taxonID	type	description	language	source
21C9070A90515969BCB5E2A6835EC301.taxon	description	Fig. 22	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
21C9070A90515969BCB5E2A6835EC301.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Formosa, the former name of Taiwan, where the type specimen was collected.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
21C9070A90515969BCB5E2A6835EC301.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidia produced on carnation leaves and WA. Conidiophores solitary, subcylindrical, light brown, unbranched, straight to slightly flexuous, and thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells subcylindrical, light brown to light gray, terminal or intercalary, with flared collarettes. Conidia solitary or aggregated in clusters, subcylindrical to slightly curved, with an obtuse apex, guttules, hyaline, smooth-walled, and 0 to 3 - septate, 13.4 – 19.9 µm × 3.8 – 6.1 µm (x ̄ = 16.3 × 4.6 µm, L / W ratio = 3.6, n = 50). Chlamydospores rusty copper-brown, circular to slightly ellipsoidal, clustered 1 – 3 on PDA and WA. Single chlamydospores 6.1 – 8.9 µm × 5.9 – 8.4 µm (x ̄ = 7.3 × 7.2 µm, L / W ratio = 1.0, n = 50).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
21C9070A90515969BCB5E2A6835EC301.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony reaching 60 mm diam with flat, spreading, gray margin and dark gray blue in the center, reverse similar.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
2B3F825AF4D05C84B24F041C6E4EA0CF.taxon	description	Fig. 29	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
2B3F825AF4D05C84B24F041C6E4EA0CF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Formosa, the former name of Taiwan, where the type specimen was collected.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
2B3F825AF4D05C84B24F041C6E4EA0CF.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph No sporulation on PDA and MEA, conidiomata produced very few on carnation leaves and surface of WA. Conidiomata 260 – 460 µm diam, randomly scattered, superficial, sporodochial, stromatic, subglobose to irregular in outline, dark green to black, agglutinated slimy mass of conidia. Setae thick-walled, hyaline, smooth, septate, straight to slightly curved, tapering to sharp apices, 170 – 240 µm long, 4 – 6 µm wide at broadest part. Conidiophores unbranched, hyaline to green, smooth to lightly verrucose, arising from basal stroma. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, smooth, with collarette at tip, 17.2 – 22.7 µm × 1.7 – 2.3 µm (x ̄ = 20 × 1.9 µm, n = 25). Conidia aseptate, hyaline, fusiform, smooth, few with funnel-shaped apical appendage, 7.8 – 9.0 µm × 2.1 – 3 µm (x ̄ = 8.4 × 2.6 µm, L / W ratio = 3.32, n = 50).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
2B3F825AF4D05C84B24F041C6E4EA0CF.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony reaching 60 mm diam with white, fluffy, cotton-like mycelium in center that gradually thinned toward the edges with a slightly irregular margin. A slight yellowish-green pigment diffused in PDA and the reverse side of the medium appeared canary yellow.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
BB4BCCB1B2C25C1B92CB224F574DA617.taxon	description	Fig. 31	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
BB4BCCB1B2C25C1B92CB224F574DA617.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the serpentine soil from which the species was isolated.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
BB4BCCB1B2C25C1B92CB224F574DA617.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph No sporulation on PDA and MEA, conidiomata produced on carnation leaves. Conidiomata 258 – 548 µm diam, 70 – 225 µm deep, randomly scattered, superficial, sporodochial, stromatic, globose to subglobose, smooth outline, dark green to black, agglutinated slimy, mucoid mass of conidia. Setae thick-walled, hyaline, smooth, septate, straight to slightly curved, tapering to sharp apices, 180 – 280 µm long, 5 – 7 µm wide at broadest part. Conidiophores unbranched, hyaline to green, smooth to lightly verrucose, arising from basal stroma. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, smooth, with collarette at tip, 18.3 – 23.5 µm × 1.6 – 2.2 µm (x ̄ = 21.0 × 1.9 µm, n = 25). Conidia aseptate, hyaline, fusiform, smooth, funnel-shaped apical appendage, 7.4 – 8.7 µm × 2.2 – 3.1 µm (x ̄ = 8.1 × 2.7 µm, L / W ratio = 3.07, n = 50).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
BB4BCCB1B2C25C1B92CB224F574DA617.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony reaching 38 mm diam with abundant white, cotton-like mycelium and slightly irregular margin. A mustard pigment developed, and the reverse side of the medium appeared pale yellow.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
E5999C2B8014521EBE1F4DA3293C22AF.taxon	description	Fig. 24	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
E5999C2B8014521EBE1F4DA3293C22AF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Formosa, the former name of Taiwan, where the type specimen was collected.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
E5999C2B8014521EBE1F4DA3293C22AF.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidia were observed on WA. Conidiophores mostly solitary, phialidic, straight but some curved, smooth, hyaline, arising directly from aerial or substratal hyphe, unbranched, mono-phialides or adelophialides predominant, 7 – 18 × 2 – 3 μm. Conidia ellipsoidal, sometimes fusoid, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, 1 - celled, several tiny guttules, arranged in slimy heads, 3.7 – 7.4 µm × 2.0 – 3.9 µm (x ̄ = 4.9 × 2.6 µm, L / W ratio = 1.94, n = 50).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
E5999C2B8014521EBE1F4DA3293C22AF.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibits slow growth, reaching 35 mm diam with creamy white, radially folded, slightly rugose at center region, smooth margin, reverse pale yellow.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
0C2FB4C508275A609BF01601A0C4538C.taxon	description	Fig. 36	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
0C2FB4C508275A609BF01601A0C4538C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Formosa, the former name of Taiwan, where the type specimen was collected.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
0C2FB4C508275A609BF01601A0C4538C.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidia were observed on WA. Conidiophores solitary, hyaline, straight to slightly flexuous, arising from hyphal ropes or vegetative hyphae. Phialides subulate to ampulliform, hyaline, terminal or lateral, with conspicuous periclinal thickening and cylindrical collarette, 4 – 18 µm long. Mono-phialides or adelophialides predominant, few poly-phialides with two conidiogenous loci. Conidia cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, 1 - celled, with 1 to 2 guttules, sometimes aggregated in clusters forming a slimy head, 3.6 – 4.6 µm × 1.7 – 2.4 µm (x ̄ = 4.2 × 2.1 µm, L / W ratio = 2.04, n = 50).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
0C2FB4C508275A609BF01601A0C4538C.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibit slow growth, reaching 30 mm diam with flat, creamy white, and velvety to powdery at the center, gradually thinning toward the edges with a smooth margin. The reverse side of the colony displayed similar characteristics.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
27D1C231121F5112904123D882669F67.taxon	description	Fig. 3	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
27D1C231121F5112904123D882669F67.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the serpentine soil from which the species was isolated.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
27D1C231121F5112904123D882669F67.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidiophores submerged in WA, hyaline, flexuous, rarely straight, septate, sometimes branched, 10 – 25 µm. Conidiogenous cells hyaline to pale brown, holoblastic, monoblastic, terminal, occasionally intercalary, subcylindrical to swollen. Conidia hyaline to pale brown when immature, brown to dark brown when mature, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal or ovoid, finely verrucose, 3 – 5 septate, 31.3 – 48.6 µm × 12 – 15.7 µm (x ̄ = 37.8 × 14 µm, L / W ratio = 2.72, n = 30). Chlamydospores brown to dark brown, dumb-bell-shaped, terminal, straight or sometimes curved, occasionally branched, 108 – 163 µm in length, 8 – 15 µm in width.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
27D1C231121F5112904123D882669F67.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibits slow growth, reaching 35 mm diam with pale gray, fluffy to floccose surface and smooth margins. Reverse side of the colony showed a central brownish color that gradually fades into a lighter beige ring toward the edges.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
C97BC4B5389456EAAECA84F0FDECD4B4.taxon	description	Fig. 34	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
C97BC4B5389456EAAECA84F0FDECD4B4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Formosa, the former name of Taiwan, where the type specimen was collected.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
C97BC4B5389456EAAECA84F0FDECD4B4.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph Ascomata 342 – 504 µm diam, non-ostiolate, globose, dirty gray when immature, black when mature, submerged in PDA. Peridium multi-layered, brown, translucent, membranous, angular cells. Asci clavate to cylindrical, hyaline when immature, eight-spored, 74 – 111 µm × 14 – 21 µm (x ̄ = 90.9 × 17.8 µm, L / W ratio = 5.13, n = 20). Ascospores two-celled; upper cell ellipsoidal to slightly fusiform, smooth, brown, multiple guttules, subapical germ pore, 18.3 – 24.6 µm × 8.8 – 12.5 µm (x ̄ = 21.3 × 11.0 µm, L / W ratio = 1.95, n = 50), lower cell cylindrical with slightly tapering or rounded end, hyaline to pale brown, thin-walled, 4.0 – 8.0 µm × 3.1 – 5.8 µm (x ̄ = 5.8 × 4.3 µm, L / W ratio = 1.36, n = 50). Asexual morph undetermined.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
C97BC4B5389456EAAECA84F0FDECD4B4.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibit rapid growth, reaching 80 mm diam with flat, sparse aerial mycelium, white, surface and margins slight smooth. The reverse exhibited blackish-gray center, with a gradient radiating outward into lighter gray tones.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
0D8F09CD4A1D5EE3B5945D0B17AD81DB.taxon	description	Fig. 32	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
0D8F09CD4A1D5EE3B5945D0B17AD81DB.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph Cleistothecia 105 – 145 µm diam, non-ostiolate, globose, glabrous, black when mature, solitary to aggregated, mostly superficial, some submerged in PDA, aerial mycelium covered. Peridium brown, semi-translucent, membranous, textura epidermoidea. Asci subglobose to pyriform, hyaline when immature, eight-spored, 23.7 – 27.0 µm × 20.5 – 23.5 µm (x ̄ = 25.5 × 22.5 µm, L / W ratio = 1.13, n = 10). Ascospores 1 celled, olivaceous brown when mature, subglobose to ellipsoidal, some smooth, apical germ pore, 9.3 – 11.7 µm × 6.7 – 9.0 µm (x ̄ = 10.5 × 7.6 µm, L / W ratio = 1.39, n = 20). Asexual morph undetermined.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
0D8F09CD4A1D5EE3B5945D0B17AD81DB.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony reaching 50 mm diam with thick white aerial mycelium, fluffy, edge irregularly, wavy margin, and similar to reverse side of the colony.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
F25A3AAE047C55DC8D2AD3EEA8B1F49F.taxon	description	Fig. 5	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
F25A3AAE047C55DC8D2AD3EEA8B1F49F.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidia produced on carnation leaves and on the surface or submerged in WA. Conidiophores short (7 – 13.5 µm) or absent. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic. Conidia solitary, orange-brown when immature, turn brown in mature, occasionally with paler end cells in pale brown, broadly fusiform, most 5 thick and obvious septa (few 3 – 4 septa), rough, thick-walled, 37.6 – 50 µm × 11.8 – 17 µm (x ̄ = 44 × 14.5 µm, L / W ratio = 3.05, n = 20).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
F25A3AAE047C55DC8D2AD3EEA8B1F49F.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony reaching 30 mm diam with dark grayish-brown in the center, pale brown to gray in margin, velvety, rough surface, entire edge, and similar to reverse side of the colony.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
7BF74E62A94B5CEFADFB8866F5297F48.taxon	description	Fig. 9	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
7BF74E62A94B5CEFADFB8866F5297F48.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Sporulation difficult on PDA and MEA, conidiomata produced on carnation leaves and on the surface or submerged in WA. Conidiomata 140 – 196 µm, pycnidial, brown, globose to subglobose, ostiolate, superficial on WA and carnation leaves, with dark brown, septate setae. Pycnidial wall textura angularis to globulosa, brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, phialidic, smooth-walled, and hard to distinguish from the pycnidial wall 3.3 – 5.6 µm × 3.0 – 4.6 µm (x ̄ = 4.4 × 3.5 µm, n = 30). Conidia hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, aseptate, with 2 small but obvious guttules, 3.6 – 5.1 µm × 1.7 – 2.5 µm (x ̄ = 4.3 × 2.2 µm, L / W ratio = 2.03, n = 50).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
7BF74E62A94B5CEFADFB8866F5297F48.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony reaching 45 mm diam with greenish-gray, flat, velvety to floccose surface and smooth margins, and similar to reverse side of the colony.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
07D4131EE4B95BDB9D2E6F760E4AB9D1.taxon	description	Fig. 7	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
07D4131EE4B95BDB9D2E6F760E4AB9D1.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidiomata 128 – 219 µm, pycnidial, globose to subglobose, dark brown, ostiolate, with dark brown, septate setae, superficial on WA and carnation leaves. Pycnidial wall textura angularis, septate setae, brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, phialidic, smooth-walled, 3.6 – 5.0 µm × 2.9 – 4.1 µm (x ̄ = 4.1 × 3.5 µm, n = 30). Conidia hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, aseptate, with 2 small guttules, 3.7 – 4.7 µm × 1.5 – 2.1 µm (x ̄ = 4.2 × 1.8 µm, L / W ratio = 2.4, n = 30).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
07D4131EE4B95BDB9D2E6F760E4AB9D1.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibit slow growth, reaching 28 mm diam with pale gray, floccose surface, smooth margins, and medium-gray on the reverse side of the colony.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
AC19729E0137562DBB7CA8BF51D12454.taxon	description	Fig. 26	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
AC19729E0137562DBB7CA8BF51D12454.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Formosa, the former name of Taiwan, where the type specimen was collected.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
AC19729E0137562DBB7CA8BF51D12454.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidia were observed on WA. Conidiophores solitary, hyaline, straight to slightly flexuous, smooth-walled, arising from hyphal ropes or vegetative hyphae. Phialides subulate, hyaline, wide at the base, with, 13 – 30 µm long. Adelophialides and schizophialides not observed. Conidia unicellular, cylindrical with rounded ends, hyaline, smooth-walled, 1 - celled, few with inconspicuous 1 to 2 guttules on the end (s), sometimes aggregated in clusters forming a slimy head, 3.5 – 5.3 µm × 1.1 – 2.1 µm (x ̄ = 4.4 × 1.5 µm, L / W ratio = 3.08, n = 50).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
AC19729E0137562DBB7CA8BF51D12454.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibit slow growth, reaching 35 mm diam with flat, pale orange, wrinkled in the center, slimy, and smooth margin. The reverse side of the colony displayed similar characteristics.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
3E11D41B25ED505D96BA609E70B9D02F.taxon	description	Fig. 28	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
3E11D41B25ED505D96BA609E70B9D02F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the serpentine soil from which the species was isolated.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
3E11D41B25ED505D96BA609E70B9D02F.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidia were observed on WA. Conidiophores solitary, hyaline, straight to slightly flexuous, smooth-walled, arising from hyphal ropes or vegetative hyphae. Phialides subulate, hyaline, wide at the base, with, 23 – 32 µm long. Schizophialides not observed. Conidia unicellular, cylindrical with rounded ends, hyaline, smooth-walled, 1 - celled, few with inconspicuous 1 to 2 guttules on the end (s), sometimes aggregated in clusters forming a slimy head, 3.2 – 5.5 µm × 1.2 – 1.8 µm (x ̄ = 4.3 × 1.5 µm, L / W ratio = 2.92, n = 30). Adelophialides observed, 3.6 – 8.8 µm long and sporulated obvious guttules and larger conidia, 3.8 – 7.0 µm × 1.6 – 2.5 µm (x ̄ = 5.3 × 2.0 µm, L / W ratio = 2.73, n = 30).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
3E11D41B25ED505D96BA609E70B9D02F.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibit slow growth, reaching 30 mm diam with flat, pale orange, slightly wrinkled in the center, slimy, and smooth margin. The reverse side of the colony displayed similar characteristics.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
E096DEC332C254D189D02AB1B69CE621.taxon	description	Fig. 10	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
E096DEC332C254D189D02AB1B69CE621.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidiomata 170 – 240 µm, pycnidial, brown, globose, ostiolate, submerged or superficial on PDA. Setae brown, straight to slightly curved, thick-walled, smooth, septate, up to 160 – 250 µm long, 3.5 – 4.0 µm wide at broadest part. Pycnidial wall textura angularis to globulosa, brown to dark brown, multi-layers. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, subglobose, smooth-walled, 3.3 – 4.5 µm × 2.3 – 3.5 µm (x ̄ = 3.9 × 2.9 µm, n = 15). Conidia hyaline, cylindrical, obtuse ends, aseptate, with 2 small but obvious guttules, 3.2 – 4.0 µm × 1.3 – 1.7 µm (x ̄ = 3.7 × 1.4 µm, L / W ratio = 2.54, n = 30).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
E096DEC332C254D189D02AB1B69CE621.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony reaching 35 mm diam with dark grayish-green in center, beige in margin, velvety, entire edge, and similar to reverse side of the colony.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
51C5D6B670E25C1FB9542F084068DDC1.taxon	description	Fig. 18	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
51C5D6B670E25C1FB9542F084068DDC1.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidiophores arose from aerial hyphae, or roping hyphal aggregations, hyaline, straight, bi-verticillate. Metulae 9.6 – 15.5 µm × 2.4 – 3.0 µm. Phialides 3 – 5, flask-shaped, 8.5 – 10.8 µm × 2.1 – 2.6 µm. Conidia globose to subglobose, hyaline, few pale green, 2.2 – 2.5 µm × 1.6 – 2.1 µm (x ̄ = 2.3 × 1.9 µm, L / W ratio = 1.20, n = 25).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
51C5D6B670E25C1FB9542F084068DDC1.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. CYA, 25 ° C, 14 days, sulcate, margin entire and white to buff, floccose, sporulation sparse, pale gray to grayish-green, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in coffee brown to caramel. MEA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin slightly irregular and beige, floccose to funiculose, sporulation dense, grayish-green, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in light yellowish brown. OA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin entire and pale gray, floccose to funiculose, sporulation dense, dark green, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in buff. PDA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin irregular and whitish, floccose to funiculose, sporulation dense, olive green, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in cream-buff. YESA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin slightly irregular, floccose, sporulation moderately dense, warm beige, soluble pigments and exudates absent; reverse in light gold to metallic gold.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
36206A46EE1B5423A3D6251729ECA32B.taxon	description	Fig. 20	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
36206A46EE1B5423A3D6251729ECA32B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Taiwan, the country where the type specimen was collected.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
36206A46EE1B5423A3D6251729ECA32B.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidiophores arose from aerial hyphae, or roping hyphal aggregations, hyaline, smooth but some slightly rough, straight, most mono-verticillate or bi-verticillate, occasionally formed subterminal side branches of mono-verticillate, 5 – 130 µm. Metulae 10.5 – 16.5 µm × 2.8 – 3.2 µm. Phialides most 3 – 5, flask-shaped, 8.2 – 15.6 µm × 2.0 – 2.8 µm, rarely mono-phialides up to 18.2 µm × 3.5 µm. Conidia globose to subglobose, few pyriform, rough surfaces and walls, hyaline in immature, pale green to green in mature, 3.3 – 4.6 µm × 2.9 – 4.0 µm (x ̄ = 3.8 × 3.5 µm, L / W ratio = 1.1, n = 50).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
36206A46EE1B5423A3D6251729ECA32B.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. CYA, 25 ° C, 14 days, obvious sulcate, margin entire, floccose, sporulation none, pale gray to beige at center, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear small droplets; reverse in yellowish brown and caramel at center. MEA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin slightly irregular and beige, floccose to funiculose, sporulation dense, grayish-green, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in cream-buff. OA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin entire and beige, floccose to funiculose, sporulation dense, olive green, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear small droplets; reverse in buff. PDA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin entire and whitish, floccose to funiculose, sporulation dense, green, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in cream-buff. YESA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin slightly irregular, floccose, sporulation moderately dense, warm beige, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear small droplets; reverse in warm beige to copper brown.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
BF3CBA2664125AA1B31EAF423F9F16A9.taxon	description	Fig. 21	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
BF3CBA2664125AA1B31EAF423F9F16A9.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph Ascomata solitary or clustered, superficial, globose to subglobose, yellow hyphae covered, 220 – 470 µm diam. Asci subglobose to ovoid, hyaline, 8.6 – 12.7 µm × 7.9 – 10.1 µm (x ̄ = 10.9 × 9.6 µm, L / W ratio = 1.14, n = 15). Ascospores ellipsoidal, spiny, thick walled, 4.2 – 5.0 µm × 2.8 – 3.5 µm (x ̄ = 4.6 × 3.2 µm, L / W ratio = 1.47, n = 25). Asexual morph Conidiophores straight, bi-verticillate, smooth walled and long stipes, up to 300 µm. Metulae 9.1 – 14.0 µm × 2.5 – 2.8 µm. Phialides 3 – 6, flask-shaped, 8.1 – 12.5 µm × 2.2 – 2.5 µm. Conidia globose to subglobose, smooth walled, hyaline to pale brownish green, 2.0 – 2.8 µm × 1.6 – 2.4 µm (x ̄ = 2.4 × 2.0 µm, L / W ratio = 1.20, n = 25).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
BF3CBA2664125AA1B31EAF423F9F16A9.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. CYA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin entire and light yellow, floccose, sporulation dense, yellowish orange, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in orange and copper brown at center. MEA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin entire and whitish, floccose, sporulation dense, grayish-green, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in cream-buff. OA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin entire and golden yellow, floccose to funiculose, sporulation dense, orange to grayish-green and wine red at center, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in buff. PDA, 25 ° C, 14 days, margin entire and light yellow, floccose, sporulation dense, yellowish orange to grayish-green, soluble pigments absent, exudates clear droplets; reverse in cream-buff. YESA, 25 ° C, 14 days, slightly sulcate, margin irregular, floccose, sporulation moderately dense, yellowish orange, soluble pigments and exudates absent; reverse in orange-brown.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
017F0F7209EB5F4DB2D4F2934622AEDD.taxon	description	Fig. 12	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
017F0F7209EB5F4DB2D4F2934622AEDD.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph Cleistothecia superficial or submerged on central region of PDA, 150 – 291 µm diam, globose to subglobose, glabrous, dirty gray when immature, black when mature. Peridium single-layered, brown, translucent, membranous, angular cells. Asci subglobose to ovoid, hyaline when immature, brown when mature, 32 - spored, 12.2 – 16.3 µm × 10.7 – 14.7 µm (x ̄ = 14.3 × 12.6 µm, L / W ratio = 1.15, n = 30). Ascospores ellipsoidal, smooth, subhyaline to light brown, 1 to 2 guttules, no germ-slits, 4.7 – 5.9 µm × 2.2 – 3.3 µm (x ̄ = 5.1 × 2.8 µm, L / W ratio = 1.87, n = 50). Asexual morph undetermined.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
017F0F7209EB5F4DB2D4F2934622AEDD.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibits rapid growth, reaching 90 mm daim with a slightly diffused edge, flat and fluffy, predominantly creamy white, with a central region transitioning to pale yellow, reverse yellow to dark yellow in the central region due to the presence of cleistothecia.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
7EB7A15828685E5B8E0E9BBE44F8474F.taxon	description	Fig. 14	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
7EB7A15828685E5B8E0E9BBE44F8474F.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Conidiomata 95 – 198 µm, globose, subglobose to irregular due to fusion of two or more, glabrous, dark brown, ostiolate, mostly superficial, some submerged in PDA. Conidia borne terminally in camel brown gelatinous mass, ellipsoidal, some globose, smooth, hyaline, 1 to 2 guttules, 3.0 – 4.1 µm × 2.4 – 3.4 µm (x ̄ = 3.5 × 2.8 µm, L / W ratio = 1.3, n = 50.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
7EB7A15828685E5B8E0E9BBE44F8474F.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibit rapid growth, reaching 90 mm daim with a uniform surface and smooth margins, forming a concentric pattern. The central region appears light grayish-brown due to dense conidiomata, while the edges exhibit a translucent beige hue.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
1F6570003D135D149BF797E68981B779.taxon	description	Fig. 15	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
1F6570003D135D149BF797E68981B779.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph Cleistothecia 187 – 296 µm diam, globose to subglobose, glabrous, dark brown to black when mature, superficial or submerged in PDA. Peridium single-layered, light brown, translucent, membranous, angular cells. Asci subglobose to ovoid, hyaline when immature, brown when mature, 32 - spored, 11.0 – 13.6 µm × 9.7 – 11.8 µm (x ̄ = 12.3 × 10.8 µm, L / W ratio = 1.14, n = 30). Ascospores ellipsoidal, smooth, subhyaline to light brown, 2 guttules, no germ-slits, 1.8 – 2.7 µm × 3.7 – 4.5 µm (x ̄ = 2.3 × 4.0 µm, L / W ratio = 1.82, n = 50). Asexual morph Conidiomata abundant on PDA at 25 ° C, 7 days post-inoculation, 44 – 88 µm, globose, subglobose to irregular due to fusion of two or more, glabrous, brown, ostiolate, superficial. Conidia borne terminally in camel brown gelatinous mass, ellipsoidal, subglobose, some pyriform, smooth, hyaline, 0 to 2 guttules, 1.8 – 2.7 µm × 3.1 – 4.0 µm (x ̄ = 2.1 × 3.3 µm, L / W ratio = 1.62, n = 50).	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
1F6570003D135D149BF797E68981B779.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibit rapid growth, reaching 80 mm daim with slightly diffuse and beige margins, yellow to pale orange pigmentation radiating outward in a concentric ring pattern, texture velvety to slightly cottony. The cleistothecia and abundant conidiomata caused the center to appear black or dark yellow.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
18B540A8218D54ED8688CCB24B8A4436.taxon	description	Fig. 16	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
18B540A8218D54ED8688CCB24B8A4436.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Formosa, the former name of Taiwan, where the type specimen was collected.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
18B540A8218D54ED8688CCB24B8A4436.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph Cleistothecia 250 – 430 µm diam, non-ostiolate, globose, glabrous, mostly superficial, some submerged in PDA, dirty gray when immature, black when mature. Peridium single-layered, brown, translucent, membranous, angular cells. Asci subglobose to globose, hyaline when immature, 32 - spored, 15.7 – 21.0 µm × 14.6 – 18.4 µm (x ̄ = 18.3 × 16.3 µm, L / W ratio = 1.1, n = 30). Ascospores ellipsoidal, smooth, subhyaline to light brown, 1 to 3 guttules, no germ-slits, 3.4 – 6.4 µm × 1.8 – 3.2 µm (x ̄ = 5.2 × 2.6 µm, L / W ratio = 2.01, n = 50). Asexual morph undetermined.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
18B540A8218D54ED8688CCB24B8A4436.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony exhibits rapid growth, reaching 80 mm diam with flat, sparse aerial mycelium, creamy white, surface and margins smooth, pale gray in central region due to the presence of cleistothecia.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
54AEEA1A954B5DE48663451136174EE2.taxon	description	Fig. 17	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
54AEEA1A954B5DE48663451136174EE2.taxon	description	Description. Sexual morph Cleistothecia clustered in submerged regions in PDA, 106 – 185 µm diam, globose to subglobose, dirty gray when immature, dark brown to black when mature. Asci subglobose to ovoid, hyaline when immature, greenish brown when mature, 32 - spored, edges slightly irregular due to crowding of mature ascospores, 26.9 – 40.2 µm × 20.8 – 29.8 µm (x ̄ = 32.7 × 24.5 µm, L / W ratio = 1.35, n = 30). Ascospores mostly globose, some subglobose, smooth, yellowish-brown, 1 to 2 guttules, 5.2 – 6.8 µm × 5.4 – 6.9 µm (x ̄ = 6.1 × 5.9 µm, L / W ratio = 1.03, n = 50). Asexual morph undetermined.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
54AEEA1A954B5DE48663451136174EE2.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colony reaching 50 mm diam with slightly diffused edge, predominantly creamy white and partly fluffy, with only the cleistothecia cluster region turning dark brown.	en	Cheng, Kai-Wen, Yang, Jiue-in, Srimongkol, Piroonporn, Stadler, Marc, Karnchanatat, Aphichart, Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (2025): Fungal frontiers in toxic terrain: Revealing culturable fungal communities in Serpentine paddy fields of Taiwan. IMA Fungus 16: e 155308, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.155308
