identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8901878B1821FF8BFF5D5F02FCCA279E.text	8901878B1821FF8BFF5D5F02FCCA279E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephydrini Zetterstedt	<div><p>Tribe Ephydrini Zetterstedt</p><p>Ephydrini Zetterstedt 1837: 48 (as Ephydrinae).</p><p>Type genus: Ephydra Fallén 1810 .</p><p>— Wirth and Stone 1956: 45 [first use as a tribe].— Simpson 1979: 99–107 [life histories].— Olafsson 1991: 44–54 [relationships among Palearctic genera].— Mathis et al. 2025: 1–42 [phylogeny, taxonomy at generic level].</p><p>Halmopotini Canzoneri and Meneghini 1974: 147 (as Halmopotinae).</p><p>Type genus: Halmopota Haliday 1856 .</p><p>— Zatwarnicki 1992: 65–119 [synonymy, phylogeny, and classification].</p><p>Diagnosis: Specimens of Ephydrini may be distinguished from other Ephydridae by the following combination of character states.</p><p>Adult: Head: Mesofrons subquadrate, slightly wider posteriorly, with shiny, metallic luster; frequently with convergent, interfrontal setae inserted near anterior margin of mesofrons; dorsum of interfoveal hump usually shiny, with metallic luster, concolorous with mesofrons; fronto-orbital setae lateroclinate, 2 or more; face protruding, setulose to densely pilose, marginal setae larger; dorsum of interfoveal hump sometimes shiny; eye bare, usually as long as high, oval, and generally oriented obliquely to plane of epistoma; gena high, bearing a large genal seta and evenly covered with smaller setae; facial setae along oral margin usually dense and long; oral opening large, gaping, usually concealing clypeus.</p><p>Thorax: Dorsocentral setae 4–5 (1+3, 2+3), some setae sometimes weakly developed, the posteriormost seta displaced laterally from alignment of others; intrapostalar seta well developed, at least equal to 1/2 length of postalar seta; postsutural supra-alar seta well developed, subequal to postalar seta; notopleuron sparsely setulose; proepisternum setulose; prosternum setose, usually more evident along posterior margin near forecoxae; anepisternum bearing 1 large seta near middle along posterior margin, several smaller setae or setulae may also be present; anepimeron, meron, and metapleuron bare of setae; hindcoxal strap setose; pulvilli rudimentary or lacking; tarsal claws shallowly curved and usually elongate; costal vein extended to vein M 1; vein R 2+3 long, terminating at approximately same distance from vein R 4+5 as tip of vein M 1 is from vein R 4+5.</p><p>Abdomen: Male with 5 visible abdominal tergites; tergite 5 distinctly trapezoidal or triangular. Male terminalia: Epandrium in posterior view with symmetrical, ventral projections. Female with 6, sometimes 7, visible tergites, tergite 5 subtrapezoidal, not triangular.</p><p>Third-Instar Larva: Mouthhooks not joined together basally, each mouthhook spatulate and dentate marginally; anterior spiracles with 2–8 marginal papillae; posterior spiracles borne distally on bifid, retractile respiratory tube, tube 1/3–1/6 total body length; spiracular caps each bearing 4 spiracular openings (or series of openings), openings slit-like, oval, each bordered basally by hydrofuge interspiracular process; segments 5–12 with ventral prolegs bearing crochet-like spines in well-defined rows; dorsal patterns composed of flattened spines usually present; if prolegs and dorsal patterns absent, then spiracular openings subdivided and spiracular caps elongate.</p><p>Distribution.—Except for Arctic and Antarctic extremes, species of Ephydrini occur worldwide, although with unequal representation. Australia and New Zealand, for example, have species of Ephydrella (12 species) and Setacera Cresson (1 species) but no other genera. The South American fauna, reviewed in Mathis and Marinoni (2016), is comparatively much richer and comprises five genera: Austrocoenia Wirth (1 species), Neoephydra Mathis (18 species), Notiocoenia Mathis (3 species), Paraephydra Mathis (2 species), and Setacera (2 species). Aside from Setacera, the other Neotropical genera are endemic to the Region. Paracoenia (9 Species) and Coenia Robineau-Desvoidy (7 Species) are only known from the Northern Hemisphere in both the Old and New Worlds. The following genera are endemic to the Nearctic Region: Calocoenia Mathis (2 species), Dimecoenia Cresson (3 species), and Cirrula Cresson (4 species). Ephydra Fallén (33 Species) and Setacera (15 species) range more widely with both genera occurring in the New and Old Worlds, although Ephydra is largely lacking from the Neotropics with only two species occurring in Mexico and on some Caribbean islands. Halmopota Haliday (11 species) is found widely in much of the Old World except for the Afrotropics, and no congeners are known from the New World.</p><p>Discussion.—Available evidence, mostly morphological features, indicates that the tribe Ephydrini is monophyletic, as characterized above (Costa et al. 2024, Mathis et al. 2025). Worldwide, the tribe comprises 13 genera and 118 species, including the new species described herein (Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995 and electronic updates).</p><p>Perhaps some of the disproportionate distributions noted above reflect taxonomic error. In the late 1970’s, for example, soon after WNM arrived at the Smithsonian Institution, he once showed George Steyskal without further comment a spot plate with the male terminalia of an Ephydrella species from New Zealand, and George quickly suggested that these structures represented an undescribed species of Dimecoenia . Steyskal (1970) had recently revised Dimecoenia and knew the morphology of these structures well. Was George correct? Are Ephydrella and Dimecoenia closely related?</p><p>To better resolve these and similar questions, Mathis et al. (2025) recently published a phylogenetic study of Ephydrini that was based on morphological characters and that also included the revised taxonomic classification and generic synopsis that were based on this cladistic analysis.</p><p>Annotated Key to Genera of Tribe Ephydrini from the Australasian/Oceanian Region</p><p>1. Antenna with basal flagellomere bearing a large lateral seta just below insertion of arista................ Setacera Cresson [A single species, S. breviventris (Loew), occurs in Australia and was reviewed by Mathis (1982) and Bock (1987.)]</p><p>- Antenna with basal flagellomere without a lateral seta............................... Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch [Bock (1987) reviewed the four known species from Australia.]</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8901878B1821FF8BFF5D5F02FCCA279E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mathis, Wayne N.;Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2025): A review of Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5673 (2): 227-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4
8901878B1822FF8DFF5D5D28FA152733.text	8901878B1822FF8DFF5D5D28FA152733.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch	<div><p>Genus Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch</p><p>Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch 1926: 6 (as a subgenus of Ephydra).</p><p>Type species: Ephydra novaezealandiae Tonnoir and Malloch 1926, original designation.</p><p>— Cresson 1935: 354 [generic status].— Miller 1950: 111 [catalog of New Zealand Diptera].— Harrison 1959: 244–249 [fauna of New Zealand].— Marshall and Wright 1974: 301–318 [ultrastructure of hindgut].— Bock 1987: 155–166 [revision of Australian species].— Mathis 1989: 647–648 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].— Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 247–248 [world catalog].— Mathis et al. 2025: 20–21 [taxonomy at generic level].</p><p>Mydaezealandia Salmon 1937: 359 .</p><p>Type species: Mydaezealandia glauca Salmon 1937 (= Ephydrella spathulata Cresson 1935), original designation.— Salmon 1950: 2 [synonymy].</p><p>Diagnosis: Ephydrella is distinguished from other genera of the tribe Ephydrini by the following combination of characters: Medium-sized to large shore flies, body length 3.30–6.00 mm.</p><p>Head: Frons with shiny, metallic mesofrons, parafrons relatively dull, appearing somewhat “membranous”; 2 well-developed, lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae; cruciate interfrontal setae lacking; paravertical setae not evident; medial and lateral vertical setae well developed. Basal flagellomere lacking a lateral seta; arista long, almost double length of basal flagellomere, basal half somewhat swollen; dorsal aristal branches not evident, at most arista appearing macropubescent. Face with larger setae at lateral and oral margins; 1 large genal seta. Cibarium (Fig. 1) 2.3 higher than wide, its dorsal portion W-shaped with long lateral processes; medial sensillae arranged in a sinuous line, its number about 40; posterior sensillae absent.</p><p>Thorax: Mesonotum dark colored, brown to metallic dark green or blue, similar to frons, with longitudinal light gray stripes in area of acrostichal tracks, scutellum triangular, posterior angle rounded, relatively acutely angulate, or narrowly truncate. Chaetotaxy: 1 well-developed pair of prescutellar acrostichal setae, otherwise as setulae; 4 (1+3) or 5 (1+4) well-developed dorsocentral setae, sometimes these appreciably reduced, posterior seta displaced laterally; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 presutural supra-alar seta; 1 supra-alar seta; 1 postalar seta; 2 lateral scutellar setae; prosternal setulae sparse on at least posterior portion; anepisternum with 1 long seta; katepisternum with 1 long, dorsoclinate seta. Wing generally hyaline; R stem vein bare above; costal vein ratio 0.23–0.25; M 1 vein ratio 0.68– 0.76. Male hindfemur not differing markedly from fore- or midfemur, lacking stout setae; male hindtibia lacking tuft of setulae; male hindtarsi cylindrical, normal; pulvilli much reduced or absent; tarsal claws long and nearly straight.</p><p>Abdomen: Male with5visible tergites,female with6–7;coloration similar to that of notopleuron,often submetallic but with varying levels of microtomentum. Male terminalia: Symmetrical, epandrium higher than wide, bearing prominent surstyli, these often elongate, shape species specific; a ventromedial, short, triangular process (lacking in E. bicolor) between surstyli, process from more slender, lateral processes, process with a medial fissure; phallus in lateral view cylindrical, moderately slender, base with more sclerotized, distinctly curved process; phallapodeme in lateral view elongate, keel usually quite distinct, either apices rod-like, slender; postgonite+hypandrium sheathing phallus laterally and ventrally, usually longer than wide, variously shaped, but usually acutely pointed apically; subepandrium narrow band that arches over base of phallus; hypandrium shallowly v-shaped, angle very obtuse. Female terminalia: Female ventral receptacle with operculum variable in size from small papilla-like to large and helmet-like (Figs. 2–3) with the width of the operculum slightly greater than height of extended process; sternites comprising the egg guide bearing 2 pairs of strong setae.</p><p>Natural history: Bock (1987) observed that larvae of some Australian species are associated with marine algae of the genus Cladophora . Some New Zealand congeners are associated with the effluent of hot springs, probably feeding on the associated algae.</p><p>Hughes et al. (2004: 838, 840), over 10 years ago, reported that two species of Ephydrella, E. aquaria and E. novaezealandiae, were parasitized by the fungus Stigmatomyces ephydrae Mercier &amp; Poiss (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniales).</p><p>Distribution: Ephydrella occurs on Australia and New Zealand.</p><p>Remarks: Ten species have been described in Ephydrella thus far, all from Australia and New Zealand, and herein, we add an 11 th species, E. bicolor sp. nov.</p><p>The shape of the surstylus and its relative length compared to the length of the medioventral process is used extensively to identify species of Ephydrella .</p><p>Key to Species of Ephydrella Occurring on New Zealand</p><p>(some couplets for males only)</p><p>1. Legs, including basitarsomere, blackish brown.............................................................. 2</p><p>- Legs blackish brown with basitarsomere of middle leg yellowish brown.......................................... 6</p><p>2. Facial protrusion or hump distinctly two-toned, dorsal half blackish brown, ventral half bluish gray. Lateral surstylar processes very long and robust (Figs. 20–21), length equal to height of epandrium............................ E. bicolor sp. nov.</p><p>- Facial protrusion or hump unicolorous. Surstylus thinner and shorter (Figs. 13–14), length less than height of epandrium... 3</p><p>3. Mesonotum mostly dull, tannish brown to brown with distinctive gray area laterally from postpronotum through notopleuron................................................................... E. assimilis (Tonnoir and Malloch), in part</p><p>- Mesonotum mostly shiny, metallic bluish green to bronze, lacking distinctive gray area laterally....................... 4</p><p>4. Lateral surstylar processes comparatively short, about 3–4X length of ventromedial process (Figs. 4, 27, 34, 40); basal half of lateral surstylar process bearing long setulae, apical half bearing short, stout setulae; associated with freshwater to slightly brackish water habitats................................................................................. 5</p><p>- Lateral surstylar process relatively long, about 6X length of ventromedial process (Fig. 47); basal 4/5 of lateral surstylar process bearing long setulae; apical 1/5 bearing short, stout setulae; associated with hot springs.......... E. thermarum Dumbleton</p><p>5. Surstyli in posterior view (Fig. 4) with lateral margin shallowly and evenly curved at the base, apical extensions straight, parallel-sided......................................................................... E. aquaria (Hutton)</p><p>- Surstyli in posterior view (Fig. 27) with lateral margin shallowly but distinctly sinuous, apical extensions oriented laterally............................................................................. E. macquariensis (Womersley)</p><p>6. Body generally bluish gray, densely microtomentose, mostly dull, at most subshiny; acrostichal setulae generally arranged in 2 conspicuous rows.................................................... E. assimilis (Tonnoir and Malloch), in part</p><p>- At least abdomen and mesonotum green or brown, more sparsely microtomentose, subshiny to shiny; acrostichal setulae irregularly arranged in 4–5 rows, inconspicuous............................................................. 7</p><p>7. Surstylus narrow basally, somewhat angularly spatulate apically (Fig. 40)........................ E. spathulata Cresson</p><p>- Surstylus digitiform, more or less parallel sided (Fig. 34)..................... E. novaezealandiae (Tonnoir and Malloch)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8901878B1822FF8DFF5D5D28FA152733	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mathis, Wayne N.;Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2025): A review of Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5673 (2): 227-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4
8901878B1824FF8EFF5D5C8DFCBE26BA.text	8901878B1824FF8EFF5D5C8DFCBE26BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephydrella aquaria (Hutton 1901)	<div><p>1. Ephydrella aquaria (Hutton)</p><p>Figs. 4–8</p><p>Ephydra aquaria Hutton 1901: 90 .</p><p>Ephydrella aquaria .— Miller 1950: 111 [catalog of New Zealand Diptera].— Harrison 1959: 245 [generic combination, fauna of New Zealand].— Mathis 1989: 647 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].— Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 247 [world catalog].— Winterbourn et al. 2000: 82 [review, larvae].— Hughes et al. 2004: 838, 840 [specimens with Stigmatomyces ephydrae Mercier &amp; Poiss].</p><p>Diagnosis.—This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Medium-sized to moderately large species, body length 3.70–4.65 mm. Associated with freshwater to slightly brackish water habitats.</p><p>Head:Frons with mesofrons mostly shiny, metallic bluish green to bronze, lacking distinctive gray areas laterally; parafrons dark, blackish gray, slightly velvety; fronto-orbits dark brown, finely but densely microtomentose. Ocelli arranged in isosceles triangle, distance between posterior ocelli only slightly longer than between a posterior ocellus and anterior ocellus. Antenna grayish black to black, densely microtomentose. Face almost unicolorous, darker dorsally, dorsum of hump with some greenish metallic reflections, ventral areas brown to grayish brown, slightly in color toward oral margin. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.38–0.40.</p><p>Thorax: Mesonotum mostly dark colored, brownish, but with some bluish gray coloration at lateral margins, especially at scutellar suture laterally. Acrostichal setulae, except for posterior pair, small, sparse, and not organized into rows. Wing: Veins and crossveins frequently darkened. Costal vein ratio 0.19–0.24; M 1 vein ratio 0.59–0.70. Femora and tibiae gray to grayish blue; tarsi blackish brown. Legs, including basitarsomere, blackish brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 4–7): Tergites slightly two-toned, anterior 2/3 of each tergite dark green, metallic, ventral 1/3 grayish green. Male terminalia (Figs. 4–7): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 4) with width 2/3 epandrial height, in lateral view (Fig. 5) irregularly pentagonal; cercal cavity in posterior view (Fig. 4) about 1/3 height of overall epandrial height; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 4) lunate, in lateral view (Fig. 5) ovate; surstyli in posterior view (Fig. 4) with lateral margin shallowly and evenly curved at the base, apical extensions straight, parallel-sided; ventromedial processes about 1/3 length of lateral surstylus, each medial process narrowly pointed, tapered gradually and evenly to acute apex, in lateral view (Fig. 5) with basal half about twice as long as apical (from base dorsal apex to basal indentation of surstylar base, epandrium more or less diamond shaped, basal half of lateral surstylar process in lateral view (Fig. 5) bearing long setulae, apical half bearing short, stout setulae; phallus in lateral view (Fig. 7) longer than high, dorsal surface with a short, slender projection at midlength, thereafter with U-shaped concavity, apical portion almost parallel sided but acutely pointed, base of phallus more or less rectangular, in ventral view (Fig. 6) as 2 bilateral paddles, these expanded toward apices, base with lateral, thumb-like projection; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 7) with keel longer than high, apical margin rounded, narrow, ventral extension (to postgonite) over twice length as dorsal extension (to base of phallus), in ventral view (Fig. 6) narrow, arrow-shaped, acutely pointed; postgonite+hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 7) somewhat rectangular, slightly expanded apically, apical margin rounded then with sharp recurve and point at ventroapical corner, in ventral view (Fig. 6) with basal portion angularly curved, apical half angulate, with apical third very thin, paralleling phallus.</p><p>Primary Type Material.—The lectotype male (designated by Harrison 1959:245) is labeled “[New Zealand. Christchurch] Ephydra aquaria Hutt. Type [handwritten]/TYPE [pink]/Revision A. Tonnoir 1923 [“Revision” handwritten]. The lectotype is double mounted (pin in rectangular block of polyporus), is in good condition, and is in the CMNZ. Tonnoir and Malloch (1926: 7) wrote that there were four specimens in Hutton's collection and that none was accompanied by any locality labels. Hutton (1900: 90) cited Christchurch as the type locality in the original description.</p><p>Type Locality.— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.63667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.531666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.63667/lat -43.531666)">Australasian</a>: New Zealand. South Island. Christchurch (43°31.9'S, 172°38.2'E) .</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.943333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.755/lat -36.943333)">Specimens Examined</a> from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.943333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.755/lat -36.943333)">New Zealand.</a> — NORTH ISLAND. AK: Ambury Park, Upper Manukau Harbour (36°56.6'S, 174°45.3'E), 2 Feb 1997, J. W. Early (2♀; AMNZ) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.80333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.293335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.80333/lat -36.293335)">Leigh</a> (hill NE; 36°17.6'S, 174°48.2'E), 6 Dec 1968, K. A. J. Wise (1♀; AMNZ) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.91667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.768333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.91667/lat -36.768333)">Motutapu Island</a> (36°46.1'S, 174°55'E; near pond), 16 Nov 1957, R. A. Harrison (1♀; LUNZ) ; Rodney County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.93666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.31167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.93666/lat -36.31167)">Coxhead Creek</a>, Whangateau (36°18.7'S, 174°56.2'E), 4 Dec 1968, K. A. J. Wise (1♀; AMNZ) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.003334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.48/lat -37.003334)">Karekare</a> (beach; 37°00.2'S, 174°28.8'E), 10 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (3♂; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.76334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.978333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.76334/lat -36.978333)">Mangere</a> (36°58.7'S, 174°45.8'E), 6 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann, W. N. Mathis (26♂, 8♀; NZAC, USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.72333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.935" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.72333/lat -36.935)">Wattle Bay</a> (36°56.1'S, 174°43.4'E), 28 Mar 1977, B. A. Holloway (1♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.44833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.891666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.44833/lat -36.891666)">Bethells</a> (36°53.5'S, 174°26.9'E), 31 Oct 1967, D. J. Allan (1♂; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.71167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.928333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.71167/lat -36.928333)">Lynfield</a>, Tropicana Drive (36°55.7'S, 174°42.7'E), 27 Dec 1976, G. Kuschel (1♂; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.72&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.243332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.72/lat -37.243332)">Waiuku</a> (W side of, 37°14.6'S, 174°43.2'E), 12 Feb 1971, H. A. Oliver (2♂, 2♀; NZAC) . BP: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.491665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.135/lat -38.491665)">Rotorua</a>, Orakei-Korako (38°29.5'S, 176°08.1'E), 26 Jan 1960, J. I. Townsend, R. Zondaz (18♂, 11♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.57167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.051666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.57167/lat -38.051666)">Rotorua</a>, Rotoma (38°03.1'S, 176°34.3'E), 16 Dec 1960, H. A. Oliver (1♂, 3♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.395&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.285" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.395/lat -38.285)">Rotorua</a>: near outlet of Waimangu Stream (38°17.1'S, 176°23.7'E), 10 May 1971, K. A. J. Wise (5♂, 30♀; AMNZ) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.00166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.658333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.00166/lat -39.658333)">Waipapa River</a> (Road 2; 39°39.5'S, 176°0.1'E), 8 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann, W. N. Mathis (5♂, 13♀; NZAC, USNM) . CL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.76167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.435" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.76167/lat -36.435)">Cuvier Island</a>, Northwest Bay (36°26.1'S, 175°45.7'E; on stream pool), 13 Jan 1972, K. A. J. Wise (4♂, 4♀; AMNZ) . HB: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=177.15834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.751667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 177.15834/lat -38.751667)">Urewera National Park</a> (38°45.1'S, 177°09.5'E; on Black Beech Track, Lake Waikaremoana (bank of lake); Stigmatomyces ephydrae Mercier &amp; Poiss on legs, tergites and mesonotum of ♂ and ♀), 18 Mar 2000, A. Weir and C. Carlton, AW935 ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.381668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.385/lat -35.381668)">Urewera National Park</a>, Lake Waikaremoana between Waikaremoana and Aniwaniwa (38°44.8'S, 177°09.7'E; Stigmatomyces ephydrae Mercier &amp; Poiss on mesonotum, sternites, tergites, hind legs of ♂ and ♀), 18 Mar 2000, A. Weir and C. Carlton, AW936. ND: KohuKohu (35°22.9'S, 173°23.1'E; stream below waterfall Pangaru Roa), 8 Jan 1969, K. A. J. Wise (1♀; AMNZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.1/lat -35.916668)">Mokohinau</a>, Burgess Island (35°55'S, 176°06'E), 24 Aug 1955, R. A. Harrison (1♂, 3♀; LUNZ) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.45334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.518333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.45334/lat -35.518333)">Whananaki South</a> (beach; 35°31.1'S, 174°27.2'E), 19 Feb 1998, W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM) . TO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.07/lat -38.685)">Napier</a>, Taupo (38°41.1'S, 176°04.2'E; hot pools, 58C), 23 Feb 1965, J. I. Townsend (7♂, 14♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.07/lat -38.685)">Lake Taupo</a> (38°41.1'S, 176°04.2'E; hot pools), 25 Nov 1971, J. Gillespie (1♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.07/lat -38.685)">Taupo</a> (38°41.1'S, 176°04.2'E), 16 Sep 1941, J. S. Armstrong (1♂, 1♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.07/lat -38.685)">Taupo</a>, Black Terraces (38°41.1'S, 176°04.2'E), 1 Apr 1934, J. S. Armstrong (1♂; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.085&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.655" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.085/lat -38.655)">Taupo</a>, Huka Lodge (38°39.3'S, 176°05.1'E), 14 Sep 1941, J. S. Armstrong (2♂, 2♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.07/lat -38.685)">Taupo</a> (38°41.1'S, 176°04.2'E; lake shore), 22 Jan 1932, J. S. Armstrong (5♂, 1♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.08167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.791668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.08167/lat -38.791668)">Taupo</a>, Waitahanui River (38°47.5'S, 176°04.9'E), 17 Apr 1933, J. S. Armstrong (2♂, 1♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.08167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.791668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.08167/lat -38.791668)">Taupo</a>, Waitahanui (38°47.5'S, 176°04.9'E), 4 Sep 1961, J. S. Armstrong (6♂, 4♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.66833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.476665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.66833/lat -39.476665)">Waiouru</a> (39°28.6'S, 175°40.1'E; beside pond), 30 Dec 1970, J. Gillespie (4♂, 7♀; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.22333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.505/lat -39.22333)">Whakapapaiti</a> (Mt. Ruapehu; 39°13.4'S, 175°30.3'E; stream; 1158 m), 28 Feb 1959, K. A. J. Wise (1♀; ZMNZ) .</p><p>SOUTH ISLAND. BR: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=171.18666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.631668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 171.18666/lat -42.631668)">Kumara</a> (42°37.9'S, 171°11.2'E), 15 Sep 1929, J. W. Campbell (1♀; USNM). CO: Alexandra (45°14.8'S, 169°23.2'E), 1924, C. C. Fenwick (1♂; NHMUK); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=169.20833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.356667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 169.20833/lat -45.356667)">Danseys Pass</a> (44°56.7'S, 170°34.1'E; 245 m), 12 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (6♂, 5♀; USNM); Obelisk Range (45°19.3'S, 169°12.4'E; 1680 m), 7 Feb 1986, C. A. Muir (1♂, 3♀; LUNZ); Old Man Range (15 km S Alexandra; 45°21.4'S, 169°12.5'E; 1200 m), 15 Feb 1982, L. L. Deitz (1♂; NZAC); Old Man Range (45°21.4'S, 169°12.5'E), 11 Feb 1982, C. F. Butcher (1♂; NZAC). FD: Monowai River (45°46.7'S, 167°35.7'E; 171 m); 17–18 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.421665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.715/lat -45.421665)">Te Anau</a> (45°25.3'S, 167°42.9'E; 205 m); 22–23 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (10♂, 2♀; USNM). KA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.85167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.226665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.85167/lat -42.226665)">Black Miller Creek</a> (42°13.6'S, 173°51.1'E), 14 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann (1♂; NZAC); Hapuku Stream (42°13'S, 173°45.3'E; 420 m), 8 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 1♀; USNM); Seddon (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.07666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.07666/lat -41.66)">Awatere River</a>; 41°39.6'S, 174°04.6'E), 14 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann (2♂; NZAC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.11333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.90333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.11333/lat -41.90333)">Waima River</a> (41°54.2'S, 174°06.8'E), 8 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (8♂, 6♀; USNM). MB: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.73334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.73334/lat -42.2)">Lake Tennyson</a> (42°12'S, 172°44'E), 21 Jan 1976, A. K. Walker (1♂; NZAC). MC: Acheron River (43°19.7'S, 171°40.5'E; 772 m), 10 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 1♀; USNM); Cass (3 km W; 43°02.1'S, 171°43'E; marsh), 30 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (1♂, 2♀; NZAC); Christchurch (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.69667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.485" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.69667/lat -43.485)">Styx Mill Reserve</a>; 43°28.1'S, 172°36.4'E), 17 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 4♀; USNM); Christchurch, Travis Marsh (43°29.1'S, 172°41.8'E), 21 Dec 1995, R. P. Macfarlane (2♂; CMNZ); Lake Ellesmere (43°47.7'S, 172°39.9'E), 9 Mar 1968, D. G. Kelly (1♂; LUNZ); Lake Pearson (43°06.1'S, 171°46.5'E; near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=171.54834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.296665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 171.54834/lat -43.296665)">Cass</a>), 30 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (2♂; NZAC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=171.54834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.296665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 171.54834/lat -43.296665)">Lyttelton Harbour</a> (43°36.2'S, 172°42.9'E), 26 Feb 1966, G. C. B. Poore (2♂, 7♀; CMNZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=171.54834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.296665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 171.54834/lat -43.296665)">Simois Stream</a> (43°17.8'S, 171°32.9'E; 130 m), 10 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 2♀; USNM). NC: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.27834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.91" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.27834/lat -42.91)">Hurunui River</a> (near mouth; 42°54.6'S, 173°16.7'E), 14–15 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann, W. N. Mathis (5♂, 10♀; NZAC, USNM); Napenape Scenic Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.27834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.908333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.27834/lat -42.908333)">Hurunui River Mouth</a> (42°54.5'S, 173°16.7'E), 17 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (17♂, 22♀; NZAC). NN: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.42166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.42166/lat -41.195)">Cable Bay Road</a> (41°11.7'S, 173°25.3'E), 13 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann (1♀; NZAC); Graham Stream (41°11.9'S, 172°48.6'E), 12 Feb 1998, W. N. Mathis (3♂; USNM); Nelson (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.24167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.368332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.24167/lat -41.368332)">Maitai River</a>; 41°16.5'S, 173°19.2'E), 10 Feb 1998, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Pupa springs, Takaka (40°51.3'S, 172°48.4'E), 16 Apr 1970, G. Kuschel (3♂, 3♀; NZAC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.24167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.368332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.24167/lat -41.368332)">Rabbit Island</a> (41°16.9'S, 173°09'E), 25 Feb 1973, A. K. Walker (1♀; NZAC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.24167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.368332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.24167/lat -41.368332)">Roding River</a> (41°22.1'S, 173°14.5'E), 12 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann, W. N. Mathis (5♂, 20♀; NZAC, USNM). OL: Kingston (45°19.8'S, 168°42.7'E; 319 m); 26 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (5♂; USNM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.57834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.036667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.57834/lat -45.036667)">Moke Lake</a> (3.5 km S; 45°02.2'S, 168°34.7'E; 616 m); 28 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (6♂, 3♀; USNM). SC: St. Andrews, Pareora Gorge (44°24.8'S, 171°03.8'E; 244 m), 29 Apr 1968, J. W. Boyes (1♂; USNM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.56166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.793335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.56166/lat -44.793335)">Station Peak</a> (44°47.6'S, 170°33.7'E; 900 m; near Kurow), 7 Jan 1977, P. M. Johns (3♂, 1♀; CMNZ). SL: Catlins, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=169.375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.611668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 169.375/lat -46.611668)">Waipati Beach</a> (46°36.7'S, 169°22.5'E), 7 Feb 1982, R. M. Emberson (1♀; LUNZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.366665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.02/lat -46.366665)">Riverton</a> (beach; 46°22.0'S, 168°01.2'E); 14–16 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM). WD: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.03334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.03334/lat -43.3)">Waiho</a> (43°18'S, 170°02'E), 21 Jan 1922, A. Tonnoir (2♀; NZAC).</p><p>OFFSHORE ISLANDS. Chatham Islands. Chatham Island: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.57834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.706665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.57834/lat -43.706665)">Manukau Point</a> (44°02'S, 176°20.2'W), 13 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM); Wharekuri (field and beach; 43°42.4'S, 176°34.7'W), 12 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (3♂, 4♀; USNM) .</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 8).—Australasian/Oceanian: Macquarie Island. New Zealand North Island. (AK, BP, CL, ND, TO), South Island (CO, FD, KA, MB, MC, NC, NN, OL, SC, SL, WD), Offshore Islands (Chatham Islands).</p><p>Natural history.—This species is associated with freshwater or slightly brackish water habitats.</p><p>Remarks.—This species is distinguished from congeners from New Zealand, especially E. thermarum, by the following combination of characters: facial protrusion or hump unicolorous; mesonotum mostly shiny, metallic bluish green to bronze, lacking distinctive gray area laterally; legs blackish brown, including basitarsomeres; lateral surstylar processes relatively short, about 4X length of ventromedial process; basal half of lateral surstylar process bearing long setulae, apical half bearing short, stout setulae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8901878B1824FF8EFF5D5C8DFCBE26BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mathis, Wayne N.;Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2025): A review of Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5673 (2): 227-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4
8901878B1828FF83FF5D5A83FE0B26E1.text	8901878B1828FF83FF5D5A83FE0B26E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephydrella assimilis (Tonnoir and Malloch)	<div><p>2. Ephydrella assimilis (Tonnoir and Malloch)</p><p>Figs. 1–3, 9–16</p><p>Ephydra (Ephydrella) assimilis [also as similis] Tonnoir and Malloch 1926: 7.</p><p>Ephydrella assimilis .— Miller 1950: 111 [catalog of New Zealand Diptera].— Harrison 1959: 247 [generic combination, fauna of New Zealand].— Mathis 1989: 647 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].— Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 247 [world catalog].</p><p>Ephydra assimilis .— Bock 1987: 155 [alternate original name selected].</p><p>Diagnosis.—This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Medium-sized to moderately large shore flies, body length 3.40–4.10 mm. Body generally bluish gray, densely microtomentose, mostly dull, at most subshiny.</p><p>Head (Figs. 1, 10–12): Frons with mesofrons shiny, metallic dark blue to dark green; parafrons microtomentose, gray to charcoal, velvety just medial of lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae. Facial protrusion or hump unicolorous, dark brown, becoming grayer ventrally, especially along oral margin. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.35–0.40. Cibarium (Fig. 1) 2.3 higher than wide, its dorsal portion W-shaped with long lateral processes; medial sensillae arranged in a sinuous line, its number about 40; posterior sensillae absent.</p><p>Thorax (Figs. 10–12): Mesonotum mostly shiny, metallic bluish green to bronze, lacking distinctive gray area laterally; acrostichal setulae generally arranged in 2 conspicuous rows; mesopleuron distinctive gray area laterally from postpronotum through notopleuron. Acrostichal setulae generally arranged in 2 rows. Costal vein ratio 0.18– 0.24; M 1 vein ratio 0.70–0.75. Legs blackish brown with basitarsomere of middle leg yellowish brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 13–16): Tergites generally microtomentose, gray to greenish gray, dull but with some metallic reflections especially toward anterior portion of each tergite, transition slight. Male terminalia (Figs. 13–16): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 13) high, width about 2/3 height; lateral surstylar process relatively short and slender, about 4X length of ventromedial process or less than height of epandrium; surstyli in posterior view (Fig. 13) with lateral margins distinctly sinuous with 2 shallow excavations, apical surstylar extensions oriented laterally; cercal cavity in posterior view (Fig. 13) about 1/3 height of overall epandrial height; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 13) narrowly drop-like, in lateral view (Fig. 14) ovate; ventromedial process comparatively large, height equal to half extended surstylar process, triangular; phallus in lateral view (Fig. 14) longer than high, basal 2/3 with dorsal surface sinuously and somewhat irregularly curved, ended apically with a tooth-like, obtuse, short pointed projection, thereafter apically abruptly narrowed, base parallel-sided to acutely tapered apex, in ventral view (Fig. 15) with basal ¾ as an irregular rectangular, lateral margins expanded gradually to rounded shoulder, apical ¼ a medial, triangle, pointed apically; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 16) with keel twice as long as wide, keel broadly rounded, ventral extension (to postgonite) over twice length as dorsal extension (to base of phallus), in ventral view (Fig. 15) A-shaped, acutely pointed toward base; postgonite+hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 16) somewhat irregularly rectangular, dorsal margin broadly arched, ventroapical corner acutely pointed, ventral margin truncate to basal angulate corner, in ventral view (Fig. 15) with lateral margins of basal portion curved, base forming an oval, apical 1/3 as 2 narrow, thin, tapered apical processes that extend beyond phallus apex. Female ventral receptacle with operculum large, helmet-like (Figs. 2–3) with the width of the operculum slightly greater than height of extended process.</p><p>Type Material.— The holotype male of Ephydrella assimilis (Tonnoir and Malloch) is labeled “[New Zealand.] Wharekauri, Chatham Is., 12–14 Dec., 1923, C. Lindsay. /TYPE Ephydra assimilis T and M[,] A. Tonnoir det. [pink; species name and “T and M” handwritten].” The holotype is double mounted (short pin in small rectangular sheet of celluloid), is in excellent condition (apex of abdomen removed, mounted on small celluloid slide that is attached to the main pin beneath the locality label), and is deposited in the NZAC . One female paratype with the same locality label data is in the USNM .</p><p>Type Locality.— Australasian: New Zealand. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.58417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.71" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.58417/lat -43.71)">Off Shore Islands</a>. Chatham, Wharekauri (43°42.6'S, 176°35.05'W) .</p><p>Specimens Examined from New Zealand. — NORTH ISLAND. AK: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.47333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.863335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.47333/lat -36.863335)">Cowan Bay</a> (36°27'S, 174°42.2'E; 5 m), 1 Jan 2004, J. W. Early (1♀; AMNZ); Karekare (36°51.8'S, 174°28.4'E), 5 Feb 1989, V. Hollmann (1♀; NZAC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.745&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.003334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.745/lat -37.003334)">Karekare</a> (beach; 37°00.2'S, 174°28.8'E), 10 Oct–1 Jan 2002, 2004, D. and W. N. Mathis (25♂, 1♀; USNM); Puketutu Island (36°57.8.5'S, 174°44.7'E; near Mangere), 26 Oct 1959, J. S. Armstrong (4♀; NZAC) . CL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.235/lat -37.29)">Mayor Island</a>, NW Bay (37°17.4'S, 176°14.1'E), 8 Dec 1966, K. A. J. Wise (1♀; AMNZ). ND: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.19167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.18833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.19167/lat -35.18833)">Ahipara Plateau</a> (35°11.3'S, 173°11.5'E), 16 Dec 1985, R. F. Gilbert (3♂, 3♀; AMNZ); Mangonui County, Taputaputa (stream near Cape Reinga), 6 Mar 1976, K. A. J. Wise (1♂; AMNZ). TK: Mangarei, Waiwakaiho River (above Mangarei Stream), 9 Apr 1987, K. A. J. Wise (1♂, 3♀; AMNZ). TO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.81833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.06167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.81833/lat -40.06167)">Tongariro River</a> (40°03.7'S, 175°49.1'E), 1 Jan 1971, J. Gillespie (2♂, 3♀; NZAC). WI: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.13167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.071667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.13167/lat -40.071667)">Turakina</a> beach (S of Wanganui; 40°04.3'S, 175°07.9'E), 9 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (2♂, 4♀; NZAC). WN: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.00833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.871666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.00833/lat -40.871666)">Paekakariki</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.00833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.871666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.00833/lat -40.871666)">Queen Elizabeth Park</a> (40°57.6'S, 174°58.4'E), 11 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (1♂; NZAC); Paiaka (35°31.5'S, 174°09'E), 15 Feb 1950, RAC (3♂, 1♀; NZAC); Waikanae Beach (40°52.3'S, 175°0.5'E), 6–7 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (27♂, 5♀; USNM). WO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.89333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.826668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.89333/lat -37.826668)">Raglan</a> (37°49.6'S, 174°53.6'E; freshwater pond), 17 May 1971, J. Gillespie (3♂, 5♀; NZAC).</p><p>SOUTH ISLAND. CL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.88667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.541668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.88667/lat -45.541668)">Mararoa River</a> (45°32.5'S, 167°53.2'E; 295 m), 25 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (11♂, 2♀; USNM). DN: Warrington (45°42.5'S, 170°35.4'E; beach), 11 Dec 1977, E. I. Schlinger (1♂; NZAC). FD: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.421665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.715/lat -45.421665)">Te Anau</a> (45°25.3’S, 167°42.9’E; 205 m), 23 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). KA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.85167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.226665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.85167/lat -42.226665)">Black Miller Creek</a> (42°13.6’S, 173°51.1’E), 14 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann (1♀; NZAC); Hapuku Stream (42°13’S, 173°45.3’E; 420 m), 8 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM); Seddon (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.07666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.07666/lat -41.66)">Awatere River</a>; 41°39.6’S, 174°04.6’E), 14 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann, W. N. Mathis (41♂, 17♀; NZAC, USNM); South Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.68167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.68167/lat -42.425)">Kaikoura</a> (42°25.5’S, 173°40.9’E), 15 Feb 1969, R. Emberson (2♀; LUNZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.11333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.90333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.11333/lat -41.90333)">Waima River</a> (41°54.2’S, 174°6.8’E), 8 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (7♂, 1♀; USNM). MC: Akaroa (43°48.2’S, 172°58.1’E), 9–10 Dec 1924, A. Tonnoir (4♂, 3♀; paratype; CMNZ, NZAC, USNM); Avon Heathcote (43°33.4’S, 172°42.1’E; mud flats), 5 Jan 1977, P. G. McGregor (2♂; CMNZ); Banks Peninsula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.50667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.683334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.50667/lat -43.683334)">Little River</a> (8 km S Bailey’s Road; 43°46.6’S, 172°45’E), 13 Dec 1977, E. I. Schlinger (1♂; NZAC); Christchurch (43°31.9’S, 172°38.2’E), 17 Feb 1922, A. Tonnoir (1♂; paratype; NZAC); Greenpark (43°41’S, 172°30.4’E), 17 Oct 1972, R. A. Harrison (1♂, 2♀; LUNZ); Lake Ellesmere (43°47.7’S, 172°39.9’E; northeast coast), 22 Apr 1970, B. J. Donavan (2♂, 2♀; NZAC); Lake Pearson (43°06.1’S, 171°46.5’E; near Cass), 30 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (1♂, 1♀; NZAC); Pleasant Point (44°15.6’S, 171°07.8’E), 20 Nov 1970, P. M. Johns (2♂, 3♀; CMNZ); Scotsburn Stream, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=171.26334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.92" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 171.26334/lat -43.92)">Peel Forest</a> (43°55.2’S, 171°15.8’E), 4 Dec 1977, P. G. McGregor (1♀; CMNZ). NC: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.27834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.91" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.27834/lat -42.91)">Hurunui River</a> (near mouth; 42°54.6’S, 173°16.7’E), 14–15 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann, W. N. Mathis (25♂, 16♀; NZAC, USNM); Napenape Scenic Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.27834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.908333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.27834/lat -42.908333)">Hurunui River Mouth</a> (42°54.5’S, 173°16.7’E), 17 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (21♂, 23♀; NZAC). NN: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.86667/lat -40.516666)">Farewell Spit</a> (40°31'S, 172°52'E), 4–11 May 1977 (2♀; CMNZ). OL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.88667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.541668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.88667/lat -45.541668)">Mararoa River</a> (25 km E Te Anau; 45°32.5'S, 167°53.2'E; 295 m), 25 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (10♂, 2♀; USNM). SL: Riverton (46°22.0'S, 168°01.2'E; beach), 14 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (5♂, 6♀; USNM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.635&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.205" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.635/lat -46.205)">Te Waewae</a> (46°12.3'S, 167°38.1'E; gravel quarry), 19 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM).</p><p>OFFSHORE ISLANDS. Chatham Islands. Chatham Island: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.33667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.031666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.33667/lat -44.031666)">Manukau</a> (44°01.9'S, 176°20.2'W), 2 Jan 1924, C. Lindsay (1♀; paratype; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.33667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.33667/lat -44.033333)">Manukau Point</a> (44°02'S, 176°20.2'W), 13 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.46/lat -43.75)">Ocean Mail Point</a> (2.5 km W; beach on lagoon; 43°45'S, 176°27.6'W), 12 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (18♂, 6♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.36&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.36/lat -44.025)">Owenga</a> (44°01.5'S, 176°21.6'W), 2 Jan 1924, C. Lindsay (1♀; paratype; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.56667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.823334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.56667/lat -43.823334)">Tennants Lake</a> (43°49.4'S, 176°34'W), 14 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.38333/lat -44.02)">Te One Creek</a> (44°01.2'S, 176°23'W), 13 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.65334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.065" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.65334/lat -44.065)">Tuku River</a> (mouth; 44°03.9'S, 176°39.2'W), 13 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM) ; Waikato <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.51&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.51/lat -43.84)">Point</a> (beach; 43°50.4'S, 176°30.6'W), 12 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM) ; Wharekauri (43°42.6'S, 176°35.05'W), 12 Oct–16 Jan 1923, 1976, C. Lindsay, R. P. Macfarlane (17♂ (2 paratypes), 18♀ (3 paratypes); NZAC, USNM) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.295&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.295/lat -44.27)">Mangere Island</a>: (44°16.2'S, 176°17.7'W), 4–21 Jan 1924, D. Lindsay (1♀; AMNZ; paratype) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.84&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-47.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.84/lat -47.0)">Stewart Island</a> (47°S, 167°50.4'E): 16–22 Feb 1970, R. S. Halligan (3♂, 1♀; LUNZ) .</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 9).—Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand (AK, CL, DN, KA, MC, NC, ND, NN, OL, SL, TO, WI, WN, WO, Chatham Islands, Stewart Island).</p><p>Remarks.—This species is distinguished from congeners from New Zealand, especially E. bicolor, which also occurs on Chatham Islands, by the following combination of characters: facial protrusion or hump unicolorous; mesonotum mostly dull, tannish brown to brown with distinctive gray area laterally from postpronotum through the notopleural area; legs blackish brown, including basitarsomeres; surstylus slender and shorter, length less than height of epandrium.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8901878B1828FF83FF5D5A83FE0B26E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mathis, Wayne N.;Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2025): A review of Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5673 (2): 227-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4
8901878B182BFF82FF5D5A83FE5526CD.text	8901878B182BFF82FF5D5A83FE5526CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephydrella bicolor Mathis & Zatwarnicki NZAC 2025	<div><p>3. Ephydrella bicolor, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs. 17–23, 38</p><p>Diagnosis.—This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Medium-sized shore flies, body length 3.30–3.90 mm;</p><p>Head (Figs. 17–18): Mesofrons dark brown thinly microtomentose, subshiny; parafrons grayish to grayish blue anteriorly, charcoal black posteriorly; fronto-orbits dark brown, finely but densely microtomentose; ocelli arranged in isosceles triangle. Antenna grayish black to black, densely microtomentose. Face distinctly two-toned, hump of facial protrusion with at least dorsal half dark brown, thereafter ventrally bluish gray. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.31–0.40.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 19): Mesonotum mostly dark colored, brownish, but with some bluish gray coloration at lateral margins, especially at scutellar suture laterally. Acrostichal setulae, except for posterior pair, small, sparse, and not organized into rows. Wing: Veins and crossveins frequently darkened. Costal vein ratio 0.13–0.19; M 1 vein ratio 0.50–0.59. Femora and tibiae gray to grayish blue; tarsi blackish brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 20–23): Tergites two-toned, anterior third of tergites dark brown, posterior portion grayish blue. Male terminalia (Figs. 20–23): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 20) only slightly higher than wide, dorsal margin arched, height of cercal cavity nearly half overall height of epandrium, in lateral view (Fig. 21) with dorsal portion tapered to narrow, truncate dorsum, ventral portion semiquadrate, anterior margin irregular, posterior margin nearly straight; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 20) drop-like, tapered dorsally, in lateral view (Fig. 21) semihemispherical; surstyli in posterior view (Fig. 20) very long, very gradually tapered, length equal to height of epandrium, apical third of surstylus slightly flared laterally, in lateral view (Fig. 20) irregularly rectangular on basal 2/3, anterior margin of basal portion with obtusely pointed, apex of point narrowly truncate, apical third conspicuously tapered, shallowly curved anteriorly medial surstylar margin shallowly sinuous; medioventral process in posterior view (Fig. 20) not extended, this area symmetrically sinuous; phallus in lateral view (Fig. 23) longer than high, dorsal surface sinuous, ended apically with a tooth-like, obtuse, short pointed projection, in ventral view (Fig. 22) with short concavity from phallapodeme dorsal extension, forming an obtuse point, thereafter apically lateral margins shallowly concavity to angulation, thereafter tapered to rounded apex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 23) with keel twice as long as wide, keel broadly and evenly rounded, ventral extension (to postgonite) over twice length as dorsal extension (to base of phallus), in ventral view (Fig. 22) a small, short rectangular basal process attached to a cap-like base; postgonite+hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 23) somewhat narrowly triangular, ventral margin straight, broadly truncate, dorsal margin nearly straight, ventroapical corner acutely pointed, basal forming angulate corner, in ventral view (Fig. 22) with lateral margins curved, basal margin concave, apical 1/4 as 2 narrow, short, thin, tapered apical processes that barely extend beyond phallus apex.</p><p>Type Material.— The holotype male of Ephydrella bicolor is labeled “ NEW ZEALAND. CH. IS. Wharekuri (43°42.6'S, 176°35.05'W) 12 October 2002, D. and W.N. Mathis / HOLOTYPE ♂ Ephydrella bicolor Mathis &amp; Zatwarnicki NZAC [red].”. Three paratypes (1♂, 2♀; USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: New Zealand. Offshore Islands. Chatham Islands. Chatham Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.30167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.275" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.30167/lat -44.275)">Tuku</a> (44°04'S, 176°36'W), 20 Feb 1967 (10♂, 4♀; NZAC, USNM). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.30167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.275" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.30167/lat -44.275)">Mangere Island</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.30167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.275" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.30167/lat -44.275)">Hut Peninsula</a> (44°16.5'S, 176°18.1'W; shore rocks), 3 Dec 1992, J. W. Early (3♂, 1♀; AMNZ) .</p><p>Type Locality.—Australasian. New Zealand. Offshore Islands. Chatham Islands, Chatham Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.58417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.71" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.58417/lat -43.71)">Wharekuri</a> (field and beach; 43°42.6'S, 176°35.05'W) .</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 38).—Australasian/Oceanian. New Zealand (Chatham Islands).</p><p>Etymology.—The species epithet, bicolor, has reference to the two-toned face, parts of the thorax, and abdominal tergites.</p><p>Remarks.—This species is only known thus far from the Chatham Islands (Chatham and Managere Islands) where two other congeners, E. aquaria and E. assimilis, are also known to occur sympatrically.</p><p>This species is distinguished from congeners, especially E. aquaria and E. assimilis, by the following combination of characters: facial protrusion or hump distinctly two-toned, hump of facial protrusion with at least dorsal half dark brown, thereafter ventrally bluish gray (Figs. 17–18); mesonotum mostly brownish, but with some bluish gray coloration at lateral margins, especially at scutellar suture laterally; legs, including basitarsomeres, blackish brown; lateral surstylar processes very long and robust, length equal to height of epandrium, medial surstylar margin shallowly sinuous (Figs. 20).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8901878B182BFF82FF5D5A83FE5526CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mathis, Wayne N.;Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2025): A review of Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5673 (2): 227-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4
8901878B182CFF87FF5D5D13FDA022D1.text	8901878B182CFF87FF5D5D13FDA022D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephydrella macquariensis (Womersley 1937)	<div><p>4. Ephydrella macquariensis (Womersley)</p><p>Figs. 24–30</p><p>Ephydra macquariensis Womersley 1937: 77 .</p><p>Ephydrella macquariensis .— Wirth 1962: 971 [generic combination].— Watson 1967: 32 [review].— Mathis 1989: 647 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].— Marchant and Lillywhite 1994: 471–481 [list].— Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 247– 248 [world catalog].</p><p>Diagnosis.—This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters:Moderately large species, body length 4.20–4.95 mm. Associated with freshwater to slightly brackish water habitats.</p><p>Head (Figs. 24–26): Frons with mesofrons mostly shiny, metallic bronze to dark, greenish bronze, lacking distinctive gray areas laterally; parafrons mostly velvety black posteriorly, black areas lunate shaped immediately adjacent to lateral margin of mesofrons, gray on anterior third to half; fronto-orbits dark gray, grayish brown adjacent to parafrons, finely but densely microtomentose. Ocelli arranged in isosceles triangle, distance between posterior ocelli conspicuously shorter than between a posterior ocellus and anterior ocellus. Antenna grayish to blackish brown, basal flagellomere darker, densely microtomentose. Face mostly brown to grayish brown, darker dorsally, dorsum of hump brown, becoming grayer laterally in antennal fovea, lacking metallic reflections. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.38–0.48.</p><p>Thorax (Figs. 24–26): Mesonotum mostly dark colored, brownish, darker along setal tracks, darker areas with considerable metallic reflections, shiny, but less so than mesofrons; scutellar disc mostly shiny, metallic bronzish, shiny area becoming diffused, gray toward periphery; postpronotum, notopleuron, and area just posterior of notopleuron gray to slightly tannish gray. Acrostichal setulae, except for posterior pair, small, sparse, and not organized into rows. Anepisternum brown to tan, becoming grayer ventrally; katepisternum gray. Wing: Veins and crossveins frequently darkened. Costal vein ratio 0.20–0.21; M 1 vein ratio 0.68–0.85. Femora and tibiae mostly gray, becoming darker, slightly blackish dorsally, toward apices; tarsi blackish brown dorsally, yellowish ventrally.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 27–30): Tergites slightly two-toned, anterior 2/3 of each tergite dark green, metallic, ventral 1/3 grayish green. Male terminalia (Figs. 27–30): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 27) high, width about 2/3 height; surstyli in posterior view (Fig. 27) with lateral margin shallowly but distinctly sinuous, apical extensions oriented laterally medial processes thickly developed basally, medial surface straight, lateral surface shallowly curved to acute apex; phallus in lateral view (Fig. 28) longer than high, basal half roughly quadrate, apical half as a slender, parallel-sided, knife-like process, dorsal surface with a short, slender projection at midlength, thereafter apically with small U-shaped concavity, in ventral view (Fig. 29) with apical 2/3 as a single, medial projection that gradually expanded from base to apex, apical surface tridentate with medial extension longer, triangular, base of apical section as 2 basolateral, digitiform projections with an obtuse point laterally, basal 1/3 of phallus with base as a band that is shallowly curved apicad laterally, thereafter as two band-like structures that connect with the apical 2/3 of the phallus; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 30) with keel only slightly shorter than height, extended margin shallowly rounded, ventral extension (to postgonite) nearly twice length as dorsal extension (to base of phallus), in ventral view (Fig. 29) narrowly triangular, basal half nearly parallel sided, apical half flared to meet with basal band of phallus; postgonite+hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 30) somewhat rectangular, slightly expanded apically, apical margin shallowly sinuous, acutely pointed at ventroapical corner, in ventral view (Fig. 29) with lateral margins rounded, apical 1/3 as a recurved extension, angulate medially as base, thereafter as a narrow extension, paralleling phallus.</p><p>Primary Type Material.— The lectotype female of Ephydra macquariensis Womersley, herein designated, is labeled “ TYPE [handwritten; circle; red]/Coll. 1670. S/a. 3/12/30 Macquarie I. B.A.N.Z.A. R.F Id. by H. Womersley [except for “Id. by H. Womersley’ ” handwritten; white]/ SAMA 29-5984 QR code box/ LECTOTYPE ♀ Ephydra macquariensis Womersley, designated by Mathis &amp; Zatwarnicki red].” The lectotype female is double mounted (minute in a white rectangular block), is in good condition, and is deposited in the SAMA. Ten female paralectotypes (SAMA 29-5985 – 29-5994), these also designated as paralectotypes herein, bear the same locality data as the lectotype .</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=158.93666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-54.496666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 158.93666/lat -54.496666)">Other Specimens Examined</a> from Macquarie Island.— Aerial Cove (54°29.8′S, 158°56.2′E), 3 Mar 1961, K. C. Watson (4♂, 7♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=158.87666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-54.553333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 158.87666/lat -54.553333)">Bauer Bay</a> (54°33.2′S, 158°52.6′E), 4 Jan 1961 K. C. Watson (1♂, 2♀; USNM) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=158.89833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-54.631668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 158.89833/lat -54.631668)">Green Gorge</a> (54°37.9′S, 158°53.9′E), 14 Feb 1961, K. C. Watson (3♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=158.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-54.498333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 158.88/lat -54.498333)">Halfmoon Bay</a> (54°29.9′S, 158°52.8′E), 8–19 Jan 1961, K. C. Watson (2♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=158.86&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-54.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 158.86/lat -54.516666)">Langdon Point</a> (54°31′S, 158°51.6′E), 19 Jan 1961, K. C. Watson (1♂, 1♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=158.93666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-54.493332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 158.93666/lat -54.493332)">Hasselborough Bay</a> (54°29.6′S, 158°56.2′E), 5 Dec 1961, K. C. Watson (6♂, 7♀; USNM) .</p><p>Specimens Listed from Macquarie Island (these data taken from Wirth 1961: 971; all specimens collected by K. C. Watson in 1961): Plateau (54°29.9′S, 158°56.6′E), 8 Jan; Gadget Gully (54°30.5′S, 158°56.2′E), 26 Jan.</p><p>Type Locality.— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=158.93666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-54.496666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 158.93666/lat -54.496666)">Australasian</a> / Oceanian: Macquarie Island; Station 81 (54°29.8′S, 158°56.2′E)</p><p>Distribution.—Australasian/Oceanian: Macquarie Island.</p><p>Remarks.—This species is distinguished from congeners from New Zealand, especially E. aquaria, E. assimilis, or E. thermarum, by the following combination of characters: facial protrusion or hump mostly unicolorous; mesonotum mostly shiny along setal tracks, metallic bronze, with gray area laterally; legs gray, tarsi, including the basitarsomeres, blackish brown dorsally, yellow ventrally; lateral surstylar processes relatively short, the lateral margins generally concave and sinuous. The apical extension is oriented slightly laterally and is blunt tipped.</p><p>Externally, E. macquariensis is very similar to E. aquaria, and we treat the former as a separate and valid species primarily based on the distinctive shape of structures of the male terminalia and the wide geographic disjunction (distance between Macquarie Islands and Wellington, New Zealand, is 1929 km).</p><p>The structures of the male hypopygium of this species are an interesting admixture of structures that externally demonstrate remarkable similarity to those of E. assimilis, especially the sinuous lateral margins of the surstyli and the proportionately large medial extension, which is thickened basally and is relatively long, compared to the length of the surstyli. The internal structures, on the other hand, are much more similar to those of E. aquaria, especially the projected keel of the phallapodeme (best seen in lateral views, Figs. 30), the apical, sword-like structure of the phallus in lateral view (Fig. 30) and the rectangular-shaped postgonite-hypandrium complex. Even in dorsal views these structures are similar, though different in details. For example, the base of the phallus flares laterally as thumb-like, short, lateral projections, and the posterior projections of the postgonite are thin and slipper-like in both species.</p><p>Although Womersley (1937) first formally described this species, it had been reported seventeen years earlier by Tillyard (1920: 24–25) who provided an illustration of the larva and the crochets of an abdominal proleg. Tillyard further suggested that this species was a cranefly (family Tipulidae) and proposed that (p. 25): “This larva and pupae may very probably belong to the genus Dicranomyia, or to some closely allied genus.” The pupa, which is a Nematoceran, may indeed represent a species of Dicranomyia Lamb or allied genus ( Tipulidae). The larva, however, is a shore fly of the tribe Ephydrini and undoubtedly represents E. macquariensis, the only known species of that tribe from Macquarie Island.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8901878B182CFF87FF5D5D13FDA022D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mathis, Wayne N.;Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2025): A review of Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5673 (2): 227-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4
8901878B182FFF9BFF5D5E97FAB62264.text	8901878B182FFF9BFF5D5E97FAB62264.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephydrella novaezealandiae (Tonnoir and Malloch)	<div><p>5. Ephydrella novaezealandiae (Tonnoir and Malloch)</p><p>Figs. 31–38</p><p>Ephydra (Ephydrella) novaezealandiae Tonnoir and Malloch 1926: 8 .— Benham 1905: 308–312 [figures of puparium, larval description].</p><p>Ephydrella novaezealandiae .— Cresson 1935: 354 [generic combination].— Miller 1950: 111 [catalog of New Zealand Diptera].— Harrison 1959: 246–247 [fauna of New Zealand].—Bayly 1969: 107–108, 111 [ecology].— Dumbleton 1969: 43–44 [immature stages].— Carlton 1971: 1–25 [figures of larvae, biology].— Mathis 1989: 647 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].— Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 248 [world catalog].— Winterbourn et al. 2000: 82 [review, larvae].— Hughes et al. 2004: 838, 840 [specimens with Stigmatomyces ephydrae Mercier &amp; Poiss].</p><p>Mydaezealandia glauca Salmon 1937: 360 [New Zealand. Napier, LT ♂ (designated herein), MONZ].— Salmon 1950: 2 [synonymy with E. spathulata]. syn. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.—This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately large shore flies, body length 4.30–4.70 mm. Body grayish brown to brown; at least abdomen and mesonotum green or brown, more sparsely microtomentose, subshiny to shiny.</p><p>Head (Figs. 31–32): Frons and face grayish brown; mesofrons shiny, metallic brown; parafrons blackish brown to brown, dull, microtomentose, dull. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.37–0.40.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 33): Mesonotum generally microtomentose, grayish brown to brown, with faint indication of more grayish longitudinal stripes. Acrostichal setulae, except for posterior pair, small, sparse, and not organized into rows; scutellum longer than wide, pointed apically. Costal vein ratio 0.24; M 1 vein ratio 0.71. Legs blackish brown with basitarsomere of middle leg yellowish brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 34–37): Tergites microtomentose, grayish green to grayish blue, mostly dull but with slight metallic reflections. Male terminalia (Figs. 34–37): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 34) conspicuously higher than wide, dorsal margin acutely arched, height of cercal cavity about 1/3 overall height of epandrium, epandrium in lateral view (Fig. 35) with dorsal portion robustly formed, tapered to broad, angulate dorsum, ventral portion semirectangular, anterior margin evenly concave; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 34) drop-like, tapered dorsally, in lateral view (Fig. 35) semihemispherical; surstylus in posterior view (Fig. 34) more or less robustly digitiform, expanded slightly from base, widest at midlength, thereafter slightly tapered to rounded apex, surstyli in lateral view (Fig. 35) nearly straight on apical 2/3, parallel sided, apex rounded; medioventral process in posterior view (Fig. 34) well developed, triangular; phallus in lateral view (Fig. 35) longer than high, more or less V-shaped, dorsal margin shallowly sinuous, basal margin with a somewhat rectangular protrusion, twice as high as wide, corners rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 36) elongate, length almost 3X width, lateral margins pedunculate, base rectangular with rounded corners, apical fourth tapered to a point; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 37) with keel twice as long as wide, keel broadly rounded, ventral extension (to postgonite) and dorsal extension (to base of phallus) about equal in length, in ventral view (Fig. 36) narrowly V-shaped, becoming narrower apically; postgonite+hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 37) with base as a dorsally curved tapered projection, dorsal portion extended apically as a narrow, curved, gradually tapered band, ventral portion somewhat rectangular, dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral margin very shallowly arched, apical margin concave, in ventral view (Fig. 36) with lateral margins broadly projected, rounded, narrowed basally and apically, apical extension more elongate than base, with a sharp recurve laterally at midlength, thereafter apically more sharply narrowed to acute apical point.</p><p>Primary Type Material.— The holotype male of Ephydra (Ephydrella) novaezealandiae Tonnoir and Malloch is labeled “[New Zealand.] Christchurch 17 Feb. 1922 A. Tonnoir / TYPE Ephydra novae-zealandiae n.sp. ♂ A. Tonnoir det. [pink; species name, gender symbol, and “n.sp.” handwritten].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten wound around base pin, bent at 90° angle upward), is in excellent condition (apex of abdomen removed, mounted on a small celluloid slide that is attached to the main pin beneath the locality label; right arista missing, few setae missoriented), and is deposited in the NZAC .</p><p>The lectotype male of Mydaezealandia glauca Salmon, here designated to stabilize and make more universal the use of this name, is labeled “[New Zealand.] NAPIER 3/4/35 [3 Apr 1935; date handwritten]/ I.C. Edmundson [handwritten]/red disk/red disk/Hydaezealandia glauca Type Det. J. T. Salmon [handwritten]/ HOLOTYPE [red].” The lectotype is directly pinned, is in fair condition, and is deposited in the MONZ .</p><p>Type Locality.— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.63667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.531666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.63667/lat -43.531666)">Australasian</a>: New Zealand. South Island. Christchurch (43°31.9'S, 172°38.2'E) .</p><p>Specimens Examined from New Zealand. — NORTH ISLAND. AK: Mangere (36°58.1'S, 174°47.5'E), 5 Feb 1962 (1♂, 2♀; NZAC); Mangere, Auckland Metropolitan Drainage Board Area (36°58.1'S, 174°47.5'E), 4 May 1959, K. A. J. Wise (7♂, 10♀; NZAC); Maketu (37°45.5'S, 176°27'E; pool on salt meadow), 31 May 1970, J. Gillespie (2♂, 2♀; NZAC); Miranda (37°11.1'S, 175°18.9'E; muddy margins of salt march; Stigmatomyces ephydrae Mercier &amp; Poiss on mesonotum and legs of male and female), 27 Mar 2000, A. Weir, C. Carlton., AW934; Orrs Beach, Papatoetoe (36°59.8'S, 174°49'E), 11 Sep 1966, K. A. J. Wise (1♀; AMNZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.745&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.996666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.745/lat -36.996666)">Puketutu Island</a> (36°57.8.5'S, 174°44.7'E; near Mangere), 6 Apr 1969, B. P. May (5♂, 7♀; NZAC). BP: Bay of Plenty, Tauranga Harbour (37°40.6'S, 176°12'E; behind airport), 21 May–1 Aug 1970, J. Gillespie (5♂, 3♀; NZAC). HB: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.99333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.641666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.99333/lat -39.641666)">Clifton</a> (39°38.5'S, 176°59.6'E), 10 Nov 1922, J. W. Campbell (9♂, 10♀; NHMUK). ND: Mokohinau, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.1/lat -35.916668)">Burgess Island</a> (35°55'S, 176°06'E), 24 Aug 1955, R. A. Harrison (2♀; LUNZ); Sandy Bay (beach; 35°33.4'S, 174°28.5'E), 6 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (4♀; USNM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.45334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.518333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.45334/lat -35.518333)">Whananaki South</a> (mangrove and beach; 35°31.1'S, 174°27.2'E), 6–8 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (5♂, 6♀; USNM). WN: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.00833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.871666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.00833/lat -40.871666)">Owhiro Bay</a> (S of Wellington; 41°06.2'S, 174°55.1'E), 10 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (2♂; NZAC); Pauatahanui (E side of Porirua Harbour; 41°06.5'S, 174°51.3'E), 11 Nov 1977, E. I. Schlinger (5♂, 2♀; NZAC); Waikanae Beach (40°52.3'S, 175°0.5'E), 6–7 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). WO: Raglan (37°49.6'S, 174°53.6'E; freshwater pond), 17 May 1971, J. Gillespie (1♂, 2♀; NZAC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.32333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.181667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.32333/lat -37.181667)">Miranda Beach</a> (37°10.9'S, 175°19.4'E), 3 Dec 1950, K. A. J. Wise (3♂, 1♀; NZAC) .</p><p>SOUTH ISLAND. CO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.08667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.576668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.08667/lat -45.576668)">Sutton Salt Lake</a> (45°34.6'S, 170°05.2'E), 11 Nov 1989, A. C. Harris (6♂, 8♀; OMNZ) . DN: Otago Peninsula, Hoopers Inlet, Allans <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.68834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.866665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.68834/lat -45.866665)">Beach Road</a> (45°52.0'S, 170°41.3'E); 13 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (11♂, 7♀; USNM) ; Otago Peninsula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.66167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.851665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.66167/lat -45.851665)">Hoopers Inlet</a> (45°51.1'S, 170°39.7'E); 13 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 2♀; USNM) ; Warrington (45°42.6'S, 170°36'E; beach), 11 Dec 1977, E. I. Schlinger (3♂, 5♀; NZAC) . MC: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.545" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.73/lat -43.545)">Avon Heathcote</a> (43°32.7'S, 172°43.8'E; mud flats), 5 Jan 1977, P. G. McGregor (2♂, 4♀; CMNZ) ; Banks Peninsula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.96834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.803333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.96834/lat -43.803333)">Akaroa</a> (43°48.2'S, 172°58.1'E), 10 Dec 1924, A. Tonnoir (1♂; paratype; CMNZ) ; Banks Peninsula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.81667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.81667/lat -43.65)">Port Levy</a> (43°39'S, 172°49'E), 26–28 Feb 1999, S. A. Marshall (1♀; GUE) ; Banks Peninsula, Lake Forsyth (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.78&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.78" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.78/lat -43.78)">Rt.</a> 75) (43°46.8'S, 172°46.8'E), 15 Dec 1986, B. J. and F. C. Thompson (8♂, 9♀; USNM) ; Banks Peninsula, Robinsons Bay (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.761665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.96/lat -43.761665)">Rt.</a> 75; beach; 43°45.7'S, 172°57.6'E), 15 Dec–31 Jan 1986, 2004, W. N. Mathis, B. J. and F. C. Thompson (10♂, 2♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.70833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.826668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.70833/lat -43.826668)">Birdings Flat</a> (43°49.6'S, 172°42.5'E), 18 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (28♂, 7♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.70667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.70667/lat -43.43)">Brooklands Lagoon</a> (43°25.8'S, 172°42.4'E), 17 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.70833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.70833/lat -43.665)">Charteris Bay</a> (43°39.9'S, 172°42.5'E), 21 Sep 1925, A. Tonnoir (1♂, 1♀; paratypes; CMNZ) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.63667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.531666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.63667/lat -43.531666)">Christchurch</a> (43°31.9'S, 172°38.2'E), 17 Feb 1922, 1 Oct 1925, A. Tonnoir (5♂, 5♀; paratypes; AMNZ, CMNZ, NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.72166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.556667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.72166/lat -43.556667)">Crom McCormack's Bay</a>, east outlet (43°33.4'S, 172°43.3'E), 24 Dec 1976, P. G. McGregor (1♀; CMNZ) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.64333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.64333/lat -43.616665)">Governors Bay</a> (43°37'S, 172°38.6'E), 18 Sep 1922, J. F. Tapley (4♂, 6♀; CMNZ) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.75833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.79" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.75833/lat -43.79)">Lake Forsyth</a> (43°47.4'S, 172°45.5'E), 18 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♀; USNM) . NN: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.86667/lat -40.516666)">Farewell Spit</a> (40°31'S, 172°52'E), 4–11 May 1977 (2♂, 2♀; CMNZ) ; Nelson (41°17.9'S, 173°14.7'E), Jul 1927, A. Tonnoir (1♂, 2♀; NZAC); Nelson (airport; 41°18.2'S, 173°13.6'E), 11 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 9♀; NZAC, USNM) . WN: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.77167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.343334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.77167/lat -41.343334)">Island Bay</a>, Wellington (41°20.6'S, 174°46.3'E), 4 Feb 1921, G . V. Hudson (1♀; NHMUK) .</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 38).—Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand (AK, BP, CO, DN, MC, ND, NN, WN, WO).</p><p>Natural History.—Larvae of this species live in brackish water associated with inland (Bayly 1967) and tidal estuaries (Dumbleton 1969, Carlton 1971) with 5.5–16% salinity. The initial description and illustration of the puparium with a strong ventral groove and a bifid “tail” (Benham 1905) is of this species (Bayly 1967, Dumbleton 1969). This may be the only species of Ephydrella that is found at inland sites with saline water.</p><p>Carlton (1971) found that larvae consumed green algae and diatoms on Salicornia and that the food had been digested before reaching the midgut. At room temperatures (17–25°C) it took 23–31 days for males and females respectively to go from egg to adult. Adult flight is limited below 16°C, and females did not oviposit when temperatures were 19–23°C.</p><p>Remarks.— Salmon(1937) described the junior synonym, Mydaezealandia glauca, and then (1950) synonymized his species with E. spathulata Cresson, probably without having examined the holotype of E. spathulata . As part of this study, we studied the primary types of all species, and based on these observations, we propose the new synonymy noted above. We directly compared specimens, especially structures of the male terminalia, which are fortunately exposed in most male specimens of the type series.</p><p>This species is distinguished from congeners, especially E. spathulata, by the following combination of characters: facial protrusion mostly unicolorous; at least abdomen and mesonotum green or brown, more sparsely microtomentose, subshiny to shiny; acrostichal setulae irregularly arranged in 4–5 rows, inconspicuous; legs blackish brown with basitarsomere of middle leg yellowish brown; surstylus digitiform, more or less parallel sided.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8901878B182FFF9BFF5D5E97FAB62264	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mathis, Wayne N.;Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2025): A review of Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5673 (2): 227-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4
8901878B1832FF9DFF5D594EFDC02315.text	8901878B1832FF9DFF5D594EFDC02315.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephydrella spathulata Cresson	<div><p>6. Ephydrella spathulata Cresson</p><p>Figs. 39–43</p><p>Ephydrella spathulata Cresson 1935: 355 .— Miller 1950: 111 [catalog of New Zealand Diptera].— Harrison 1959: 248–249 [fauna of New Zealand].— Mathis 1989: 647 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].— Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 248 [world catalog].</p><p>Diagnosis.—This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately large shore flies, body length 4.30–4.60 mm. At least abdomen and mesonotum green or brown, more sparsely microtomentose, subshiny to shiny.</p><p>Head: Frons and face generally dark colored, brown; mesofrons shiny brown with dark brown; parafrons grayish brown to black, densely microtomentose. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.40–0.43.</p><p>Thorax: Mesonotum dark brown with even darker brown, shinier longitudinal stripes through acrostichal and dorsocentral tracks; anepisternum brown, similar to facial color, other pleurites gray, some specimens with faintly greenish gray to bluish gray. Acrostichal setulae irregularly arranged in 4–5 rows, inconspicuous. Costal vein ratio 0.23–0.24; M 1 vein ratio 0.66–0.74. Legs blackish brown with basitarsomere of middle leg yellowish brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 40–43): Tergites microtomentose, grayish green. Male terminalia (Figs. 40–43): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 40) almost as wide as high, widest on basal half, dorsal half tapered to evenly arched dorsal margin, epandrium in lateral view (Fig. 41) robustly developed, irregularly hexagonal; cercal cavity in posterior view (Fig. 40) about half overall epandrial height, cerci in posterior view (Fig. 40) drop-like, tapered dorsally, medial margin shallowly concave, in lateral view (Fig. 41) semicircular; surstyli in posterior view (Fig. 40) elongate, robustly developed, digitiform, slightly wider on apical portion, apex obtusely pointed, bearing setulae along medial margin toward base, in lateral view (Fig. 41) irregularly clavate, setulae more evident on basal half; medioventral projection in posterior view (Fig. 40) triangular, short, each process tapered to acute apex; phallus in lateral view (Fig. 43) longer than high, irregularly rectangular, dorsal margin arched, in ventral view (Fig. 42) basal ¾ rectangular, less sclerotized, gradually becoming broader to apical ¼, apical portion abruptly narrowed to bifurcate as 2 narrow apical projections; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 43) elongate, narrow, with keel 3X longer than wide, keel broadly rounded, narrow, ventral extension (to postgonite) and dorsal extension (to base of phallus) about equal in length, in ventral view (Fig. 42) with basal margin broadly V-shaped; postgonite+hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 43) as a irregularly rectangular lateral shield of phallus, basal margin sloped from shorter dorsal margin to longer ventral margin, dorsal margin irregularly curved, apical margin with 2 concave scallops ventrad from pointed dorsoapical, pointed corner, in ventral view (Fig. 42) with lateral margins extended laterally, somewhat triangular with vertex broadly rounded, basal margin somewhat truncate, apical slope tapered to acute apical point, extended thereafter basally nearly straight.</p><p>Primary Type Material.— The holotype male of Ephydrella spathulata Cresson is labeled “Queenstown N[EW]. Z[EALAND]. 12-12-22 [12 Dec 1922] Leon Cuetis [handwritten]/ CPAlexander donor/ ♂ [♂ symbol in red]/9172/ Type No. 51099 U.S. N.M. [red; number handwritten]/TYPE No. Ephydrella SPATHULATA E T Cresson, Jr. [red; species name handwritten].” The holotype is directly pinned, is in fair condition (generally appearing tattered; basal flagellomeres and several cephalic setae missing; wings torn; structures of male terminalia exposed well) and is deposited in the USNM (51099).</p><p>Type Locality.— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.66&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.02667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.66/lat -45.02667)">Australasian</a>: New Zealand. South Island. Queenstown (45°01.6'S, 168°39.6'E) .</p><p>Specimens Examined from New Zealand. — SOUTH ISLAND. CO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=169.87&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 169.87/lat -44.533333)">Berwen Station</a> (upland bog; 44°32'S, 169°52.2'E; 1589 m), 2 Feb 2002, R. P. Macfarlane (3♂, 2♀; USNM). OL: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.38834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.38834/lat -44.85)">Queenstown</a> (45°01.6'S, 168°39.6'E), 12 Dec 1922, L. Cuetis (1♂; holotype, 5♀; paratypes; USNM). Glenorchy (44°51'S, 168°23.3'E), R. S. Oliver, 1 Mar 1923 (1♀; paratype; USNM).</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 39).—Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand. South Island (CO, OL).</p><p>Natural History.—The habitat of this species extends to subalpine tussocks around sluggish springs on the south end of the Ewe Range. The range of this species would seem to be central Otago or inland on South Island.</p><p>Remarks.—This species is distinguished from congeners, especially E. novaezealandiae, by the following combination of characters: facial protrusion mostly unicolorous; at least abdomen and mesonotum green or brown, more sparsely microtomentose, subshiny to shiny; acrostichal setulae irregularly arranged in 4–5 rows, inconspicuous; legs blackish brown with basitarsomere of middle leg yellowish brown; surstylus narrow basally, somewhat angularly spatulate apically.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8901878B1832FF9DFF5D594EFDC02315	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mathis, Wayne N.;Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2025): A review of Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5673 (2): 227-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4
8901878B1834FF9FFF5D58A7FBEB2069.text	8901878B1834FF9FFF5D58A7FBEB2069.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephydrella thermarum Dumbleton	<div><p>7. Ephydrella thermarum Dumbleton</p><p>Figs. 39, 44–50</p><p>Ephydrella thermarum Dumbleton 1969: 39 [immature stages].— Winterbourn 1969: 463–4 [ecology]; 1973: 72–78 [ecology].— James 1985: 440 [list].— Mathis 1989: 648 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].— Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 248 [world catalog].— Winterbourn et al. 2000: 82 [review, larvae].</p><p>Diagnosis.—This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately large to large shore flies, body length 4.50–5.35 mm.</p><p>Head (Figs. 44–46): Frons and face brown, generally densely microtomentose except for shiny mesofrons, which is mostly shiny, metallic bluish green to bronze, lacking distinctive gray area laterally. Facial protrusion or hump unicolorous. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.32–0.36.</p><p>Thorax (Figs. 44–46): Mesonotum generally dark colored, brown to blackish brown; pleural areas brown to gray. Wing faintly to darkly infuscate, brown; costal vein ratio 0.23–0.30; M 1 vein ratio 0.66–0.74. Legs, including basitarsomere, blackish brown.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 47–50): Tergites dark colored, shiny dark blue, each tergite becoming slightly grayer toward posterior margin. Male terminalia (Figs. 47–50): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 47) with width nearly 2/3 height, dorsal margin broadly rounded, in lateral view (Fig. 48) with basal portion rectangular, dorsal position tapered to narrowly truncate dorsum; surstyli in posterior view (Fig. 47) with apical ¾ parallel-sided, straight, evenly setulose an lateral and medial margins, apex bluntly rounded, in lateral view (Fig. 48) appearing more robust than posterior view, digitiform, anterior margin sinuous with midlength bulge, posterior margin nearly straight; ventromedial process short in posterior view (Fig. 47), triangular, each half narrow, tapered to relatively sharp point; phallus in lateral view (Fig. 50) higher than long, truncate apically, ventral margin broadly truncate, at most shallowly concave, in ventral view (Fig. 49) twice as narrow basally as subapical width, lateral margins shallowly sinuous, apical third tapered medially to broadly pointed apex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 50) elongate, narrow, with distinctly projected keel, keel occupying medial third, ventral extension (to postgonite) and dorsal extension (to base of phallus) comparatively elongate, about equal in length, in ventral view (Fig. 49) elongate, conspicuously tapered to apex, lateral margin shallowly concave, basal margin broadly, shallowly concave; postgonite+hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 50) elongate, base as a dorsally curved tapered projection, dorsal margin essentially straight on basal half to a third, thereafter angulate then shallow concave to apex, apical fourth narrow, shallowly curved, acutely pointed, ventral margin broadly and angularly concave, in ventral view (Fig. 49) with lateral margins bluntly projected, thereafter basally tapered to phallapodeme, anterior half likewise tapered medially, elongate, narrow to apical fourth, latter section very narrow, angled lateroapically.</p><p>Primary Type Material.— The holotype male is labeled “ Ephydrella thermarum Dumb. [handwritten]/[New Zealand.] Black Terraces TAUPO. 25.X.66. [25 Oct 1966] J. S. Armstrong [handwritten]/ HOLOTYPE ♂ [handwritten].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a rectangular block of polyporus), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the NZAC .</p><p>Type Locality.— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.07/lat -38.685)">Australasian</a>: New Zealand. North Island. Taupo, Black Terraces (38°41.1'S, 176°04.2'E) .</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.326668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.375/lat -38.326668)">Specimens Examined</a> from New Zealand. — NORTH ISLAND. BP: Old Waiotapu Road (hot spring; 38°19.6'S, 176°22.5'E), 8 Feb 1998, V. Hollmann, W. N. Mathis (10♂, 12♀; NZAC, USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.395&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.285" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.395/lat -38.285)">Rotorua</a>, Waimangu (38°17.1'S, 176°23.7'E), 21 Nov 1974, A. K. Walker (2♂; NZAC, USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.4/lat -38.283333)">Rotorua</a>, Waimangu, Trinity Terrace (38°17'S, 176°24'E), 19 Dec 1969, L. M. Brock (1♂, 6♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.39&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.286667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.39/lat -38.286667)">The Caudron</a>, Waimangru Valley (38°17.2'S, 176°23.4'E), 10 May 1971, K. A. J. Wise (3♀; AMNZ) . TO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.07/lat -38.685)">Taupo</a>, Black Terraces (38°41.1'S, 176°04.2'E), 23 Oct 1966, J. S. Armstrong (7♂, 9♀; paratypes; NZAC) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.07/lat -38.685)">Taupo</a> (38°41.1'S, 176°04.2'E; hot spring), 25 Oct 1966, J. S. Armstrong (1♂, 1♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.07/lat -38.685)">Taupo</a>, DeBrett Hotel / Spa (38°41.1'S, 176°04.2'E), 24 Dec 1969, L. M. Brock (3♂, 2♀; USNM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.75/lat -38.955)">Tokaanu</a> (38°57.3'S, 175°45'E; hot springs), 20 Feb 1965, G. Kuschel (6♂, 2♀; NZAC) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.75/lat -38.955)">Tongarivo National Park</a>, Hitetake (38°57.3'S, 175°45'E; hot springs), 23 Dec 1969, L. M. Brock (1♂, 2♀; USNM) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.13834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.47333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.13834/lat -38.47333)">Orakei Korato</a> (38°28.4'S, 176°08.3'E; hot springs), 25 Dec 1969, L. M. Brock (1♂, 3♀; USNM) .</p><p>SOUTH ISLAND. DN: Otago Peninsula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.66167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.851665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.66167/lat -45.851665)">Hoopers Inlet</a> (45°51.1'S, 170°39.7'E); 13 Jan 2004, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). MC: Christchurch (43°31.9'S, 172°38.2'E), 17 Feb 1922, A. Tonnoir (1♀; paratype; USNM); Christchurch (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.69667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.485" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.69667/lat -43.485)">Styx Mill Reserve</a>; 43°28.1'S, 172°36.4'E), 17 Oct 2002, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.69667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.485" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.69667/lat -43.485)">Christchurch</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.69667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.485" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.69667/lat -43.485)">Travis Marsh</a> (43°29.1'S, 172°41.8'E), 21 Dec 1995, R. P. Macfarlane (5♂, 3♀; CMNZ) .</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 39).—Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand. North Island (BP, TO). South Island (DN, MC).</p><p>Natural History.—This species feeds on algae that are usually associated with hot springs (38–48°C) in the central North Island (Winterbourn 1968, 1969, James 1985). On South Island the species has been found in Copeland Hot Springs (Winterbourn 1973) but also at sites in Christchurch.</p><p>Remarks.—This species is distinguished from congeners from New Zealand, especially E. aquaria, by the following combination of characters: facial protrusion or hump unicolorous; mesonotum mostly shiny, metallic bluish green to bronze, lacking distinctive gray area laterally; legs blackish brown, including basitarsomeres; surstyli relatively long and narrow, about 6X length of medial process, parallel sided, apex rounded; medial and lateral margins of surstyli bearing minute but conspicuous setulae evenly along length.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8901878B1834FF9FFF5D58A7FBEB2069	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mathis, Wayne N.;Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2025): A review of Ephydrella Tonnoir and Malloch from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5673 (2): 227-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.4
