola was also reared from  Amelanchier . Apparently both species feed on  Amelanchier, and we have no indication whether one of these is commoner than the other one. Rearing larvae or obtaining DNA barcodes is necessary to obtain a better idea of the distribution of both species on this host. Probably the mines of  S. hybnerella on  Amelanchier are more a linear-blotch type mine, and those of  mespilicola linear, as on other hosts, but we have seen insufficient mines with a certain identification. Many records of this species on  Torminalis were originally misidentified as  Stigmella torminalis, see discussion above.</p><p>Otherwise most literature references are reliable, with the exception of records on  Aria (and hybrids) in the north of the British Isles (e. g. on GBIF) and Scandinavia, where  S. magdalenae is often found feeding on these. The record from Turkey by Klimesch (1978) is also uncertain, as it is based on a single record of vacated mines on  Cotoneaster Medik. and a female reared from  Amelanchier, of which the genitalia have not been checked, and which could also belong to  S. hybnerella . In fact the illustrated leafmines on  Amelanchier (Klimesch 1978: figs 3 a, 3 b), linear-blotch mines, resemble more those of  S. hybnerella, whereas that on  Cotoneaster (Fig. 4) could well be a  S. mespilicola mine.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Specimens cited from France and Spain earlier by van Nieukerken et al. (2004, 2006) are not repeated.</p><p>Adults. –   FRANCE • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Alpes de Hautes-Provence, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.23&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.09" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.23/lat 44.09)">Digne</a>; [44.09°N, 6.23°E]; 10 Sep. 1967; J. Klimesch leg.; Host:  Cormus domestica; emerged 17 Mar. – 01 Apr. 1968; EventId: Zucht No. 931; ZSM  .. –   GERMANY • 2 ♀; Baden-Württemberg, Bad Ditzenbach, Leimbg., Kreuzkp. [Leimberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.673&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.584" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.673/lat 48.584)">Kreuzkapelle</a>]; [48.584°N, 9.673°E]; alt. 700 m; 09 Sep. 1989; A. Scholz leg.; Host:  Aria edulis; SMNS  . •   2 ♂; Baden-Württemberg, Affalterbach, “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.14&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.14/lat 48.82)">Lemberg</a> ”; [48.82°N, 9.14°E]; alt. 360 m; 19 Sep. 1995; A. Scholz leg.; Host:  Torminalis glaberrima; SMNS  . •   1 ♂ 1 ♀; Baden-Württemberg, Urach Umg., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.47" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.423/lat 48.47)">Hohenwittlingen</a>; [48.47°N, 9.423°E]; 01 Sep. 1989; A. Scholz leg.; Host:  Cotoneaster integerrimus; SMNS. Genitalia slide: EvN 5468 ♀; DNA extract RMNH.INS.25468; SMNS  . •   1 ♂; Baden-Württemberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.14&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.14/lat 48.82)">Lemberg Zuffh.</a>; [48.82°N, 9.14°E]; [20 Sep. 1936]; A. Wörz leg.; Host: T. glaberrima; emerged 07 Mar. 1937; Genitalia slide: SMNS 3452; SMNS  . •   1 ♀; same locality data; [05 Jun. 1937]; A. Wörz leg.; Host: T. glaberrima; emerged 22 Jun. 1937; SMNS [both identified and published by Wörz as  Nepticula torminalis]  . •   1 ♂; Baden-Württemberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.131&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.817" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.131/lat 48.817)">Lemberg-Horn</a>; [48.817°N, 9.131°E]; A. Wörz leg.; Host: T. glaberrima; emerged 13 Jul. 1944; Genitalia slide: on pin; SMNS [identified and published by Wörz as  Nepticula torminalis]  . •   1 ♀; Thüringen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.27/lat 50.68)">Bad Blankenburg</a>; [50.68°N, 11.27°E]; H. Steuer leg.; Host: T. glaberrima; emerged 13 Jun. 1969; Genitalia slide: EvN 3145; Steuer collection, MfN [as  Stigmella torminalis in Steuer 1984, corrected by Steuer 1991]  . –   HUNGARY • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.504" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.965/lat 47.504)">Normafa</a>; 47.504°N, 18.965°E; 09 Jun. 1973; J. Szőcs leg.; Host: T. glaberrima; emerged 02–03 Jul. 1973; EventId: Zucht: 79 / 73; Genitalia slides: VU 1755, VU 1756; HNHM [as  Nepticula torminalis in Szőcs 1981 a]  .. –   ITALY • 1 ♂; Cuneo, Entracque-S. Giacomo, Vallone della Barra: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.146" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.376/lat 44.146)">Gias della Siula</a>; [44.146°N, 7.376°E]; alt. 1600 m; 25 Jul. 2000; G. Baldizzone leg.; Genitalia slide: EvN 3359; Baldizzone, G., personal collection  . •   1 ♂; Savona, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.98" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.11/lat 43.98)">Conna</a>; [43.98°N, 8.11°E]; E. Jäckh leg.; emerged 04 May 1970; Genitalia slide: RJ 1134; ZMUC  . •   1 ♂ (Fig. 9) 1 ♀; Savona, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.41/lat 44.21)">Noli</a>; [44.21°N, 8.41°E]; 20 Sep. 1952; J. Klimesch leg.; Host:  Cormus domestica; emerged 10–27 Mar. 1953; Genitalia slide: EvN 4240; DNA extract RMNH.INS.24240; ZSM  . –   SWITZERLAND • 1 ♀; Zürich, Zürich, [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.491&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.351" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.491/lat 47.351)">Uetliberg</a>]; [47.351°N, 8.491°E]; Frey leg.; Host:  A. edulis; Genitalia slide: BM 21826; NHMUK  . –   UNITED KINGDOM • 1 ♀; England, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.83" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.65/lat 51.83)">Lord’s Wood</a>; [51.83°N, 2.65°W]; A. N. B. Simpson leg.; Host: T. glaberrima; emerged 1984; Genitalia slide: BM 24099; NHMUK  .</p><p>Leafmines and larvae. –   AUSTRIA • 6 mines; Niederösterreich, Gumpoldskirchen: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.2507&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.0303" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.2507/lat 48.0303)">Glaslauterriegel</a>; 48.0303°N, 16.2507°E; alt. 300–340 m; 01 Oct. 1983; van Nieukerken &amp; Boomsma leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: VU no. 83322; ZMA.INS.MIG.12045; RMNH  . •   15 mines; same locality data as previous; host:  Torminalis glaberrima; EventId: VU no. 83323; ZMA.INS.MIG.12048; RMNH  . •   1 mines; Niederösterreich, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.52/lat 48.4)">Dürnstein</a>; [48.4°N, 15.52°E]; 09 Sep. 1933; J. Klimesch leg.; host:  A. edulis; SMNS  . •   5 mines; Wien, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.342&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.276" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.342/lat 48.276)">Kahlenberg</a>, SE slope; 48.276°N, 16.342°E; alt. 400 m; 25 Oct. 1983; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: VU no. 83542; ZMA.INS.MIG.12044; RMNH  . •   6 mines; Wien, Leopoldsberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.35/lat 48.277)">W. [recte E.] of Kahlenberg</a>; 48.277°N, 16.35°E; alt. 200–425 m; 25 Oct. 1983; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: VU no. 83540; ZMA.INS.MIG.12049; RMNH  . –   BELGIUM • 1 larva, 1 mine; Namur, Rochefort, Belvaux, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.1832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.1113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.1832/lat 50.1113)">Tienne de Boton</a>; 50.1113°N, 5.1832°E; alt. 200 m; 20 Aug. 2016; Bladmijnenwerkgroep leg.; host: T. glaberrima; RMNH.INS.30885 (barcoded larva) RMNH.INS.39199 (mine); RMNH  . •   2 larvae, 2 mines (Fig. 49); Namur, Rochefort, Lavaux-Sainte-Anne, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.1003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.1064" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.1003/lat 50.1064)">Le Gros Tienne</a>; 50.1064°N, 5.1003°E; alt. 225 m; 16 Sep. 2019; Chris Steeman leg.; host: T. glaberrima; slides: RMNH.INS.31389. P, RMNH.INS.31390. P; RMNH.INS.31389, RMNH.INS.31390 (barcoded larvae); RMNH  . –   BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA • 9 mines; Republika Srpska, Brezičani, 5 km NW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.669&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.014" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.669/lat 45.014)">Prijedor</a>; 45.014°N, 16.669°E; 17 Oct. 1983; van Nieukerken &amp; Boomsma leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: VU no. 83494; ZMA.INS.MIG.12050; RMNH  . –   BULGARIA • 1 larva, mine; Pazardzhik, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.39357&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.00261" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.39357/lat 42.00261)">Peshtera</a>, 8.5 km ESE; 42.00261°N, 24.39357°E; alt. 765 m; 22 Jul. 2013; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: EvN no 2013060 - M; slide: RMNH.INS.29681. P; RMNH.INS.29681 (barcoded larva), RMNH.INS.40725 (mine); RMNH  . –   CZECHIA • 1 mine; Jihomoravsky Kraj, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.7973&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.79297" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.7973/lat 48.79297)">Lednice</a>, castle gardens; 48.79297°N, 16.7973°E; 03 Oct. 1992; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: EvN no 92055; RMNH.INS.49722; RMNH  . –   FRANCE • 3 mines; Alpes-Maritimes, Breil-sur-Roya, 1.9 km SW, E of Col de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.49657&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.92684" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.49657/lat 43.92684)">Brouis</a>; 43.92684°N, 7.49657°E; alt. 1045 m; 09 Oct. 2008; E. J. van Nieukerken &amp; C. Doorenweerd leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: EvN no 2008166–1 H; RMNH.INS.42406; RMNH  . •   3 mines; Alpes-Maritimes (06), S. of Baisse du Pâpe, E. slopes, ca 4.2 km SW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.40994&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.85035" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.40994/lat 43.85035)">Sospel</a>; 43.85035°N, 7.40994°E; alt. 1050 m; 08 Oct. 2008; E. J. van Nieukerken &amp; C. Doorenweerd leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: EvN no 2008161 - H; RMNH.INS.42394; RMNH  . •   1 mine; Hautes Alpes (05), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.2111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.0383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.2111/lat 45.0383)">La Grave</a>, 2 km E Les Clots; 45.0383°N, 6.2111°E; alt. 1135 m; 21–24 Aug. 2017; M. Kozlov &amp; V. Zverev leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: ecological sample 13; RMNH.INS.46083; RMNH  . •   1 mine; Hautes Alpes (05), La Romanche, 2 km W <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.2617&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.0414" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.2617/lat 45.0414)">Les Fréaux</a>; 45.0414°N, 6.2617°E; alt. 1350 m; 21–24 Aug. 2017; M. Kozlov &amp; V. Zverev leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: ecological sample 10; RMNH.INS.46073; RMNH  . •   3 mines; Meuse (55), Chauvoncourt, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.50219&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.89015" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.50219/lat 48.89015)">Pelouses et vallons forestiers de Chauvoncourt</a> – N 2000; 48.89015°N, 5.50219°E; alt. 293 m; 26 Jul. 2024; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: EvN no 2024064 - H; RMNH.INS.38647; RMNH  . •  5 mines; same locality data as previous; 48.88963°N, 5.50107°E; alt. 296 m; 26 Jul. 2024; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: EvN no 2024065–1 H, 3 H; RMNH.INS.38648, RMNH.INS.38650; RMNH . •   5 mines; Meuse (55), Koeur-la-Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.47558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.86924" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.47558/lat 48.86924)">Pelouses et vallons forestiers de Chauvoncourt</a> – N 2000; 48.86924°N, 5.47558°E; alt. 271 m; 26 Jul. 2024; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: EvN no 2024066 - H; RMNH.INS.38653; RMNH  . •  1 mine; same locality data as previous; 48.86885°N, 5.47551°E; alt. 270 m; 26 Jul. 2024; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: EvN no 2024068 - H; RMNH.INS.38655; RMNH . •   1 mine; Meuse (55), Pagny-sur-Meuse, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.7259&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.66367" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.7259/lat 48.66367)">Chapelle de Massey</a>; 48.66367°N, 5.7259°E; alt. 288 m; 25 Jul. 2024; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: EvN no 2024060–1 H; RMNH.INS.38643; RMNH  . –   GERMANY • 1 mine; Baden-Württemberg, Badenweiler, Waldweg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.673&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.798" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.673/lat 47.798)">between Badenweiler and Sophienruhe</a>; [47.798°N, 7.673°E]; 21 Sep. 2001; AC &amp; WN Ellis leg.; host:  A. edulis; ZMA.INS.MIG.07775; RMNH  . •   2 mines; Baden-Württemberg, Stromberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.897&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.063" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.897/lat 49.063)">Leonbronn</a>; [49.063°N, 8.897°E]; 17 Oct. 1934; A. Wörz leg.; host: T. glaberrima; SMNS  . •   1 mine; Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.108&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.743" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.108/lat 48.743)">Dachswald</a>; [48.743°N, 9.108°E]; 20 Sep. 1936; A. Wörz leg.; host: T. glaberrima; SMNS  . •   1 larva, 1 mine; Baden-Württemberg, Tauberbischofsheim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.63&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.6479" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.63/lat 49.6479)">Hunsenberg</a>; [49.6479°N, 9.63°E]; alt. 285 m; 04 Sep. 2023; M. König leg.; host: T. glaberrima; RMNH.INS.39795; RMNH  . •   1 larva, 6 mines; Baden-Württemberg, Tauberbischofsheim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.627&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.6502" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.627/lat 49.6502)">Hunsenberg</a>; 49.6502°N, 9.627°E; alt. 290 m; 04 Sep. 2023; M. König leg.; host: T. glaberrima; RMNH.INS.39799; RMNH  . •   29 mines (Fis. 28, 29, 47); Baden-Württemberg, Zuffenhausen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.14&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.14/lat 48.82)">Lemberg</a>; [48.82°N, 9.14°E]; 16 Oct. 1932, 27 Jul. 1935, 05 Jun. 1937, 18 Jun. 1938; A. Wörz leg.; host: T. glaberrima; SMNS  . •   12 mines; Baden-Württemberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.14&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.14/lat 48.82)">Feuerbach-Lemberg</a>; [48.82°N, 9.14°E]; 21 Jun. 1944; A. Wörz leg.; host: T. glaberrima; SMNS  . •   1 mine; Baden-Württemberg,  Hall [illegible]; A. Wörz leg.; host:  A. edulis; SMNS  . •   7 mines; Baden-Württemberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.129&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.812" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.129/lat 48.812)">Lindental</a>; [48.812°N, 9.129°E]; 23 Aug. – 08 Sep. 1948; A. Wörz leg.; host: T. glaberrima; SMNS  . •   6 mines; Baden-Württemberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.408" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.258/lat 48.408)">Linsenbühl bei Honau</a>; [48.408°N, 9.258°E]; 18 Aug. 1935; A. Wörz leg.; host:  A. edulis; SMNS  . •   7 mines; Baden-Württemberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.09&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.91" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.09/lat 48.91)">Markgröningen</a>; [48.91°N, 9.09°E]; 07 Jun. 1948; A. Wörz leg.; host: T. glaberrima; SMNS  . •   1 mine; Baden-Württemberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.37&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.37/lat 48.55)">Neufen (Alb)</a>; [48.55°N, 9.37°E]; A. Wörz leg.; host:  A. edulis; SMNS  . •   1 larva, 9 mines; Bayern, Humburg-am-Main, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.62322&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.80394" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.62322/lat 49.80394)">Kullmuth</a>; 49.80394°N, 9.62322°E; alt. 275 m; 24 Aug. 2023; M. König leg.; host:  A. edulis; RMNH.INS.31740 (barcoded larva), RMNH.INS.39024 (mines); RMNH  . •   4 mines; Rheinland Pfalz, Bad Münster am Stein, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.8479&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.8479/lat 49.806)">W Schloß Rheingrafenstein</a>; 49.8060°N, 7.8479°E; Buchen-Eichenmischwald; 07 Oct. 2022; D. Robrecht leg.; host:  A. edulis, Collection D. Robrecht  . •   1 mine; Rheinland Pfalz,  Idar-Oberstein; 07 Oct. 2022; A. Werno leg.; host: T. glaberrima; Collection D. Robrecht  . –   ITALY • 9 mines; Pordenone, 5 km E of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.849&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.849/lat 46.302)">Tramonti di Sopra</a>, pass; 46.302°N, 12.849°E; alt. 900 m; 08 Oct. 1983; van Nieukerken &amp; Boomsma leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: VU no. 83401; ZMA.INS.MIG.12046; RMNH  . •   2 mines; Savona, Liguria, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.41/lat 44.21)">Noli</a>; [44.21°N, 8.41°E]; 03 Sep. 1964; J. Klimesch leg.; host:  Cormus domestica; ZMA.INS.MIG.02191; RMNH  . •   SLOVENIA • 5 mines; Obalno-kraška, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.533" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.975/lat 45.533)">Mt. Slavnik</a>, 8 km S Herpelje-Kozina [Hrpelje]; 45.533°N, 13.975°E; alt. 900–1000 m; 14 Oct. 1983; van Nieukerken &amp; Boomsma leg.; host:  A. edulis; EventId: VU no. 83457; ZMA.INS.MIG.12047; RMNH  .</p><p>Photos examined. – Adults. –   HUNGARY [all originally identified and published as  Nepticula or  Stigmella torminalis] • 1 ♂; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.922&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.535" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.922/lat 47.535)">Hársbokorhegy</a>; [47.535°N, 18.922°E]; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima; emerged 05 May. 1953; HNHM  . •   1 ♂; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.504" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.965/lat 47.504)">Normafa</a>; [47.504°N, 18.965°E]; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima; emerged 07 Aug. 1962; HNHM  . •  1 ♂; same locality and host data as previous; 06 Jul. 1964; J. Szőcs leg.; emerged 24 Jul. 1964; HNHM . •   1 ♂; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.978&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.474" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.978/lat 47.474)">Rupphegy</a>; [47.474°N, 18.978°E]; 17 Jun. 1978; J. Szőcs leg.; host:  Cormus domestica [labelled as from  Sorbus aucuparia]; emerged 08 Jul. 1978; Zucht: 28 / 64; HNHM  . •   1 ♀; Budapest, Ságvári-liget [now <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.955/lat 47.528)">Szépjuhászné</a>]; [47.528°N, 18.955°E]; 16 Jul. 1963; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima; emerged 04 Aug. 1963; HNHM  . •  1 ♂ 1 ♀; same locality and host data as previous; emerged 10 &amp; 21 May 1963; HNHM . –   SWITZERLAND • 1 ♀; Zürich, Weiningen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.413&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.433" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.413/lat 47.433)">Altberg</a>; [47.433°N, 8.413°E]; 19 Oct. 1935; P. Weber leg.; host: T. glaberrima; emerged 14 May. 1936; ETZ [published as  S. torminalis by Weber 1945]  .</p><p>Leafmines. –   HUNGARY (herbarium sheets, most originally identified as  Nepticula /  Stigmella torminalis, some as  N. ariella; all in HNHM)  •   11 mines (Fig. 31); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.799" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.495/lat 46.799)">Badacsony</a>; [46.799°N, 17.495°E]; 12 Jul. 1967 &amp; 14 Sep. 1967; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima  . •   5 mines; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.0/lat 47.556)">Hármashatárhegy</a>; [47.556°N, 19°E]; alt. 460–490 m; 22 Jul. 1964; J. Szőcs leg.; host:  A. edulis . •   3 mines; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.959&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.533" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.959/lat 47.533)">Hárshégy</a>; [47.533°N, 18.959°E]; alt. 350–400 m; 19 Jul. 1958; J. Szőcs leg.; host:  Sorbus aucuparia [probably misidentification for  Cormus domestica, see above]  . •   2 mines; Budapest, Nagykovácsi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.847&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.847/lat 47.605)">Kis Szénás</a>; [47.605°N, 18.847°E]; 03 Sep. 1963; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima  . •   3 mines; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.504" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.965/lat 47.504)">Normafa</a>; [47.504°N, 18.965°E]; Sep. 1950; J. Szőcs leg.; host:  Karpatiosorbus semiincisa . •  1 mines; same locality data as previous; 06 Jul. 1964; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: Zucht: 28 / 64 . •  22 mines; same locality data as previous; 09 Jun. 1973; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: Zucht: 79 / 73, 80 / 73 . •   1 mine; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.978&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.474" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.978/lat 47.474)">Rupphegy</a>; [47.474°N, 18.978°E]; 17 Jun. 1978; J. Szőcs leg.; host:  Cormus domestica [on label as  Sorbus aucuparia]; EventId: Zucht: 22 / 78  . •   2 mines; Budapest, Ságvári-liget [now <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.955/lat 47.528)">Szépjuhászné</a>]; [47.528°N, 18.955°E]; 16 Jul. 1963; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: Zucht: 35 / 63  . •  3 mines; same locality data as previous; 06 Jun. 1973; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima; EventId: Zucht: 73 / 73 . •   11 mines; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.61&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.26" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.61/lat 47.26)">Nadap</a>; [47.26°N, 18.61°E]; 14 Sep. 1951; L. Gozmány leg.; host: T. glaberrima  . •   12 mines; Pécs, Mecsek, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.219&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.099" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.219/lat 46.099)">Misina</a>; [46.099°N, 18.219°E]; 18 Oct. 1965; J. Szőcs leg.; host: T. glaberrima  . •   1 mines; Uzsa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.897" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.333/lat 46.897)">Nyires</a>; [46.897°N, 17.333°E]; 27 Aug. 1968; J. Szőcs leg.; host:  A. edulis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BDEEE863877451EAAF2B7A560E6D2E49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	van Nieukerken, Erik J.;Robrecht, Dieter	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
4B7E6705F669558F8E76B6F1F21C5FDA.text	4B7E6705F669558F8E76B6F1F21C5FDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigmella torminalis (Wood 1890) Beirne 1945	<div><p>Stigmella torminalis (Wood, 1890)</p><p>Figs 1–2, 3–5, 11–14, 15–17, 18–25, 26, 27, 30</p><p>Nepticula torminalis Wood, 1890 . Lectotype ♂ (selected by Schoorl et al. (1985: 72). United Kingdom, England: “ e. l.  Sorbus torminalis, Tarrington, Dr Wood 10.7. [18] 90, B. M. ♂ Genitalia slide 21870, NHMUK 010920613. NHMUK. [Photos of moth and labels https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3332473337]</p><p>Stigmella torminalis (Wood, 1890) Beirne, 1945 . New combination.</p><p>Stigmella torminalis; important citations: Beirne 1945: 200; Emmet 1976: 257; Schoorl et al. 1985: 72; Johansson and Nielsen 1990: 173; Puplesis and Schoorl 1994: 36; Navickaitė et al. 2014: 157; Robrecht et al. 2024: 112.</p><p>Recognition.</p><p>Adult (Figs 1 – 5). Forewing length ♂ 1.9–2.0 mm (n = 3), ♀ 1.9–2.1 mm (n = 3), wingspan ♂ 4.5–4.8 mm (n = 8), ♀ 4.0–4.8 (n = 8); antennae ♂ with 23–28 articles (n = 8), ♀ with 20–22 (n = 5). The combination of a black hair tuft and collar on the head and forewings with a broad brassy fascia that does not contrast strongly with the golden-brown wing base, are characteristic. However, some specimens from Hungary have an orange head tuft. Male without androconial scales, abdomen without anal tufts.  Stigmella regiella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) has a very similar wing pattern, but an orange head tuft and in the male purple black androconial scales in the fringe;  S. mespilicola, that also feeds on the same host, has also a black head and collar, but a more contrasting and narrower silver to golden fascia, and conspicuous black androconial scales in the male.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 11–14). Characterised by the very long phallus, and the valva with two distal points. They resemble those of the eastern European and Asian  S. aurora Puplesis, 1984 which feeds on  Crataegus and  Mespilus (Puplesis and Schoorl 1994), and the Turkmenian  S. lanceolata Puplesis, 1994 (hostplant unknown), but differ strongly from other European species.  Stigmella aurora differs by the narrower pointed triangular process on valva and the somewhat shorter phallus (2 measurements: 280–300 µm) (Stonis and Rocienė 2013); judging from the original drawings (Puplesis 1994),  S. lanceolata is almost inseparable from  S. aurora . Measurements (n = 4): capsule length 170–205 µm, width 165–200 µm, valva length 145–155 µm, phallus length 350–415 µm. Ratio phallus: capsule length 1.9–2.3.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 15–17). A very long but thin corpus bursae and round, conspicuous and wrinkled accessory sac are characteristic. The related species  S. hahniella and  S. regiella have an elongate accessory sac. Very different from  S. mespilicola that has a strongly coiled accessory sac (Fig. 46).</p><p>Leafmines (Figs 18–25, 30). Egg always on leaf underside on or close to a main vein (Fig. 25). Mine starts as rather straight gallery, often following a vein for a short stretch, with a narrow continuous black frass line in middle; gradually widening in final instar, mine continuously changing direction; frass getting somewhat wider, slightly zigzagging, but remaining continuous and not more than 1 / 3 mine width. In dried mines the frass often becomes broken in places.</p><p>Larva: in mine almost transparent, yellow outside, paired prothoracic sclerite dark brown to black, often hiding head capsule, paired brains brown and well visible, larva with dorsum upwards.</p><p>Cocoon: pale orange-brown (T. Muus, personal information).</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 27).</p><p>So far known from one locality in England (type locality, where apparently extinct), Germany: few records in Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen and probably Thüringen, Belgium (Namur), Hungary (Budapest region), North Macedonia, the Crimea and possibly Georgia (Adjara). See below for detailed discussion.</p><p>Hostplant.</p><p>Stigmella torminalis has only been found on  Torminalis glaberrima ( Rosaceae). Records on other hosts must be regarded as erroneous, or refer to misidentified  S. mespilicola .</p><p>Life history.</p><p>Larvae were found in late June and July in England, Germany and Hungary, between 17 July and 4 August in the Crimea. Vacated leafmines can still be found later. Univoltine, all adults emerged (in captivity) after hibernation the next spring, in May and June. There are no records of adults caught in nature.</p><p>DNA barcoding (Fig. 53).</p><p>We obtained three DNA barcodes from the Hessen material: one larva and two adults, and one from a larva from Belgium. All share the barcode, with the Barcode Identification Number (BIN) BOLD: AEO 3975, the German specimens have an identical barcode, the Belgium specimen has a distance of 0.33 %. The nearest neighbour is  Stigmella aurora, BIN BOLD: AEY 8102, a population from  Mespilus germanica L. in Russia, Dagestan, at a distance of 3.5 %.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Adults. –   GERMANY • 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (Figs 1 – 4); Hessen, Volkmarschen-Hörle, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.0887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.44411" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.0887/lat 51.44411)">NSG Iberg</a>; 51.44411°N, 9.0887°E; alt. 290 m; 03 Jul. 2021; D. Robrecht leg.; Host:  Torminalis glaberrima; emerged 01–02 May 2022; Genitalia slides: EvN 5447 ♂ (Fig. 12), EvN 5448 ♀ (Fig. 17); RMNH.INS.25447, RMNH.INS.25448, RMNH.INS.1557369, RMNH.INS.1557289, RMNH.INS.1557370; RMNH  . •  1 ♂ 2 unsexed; Same collecting data as for preceding, emerged 03 May. 2022; Genitalia slide: Robrecht J 26 (Fig. 11); coll. W. Wittland. •   10 ♂, 6 ♀, 2 unsexed; unlabelled, almost certainly Eppelsheim material; [Rheinland-Pfalz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.1681&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.5667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.1681/lat 49.5667)">Grünstadt</a>]; [49.5667°N, 8.1681°E]; [no date, 19 th century]; [Eppelsheim leg.]; Genitalia slides: VU 0328 (Fig. 13), VU 0333, VU 0334 (Fig. 14), VU 0349, VU 0357, VU 1480 (Figs 15, 16), VU 2366, VU 2367; RMNH.INS.20328, RMNH.INS.20333, RMNH.INS.20334, RMNH.INS.20349, RMNH.INS.20357, RMNH.INS.21480, RMNH.INS.22366, RMNH.INS.22367, RMNH.INS.1556801 – RMNH.INS.1556809, RMNH  .</p><p>Leafmines and larvae. (Host always  Torminalis glaberrima, collection RMNH). –   BELGIUM • 1 dead larva, 2 mines; Namur, Rochefort, Lavaux-Sainte-Anne, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.1003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.1064" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.1003/lat 50.1064)">Le Gros Tienne</a>; 50.1064°N, 5.1003°E; alt. 225 m; 06 Sep. 2014; S. Wullaert leg.; EventId: Wullaert 276, 281; RMNH.INS.31737 (larva) (Fig. 23), RMNH.INS.39245  . –   GEORGIA • 3 vacated mines; Adjara AR, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.86278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.57028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.86278/lat 41.57028)">Chikuneti</a>; 41.57028°N, 41.86278°E; alt. 880 m; 26 Sep. 2018; M. V. Kozlov &amp; V. Zverev leg.; EventId: Kozlov-Georgia- 2018–61; RMNH.INS.48100, RMNH.INS.48101  . –   GERMANY • 1 larva, 1 mine; Hessen, Volkmarsen-Hörle, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.0887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.44411" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.0887/lat 51.44411)">NSG Iberg</a>; 51.44411°N, 9.0887°E; alt. 290 m; 03 Jul. 2021; D. Robrecht leg.; slide: RMNH.INS.31632. P; RMNH.INS.31632 (barcoded larva), RMNH.INS.39228 (leafmine)  . •  22 mines, 13 larvae reared (Figs 18–22); same locality data as previous, 3 + 10 Jul. 2021, D. Robrecht leg.; collection D. Robrecht . –   NORTH MACEDONIA • 1 vacated mine (Figs 24, 25); Ohrid, Galičica NP, N Part, NE of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.84073&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.09655" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.84073/lat 41.09655)">Velestovo</a>, trail; 41.09655°N, 20.84073°E; alt. 1215 m; 04 Aug. 2021; E. J. van Nieukerken leg.; EventId: EvN no 2021098 - H; RMNH.INS.48654  .</p><p>Photographs examined. (Host always  Torminalis glaberrima).</p><p>Adults. –   HUNGARY • 1 ♀, 1 unsexed; Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.0/lat 47.556)">Hármashatárhegy</a>; [47.556°N, 19°E]; [alt. 460–490 m]; 22 Jul. 1964; J. Szőcs leg.; emerged 19 Apr. &amp; 04 Mar. 1965; EventId: Zucht: 36 / 64; HNHM  . •   2 ♀ (Fig. 5); Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.504" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.965/lat 47.504)">Normafa</a>; [47.504°N, 18.965°E]; J. Szőcs leg.; emerged 6 &amp; 12 Apr. 1959; Genitalia slide: Tokár No. 9388; HNHM  .</p><p>Leafmines and larvae. –   BELGIUM • 3 mines; Namur, Rochefort, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.098&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.106" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.098/lat 50.106)">Le Gros Tienne</a>; 50.106°N, 5.098°E; 02 Aug. 2020; Regis Nossent leg., Maarten Vangansbeke leg; https://waarnemingen.be/observation/197785811/, https://waarnemingen.be/observation/197890785/  . •  1 mine; same locality data; 04 Jul. 2023; Daan Dekeukeleire leg.; https://waarnemingen.be/observation/279601319/ . •  1 mine; same locality data; 30 Jun. 2024; cocoon on 6 Jul.; T. Muus leg. et coll . –   GERMANY • 5 larvae; Hessen, KB Volkmarsen – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.089&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.089/lat 51.446)">NSG Iberg bei Hörle</a>; 51.446°N, 9.089°E; 26 Jun. &amp; 07 Jul. 2022; Hubertus Trilling leg.; https://observation.org/observation/246938772/, https://observation.org/observation/248264022/  . •   1 mine; Rheinland-Pfalz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.59469&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.96084" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.59469/lat 49.96084)">BIT Hüttingen an der Kyll</a>; 49.96084°N, 6.59469°E; 26 Aug. 2023; Alexander Franzen leg.; https://observation.org/observation/285967244/  . •   1 larva; Rheinland-Pfalz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.21337&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.17072" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.21337/lat 50.17072)">COC Klotten Dortebachtal</a>; 50.17072°N, 7.21337°E; 23 Jul. 2022; Rijmenans Gilbert leg.; https://observation.org/observation/250303797/  . •   1 mines; Rheinland-Pfalz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.02022&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.98456" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.02022/lat 49.98456)">WIL Erden</a>; 49.98456°N, 7.02022°E; 27 Aug. 2023; Justus Vogel leg.; https://observation.org/observation/288321758/  . –   HUNGARY • 2 mines on 1 leaf [Herbarium sheet] (Fig. 30); Budapest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.0/lat 47.556)">Hármashatárhegy</a>; [47.556°N, 19°E]; alt. 460–490 m; 27 Jul. 1963; J. Szőcs leg.;  Torminalis glaberrima; HNHM  . •   11 mines on 7 leaves [Herbarium sheet]; same locality data; 22 Jul. 1964; J. Szőcs leg.;  Torminalis glaberrima; EventId: Zucht: 36 / 64; HNHM  .</p><p>The British type locality.</p><p>John H. Wood (1841–1914) submitted his description of  Nepticula torminalis on July 10 th, 1890 (Wood 1890) (published in August), and as he described the moths and mines, he must have found the mines with larvae in 1889 or before. The lectotype, originating from the Stainton collection, carries a label in Stainton’s handwriting with the same date, suggesting that the moth emerged on 10 July. This seems unlikely as Wood clearly stated that the species is univoltine, with mines occurring in July, while Tutt (1899) wrote that moths emerged in May-June. Three other specimens in the NHMUK collection, original from the Walsingham collection and with the handwriting of Durrant (numbers BMNH (E) 1925640–1925642), carry a written date that could be read as “ 10. xi. 1890 ”. We think that these dates are wrong transcriptions from Wood’s original data, most likely of 10. vi. 1890. These labels also mysteriously cite the locality as “ Tarrington, BEDFORD, E. ” whereas it should be Tarrington, Hereford (the county of Bedfordshire is ca 100 km to the east).</p><p>Wood’s collection ended up in the NHMUK (Edwards 1926; Chandler 2014), and at least the  Diptera in it were mounted by three on discs of card, with labelling on the underside of the disc (Chandler 2014). There are at least 12 other specimens of  Stigmella torminalis in NHMUK from his collection, but all without dates (Schoorl et al. 1985). Wood found the larvae in July (presumably thus in 1889) in a wood near his home in Tarrington (Herefordshire, coordinates of the village 52.063, -2.559), as he wrote: “ Although its foodplant grows here more or less plentifully in all the woods, I can only find the insect in one small corner of one of them. In this very limited spot it is fairly common, nearly every bush having a few tenanted leaves, with occasionally two or even three mines in a leaf ”.</p><p>Later he specified the locality as Stoke Wood (Wood 1908), written by Roper (1993) as Stoke Edith Wood. The old Ordnance Survey maps (https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side/#zoom=14.9&amp;lat=52.05488&amp;lon=-2.57673&amp;layers=6&amp;right= OSAPI) do not cite this exact name, but “ Stoke Edith Park ”, which seems less likely to be the exact locality, being a more open parkland, whereas a bit south is a large woodland, named either “ the Plantation ” or “ Dormington Wood ” on most maps. This is a little over 1 km southwest of Tarrington. According to Roper (1993) this area, the Malvern and Suckley Hills, is one of the strongholds of the Wild Service tree in Britain, where the tree reaches one of its highest densities. Other records in local publications of  S. torminalis in our opinion all point back to the original record (Hutchinson 1892; Wood 1894, 1908).</p><p>Wood apparently reared a considerable number of adults and distributed them freely amongst several collectors. The species was described and mentioned in all major British handbooks (Meyrick 1895; Tutt 1899; Meyrick 1928; Emmet 1976), and the male genitalia were illustrated by Beirne (1945), and male and female genitalia together with a full redescription later in the revision of the  Stigmella oxyacanthella group (Schoorl et al. 1985), but it was never recorded again and Davis (2012) considered it to be extinct.</p><p>There have been a few later British records of leafmines, but they are probably completely wrong, such as Trebilcock (1965: 123), who cites it from Cornwall, noting that the larva was raised from cultivated cherry near Bodmin, which is an incorrect hostplant. Emmet (1973) suggested that the leafmine on  Torminalis that Bradford (1973) exhibited might be that species, but he probably later reconsidered that as he wrote: We must try to rediscover  torminalis . It was recorded only by Wood, who stated that it was “ confined to a small corner of one wood ” at Tarrington in Herefordshire (Emmet 1974). The mines that were recorded later from this host all belong to  Stigmella mespilicola (Emmet 1988; Agassiz 1992; Edmunds 2024).</p><p>The old German localities.</p><p>The first record of  Stigmella torminalis in Germany that we could trace was in the handbook by Hering (1932: 7), who recorded  Nepticula torminalis from “ Westdeutschland, selten ”. It is possible that Hering actually had seen moths from the Staudinger collection, as he was based in Berlin, but we have no proof that his record was correct, but see below. Real proof that  S. torminalis occurred in West Germany, only came with the revision by Schoorl et al. (1985), who cited specimens from respectively “ Donnersberg ” and “ Rheinland-Pfalz ”, Staudinger (NHMUK), Pfalz, leg. Eppelsheim (MHUB) and unlabelled ones from the Amsterdam and Leiden collections (ZMAN and RMNH, now all in RMNH, see material examined). All these specimens and several others seen later in other European museums looked similar with respect to pins and pith, and sometimes carried labels, often not, and were often placed under various other species. The material from the Bentinck collection in RMNH e. g., was partly misidentified as  S. lonicerarum (Frey, 1857), partly as  S. aceris (Frey, 1857) . This suggested that they were once obtained from the insect selling company Staudinger and Bang Haas, maybe partly without species name, and probably all go back to the same reared series. An early indication of this is the first illustration of the male genitalia, misidentified as  Nepticula mespilicola by Petersen (1930: fig. 55, page 59), originating from Pfalz. He also quotes Hering: “ according to M. Hering is  mespilicola = torminalis ”. Petersen used the Berlin collection with Staudinger material as source for the genitalia dissections. Another indication is the more detailed illustration of the male and female genitalia by Puplesis in Ivinskis et al. (1985: 217) under  S. mespilicola, specimens in the collection of the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg, that also came from Rheinpfalz, [18] 97, Staudinger (Johansson and Nielsen 1990).</p><p>Donnersberg (49.62, 7.91) is a forested mountain ca 20 km west of Grünstadt (49.56, 8.17) in Pfalz. Friedrich Eppelsheim (1834–1900) lived in Grünstadt and collected especially Microlepidoptera in that region, but rarely published about those (E. Hering 1900). Disqué (1902: 226) wrote about him:</p><p>„ Vorstehender Gattung [=  Nepticula] habe ich bis jetzt noch wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt: doch besitze ich fast alle in der Pfalz vorkommenden Arten durch die Güte des verstorbenen Herrn Oberamtsrichters Eppelsheim in Grünstadt, der sich in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens fast ausschliesslich der Zucht dieser Kleinsten der Kleinen widmete. Zweifellos kommt die grössere Zahl der in der Pfalz vorkommenden Arten auch in hiesiger Gegend vor. [So far I have paid little attention to this genus [=  Nepticula], but I have almost all the species occurring in the Palatinate through the kindness of the late Chief magistrate Eppelsheim in Grünstadt, who devoted the last years of his life almost exclusively to the breeding of these smallest of the small. There is no doubt that the majority of the species found in the Palatinate also occur in this region] ”</p><p>The records of  S. torminalis are probably hidden under those of  Nepticula mespilicola in the second list of Pfalz Microlepidoptera (Disqué 1907: 95) as “ Mespilicola Frey. R.  Amelanchier .  Sorbus . ” Griebel (1911: 103) reported in more detail about this species: “ Bei Grünstadt, Eisenberg und am Donnersberg. Die Raupe an  Amelanchier vulgaris,  Sorbus aria und  torminalis . ” “ [Near Grünstadt, Eisenberg and on the Donnersberg. The caterpillar on  Amelanchier vulgaris,  Sorbus aria and  torminalis .] ”. Together with the cited specimens one may conclude that Eppelsheim collected this species at least in Grünstadt and Donnersberg on  Torminalis, and also collected  S. mespilicola on the three hosts. As in England, the species must have been common in this area at the end of the 19 th century.</p><p>The new German records.</p><p>The second author found 13 larvae on  Torminalis glaberrima in Hessen, Volkmarsen-Hörle, NSG Iberg, elevation 280 m, on July 3 rd, 2021, some mines were already vacated. On July 10 th, 2021 one larva and six vacated mines could be found. One larva was found on June 26 th, 2022 and four larvae on July 7 th 2022. The identification was confirmed by the senior author by DNA barcoding of a larva, and later by the emerging adults. After spreading the word to some local collectors by DR, a few more records of mines were made in Rheinland-Pfalz in 2022 and 2023 (all checked by DR, listed by Robrecht et al. 2024), and we spotted one record from Klotten on Observation. org, then misidentified as  Stigmella magdalenae (Klimesch, 1950) (https://observation.org/observation/250303797/).</p><p>The NSG Iberg is a limestone slope exposed to the west. In the forest area grow mainly beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.), Scottish pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.), larch ( Larix decidua Mill.), sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus L.), hawthorn ( Crataegus Tourn. ex L.) and sloe ( Prunus spinosa L.) trees. There are about 20 adolescent  Torminalis glaberrima trees which are heavily shaded (Fig. 26).</p><p>Other new records.</p><p>We record the species here new for North Macedonia (Galičica National Park, N. part) on the basis of a single vacated leafmine (Figs 24, 25) and from Belgium (Namur: Rochefort), based on leafmines with dead larvae, one of which was barcoded (Fig. 23), and additional observations from the same localities on the observation site https://waarnemingen.be/ and one larva in 2024 (T. Muus leg.). Three leafmines from Georgia (Adjara) are tentatively also regarded as  S. torminalis, although they were collected late September, it is possible that larvae occur slightly later in the Caucasus and that the vacated mines lasted several weeks after larval occurrence.</p><p>Discussion of literature records.</p><p>Germany. The oldest record maybe that by Martini (1917: 179), who recorded  Nepticula mespilicola from Sachsenburg (Thüringen, 51.29, 11.16), from caterpillars on  Sorbus torminalis in July, and reared moths in the following April. This would indicate a univoltine species, and is thus more likely  S. torminalis than  S. mespilicola .</p><p>After M. Hering’s (1932) first record of the adult, that was repeated by Eckstein (1933: 199) in his handbook for Microlepidoptera, Hering described also the leafmines and compared them with those of  S. mespilicola in his first leafmine key work (M. Hering 1937), then still under a large genus  Pyrus L., then including  Malus Mill. and  Sorbus L. This key has probably been a major source for the later confusion with  S. mespilicola, as he separated the mines only by the width of the frass line (page 377). He also listed both “  P. aria ” and “  P. torminalis ” as hosts. In his later keys for Europe (M. Hering 1957), he maintained that key character, and even included  Sorbus aucuparia (page 1012) and  Amelanchier Medik. (page 77) as hosts. He did, however, mention only the month July for the occurrence of the mines, whereas he recorded those of  S. mespilicola (as  S. ariella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860)) from July, September and October.</p><p>Many of the subsequent records can easily be dismissed on the basis of their occurrence in the autumn, on the wrong hosts or because adults were reared in summer. As none of the other published German records have been provided with more detail or illustrations of either the adult, genitalia or leafmine, we consider them all as incorrect or at least unverified, until proof can be obtained from collection material.</p><p>The next record was from Württemberg by Wörz (1937: 290), when he described the new species  Nepticula hahniella . He also gave a key with some more characters, such as the egg position, and larval colour, but both are confusing as the egg position is variable in  S. mespilicola and the larva of that species is not green, but yellow. The senior author examined the leafmines (Figs 28, 29) and adults in Wörz’s collection in Stuttgart, and concluded that all mines and adults identified as  S. torminalis are misidentified  S. mespilicola (the adults had earlier also been re-identified by A. Laštůvka). The incorrect Württemberg records were repeated several times (Skala 1939; Wörz 1958).</p><p>Ludwig (1952: 33) recorded  S. torminalis from Nordrhein-Westfalen, Siegen from leafmines on  Sorbus aucuparia, which must be regarded as certainly wrong. Such mines most likely belong to  S. magdalenae (Klimesch, 1950) .</p><p>In Bavaria (Bayern) the species was recorded from leafmines on  Torminalis by Huber (1969: 98) from two localities in Schwaben. As no details are given, this cannot be proven. This record was repeated in some checklists (Pröse 1987; Pröse and Segerer 1999), but finally deleted from the fauna (Haslberger and Segerer 2016).</p><p>Steuer (1984: 97) reported mines from Thüringen, Bad Blankenburg, in September both on  Torminalis and  Aria edulis (Willd.) M. Roem. A reared female was examined by EvN and belongs to  S. mespilicola . The record was later corrected (Steuer 1991). However, as shown above, the species probably does or did occur in Thüringen.</p><p>The latest published record, also from Hessen (Hannover 2019: 39) was a vacated leafmine on  Sorbus aucuparia, and also from September, thus certainly incorrect. Such mines could belong either to  S. magdalenae or  S. nylandriella (Tengström, 1848) .</p><p>The record by Biesenbaum (2006: 49) from the Eifel was not a misidentification, but a corruption for  S. tormentillella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860), see Biesenbaum (2007) [where the incorrect spelling S. “ tormetillella ” was used]. This was repeated by Gaedike (2008: 13) and corrected later (Gaedike 2009).</p><p>Switzerland. Weber (1945: 401) recorded  S. torminalis from Altberg near Weiningen, mines with larvae in August and October both on  Aria edulis and  Torminalis . The timing already makes this  S. mespilicola and a photo of the reared specimen in the ETZ collection (courtesy Andreas Kopp, see under material of  mespilicola) confirms that. The inclusion in the Swiss checklist is therefore incorrect (SwissLepTeam 2010) and it was recently deleted (Bryner and Kopp 2023).</p><p>Austria. Klimesch and Skala (1936: 95) recorded leaf mines from Maria Winkling, already including some doubts, and this was later corrected to  S. mespilicola (see Klimesch 1990: 33), but still with a note that the identification was not certain. Skala (1937: 10) recorded one mine from Wien-Schönbrunn on 30 September 1935 and later (Skala 1944 b: 393) on 11 September on  Aria edulis . Both clearly belong to  S. mespilicola, which also was suggested by Skala in his last paper. He then also noted: “ Die Mine der  torminalis Wood scheint unbekannt zu sein ”. Also Zimmermann (1944) recorded it from the Vienna region: Schönbrunn and Wien-Bèlvedere, mines on  Torminalis and?  Aria . Huemer and Tarmann (1993) did not accept these records and deleted the species from the Austrian list.</p><p>Czechia. Skala (1944 a: 115) reported “  Nepticula torminalis Wood im Sinne Herings ” from Eisgrub (= Lednice) in October and Tischnowitz (= Tišnov) in August. He added that he considered it as a form of  S. mespilicola and that is most likely the correct identification of these records. Zimmermann (1944) repeated the Eisgrub record. Laštůvka et al. (1993) excluded these records and thus the species from the Moravian and the Czech fauna.</p><p>Hungary. The species was repeatedly recorded from Hungary, from Nadap, Budakeszi, several localities near Budapest (Szőcs 1956, 1965, 1977 a, 1981 b), the Mecsek mountains (Balogh 1978) and Badacsony, Uzsa (Szabóky 1982). Probably many of these records are incorrect, several have the wrong timing or hostplant. Already in 1981, EvN studied a borrowed pair of moths of  S. torminalis from the Szőcs collection (from Budapest, Normafa, see below), which turned out to be  S. mespilicola (genitalia slides VU 1755 and VU 1756). These were collected in June as larva and emerged already in July. On this basis EvN considered at the time all records of  S. torminalis in Hungary as incorrect or unproven. In the draft of the European list (van Nieukerken 1996) he did not enter Hungary in the country list, but this was added later by a country recorder without EvN’s knowledge. Also Fazekas (2007: 17) concluded that Balogh’s record was unconfirmed on the advice of EvN. Finally Pastoralis (2010) removed the species from the Hungarian list, based on advise of Zdenko Tokár who had the opportunity to check one specimen.</p><p>However, the situation is clearly more complicated, as Szőcs (1981 b) collected larvae only in June and July, and reared adults from some of those in the early months of the next year. This would point to the univoltine  Stigmella torminalis . As Z. Tokár (pers. comm.) had identified the above cited specimen as  S. regiella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) (based on externals), not the more obvious alternative  S. mespilicola, we wondered if this could be a  S. torminalis with red head rather than brown or black, as otherwise the externals of  S. regiella and  S. torminalis are very similar. On EvN’s request, Z. Bálint (Budapest) sent a couple of photos of adults and leafmines. He also arranged photograps of the genitalia prepared by Tokár after remounting it on slide. After carefully studying the photos of the leafmines (e. g. Fig. 30) and the adults (Fig. 5), we conclude that a few specimens that were reared in spring from larvae collected in the previous June or July belong to  S. torminalis, even though some specimens have an orange head, whereas the majority of leafmines and adults belong to  S. mespilicola . The mines from the sample with orange heads (Hármashatárhegy, 22. vii. 1964, Zucht 36 / 74, see Fig. 30) clearly show the characters of  S. torminalis, not  S. regiella, and one adult from that sample has a dark head. Finally the photo of the genitalia showed a round accessory sac, typical for  S. torminalis . The  S. torminalis specimens were from two localities, Budapest, Hármashatárhegy and Budapest, Normafa.</p><p>Italy. There are two potentially wrong records: Klimesch (1940: 189) recorded it from Trieste on the basis of two vacated mines on  Torminalis in October and later he found a single mine in Sopra Sasso in late September (Klimesch 1951: 58). The dates speak for identification as  S. mespilicola and it was therefore not included in the Italian checklist (Karsholt et al. 1995).</p><p>Slovenia. Jože Maček recorded  S. torminalis three times (Maček 1970, 1979, 1993), summarised again by Maček (1999). Two records are wrong on the basis of the hostplants  Amelanchier ovalis Medik. and  Aria edulis, the one recorded from  Torminalis was found in September, the wrong period for the mines (although it might be possible to find old mines). All these should be regarded most likely as  S. mespilicola . Maček based his identifications and taxonomy largely on Hering, inclusion of  S. torminalis in the Slovenian checklists is therefore incorrect (Lesar and Habeler 2005; Lesar and Govedic 2010).</p><p>Serbia. Jakšić (2016) listed  S. torminalis on the basis of four papers by Nenad Dimić. Three of these papers were examined by us (Dimić 1994; Dimić et al. 1999, 2000) and show no detail about collection dates or hostplants and are based on leafmines alone, identified with Hering’s keys. Also the used nomenclature is completely out of date, providing little trust that these records are reliable. For now  S. torminalis should be deleted from the Serbian fauna.</p><p>Romania. Drăghia (1976: 180) reported it from  Torminalis in the northern Dobrogea area in 1973 and 1974, without further details. Although it is possible that some of these were correct, considering the occurrence of  Stigmella torminalis on the Crimea, without voucher material the record cannot be accepted. It was also entered in the checklist by Popescu-Gorj (1984), but Rákosy et al. (2003) stated that the record requires confirmation.</p><p>Ukraine, Crimea. Navickaitė et al. (2014) recorded  S. torminalis as new from the Crimea, as very common in a few localities, from adults reared from larvae that were collected in July-August 2011. This record is amply annotated with photos of larvae, leafmines and genitalia, and definitely correct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B7E6705F669558F8E76B6F1F21C5FDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	van Nieukerken, Erik J.;Robrecht, Dieter	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
