identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
975087ECFF9BFFF3F9DE51B2AEF5E7F6.text	975087ECFF9BFFF3F9DE51B2AEF5E7F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathysquilla Manning 1963	<div><p>Bathysquilla Manning, 1963a</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2012). Carapace with cervical groove distinct across dorsum. Male PLP1 endopod with lateral lobe on posterior endite. Telson posterior margin with 4 pairs of primary teeth, each with movable apices. Composition. Bathysquilla crassispinosa (Fukuda, 1909); B. microps (Manning, 1961) . Remarks. One species known from South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF9BFFF3F9DE51B2AEF5E7F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF9BFFF6F9DE5092A99FE794.text	975087ECFF9BFFF6F9DE5092A99FE794.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathysquilla crassispinosa (Fukuda 1909)	<div><p>Bathysquilla crassispinosa (Fukuda, 1909)</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>Lysiosquilla crassispinosa Fukuda, 1909: 61, pl. 5 [type locality off Atami, Sagami Bay, Japan]; 1910: 146–149, pl. 4, fig. 4.— Barnard, 1950: 859–860, fig. 3b.</p><p>Bathysquilla crassispinosa .— Manning, 1969b: 95, 98.— Ingle &amp; Merrett, 1971: 197.— Manning &amp; Struhsaker, 1976: 440–443, figs. 1, 2.— Bruce, 1985: 474–475, fig. 4.— Moosa, 1986: 371, pl. 1.— Bruce, 1988: 87–89, figs. 2–5.—Manning, et al. 1990: 312–313, fig. 1; 1991: 1–3, 13, figs. 1, 2; 1995: 18, 28.—Ahyong, 2001: 11–12, fig. 6.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A007812, 1 ♂ (TL 245 mm), north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.483307&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.483307/lat -29.7)">Durban</a>, 29°42’00.0”S 31°28’59.9”E, 1931, depth unknown, Fishery Marine Biology Survey Report 9, 1932, det. K.H. Barnard.</p><p>Other material examined. SAMC-A065722, 1 ♂ (TL 223 mm), continental slope, north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.426666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.746668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.426666/lat -29.746668)">Durban</a>, 29°44’48.0”S 31°25’36.0”E, 20 Aug 1988, 325 m, stat. 30-01, Icelandic trawl, SFI-RS Benguela .</p><p>Diagnosis. Eye large, cornea subglobular, pigmented. Rostral plate longer than broad; dorsally with broad median groove. Carapace anterolateral margin broadly rounded. Raptorial claw dactylus with 10–11 teeth; carpus dorsal margin with 2 slender spines; propodus occlusal margin with inner row of 9–11 large erect spines, outer row with 30–32 short spines. AS 1–5 with indistinct IM carinae; MG carinae distinct; unarmed except for posterior spine of MG carinae. Abdominal carinae spined as follows: SM 6, LT 6, MG 1–5. Telson accessory MD carina indistinct, indicated by line of tubercles; anterior SM carinae short, low, indicated anteriorly, subparallel to MD carina. Uropodal protopod dorsally with tuberculate carina; outer margin with short ventral spine anterior to exopod articulation. Uropodal exopod proximal segment unarmed dorsally except for dorsal spine above exopod articulation; outer margin with lower row of short, fixed teeth corresponding to upper row of 6–11 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in life. Eyes with metallic grey cornea. Dorsally reddish-orange with propodus and dactylus of raptorial claw, pereopods, uropodal exopod and endopod pale orange to yellow.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 2) TL 223–245 mm.A1 peduncle 0.74–0.80CL.A2 scale 0.95–1.03CL. Uropod endopod length 2.56–2.89 times width. Largest specimen recorded TL 297 mm (Barnard 1950; Manning et al. 1990).</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Widely distributed in Indo-West Pacific from South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, Philippines, South China Sea and Japan. Deep-water species occurring in soft sediment at depths 240– 297 m.</p><p>Remarks. Bathysquilla crassispinosa was first reported from South Africa by Barnard (1950). Although he noted that his specimens lacked papillae on the antennal protopod, re-examination of his material by Ingle &amp; Merrett (1971) found the antennal protopod to have two distinct papillae and thus there are no recorded differences between specimens from Japan and the Indian Ocean. Two papillae were observed for the present material.</p><p>In agreement with Ahyong (2001), the South African specimens examined exhibit several differences compared to the account of the holotype (Fukuda 1909, 1910). As with the Australian material, both South African specimens have a strongly serrated mid-dorsal carina on the proximal uropodal exopod segment (Fig. 4G) instead of the relatively smooth illustration of the holotype (Fukuda 1910). Accounts by Moosa (1986) and recent examination by Ahyong (2001) of specimens from the Philippines also show an absence of mid-dorsal carina serration. Further study is needed to determine the significance of this difference. One notable difference between Australian and South African material is the reduced number of short spines on the outer row of the propodus toothed margin of the raptorial claw dactylus: 30–32 reported herein for South African specimens, rather than 32–39 reported for Australia (Ahyong 2001). The use of morphological and genetic tools in comparing material from all localities is needed to clarify the significance of the observed differences.</p><p>Barnard (1950) recorded two female specimens from off Durban, which included South Africa’s largest recorded specimen of 297 mm from depths 240–270 m. Unfortunately, Barnard’s specimens could not be found in the museum collection and could not be re-examined. It is assumed that the specimens exhibited similar serration to the present study material .</p><p>GONODACTYLOIDEA Giesbrecht, 1910</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2012). Cornea mid-band with 6 rows of rectangular ommatidia. Propodi of MXP3–4 ovate, not ribbed or beaded ventrally. Body subcylindrical, articulation compact. Raptorial claw with terminal or subterminal ischiomeral articulation; dactylus inflated or not inflated basally. Telson with distinct MD carina or boss; SM teeth with movable apices; at most with 3 IM denticles, arising marginally. Uropodal protopod with 1 or 2 primary spines; articulation of exopod segments terminal or subterminal.</p><p>Composition. Alainosquillidae Moosa, 1991; Pseudosquillidae Manning, 1977a; Hemisquillidae Manning, 1980; Odontodactylidae Manning, 1980; Gonodactylidae Giesbrecht, 1910; Protosquillidae Manning, 1980; Takuidae Manning, 1995 .</p><p>Remarks. Five families of Gonodactyloidea are recorded from South African waters and distinguished in the key below. The regional fauna comprises eight genera with a total of 14 species. Gonodactyloidea include the majority of coral reef and rocky shore stomatopods, most notably the ‘smashers’ of the families Gonodactylidae, Protosquillidae, Odontodactylidae and Takuidae . Species of Alainosquillidae and Pseudosquillidae are the only gonodactyloids to bear a spearing claw (Ahyong 2001), but only the latter is represented in South African waters.</p><p>Key to South African families of GONODACTYLOIDEA</p><p>1. Raptorial claw with terminal ischiomeral articulation; base of dactylus uninflated or at most slightly thickened........................................................................................... PSEUDOSQUILLIDAE</p><p>– Ischiomeral articulation of raptorial claw subterminal; base of dactylus strongly inflated into blunt heel................. 2</p><p>2. Articulation of uropodal exopod segments terminal.......................................................... 3</p><p>– Articulation of uropodal exopod segments subterminal........................................................ 4</p><p>3. Dactylus of raptorial claw with short teeth on inner margin. A2 protopod with articulated plate dorsally. AS 6 articulating with telson. Telson with distinct MD carina................................................ ODONTODACTYLIDAE</p><p>– Dactylus of raptorial claw (Fig. 13A) without teeth on inner margin. A2 protopod (Fig. 13B) with fixed spine dorsally. AS 6 (Fig. 13G) immovably fused with telson (demarcation usually indicated by dorsal groove). Telson (Fig. 13G) with MD boss................................................................................. PROTOSQUILLIDAE</p><p>4. Distal spines on outer margin of uropodal exopod stout, strongly recurved anteriorly (Fig. 17F, G)........... TAKUIDAE</p><p>– Distal spines on outer margin of uropodal exopod slender, straight or slightly curved, not strongly recurved anteriorly....................................................................................... GONODACTYLIDAE</p><p>GONODACTYLIDAE Giesbrecht, 1910</p><p>Gonodactylinae Giesbrecht, 1910: 148.</p><p>Gonodactylidae .— Manning, 1968b: 137.</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2012). Rostral plate trispinous, or with median spine and trapezoid basal portion. Antennal protopod dorsally with fixed, anteriorly directed spine or tooth. Raptorial claw with subterminal ischiomeral articulation; propodus occlusal margin sparsely pectinate; dactylus of raptorial claw without teeth on inner margin, outer basal margin strongly inflated into blunt heel. AS 6 articulating with telson. Telson with distinct MD carina. Articulation of uropodal exopod segments subterminal. Distal spines on outer margin of uropodal exopod slender, straight or slightly curved, not strongly recurved anteriorly.</p><p>Composition. Gonodactylaceus Manning, 1995; Gonodactylellus Manning, 1995; Gonodactyloideus Manning, 1984a; Gonodactylolus Manning, 1970b; Gonodactylopsis Manning, 1969c; Gonodactylus Berthold, 1827; Hoplosquilla Holthuis, 1964; Hoplosquilloides Manning, 1978a; Neogonodactylus Manning, 1995 .</p><p>Remarks. All gonodactylids bear smashing claws and are most abundant on coral reefs. Three genera are recorded from South African waters.</p><p>Key to South African genera of GONODACTYLIDAE</p><p>1. Mandibular palp absent.................................................................... Gonodactylolus</p><p>– Mandibular palp present................................................................................ 2</p><p>2. Ocular scales truncate, wider than base of median spine of rostral plate................................. Gonodactylus</p><p>– Ocular scales rounded or angular, narrower than base of apical spine of rostral plate.................... Gonodactylellus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF9BFFF6F9DE5092A99FE794	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF9EFFE8F9DE577DA99FE519.text	975087ECFF9EFFE8F9DE577DA99FE519.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylellus Manning 1995	<div><p>Gonodactylellus Manning, 1995</p><p>Gonodactylellus Manning, 1995: 56–57 . [Type species Gonodactylus affinis de Man, 1902, by original designation. Gender masculine].</p><p>Gonodactylinus Manning, 1995: 66 . [Type species Gonodactylus viridis Serène, 1954, by original designation and monotypy. Gender masculine].</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2012). Eye subcylindrical, cornea not broader than stalk in dorsal view. Ocular scales small, narrower than basal width of median spine of rostral plate, usually rounded dorsally. Rostral plate with slender median spine and short, broad, trapezoid basal portion.Anterolateral margins of carapace convex, extending anteriorly beyond base of rostral plate. Mandibular palp present. Propodus of raptorial claw with proximal movable spine in adults. Telson with 3 or 5 mid-dorsal carinae; IM carina of telson without accessory longitudinal carina on mesial margin; anus located ventrally. Uropodal protopod without lobes between terminal spines; endopod without spines on inner margin.</p><p>Composition. Gonodactylellus annularis Erdmann &amp; Manning, 1998; G. affinis (de Man, 1902); G. barberi Ahyong &amp; Erdmann, 2007; G. bicarinatus (Manning, 1968a); G. caldwelli Erdmann &amp; Manning, 1998; G. celosinus Ahyong, 2024; G. choprai (Manning, 1967b); G. crosnieri (Manning, 1968a); G. demanii (Henderson, 1893); G. dianae Ahyong, 2008; G. erdmanni Ahyong, 2001; G. espinosus (Borradaile, 1898); G. incipiens (Lanchester, 1903); G. kandi Ahyong &amp; Erdmann, 2007; G. kume Ahyong, 2012; G. lanchesteri (Manning, 1967b); G. micronesicus (Manning, 1971a); G. molyneux Ahyong, 2001; G. osheai Ahyong, 2012; G. rubriguttatus Erdmann &amp; Manning, 1998; G. sentosa Ahyong, 2016; G. snidvongsi (Naiyanetr, 1987); G. spinosus (Bigelow, 1893); G. spiridonovi Ahyong, 2021b; G. viridis (Serène, 1954) . Currently 25 species comprise the genus of which two are known from South Africa: G. crosnieri and G. lanchesteri .</p><p>Remarks. Two small species of Gonodactylellus are found in the coastal waters of northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. One, G. crosnieri, is recorded for the first time from South African waters.</p><p>Key to the species of Gonodactylellus from South Africa</p><p>1. Uropodal endopod (Fig. 5G, I) broad with inner margin strongly convex; inner margin smooth, mostly or entirely devoid of setae; width about 0.50 telson width............................................................. G. crosnieri</p><p>– Uropodal endopod (Fig. 6F, G, H) slender with inner margin completely fringed with setae, margin serrate for insertion of setae; width less than 0.33 telson width............................................................... G. lanchesteri</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF9EFFE8F9DE577DA99FE519	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF80FFE8F9DE52F8A847E246.text	975087ECFF80FFE8F9DE52F8A847E246.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylellus crosnieri (Manning 1968)	<div><p>Gonodactylellus crosnieri (Manning, 1968a), new record</p><p>(Fig. 5)</p><p>Gonodactylus crosnieri Manning, 1968a: 48–50, fig. 15 [type locality Banc de Pracel, western coast of Madagascar]. Gonodactylellus crosnieri .— Manning, 1995: 56–57, 65 [new combination].— Poupin et al., 2019: 5.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A079451, 1 ♀ (TL 18.5 mm), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.920002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.873333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.920002/lat -26.873333)">Kosi</a> Bay, 26°52’24.0”S 32°55’12.0”E, 45–47 m, dredge, coll. Natal Museum Dredging Programme ; SAMC-A079454, 1 ♀ (TL 23 mm), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.926666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.893333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.926666/lat -26.893333)">Kosi</a> Bay, 26°53’36.0”S 32°55’36.0”E, same as above .</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales small, rounded, separate. Rostral plate with anterior margins straight or sloped slightly posterolaterally, anterior angles acute but rounded; median spine longer than base. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. 5 epipods present. Lateral processes of TS6–7 subtruncate, subequal with TS6 being slightly larger. AS 1–5 unarmed posterolaterally. Telson as long as broad with SM and IM teeth distinct and no denticles present between teeth; LT teeth not developed. Telson dorsal surface with numerous spinules and tubercle; MD carina short with spine and tubercles and flanked by 2 rows of spines; SM carina anteriorly covered in spines, anterior SM carina flanked by row of spines; IM carina with posteriorly pointing spines and flanked on inner margin by 2 spinules. Uropod exopod proximal segment with 10 movable spines and distal, ventral spine; proximal segment lacks setae and distal segment entire margin setose. Uropodal endopod broad, width about 0.5 telson width, with long dorsal carina, inner margin strongly convex, only distally setose.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Faded, with raptorial claw of dactylus white to light lavender. Colour in life unknown.</p><p>Measurements. ♀ (n = 2) TL 18.5–23.0 mm. A2 scale length 2.0– 2.3 mm. AWCLI 800–825. Manning (1968a) reported specimens to 19.3 mm. The TL 23 mm ♀ examined herein is the largest known specimen.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Western Indian Ocean. Previously recorded from Madagascar and Comoro Islands at 50 m and now from Kosi Bay, South Africa [KZN] at 45–47 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. This is only the second species record of Gonodactylellus crosnieri in the scientific literature after being described from specimens from Madagascar and Comoro Islands (Manning 1968a). The specimens examined herein agree well with the original description. Gonodactylellus crosnieri is distinguished from similar species by the characteristically broad uropodal endopod (Fig. 5G, I). This species is potentially rare with only four specimens known to be collected. The small size, apparent preferred depth of G. crosnieri beyond shallow SCUBA limits and lack of habitat knowledge has made the collection of material scarce. Colour in life remains unknown and no male has been observed. Furthermore, the proximity of Kosi Bay to the South African border with Mozambique and the distribution of the species restricted to the coastal regions of northern KwaZulu-Natal and western Madagascar suggests that G. crosnieri is also likely to occur in the reef systems of Mozambique.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF80FFE8F9DE52F8A847E246	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF80FFEAF9DE5501A845E28C.text	975087ECFF80FFEAF9DE5501A845E28C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylellus lanchesteri (Manning 1967)	<div><p>Gonodactylellus lanchesteri (Manning, 1967b)</p><p>(Fig. 6)</p><p>Gonodactylus lanchesteri Manning, 1967b: 11–13, fig. 4 [type locality Junghi Bay, Ibo Archipelago, Mozambique].— Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995: 276.</p><p>Gonodactylus demanii .— Barnard, 1950: 862, fig. 3e.</p><p>Gonodactylellus lanchesteri .— Manning, 1995: 64–66, fig. 26.— Ahyong, 2005: 158–159.— Poupin et al., 2019: 5.</p><p>Material examined.KZN: SAMC-A015626, 1 ♀ (TL 22 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.616695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.65/lat -27.616695)">Sodwana Six Mile Reef</a>, 27°37’00.1”S 32°39’00.0”E, 26 Jul 1976, shallow intertidal, RW 16–17, coll . R. Winterbottom, det. S. Ahyong; SAMC-A015642, 5 ♂ (TL 13–29 mm), 11 ♀ (TL 11–26 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.033306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.85/lat -27.033306)">Sodwana</a> 2.5 km south of Boteler Point, 27°01’59.9”S 32°51’00.0”E, 30 Jul 1976, same as above .</p><p>Other material examined. Mozambique: SAMC-A019435, 3 ♂ (TL 14–27 mm), 2 ♀ (TL 22–28 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.316612&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.99989" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.316612/lat -21.99989)">Vilankulos</a>, 21°59’59.6”S 35°18’59.8”E, 22 May 1973, depth unknown, det. B. F. Kensley ; SAMC-A19436, 1 ♀ (TL 11.3 mm), Magaruque Island, 24 May 1973, det. B. F. Kensley. SAMC-A002205, 1 ♀ (TL 27 mm), Mozambique islands, 1912, shallow intertidal, stat. 13.S, coll. K.H. Barnard.</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales low, separate, rounded or subtruncate. Rostral plate basal portion with anterior margins transverse or sloping posterolaterally; anterolateral corners rounded; apical spine just longer than base. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. 5 epipods present. TS6–7 lateral process subequal, rounded to subtruncate. PLP1 endopod in adult males with lateral lobe on posterior endite. AS 1–5 unarmed posterolaterally. AS 6 with swollen carinae, apical spines occasionally absent on larger specimens. Telson broader than long; SM teeth with movable apices; IM and LT teeth short, blunt, apices rounded but sharper in smaller specimens; IM tooth of telson well-formed and extending posteriorly beyond IM denticles; LT tooth distinctly set off from margin or at least separated from margin by gap. Dorsal spination of telson variable; MD carina strongly inflated, with or without numerous dorsal spinules; SM carinae swollen, with several scattered dorsal tubercles or spinules; IM carinae with few scattered dorsal tubercles or spinules; 9–13 SM denticles; 1 or usually 2 IM denticles present. Uropodal exopod proximal segment with 10–12 movable spines and distal, ventral spine; inner margin of proximal segment and entire margin of distal segment setose. Uropodal endopod inner margin sinuous, entire margin setose.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Faded, but with dark chromatophore positioned mid-dorsally on TS6, AS 1, 3–5. Dactylus blue with some blue pigmentation on raptorial claw. Telson and uropod with varying degrees of blue pigmentation. Several specimens examined by Manning (1967b) exhibit dark chromatophores scattered and concentrated in patches for TS8 and AS 1. Dark, transverse bands reported on the carapace and abdominal somites and lateral patches on TS6. Colour in life unknown.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 8) TL 13–29 mm, ♀ (n = 15) TL 11–28 mm. AWCLI 630–850. Barnard (1950) records specimens up to TL 40 mm.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. From Vietnam and Pakistan, Persian Gulf and Red Sea to Somalia, Kenya, Comoro Islands, Madagascar, Mozambique and South Africa; 0–13.5 m (Ahyong 2005).</p><p>Remarks. Gonodactylellus lanchesteri is a relatively small species, distinguished from other congeners with spinules covering the telson by the uropodal endopod having the entire margin lined with setae. The similar G. demanii Henderson, 1893, is distinguished from G. lanchesteri by only having a few setae proximally on the inner margin of the uropodal endopod, adjacent to articulation. Early accounts of the South African stomatopod fauna report occurrences of G. demanii from Mozambique (Hansen 1926; Barnard 1950). However, these early identifications need verification since Manning’s (1967b) investigation into the G. demanii group in the Indo-West Pacific erected three new species, including G. lanchesteri . Moreover, the recent re-evaluation of records of G. demanii in the northwestern Indian Ocean has revealed that they represent a separate species, G. celosinus Ahyong, 2024 . Thus, G. demanii sensu stricto is restricted to the Bay of Bengal and does not occur in the western Indian Ocean (Ahyong 2024). In support of these findings, one of the specimens identified as G. demanii by Barnard (1950) from Mozambique Island has been re-examined herein and can be confidently identified as G. lanchesteri . This suggests that Barnard’s G. demanii was misidentified and those specimens in the Iziko collection can be considered G. lanchesteri .</p><p>Ahyong’s (2005) more recent report of G. lanchesteri is the first reliable account of the species from South Africa. The species is known for its variability in telson spinule ornamentation, which is illustrated herein using specimens reported on by Ahyong (2005). Typically, the telson carinae of males are more inflated, while the spinules of the telson are longer and sharper in females (Fig. 6D–F, H). Furthermore, a greater number of telson spinules is observed for smaller specimens when compared to large adults. This loss of spinules with greater size has been recorded by Manning (1967b) and is hereby confirmed for the examined specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF80FFEAF9DE5501A845E28C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF82FFEBF9DE5456AF44E5A6.text	975087ECFF82FFEBF9DE5456AF44E5A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylolus Manning 1970	<div><p>Gonodactylolus Manning, 1970</p><p>Gonodactylolus Manning, 1970b: 206–209, fig. 1. [Type species Gonodactylolus paulus Manning, 1970b by monotypy. Gender masculine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Eye subglobular, cornea tapering distally. Ocular scales small, apparently fused medially. Rostral plate with median spine, basal portion of plate anterolaterally acute. Anterior margins of carapace slightly concave, not extending anteriorly beyond base of rostral plate. Mandibular palp absent. Raptorial claw propodus with proximal movable spine in adults; ischiomeral articulation of claw not terminal; articulation of propodus and dactylus of claw inflated. Telson with three pairs of marginal teeth: IM and LT teeth small, SM teeth large with movable apices. Telson with 3 mid-dorsal carinae. IM carina of telson without accessory longitudinal carina on mesial margin; anus located ventrally. Uropodal protopod without lobes between terminal spines; endopod without spines on inner margin. Uropodal exopod with proximal segment extending beyond articulation with distal segment, movable spines on outer margin straight or slightly curved; uropodal endopod stout, with single row of marginal setae.</p><p>Composition. Gonodactylolus paulus Manning, 1970b .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF82FFEBF9DE5456AF44E5A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF83FFEBF9DE5122AE96E334.text	975087ECFF83FFEBF9DE5122AE96E334.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylolus paulus Manning 1970	<div><p>Gonodactylolus paulus Manning, 1970b</p><p>(Fig. 7)</p><p>Gonodactylolus paulus Manning, 1970b: 206–209, fig. 1 [type locality Tanikely, Madagascar].— Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995: 274.— Ahyong, 2005: 159.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A015638, 1 ♀ (TL 12 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.516695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683308/lat -27.516695)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 23 Jul 1976, 13.5 m, RW 76–13, coll . R. Winterbottom, det. S, Ahyong; SAMC-A015639, 3 ♀ (TL 13–14 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.516695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683308/lat -27.516695)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 27 Jul 1976, 13.5 m, RW 14, same as above ; SAMC-A015640, 1 ♂ (TL 10 mm), 2.5 km south of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.033306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.85/lat -27.033306)">Boteler Point</a>, 27°01’59.9”S 32°51’00.0”E, 30 Jul 1976, shallow intertidal, RW 76-23, same as above .</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales low, poorly formed, apparently fused medially; eyestalk inflated, broader than cornea; cornea subglobular, tapering distally. Rostral plate with basal portion with anterior margins concave; anterolateral angles acute but rounded; lateral margins transverse; apical spine much longer than base. Carapace with anterior margins of lateral plates truncated. Antennal scale broad. Mandibular palp absent. Raptorial claw dactylus with prominent notch on outer proximal margin.TS5–8 and AS 1–6 unarmed; AS 6 with six low bosses, unarmed posteriorly. Telson wider than long, with three pairs of marginal teeth; SM well-developed; IM distinct but stout, usually shorter than two IM denticles; LT teeth demarcated by small notch, apex blunt, not projecting well off margin of telson. Telson MD and anterior SM carina inflated; SM and IM carina short; MG carina present. Uropodal exopod proximal segment lacking fixed ventral spine on outer margin, inner margin smooth; distal segment of exopod setose and with subterminal articulation with proximal segment. Uropodal endopod ovate, broad with margin completely setose. Uropodal basal prolongation with rectangular projection on mesial margin, proximal to articulation of endopod.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 1) TL 10 mm, ♀ (n = 4) TL 12–14 mm. CI 435–625.AWCLI 620–740. Several specimens examined herein are recorded at TL 14 mm and are the largest known specimens.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Almost completely faded, but with traces of a lateral black spot on each abdominal somite. Black spot positioned on dorsal niche of carpus of raptorial claw and two spots on carapace lateral margin. Colour in life unknown.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Western Indian Ocean from Somalia, Réunion, Madagascar and South Africa; 0– 13.5 m (Ahyong 2005); supposedly associated with coral reef substrata, as well as rocky intertidal.</p><p>Remarks. Gonodactylolus paulus has several characteristic features, such as the unusual shape of the eye, the unusually large ventral projection of the rostral plate and the broad antennal scale. After the description of this small monotypic genus from Madagascar (Manning 1970b), four female specimens were identified from the Western Indian Ocean. The first and only species account from South Africa was by Ahyong (2005) from Sodwana. Those specimens were re-examined and illustrated herein, including the first illustration of a male specimen. The present specimens of G. paulus agree well with the description of the holotype housed in the Muséum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Specimens from Réunion were noted to be host to the parasitic gastropod Caledoniella montrouzieri Souverbie, 1869 (Cappola &amp; Manning 1995).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF83FFEBF9DE5122AE96E334	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF85FFEDF9DE53F3A99FE0BB.text	975087ECFF85FFEDF9DE53F3A99FE0BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylus Berthold 1827	<div><p>Gonodactylus Berthold, 1827</p><p>Gonodactylus Berthold, 1827: 271 . [Type species Squilla chiragra Fabricius, 1781, by subsequent designation. Gender masculine].</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2012). Eye subcylindrical, cornea not broader than stalk in dorsal view. Ocular scales large, wider than basal width of median spine of rostral plate, distinctly wider than high, flattened dorsally. Rostral plate with slender median spine and short, broad, trapezoid basal portion. Anterolateral margins of carapace convex, extending anteriorly beyond base of rostral plate. Mandibular palp present. Propodus of raptorial claw with or without proximal movable spine in adults. Telson with 3 mid-dorsal carinae. IM carina of telson without accessory longitudinal carina on mesial margin; anus located ventrally. Uropodal protopod without lobes between primary terminal spines; endopod without spines on inner margin.</p><p>Composition. Gonodactylus acutirostris de Man, 1898; G. botti Manning, 1975b; G. childi Manning, 1971a; G. chiragra (Fabricius, 1781); G. cf. chiragra; G. platysoma Wood-Mason, 1895; G. smithii Pocock, 1893 .</p><p>Remarks. The largest Gonodactylidae are members of Gonodactylus . All six species are found in the Indo-West Pacific region associated with coral or rock-reefs and inhabiting holes in rock and coral rubble. Of these, four occur in South African waters and include a potentially undescribed species.</p><p>Key to the species of Gonodactylus [South African in bold]</p><p>1. Telson without LT tooth, with margin of telson between anterolateral angle and apex of IM tooth unbroken. Ocular scales extending laterally almost to anterolateral angle of rostral plate....................................... G. platysoma</p><p>– Telson with LT tooth indicated by shallow notch in margin of telson between anterolateral angle and apex of IM tooth. Ocular scales not extending laterally to anterolateral angle of rostral plate.............................................. 2</p><p>2. Lateral margins of rostral plate strongly divergent........................................................... 3</p><p>– Lateral margins of rostral plate subparallel or slightly divergent................................................. 4</p><p>3. Anterolateral angles of rostral plate spinular...................................................... G. acutirostris</p><p>– Anterolateral angles of rostral plate (Fig. 10A, D) blunt or angular, but not spinular.......................... G. smithii</p><p>4. Rostral plate (Fig. 9D) with anterior margins deeply concave........................................... G. chiragra</p><p>– Rostral plate with anterior margins transverse or slightly concave............................................... 5</p><p>5. Telson with sharp IM teeth........................................................................ G. childi</p><p>– Telson (Fig. 8H) with blunt IM teeth...................................................................... 6</p><p>6. Anterior margin of ocular scales (Fig. 8A, C) transverse.................................................. G. botti</p><p>– Anterior margin of ocular scales laterally slopping................................................ G. cf. chiragra</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF85FFEDF9DE53F3A99FE0BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF85FFEFF9DE565CAD49E7F6.text	975087ECFF85FFEFF9DE565CAD49E7F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylus botti Manning 1975	<div><p>Gonodactylus botti Manning, 1975b</p><p>(Fig. 8)</p><p>Gonodactylus chiragra . — Holthuis, 1967b: 26, 41 [list], fig. 7a.— Tirmizi &amp; Manning, 1968: 21, fig. 7. [Not G. chiragra (Fabricius, 1781)].</p><p>Gonodactylus botti Manning, 1975b: 289, fig. 1 [type locality Jakarta, Indonesia].— Manning &amp; Lewinsohn, 1986: 5, 15 [list], fig. 3.—Manning, 1990: 97, 104 (key).— Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995: 274–275.— Ahyong, 2005: 159.—Brokensha et al. 2023: 164–165, fig. 8.</p><p>Not Gonodactylus botti .— Moosa, 1991: 155 [= Gonodactylellus affinis (de Man, 1902)].</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A015632, 1 ♂ (TL 63 mm), 8 ♀ (TL 10–66 mm), Jesser Point, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.680557&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.5425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.680557/lat -27.5425)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°32’33”S 32°40’50.0”E, 2 Aug 1976, 13.5 m, RW 26, coll . R. Winterbottom, det. S. Ahyong; SAMC-A015631, 21 ♂ (TL 18–57 mm), 60 ♀ (TL 10–71 mm), Sodwana 6.5 km north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.796665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.2225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.796665/lat -27.2225)">Island Rock</a>, 27°13’21”S, 32°47’48”E, 28 Jul 1976, 13.5 m, RW 76-22, same as above .</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales broad, flattened, separate, together slightly broader than 0.50 rostral plate width, anterior margins transverse. Rostral plate basal portion with anterior margins slightly concave; anterolateral angles rounded; lateral margins divergent anteriorly; apical spine just longer than base. Lateral margin of TS6 broader than TS7. Telson with LT tooth indicated by shallow notch in margin of telson between anterolateral angle and apex of IM tooth; mid-dorsal carinae blunt, neither sharp nor crested dorsally and strongly inflated in adults; MD carina unarmed posteriorly; accessory MD carinae forming “anchor”; with 8–13 SM denticles. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 12 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Faded yellow, but with scattered blue pigment on all limbs and uropods. Dactylus of raptorial claw and uropodal endopod blue. Raptorial claw with ‘meral spot’ white. Colour in life unknown.</p><p>Measurements: ♂ (n = 1) TL 63 mm, ♀ (n = 8) TL 10–66 mm. A1 peduncle 0.51–0.67CL. A2 scale 0.52– 0.67CL. AWCLI 714–852.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Reported from Indonesia to Western Indian Ocean from Pakistan, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Somalia and South Africa; 0–13.5 m (Ahyong 2005). Found in coral reefs, both sandy and rocky tidal pools at the base of dead coral.</p><p>Remarks. Although common in the Western Indian Ocean, G. botti has not been well-studied. Since its description, seemingly from Jakarta, Indonesia, the species has only been recorded with any confidence from the Western Indian Ocean (Ahyong 2001). After intensive and unsuccessful sampling of Indonesia for the species, the type material from the Pacific is suspected to have originated in the Western Indian Ocean (Ahyong 2001) and specimens from the west of Pakistan are considered the only records that can be identified with certainty as G. botti (Ahyong 2005) . Moosa’s (1991) singular Pacific Ocean account of G. botti from New Caledonia is referrable to Gonodactylellus affinis (de Man, 1902) (Ahyong 2005) .</p><p>The distributional disjuncture and erroneous identifications highlight the difficulty in distinguishing this understudied species. In southern Africa, preserved museum specimens of G. botti have been mistaken for and labelled as G. chiragra . The rostral plate is distinguished in the two species by the anterior margins being only slightly concave in G. botti versus being distinctly concave in G. chiragra, but the latter shows variation in which it approaches G. botti in this character. Live and freshly preserved specimens can easily be distinguished by the colour of the ‘meral spot’ of the raptorial claw: white for G. botti and maroon to dark blue for G. chiragra . The more inflated mid-dorsal carina of the telson also distinguishes G. botti from G. chiragra in specimens over 23 mm (Ahyong 2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF85FFEFF9DE565CAD49E7F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF87FFE0F9DE5092AFFDE66E.text	975087ECFF87FFE0F9DE5092AFFDE66E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabricius, 1781)</p><p>Squilla chiragra Fabricius, 1781: 515 [type locality Ambon, Indonesia, by neotype selection (Manning, 1981: 217)].</p><p>Gonodactylus chiragrus .— Krauss, 1843: 60.</p><p>Gonodactylus chiragra .— White, 1847: 84.— Kemp, 1913: 4, 11, 147, 155, fig. 2, pl. 9, fig. 107 (part).— McNeill, 1926: 316 (part).— Hale, 1929: 34.— Stephenson, 1952: 11.— Stephenson &amp; McNeill, 1955: 250–252 (part).— Stephenson, 1962: 34.— Manning, 1966: 108, 113–114 (part).— McNeill, 1968: 89.— Moosa, 1986: 381; 1991: 155–156.— Manning, 1991: 2; 1995: 71–75, pls. 5–8, figs. 8e, f, 9a, b, 10a, 11a, 27a, 28–30.— Gosliner et al., 1996: 195.— Ahyong &amp; Norrington, 1997: 100–101.— Debelius, 1999: 273.—Ahyong, 2001: 67–70, fig. 34.— Poupin et al., 2019: 6, fig. 2B.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A 008451, 1 ♀ (TL 56 mm), St. Lucia Bay, 28°21’40.8”S 32°24’26.1”E, [no date—suspected to be Stebbing’s (1917) specimen and listed by Barnard’s (1950) locality summary], depth unknown, coll. H.W. Bell-Marley.</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales broad, flattened, separate, together broader than half rostral plate width. Rostral plate basal portion with anterior margins strongly concave in adults; anterolateral angles blunt or rounded; lateral margins subparallel or slightly divergent anteriorly; apical spine shorter or longer than base. Lateral margin of TS6–7 subequal. AS 6 spination better presented in smaller specimens. Telson with LT tooth indicated by shallow notch in margin of telson between anterolateral angle and apex of IM tooth; mid-dorsal carinae blunt, neither sharp nor crested dorsally; MD carina unarmed posteriorly; accessory MD carinae forming “anchor”; with 11–14 SM denticles. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 10–13 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Body faded dark orange to brown.</p><p>Colour in life (after Ahyong 2001). Raptorial claw with ‘meral spot’ dark blue to maroon. ♂: Body dark green to brown; pereopods yellow, with orange-red dactyl; uropodal exopod distal segment yellow-orange. ♀: Mottled grey-green and white; pereopods with distal segment pale yellow.</p><p>Measurements. ♀ (n = 1) TL 56 mm. A1 peduncle 0.52CL. A2 scale 0.57CL. AWCLI 806. The largest known specimen at TL 105 mm recorded by Kemp (1913).</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Indo-West Pacific from French Polynesia to Japan, Australia and Indo-Malayan region to Madagascar, Mozambique and South Africa in the Western Indian Ocean. Common in the upper intertidal of coral reef flats, but also known from the nearshore or onshore rocky reefs.</p><p>Remarks. Gonodactylus chiragra was the first stomatopod reported from South African waters (Krauss 1843) and was reported on in early revisions of the South African mantis shrimp fauna (Stebbing 1917; Barnard 1950; Manning 1969a). Barnard (1950) speculated that Krauss’ specimen from Durban may be attributed to G. platysoma Wood-Mason, 1895; however, without the specimen, this is unverifiable. Furthermore, G. platysoma can easily be distinguished in the genus by the absence of a lateral tooth of the telson and to date; no specimen of that species has been reported from South Africa.</p><p>Gonodactylus chiragra is distinguished by the shape of the rostral plate with the anterior margins of the basal portion being strongly concave in adults. Ahyong (2001) describes some rostral plate variation with the anterior angles blunt to rounded, while the lateral margins are subparallel or slightly anteriorly divergent. Furthermore, the anterior margins have been recorded to be sometimes only slightly concave, which overlaps with descriptions of G. childi and G. botti . Ahyong (2001) suggests the relatively short telson to distinguish G. childi and the strongly inflated mid-dorsal carinae of G. botti to be distinguishable from G. chiragra .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF87FFE0F9DE5092AFFDE66E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF88FFE0F9DE51EAA889E27E.text	975087ECFF88FFE0F9DE51EAA889E27E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>Gonodactylus cf. chiragra (Fabricus, 1781)</p><p>(Fig. 9)</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A012158, 4 ♀ (TL 31–62 mm), 1 ♂ (TL 55 mm), Boteler Point intertidal pools, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.86661&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.016611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.86661/lat -27.016611)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°00’59.8”S 32°51’59.8”E, Dec 1964 , shallow intertidal, coll. O. Bourquin, det. B. F. Kensley in Jan 1965.</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales broad, flattened, separate, together broader than half rostral plate width. Rostral plate basal portion with anterior margins shallowly concave in adults; anterolateral angles blunt or rounded; lateral margins subparallel or slightly divergent anteriorly; apical spine shorter or longer than base. Lateral margin of TS6– 7 subequal. AS 6 spination better presented in smaller specimens. Telson with LT tooth indicated by shallow notch in margin of telson between anterolateral angle and apex of IM tooth; mid-dorsal carinae blunt, neither sharp nor crested dorsally; MD carina strongly inflated and unarmed posteriorly; accessory MD carinae forming “anchor”; with 10–12 SM denticles. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 10–13 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. ♂: Body faded dark orange to brown; pereopods with distal segment faded light blue; dactylus of raptorial claw light blue/lavender to white.</p><p>Colour in life. Unknown.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 1) TL 55 mm, ♀ (n = 4) TL 31–62 mm. A1 peduncle 0.48–0.50CL. A2 scale 0.47– 0.59CL. AWCLI 750–833.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Only considered for the present specimens from Sodwana Bay, KZN, South Africa.</p><p>Remarks. When examining several specimens of KwaZulu-Natal determined by Kensley, the mid-dorsal carinae of the telson appear strongly inflated. This is apparent in the 55 mm TL male illustrated (Fig. 9H) when compared to Barnard’s (1950) G. chiragra specimen described above from St. Lucia. The present specimens are distinguished from Gonodactylus chiragra by the shape of the rostral plate with the anterior margins of the basal portion being only shallowly concave in adults as well as the strongly inflated shape of the telson’s mid-dorsal carinae. The strongly inflated mid-dorsal carinae of the specimens overlaps with that observed for G. botti . Therefore, it is suggested that the shape of the ocular scales distinguished the present series from G. botti .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF88FFE0F9DE51EAA889E27E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF88FFE3F9DE551AADE7E3A8.text	975087ECFF88FFE3F9DE551AADE7E3A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonodactylus smithii Pocock 1893	<div><p>Gonodactylus smithii Pocock, 1893</p><p>(Fig. 10)</p><p>Gonodactylus smithii Pocock, 1893: 475, pl. 20B [type locality Arafura Sea].— Manning, 1968a: 44–46.— Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995: 277–278.— Manning, 1995: 20, 76–80, pls. 11, 12, figs. 9e, 10c, 11d, 27c, 32–35.— Ahyong &amp; Norrington, 1997: 101–102.—Ahyong, 2001: 72–75, fig. 36; 2005: 160.— Poupin et al., 2019: 7, fig. 2C. Gonodactylus chiragra var. anancyrus Borradaile, 1900: 395, 397, 401 [type localities Talili Bay, New Britain and Lifou, Loyalty Islands]. Gonodactylus minikoiensis Ghosh, 1990: 201, 202, fig. 1 [type locality Minikoy Island, Lakshadweep].</p><p>Gonodactylus arabica Ghosh, 1990: 201, 205, figs. 2, 3e [type locality Kavaratti, Lakshadweep].</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A015633, 1 ♂ (TL 57 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.516695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683308/lat -27.516695)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 23 Jul 1976, 13.5 m, stat. RW 13, coll . R. Winterbottom, det. S. Ahyong ; SAMC-A01563,7 2 ♂ (TL 34–45 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.516695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683308/lat -27.516695)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 1 Aug 1976, RW 24, same as above ; SAMC-A015636, 1 ♂ (TL 29 mm), 2 ♀ (TL 19–26 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.783306&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.216696" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.783306/lat -27.216696)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°13’00.1”S 32°46’59.9”E, 28 Jul 1976, RW 22, same as above .</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales broad, flattened, separate, together as broad as, or broader than, half rostral plate width. Rostral plate basal portion with anterior margins concave; anterolateral angles acute, but not spiniform; lateral margins strongly divergent anteriorly; apical spine longer than base. Telson with LT tooth indicated by shallow notch in margin of telson between anterolateral angle and apex of IM tooth; dorsal carinae often sharp or crested dorsally; MD carina usually armed posteriorly with stout spine, but often obsolete in adult males; accessory MD carinae forming “anchor”; with 12–18 SM denticles. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 10–13 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Body colour faded blue-green, but with some evidence of mottling on margin of abdominal somites. Raptorial claw with ‘meral spot’ dark red to purple; propodus blue distally; dactylus pink. Uropodal protopod with purple dorsal spot basally.</p><p>Colour in life (after Ahyong 2001). Overall or mottled light green to dark green. ‘Meral spot’ of raptorial claw dark-red to purple, outlined with white; propodus blue distally; dactylus pink. Uropodal protopod with bright-red dorsal spot basally; setae on exopod and endopod often purple. A2 scale clear yellow.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 4) TL 29–57 mm, ♀ (n = 3) TL 19–27 mm. A1 peduncle 0.57–0.68CL. A2 scale 0.51– 0.73CL. AWCLI 767–828. The largest known specimen is a TL 90 mm ♀ from Australia.</p><p>Distribution and habitat: Indo-West Pacific from Okinawa, New Caledonia, Australia, Vietnam and South China Sea to Madagascar and South Africa; 0–14 m (Ahyong 2005) on coral and rocky reefs (Ahyong 2001, 2005). Ahyong &amp; Norrington (1997) documented their foraging behaviour on reef flats at low tide in Australia. Manning’s (1968a) account from Madagascar reports specimens from the shallow intertidal to 80 m.</p><p>Remarks. Gonodactylus smithii is distinguishable from other species in the genus by the slender telson carinae and shape of the rostral plate with strongly divergent lateral margins. The latter feature has been known to vary in the degree of sharpness of the rostral plate anterolateral corners, where the acuteness of the anterolateral angles increases with increasing body size (Ahyong 2001). This is apparent in the present series for the TL 19 mm and TL 57 mm males illustrated (Fig. 10A, D). The degree of sharpness of the median carina apex is also observed to vary with size. The median carina was armed with a stout spine in the small male examined (TL 19 mm) (Fig. 10J), while the spine was absent in the large male (TL 57 mm) (Fig. 10K).</p><p>The present material agrees well with previous published accounts of specimens of a similar size. First recorded for southern Africa in Madagascar (Manning 1968a), G. smithii specimens larger than TL 23 mm have one notable variation of the uropod endopod compared to specimens from the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific (Ahyong &amp; Norrington 1997; Ahyong 2001). Specimens from Madagascar have the inner margin of the uropodal endopod sinuous instead of convex. Gonodactylus smithii has been documented from coral reef habitat in Sodwana Bay, South Africa (Ahyong 2005). South African specimens re-examined herein exhibit the same variation of uropod endopod as the Madagascan material, furthering the observed heterogeneity of the species already suggested by Ahyong (2005).</p><p>ODONTODACTYLIDAE Manning, 1980</p><p>Odontodactylidae Manning, 1980: 366, 369.</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2012). Eyes subglobular. Rostral plate rounded to trapezoid. Raptorial claw with subterminal ischiomeral articulation; propodus occlusal margin non-pectinate, without proximal movable spines; dactylus with short teeth on occlusal margin and strongly-inflated heel on outer proximal margin. Telson and AS 6 fully articulating, not fused. Distal segment of uropodal exopod articulating at distal end of proximal segment; distal movable spines on outer margin of proximal segment not recurved anteriorly.</p><p>Composition. Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 .</p><p>Remarks. While all species of Odontodactylidae are ‘smashers’, they differ from Gonodactylidae and Protosquillidae by having teeth on the inner margin of the dactylus of the raptorial claw. This is the first account of the family from South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF88FFE3F9DE551AADE7E3A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF8CFFE4F9DE53F3A99FE6FC.text	975087ECFF8CFFE4F9DE53F3A99FE6FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odontodactylus Bigelow 1893	<div><p>Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893</p><p>Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893: 100 . [Type species Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation by Bigelow (1931: 144). Gender masculine].</p><p>Raoulius Manning, 1995: 86 . [Type species: Gonodactylus cultrifer White, 1851, by original designation. Gender masculine].</p><p>Diagnosis. As for family.</p><p>Composition. Odontodactylus brevirostris (Miers, 1884); O. hansenii (Pocock, 1893); O. havanensis (Bigelow, 1893); O. hawaiiensis Manning, 1967c; O. japonicus (De Haan, 1844); O. latirostris Borradaile, 1907; O. scyllarus (Linnaeus, 1758) .</p><p>Key to the South African species of Odontodactylus</p><p>1. Dactylus of raptorial claw (Fig. 11A) with 8 or 9 small teeth on inner margin.............................. O. hansenii</p><p>– Dactylus of raptorial claw (Fig. 12B) with 2 or 3 small teeth on inner margin............................. O. scyllarus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF8CFFE4F9DE53F3A99FE6FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF8CFFE6F9DE5066AD93E536.text	975087ECFF8CFFE6F9DE5066AD93E536.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odontodactylus hansenii (Pocock 1893)	<div><p>Odontodactylus hansenii (Pocock, 1893), new record</p><p>(Fig. 11)</p><p>Gonodactylus hansenii Pocock, 1893: 473–479, pl. 20.B, fig. 3 [type locality Macclesfield Bank, South China Sea]. Odontodactylus hansenii . — Manning, 1967c: 4–5 (text).—Ahyong 2001: 78–79.— Ahyong 2002b: 829.— Poupin, 2010: 59,</p><p>76.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A079452, 1 ♂ (TL 37 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.713333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.713333/lat -27.53)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°31.8’S 32°42.8’E, 2 June 1990, 70 m, Natal Museum Dredging Programme, stat. ZH 18 ; SAMC-A079453, 1 ♀ (TL 60 mm), off ‘ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.888306&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.888306/lat -27.1)">Dog Pond’ Kosi</a> Bay, 27°06’00.0”S 32°53’17.9”E, 74 m, stat . ZC 10, dredge .</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales separated by deep concavity, margins truncate. A2 scale anterior margins setose, distal setae present or becoming reduced in size. Rostral plate ovoid, apex rounded. Raptorial claw with 8 or 9 teeth on inner margin. TS6–7 lateral margins rounded. AS (3)4–5 with posterolateral spine. Telson mid-dorsal surface with distinct MD carina and 2 longitudinal carinae either side of midline (accessory MD; anterior SM) in addition to carinae of primary teeth. Uropod exopod proximal segment entirely or almost entirely black, outer margin with 11 movable spines; exopod distal segment distinctly shorter than proximal segment; endopod with 2 subequal dorsal carinae and 1 ventral carina.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Almost completely faded except for a dark, transverse patch mid-dorsal on the carapace; the distinctive uropod exopod proximal segment entirely or almost entirely black. Dark mottled speckles on posterior margin of AS 1; all primary teeth of telson with some dark brown colouration.</p><p>Colour in life. A previous note describes a live specimen with ‘telson pink, eyes apple green, dorsum rusty, mottled’ (Bigelow 1931). More recently, a colour photograph of a specimen from Réunion shows the dorsum to be mottled rust, yellow and orange (Legall &amp; Poupin 2022).</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 1) TL 37 mm, ♀ (n = 1) TL 60 mm. Largest specimen recorded by Ahyong (2002b) for a TL 77 mm specimen.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Indo-West Pacific. South China Sea, Japan, Philippines, New Caledonia, Hawaii, Réunion and now from South Africa [KZN]; 70– 74 m. Associated with rock and rubble substrata, recorded depths 20– 324 m.</p><p>Remarks. Odontodactylus hansenii is a warm water species known from South Africa only by the present specimens from KwaZulu-Natal. Unfortunately, no male specimen from South African waters was available for examination. This species has ‘small’ post larvae and have well-developed telson carinae by TL 25 mm (Ahyong 2001).</p><p>Formerly thought to be a synonym of O. brevirostris by Manning (1967c), O. hansenii is now considered distinct (Ahyong, 2001). Previously, O. havanensis, O. hansenii and O. latirostris were often misidentified as O. brevirostris . The four species belong to a group referred to as the ‘ O. brevirostris complex’. To help resolve this group, Ahyong (2001) suggested the use of characters such as extent of antennal scale setation and colouration, presence of AS 3 posterolateral spine and relative length of uropodal exopod proximal segment, as well as overall colour. Similar Odontodactylus species share a single accessory MD carina either side of the MD carina of the telson and AS 3–5 posterolaterally spined. Odontodactylus hansenii is distinguished from these similar species by the uropodal exopod distal segment being shorter than the proximal segment and the uropodal exopod proximal segment coloured completely black (Ahyong 2001). Ahyong (2001) gives a preliminary key to the species of Odontodactylus but stresses the continuation of study and re-examination of specimens for species within the ‘ O. brevirostris complex’.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF8CFFE6F9DE5066AD93E536	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFF8EFFD8F9DE52D2AF8BE728.text	975087ECFF8EFFD8F9DE52D2AF8BE728.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linnaeus, 1758), new record</p><p>(Fig. 12)</p><p>Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758: 633 [type locality Rinca, Greater Sunda Island, Sulawesi, Indonesia, by neotype selection</p><p>(Ahyong 2001: 85)]. Gonodactylus bleekeri A. Milne-Edwards, 1868: 65, footnote [type locality Batavia, Jakarta, Indonesia]. Gonodactylus elegans Miers, 1884: 566, 575, pl. 52: fig. b [type localities Providence Island and Providence Reef, Seychelles].—</p><p>Kemp, 1913: 4, 11, 134, 139. Odontodactylus scyllarus .— Manning, 1967c: 10–15, fig. 3.— Manning, 1970a: 1431, table 1.—Ahyong, 2001: 85, fig. 41.—</p><p>Ahyong et al., 2008: 29–30, fig. 22.— Ahyong, 2012: 39–42, figs. 18, 19.— Poupin et al., 2019: 8, fig. 3B.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A079410, 1 ♀ (TL 88 mm), Sodwana Bay, 1988, depth unknown, coll. W. Emmerson.</p><p>Other material examined. Mozambique: SAMC-A019341, 1 ♂ (TL 129 mm), Inhassoro, 21°32’04.9”S 35°12’07.9”E, depth unknown, stat. PEA 23 A, UCT Ecological Survey, det. R. B. Manning .</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales oblique to midline, appressed medially, margin truncate. A2 scale with entire margin setose, anterior setae shorter. Rostral plate triangular; lateral margins convex; apex deflexed. Raptorial claw dactylus with 2 or 3 small teeth on inner margin. AS (3)4–5 with posterolateral spine. Telson mid-dorsal surface with distinct MD carina and 3 longitudinal carinae either side of midline (double accessory MD, anterior SM) in addition to carinae of primary teeth; carina of IM denticle short, not extending onto mid-dorsal surface. Uropodal exopod proximal distinctly longer than distal segment; outer margin with 10–12 flattened movable spines, apices sharp, evenly tapering.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Somewhat faded with evidence of overall diffuse spots. Dactylus of raptorial claw orange along outer margin.</p><p>Colour in life (after Ahyong 2012). Overall dorsal colour reddish-brown to green, often with diffuse banding and dark lateral spot on each somite. Large males deep green. Posterior margin of thoracic and abdominal somites orange-red. Carapace with anterolateral and usually posterolateral areas with large dark brown spots outlined in white. A2 scale orange-yellow with dark apex; setae red. Ventral surface, dactylus of raptorial claw and pereopods red. Uropodal protopod pale basally; exopod blue with iridescent blue outline and red marginal setae; endopod dark blue with iridescent blue outline and red marginal setae.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 1) TL 129 mm, ♀ (n = 1) TL 88 mm. CI (♀) 500. Manning (1967c) reported specimens to TL 171 mm.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Western Indian Ocean from Mozambique, Madagascar, Comoros, Réunion, Mauritius and Seychelles to South China Sea, Japan, New Caledonia, Fiji, northern New Zealand, Australia, and now South Africa [KZN]. Associated with hard bottom substrates, such as rock and rubble in shallow waters; 0– 100 m.</p><p>Remarks. Known as the ‘peacock mantis shrimp’, Odontodactylus scyllarus is one of the most recognisable species with the fastest and most powerful punch of the ‘smashers’ and high popularity in the aquarium trade. The raptorial claw biomechanics (Patek et al. 2004) and visual system of this well-known warm-water species has been well-researched. However, this female specimen collected from Sodwana Bay, KZN, is the first specimen of the species to be taxonomically examined from South Africa. Although an infrequent but definite animal sighting by divers on excursions in KwaZulu-Natal, O. scyllarus has never been documented from South Africa in scientific literature. Meanwhile, it has been repeatedly mentioned in early revisions of South African stomatopod fauna (Barnard 1950; Manning 1969a) that the presence of O. scyllarus on the east coast of South Africa is highly feasible. This is now confirmed. The species has been recorded from multiple localities along the coast of eastern Africa including southern Mozambique (Barnard 1958), Madagascar (Manning 1970a), Comoros (Mayotte), Réunion, Mauritius and Seychelles (Ahyong 2012).</p><p>The single South African specimen closely agrees with the most recent revisions of the species (Ahyong 2001, 2012). The specimen has posterolateral spines on abdominal somites 3–5 (Fig. 12F) and two small teeth on the inner margin of the dactylus of the raptorial claw (Fig. 12B) as well as 10–11 movable spines on the outer margin of uropodal exopod (Fig. 12H, I). The Mozambican specimen examined herein and the specimen from Madagascar (Manning 1970a) both exhibited the same ornamentation of the raptorial claw and abdominal spination as the South African specimen.</p><p>PROTOSQUILLIDAE Manning, 1980</p><p>Protosquillidae Manning, 1980: 366, 369.</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2012). Rostral plate trispinous. Antennal protopod dorsally with fixed, anteriorly directed spine or tooth. Raptorial claw with subterminal ischiomeral articulation; propodus occlusal margin sparsely pectinate; dactylus with smooth or microscopically serrated occlusal margin and strongly inflated heel on outer proximal margin. Telson and AS 6 immovably fused, forming pleotelson (though demarcation usually visible). Distal segment of uropodal exopod articulating at distal end of proximal segment; distal movable spines on outer margin of proximal segment not recurved anteriorly.</p><p>Composition. Chorisquilla Manning, 1969c; Echinosquilla Manning, 1969c; Haptosquilla Manning, 1969c; Protosquilla Brooks, 1886; Rayellus Ahyong, 2010a; Siamosquilla Naiyanetr, 1989 .</p><p>Remarks. One genus and species is known from South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFF8EFFD8F9DE52D2AF8BE728	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFB0FFD8F9DE50A9AFBFE186.text	975087ECFFB0FFD8F9DE50A9AFBFE186.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chorisquilla Manning 1969	<div><p>Chorisquilla Manning, 1969c</p><p>Chorisquilla Manning, 1969c: 157 . [Type species Gonodactylus excavatus Miers 1880, by original designation. Gender feminine].</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2001). Cornea flattened dorsally, broadened laterally. Rostral plate trispinous. Mandibular palp 2-segmented. MXP1–5 with epipod. AS 1 with small, articulated, pleural plate anterolaterally. AS 6 fused with telson but usually demarcated by dorsal groove. Telson posterior margin divided by deep V- or U-shaped median margination. Uropodal endopod without dorsal spines.</p><p>Composition. Chorisquilla andamanica Manning, 1975c; C. brooksii (de Man, 1888); C. convoluta Ahyong, 2001; C. excavata (Miers, 1880); C. gyrosa (Odhner, 1923); C. hystrix (Nobili, 1899); C. kroppi Ahyong &amp; Erdmann, 2003; C. mehtae Erdmann &amp; Manning, 1998; C. orientalis Hwang, Ahyong &amp; Kim, 2018; C. pococki Manning, 1975c; C. quinquelobata (Gordon, 1935); C. similis Ahyong, 2002c; C. spinosissima (Pfeffer, 1888); C. trigibbosa (Hansen, 1926); C. tweediei (Serène, 1950); C. tuberculata (Borradaile, 1907) .</p><p>Remarks. Only one species is recorded from South African waters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFB0FFD8F9DE50A9AFBFE186	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFB0FFDAF9DE5542A86CE23C.text	975087ECFFB0FFDAF9DE5542A86CE23C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chorisquilla spinosissima (Pfeffer 1888)	<div><p>Chorisquilla spinosissima (Pfeffer, 1888)</p><p>(Fig. 13)</p><p>Gonodactylus spinosissima Pfeffer, 1888: 35 [type locality Mombasa, Kenya, by neotype selection (Ahyong 2001)].</p><p>Protosquilla spinosissima .— Manning, 1968a: 55–56.</p><p>Chorisquilla spinosissima .— Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995: 280.—Ahyong 2001: 95–97, fig. 46; 2005: 160.— Poupin et al., 2019: 7, fig. 2D.</p><p>Chorisquilla longispinosa Sun &amp; Yang, 1998: 143–144, 151–152, fig. 1 [type locality Sanjiao Reef, Nansha Islands, South China Sea].</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A015623, 1 ♂ (TL 40 mm), 1 ♀ (TL 34 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.516695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683308/lat -27.516695)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 1 Aug 1976, 13.5 m, RW 24, coll . R. Winterbottom, det. S. Ahyong; SAMC-A015622, 2 ♂ (TL 12–18 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.516695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683308/lat -27.516695)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 28 Jul 1976, 13.5 m, RW 21, same as above .</p><p>Diagnosis. Raptorial claw propodus with movable spine proximally. AS 4 smooth medially; laterally corrugated. AS 5 with posterolateral spine; smooth medially, at most with row of short, narrow, transverse grooves on posterior margin; laterally corrugated and carinate; posterior margin unarmed. AS 6 anterior margin with row of short, slender, posteriorly directed spines; dorsally ornamented with numerous long spines. Telson with 2 pairs of primary teeth, apices spiniform; dorsal surface entirely covered with long spines, obscuring MD and SM bosses; MD boss circular to ovate, SM bosses extending posteriorly beyond apex of median excavation; lateral margin with 7–12 short spines; 7–11 spiniform SM denticles, increasing in length distally; and 2 spiniform IM denticles; ventral surface with low, short, postanal carina. Uropodal protopod dorsally with 1 or 2 slender proximal spines and shorter spine above proximal exopod articulation. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 10 or 11 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Completely faded. Ahyong (2001) describes the body to be uniformly dark green-brown in recently preserved specimens and Manning (1968a) records preserved material from Nosy Bay, Madagascar, as mottled brown with telson and uropod more lightly coloured than body.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 3) TL 12–40 mm, ♀ (n = 1) TL 34 mm.A1 peduncle 0.59–0.86CL.A2 scale 0.44–0.50CL. Uropodal endopod length 3.38–3.60 times width. The present specimen of TL 40 mm is the largest recorded.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Indian Ocean from South Africa, Madagascar, Mayotte and Somalia to Sri Lanka, Red Sea, South China Sea and north-western Australia; shallow intertidal to 14 m (Ahyong 2001).</p><p>Remarks. First recorded for southern Africa in Madagascar by Manning (1968a), this small species is known from shallow reef habitats of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea; Moosa’s (1991) records from New Caledonia at 65 m are based on C. hystrix . The present series of C. spinosissima was examined by Ahyong (2005) for his paper on coral reef related Stomatopoda from Sodwana Bay, South Africa, and agree well with Manning’s (1968a) description of the species from Madagascar and the more-recent species account from Australian waters (Ahyong 2001).</p><p>With size, the development of the number of marginal spines of the telson viewed ventrally is a feature recorded in specimens of both C. spinosissima and C. hystrix . In the smallest specimen examined (TL 12 mm), 7 or 9 spines are present on the lateral margins of the telson; by TL 18 mm, 8 or 10 spines, and by TL 34 mm, 10 spines are present. The largest specimen (TL 40 mm) has 11 or 12 spines on the lateral margins of the telson.</p><p>PSEUDOSQUILLIDAE Manning, 1977a</p><p>Pseudosquillidae Manning, 1977a: 95 . [Type genus Pseudosquilla Dana, 1852].</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2001). Dorsal surface of A2 protopod with articulated, ventrally carinate plate. Raptorial claw ischiomeral articulation terminal; propodus occlusal margin evenly pectinate proximally, becoming sparsely pectinate distally; dactylus slender with 3 teeth, basally uninflated. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. MXP1–5 with epipod. AS 6 articulating with telson. Telson with distinct, slender MD carina; SM denticles absent in adults. Articulation of uropodal exopod segments terminal; distal spines on outer margin of uropodal exopod slender, straight or slightly curved, but not strongly recurved anteriorly.</p><p>Composition. Pseudosquilla Dana, 1852; Pseudosquillana Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995; Pseudosquillisma Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995; Raoulserenea Manning, 1995 .</p><p>Remarks. While only two of the four genera have been recorded in South Africa, it is expected that Pseudosquilla, previously recorded from Mozambique, may occur along the east coast of South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFB0FFDAF9DE5542A86CE23C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFB2FFDAF9DE55A5A99FE3FD.text	975087ECFFB2FFDAF9DE55A5A99FE3FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudosquillidae Manning 1977	<div><p>Key to the genera of Pseudosquillidae of southern Africa [South African in bold]</p><p>1. Telson with 3 carinae either side of MD carina (Fig. 15G, 16H)................................................. 2</p><p>– Telson with 4 carinae either side of MD carina (Fig. 14J)......................................... Pseudosquillisma</p><p>2. Cornea subglobular, not broadened anteriorly. Carapace without pair of large dark spots. Uropodal protopod with inner spine longer.................................................................................... Pseudosquilla</p><p>– Cornea flattened, broadened anteriorly. Carapace with pair of large dark, circular patches. Uropodal protopod with inner spine shorter.................................................................................... Raoulserenea</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFB2FFDAF9DE55A5A99FE3FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFB3FFDBF9DE53F3A95EE758.text	975087ECFFB3FFDBF9DE53F3A95EE758.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudosquillisma Cappola & Manning 1995	<div><p>Pseudosquillisma Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995</p><p>Pseudosquillisma Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995: 284–285 . [Type species Squilla oculata Brullé, 1837, by original designation. Gender feminine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Eye with cornea strongly broadened, broader than stalk. Rostral plate ovoid, with short anterior spine. Carapace dorsum with pair of large, dark, circular eyespots. Raptorial claw propodus with 3 movable spines proximally. AS 1–5 with MG carinae only. Telson dorsal surface with 4 longitudinal carinae lateral to MD carina (accessory MD, anterior SM, anterior IM, MG). Uropodal protopod terminating in 2 slender, flattened spines, outer spine longer.</p><p>Composition. Pseudosquillisma adiastalta (Manning, 1964); P. guttata (Manning, 1972a); P. kensleyi Ahyong, 2005; P. oculata (Brullé, 1837); P. tweediei Ahyong, 2014 .</p><p>Remarks. Most similar to species of Raoulserenea, species of Pseudosquillisma bear a pair of large eyespots on the carapace, which along with general colour pattern, is the most convenient way of distinguishing between species. There are additional subtle morphological differences between species, but the genus needs revision, with previous records of Pseudosquillisma oculata from the Indo-West Pacific referred to P. tweediei Ahyong, 2014 (Ahyong 2014). The current knowledge of the genus restricts P. oculata sensu stricto to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the three species of Pseudosquillisma from the Indo-West Pacific, only one is known from South African waters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFB3FFDBF9DE53F3A95EE758	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFB3FFDDF9DE5038ACF8E5DA.text	975087ECFFB3FFDDF9DE5038ACF8E5DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudosquillisma kensleyi Ahyong 2005	<div><p>Pseudosquillisma kensleyi Ahyong, 2005</p><p>(Fig. 14)</p><p>Pseudosquillisma kensleyi Ahyong, 2005: 160–162, fig. 1. [Type locality Sodwana Bay, South Africa].— Ahyong, 2014: 251.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A015617, 1 ♂ (TL 30 mm), Hully Point, 25.5 km north of Sodwana Bay, 27°19’59.9”S 32°45’00.0”E, 21 Jan 1976, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.333307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.75/lat -27.333307)">Rotenone Station</a>, depth unknown, RW 11, coll . R. Winterbottom.</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2005). Cornea subglobular, strongly inflated, expanded dorsally and laterally. Carapace with pair of dark circular ‘eyespots’ at most with indistinct pale outline. AS 1–3 posterolaterally rounded. AS 4 blunt but angular. AS 5 with posterolateral spine. Uropodal protopod with distinct step on inner proximal margin; exopod proximal segment outer margin with 11 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Overall dorsal body described in original description as faded to uniform grey-brown. Carapace with pair of dark brown, circular ‘eyespots’, at most with indistinct pale outline. Raptorial claw merus and propodus grey-brown; dactylus bleached pale. Posterolateral margin of AS 5 and posterior margin of AS 6 with dark spots of maroon. Telson and uropods with scattered maroon colouration. Colour in life unknown.</p><p>Measurements of holotype (Ahyong 2005). TL 30 mm. CL 6.4 mm. Cornea width 2.1 mm.A1 peduncle length 3.8 mm. A2 scale length 2.8 mm. AS 5 width 4.8 mm.</p><p>Distribution. South Africa. Only known from the type locality of Hully Point, just north of Sodwana Bay, KZN.</p><p>Remarks. Pseudosquillisma kensleyi is known only from a single specimen collected from Hully Point, near Sodwana Bay, KZN, and at present is considered endemic to South Africa. However, given this locality, it is most likely that the species occurs at least in the Mozambican Channel. Pseudosquillisma kensleyi is distinguished by the size of its strongly inflated eyes being expanded both laterally and dorsally rather than laterally expanded and dorsally flattened, as in other species of Pseudosquillisma .</p><p>The type material in the Iziko collection was originally identified as Pseudosquillisma oculata, as both P. oculata and P. kensleyi share a similar colour pattern with the diagnostic pair of eye spots on the carapace surrounded, at most, by an indistinct pale ring. However, no live specimen or description of colour in life is available for P. kensleyi and thus the only colour description is based on already faded material. Unfortunately, no habitat description was given for the Hully Point collection site, but it is assumed that this species inhabits the coral reef systems around Sodwana Bay (Ahyong 2005). A female of the species has yet to be recorded.</p><p>There have been accounts of P. oculata from Mauritius (Barnard 1950) and Madagascar (Manning 1970a), but the records give very little detail in terms of characteristic features and specimen comparisons. The observation of morphological heterogeneity among Indo-West Pacific, eastern and western Atlantic populations previously identified as P. oculata (Manning, 1969b; Ahyong, 2001) lead to a revaluation of the distribution of the species. Ahyong (2014) described a new species P. tweediei Ahyong, 2014, for specimens originally thought to be P. oculata in the Indo-West Pacific and is most easily distinguished by colour in life. The holotype of P. tweediei was collected from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean. It is suggested that P. oculata sensu stricto is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, while the Indo-West Pacific form should be referred to as P. tweediei (see Ahyong 2014). Therefore, those documented occurrences of P. oculata from Mauritius and Madagascar can tentatively be considered to be P. tweediei .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFB3FFDDF9DE5038ACF8E5DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFB5FFDDF9DE52BEA99FE123.text	975087ECFFB5FFDDF9DE52BEA99FE123.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raoulserenea Manning 1995	<div><p>Raoulserenea Manning, 1995</p><p>Raoulserenea Manning, 1995: 116 . [Type species Pseudosquilla ornata Miers, 1880, by original designation. Gender feminine].</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2001). Eye with cornea broadened, but not bilobed, as broad as or broader than stalk. Rostral plate ovoid, with or without short anterior spine. Carapace dorsum with pair of large, dark, circular ‘eyespots’. Raptorial claw propodus with 3 movable spines proximally. AS 1–5 with MG carinae only. Telson dorsal surface with 3 longitudinal carinae lateral to MD carina (accessory MD, anterior SM, MG). Uropodal protopod terminating in 2 slender, flattened spines, outer spine longer.</p><p>Composition. Raoulserenea hieroglyphica (Manning, 1972a); R. komaii (Moosa, 1991); R. moorea Ahyong &amp; Caldwell, 2017; R. ornata (Miers, 1880); R. oxyrhyncha (Borradaile, 1898) .</p><p>Remarks. Colour pattern is particularly important in distinguishing species of Raoulserenea . Presently, the two species bearing an anterior spine on the rostral plate, R. komaii and R. oxyrhyncha, can be distinguished only by colour pattern and might prove conspecific. Species of Raoulserenea are common on coral reefs amongst rubble and live coral on the reef flat and slope. A feature shared by species of the Raoulserenea and Pseudosquillisma is the presence of paired ‘eyespots’ on the carapace, the function of which is unknown (Ahyong, 2001). Three species of Raoulserenea have been recorded from Sodwana Bay, South Africa.</p><p>Key to South African species of Raoulserenea</p><p>1. Rostral plate with short median anterior spine............................................................... 2</p><p>– Rostral plate rounded or angular anteriorly but without median spine..................................... R. ornata</p><p>2. Carapace ‘eyespots’ with diffuse margins, at most surrounded by several small, white spots or pale diffuse patches................................................................................................. R. oxyrhyncha</p><p>– Carapace ‘eyespots’ well-defined, surrounded by continuous or near continuous white ring.................... R. komaii</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFB5FFDDF9DE52BEA99FE123	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFB5FFDEF9DE56A6AFDFE7BF.text	975087ECFFB5FFDEF9DE56A6AFDFE7BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raoulserenea komaii (Moosa 1991)	<div><p>Raoulserenea komaii (Moosa, 1991)</p><p>Pseudosquilla komaii Moosa, 1991: 171–173, fig. 4 [type locality Chesterfield Islands, New Caledonia].</p><p>Raoulserenea komaii . — Manning, 1995: 21, 116.—Ahyong 2001: 121–122, fig. 59; 2002a: 357, fig. 6; 2005: 162; 2007: 334.— Ahyong &amp; Davie, 2002: 70.— Ahyong &amp; Erdmann, 2003: 335.— Ahyong, 2014: 251.—Ahyong &amp; Caldwell, 2017: 612, fig. 2C.</p><p>Material examined. No material available for study.</p><p>Previously reported South African material. KZN: SAMC-A015619, 1 ♀ (TL 92 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.516695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683308/lat -27.516695)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 25 Jul 1976, 13.5 m, RW 76–19, coll . R. Winterbottom, det. S. Ahyong.</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2001). Cornea noticeably broader than stalk, trapezoid in dorsal view. Rostral plate ovoid, with short anterior spine. Carapace dorsum with pair of dark ‘eyespots’ surrounded by continuous or near continuous light ring. Raptorial claw propodus with pale spots. Thoracic and abdominal somites with rows of small pale spots and lines. AS 1–2 posterolaterally rounded. AS 3–4 posterolaterally angular. AS 5 with posterolateral spine. Uropodal exopod proximal segment with 11 movable spines on outer margin.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Detailed accounts given by Moosa (1991) and Ahyong &amp; Erdmann (2003). Moosa (1991) describes newly preserved material with “Dense reticulated arrangements - somewhat resembling panther pattern - seen on the anterolateral part of carapace and, with slightly different pattern, on antero-median part of carapace”. He continues “Carapace with a pair of large black spots surrounded by almost entire light ring which is interrupted only at dorso-posterior part.”</p><p>Colour in life (after Ahyong &amp; Caldwell 2017). Body and carapace with strongly reticulated pattern of light and dark with the paired ‘eyespots’ on the carapace surrounded by a continuous or near continuous white ring.</p><p>Measurements. ♀ (n = 1) TL 92 mm. Ahyong (2001) records the largest specimen at TL 100 mm from Australia.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. From French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Australia, Guam and Japan to South Africa; 1–13.5 m (Ahyong, 2005). Associated with coral reefs systems; 0–25 m (Ahyong &amp; Caldwell 2017).</p><p>Remarks. The single specimen of Raoulserenea komaii collected from Sodwana, KZN, was deposited in the Iziko collection and reported on by Ahyong (2005). However, since the review, the specimen has dried out and has been badly damaged so that it can no longer be satisfactorily studied. Thus, the present study is substantially reliant on the previous account. Ahyong (2005) identified the specimen, remarking on its colour pattern closely resembling that of the holotype from New Caledonia (Moosa 1991) as well as specimens from Guam (Ahyong &amp; Erdmann 2003). The present specimen exhibits a reticulated colour pattern on the body and carapace and a distinct pale ring surrounding the characteristic ‘eyespots’ on the carapace.</p><p>At present, R. komaii and R. oxyrhyncha are only distinguishable by colour pattern, with R. komaii consistently having a pattern of light and dark markings strongly reticulated on the carapace and body (Ahyong &amp; Caldwell 2017). The most noticeable difference in preserved specimens is the continuous ring surrounding the paired eyespots on the carapace of R. komaii, versus the (at most) pale blotches present around the eyespots of R. oxyrhyncha . In colour pattern, R. komaii is most similar to R. hieroglyphica Manning, 1972a (Ahyong 2017; Ahyong &amp; Caldwell 2017), but is readily identified by the presence of the rostral apical spine, absent in R. hieroglyphica . Raoulserenea hieroglyphica has not yet been found in the coastal waters of South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFB5FFDEF9DE56A6AFDFE7BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFB6FFD0F9DE575AA936E79A.text	975087ECFFB6FFD0F9DE575AA936E79A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raoulserenea ornata (Miers 1880)	<div><p>Raoulserenea ornata (Miers, 1880)</p><p>(Fig. 15)</p><p>Pseudosquilla ornata Miers, 1880: 4, 111, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6 [type locality unknown, probably southwestern Pacific Ocean, by lectotype designation (Ahyong 2014)].— Roxas &amp; Estampador, 1930: 108–109, figs. 4, 5, pl. II.— Bigelow, 1931: 161.— Holthuis, 1941: 263–264, fig. 3.— Liu, 1975: 185, pl. 1: 1–5.— Manning, 1977a: 286.—Moosa 1984: 38.</p><p>Pseudosquilla ciliata .— Boone, 1934: 17, pl. 4 [Samoan specimen].</p><p>Raoulserenea pygmaea .— Caldwell &amp; Manning, 2000: 101–106 [not R. pygmaea Caldwell &amp; Manning, 2000].</p><p>Raoulserenea ornata .— Manning, 1995: 21, 116, 118, pl. 22, figs. 59b, 60c, d, f, 64.—Sun et al., 1998: 20, fig. 11.— Moosa, 2000: 427.—Ahyong, 2001: 122, fig. 60; 2002a: 369; 2005: 163; 2014: 251, fig. 1F–I.— Ahyong &amp; Davie, 2002: 70.— Barber &amp; Boyce, 2006: fig. 1.— Ahyong, 2014: 251–252, fig. 1F–I.—Ahyong &amp; Caldwell, 2017: 612–613, fig. 2D.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A015620, 1 ♀ (TL 43 mm), 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.516695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683308/lat -27.516695)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27 Jul 1976, shallow intertidal, RW 19, coll . R. Winterbottom, det. S. Ahyong.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cornea not distinctly broader than stalk, oblong in dorsal view. Rostral plate broader than long, without anterior spine, anterior margin obtusely angular to broadly rounded. Carapace dorsum uniformly coloured with pair of dark, circular ‘eyespots’ surrounded by pale ring. A2 scale clear, without dark spots. Raptorial claw propodus uniformly coloured, without pale spots and irregular lines. Thoracic and abdominal somites uniformly coloured, without distinctly reticulated colour pattern. AS 1–3 posterolaterally rounded. AS 4 posterolaterally angular. AS 5 with posterolateral spine. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 9–11 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Body colouration mostly faded to pinkish grey. Carapace with pair of black ‘eyespots’, pale ring surrounding eyespots just visible. Raptorial claw carpus with dark spot on inner surface; with merus and propodus same as body colour, propodus distal spine and dactylus pink. Ahyong (2001) records a dark spot at the base of each pereopod of TS6–8. AS 4 with dark pink spot medially on lateral margin. AS 6 with SM spines dark pink, dark pink spot at base of LT carina; sternum with dark posterior margin. Telson with MD carina and all primary teeth pink posteriorly, dark patches interspersed marginally on denticles and MG carina. Uropodal protopod with dark pink patch sub-basally and on teeth, across proximal 0.50 of endopod and anterior 0.33 of proximal segment of exopod. Movable teeth of exopod dusky pink.</p><p>Colour in life. Body uniformly dark. Carapace with pair of black ‘eyespots’ surrounded by pale ring (see Ahyong &amp; Caldwell 2017, for live colouration of French Polynesian specimen).</p><p>Measurements. ♀ (n = 1) TL 43 mm. CI 432. A1 peduncle 0.74CL. A2 scale 0.52CL. PI 095. PLDI 500. AWCLI 642.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. From South Africa [KZN] in the Western Indian Ocean to the Xisha Islands, Indonesia, Vietnam, Australia and French Polynesia. Found among live coral and coral reef boulders in shallow water, shallow intertidal to at least 18 m (Ahyong 2001).</p><p>Remarks. Colour pattern is an important feature with which to distinguish the species of Raoulserenea (Manning 1995; Ahyong 2001, 2005; Ahyong &amp; Caldwell 2017). Most specimens of R. ornata exhibit a uniformly dark body with the distinctive paired ‘eyespots’ on the carapace surrounded by a pale ring. This is only visible on freshly preserved material. Raoulserenea ornata is most similar in colouration to the recently described R. moorea Ahyong &amp; Caldwell, 2017 from Moorea, Society Islands, which is considered a dwarf species of Raoulserenea with maximum size recorded at TL 27 mm, versus R. ornata at TL 61 mm. The colour of the raptorial claw and the relative length of the intermediate teeth of the telson, as well as the shape of the rostral plate and eye, further distinguishes these two species (Ahyong &amp; Caldwell 2017).</p><p>The present single female specimen of R. ornata from Sodwana Bay, KZN, has been previously examined and reported to have the same colour pattern described by Ahyong (2001) for specimens from Australia (Ahyong 2005). The specimen agrees in all other features with the description of the lectotype of Raoulserenea ornata collected by the HMS Herald from the southwestern Pacific (Ahyong 2014). At TL 43 mm, the specimen agrees well with previous accounts of the species exhibiting a rounded rostral plate (Ahyong 2001). The eye length is greater than 1.5 times its width and a distinct step is present on the inner margin of the uropodal protopod. The uropodal exopod has 11 movable spines on its outer margin. The pink colouration of the dactylus of the raptorial claw further identifies this specimen and distinguishes it from R. moorea which displays a light green raptorial claw (Ahyong &amp; Caldwell 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFB6FFD0F9DE575AA936E79A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFB8FFD2F9DE577EACE5E024.text	975087ECFFB8FFD2F9DE577EACE5E024.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raoulserenea oxyrhyncha (Borradaile 1898)	<div><p>Raoulserenea oxyrhyncha (Borradaile, 1898)</p><p>(Fig. 16)</p><p>Pseudosquilla oxyrhyncha Borradaile, 1898: 37, pl. 6: figs. 9–9d [type locality Rotuma, Fiji].— Holthuis, 1941: 264–266, fig. 4.</p><p>Raoulserenea oxyrhyncha .— Manning, 1995: 116.—Ahyong, 2001: 123–125, fig. 61; 2005: 163; 2012: 247; 2014: 253.— Ahyong &amp; Davie, 2002: 70.— Ahyong &amp; Erdmann, 2003: 335–336.—Ahyong &amp; Caldwell, 2017: 613, fig. 2E.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A044726, 1 ♂ (TL 30.5 mm), Sodwana, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 25 Jul 1976, 13.5 m, stat. RW 15, coll . R. Winterbottom, det. S. Ahyong; SAMC-A015618, 1 ♂ (TL 35 mm), Sodwana, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 24 Jul 1976, 13.5 m, stat. RW 14, same as above .</p><p>Diagnosis. Cornea distinctly broader than stalk, trapezoid in dorsal view. Rostral plate ovoid, with short anterior spine. Carapace dorsum with pair of dark ‘eyespots’ with diffuse margins surrounded at most by pale spots or diffuse paler patches, not merging to form a continuous light ring. Raptorial claw propodus with pale spots. Thoracic and abdominal somites uniformly coloured, diffusely banded or mottled, without distinctly reticulated colour pattern. AS 1–2 posterolaterally rounded. AS 3–4 posterolaterally angular. AS 5 with posterolateral spine. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 11 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Body colouration mostly faded yellowish pink. Carapace with pair of black ‘eyespots’, pale blotches surrounding ‘eyespots’ just visible. AS 1 with dark spot adjacent to pleural plate. Raptorial claw with movable spines of propodus and dactylus mottled pink. AS 5 posterior margin and AS 6 SM and LT spines tipped pink. Telson SM and IM teeth tipped with dark pink. Uropodal protopod and endopod with mottled dark pink patches, exopod with movable spines on outer margin purple.</p><p>Colour in life. Body and carapace ranging in colour from uniform to mottled.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 2) TL 30.5–35.0 mm. CI 350–400. A1 peduncle 0.55–0.74CL. A2 scale 0.44–0.46CL. PLDI 400–480. AWCLI 660–700.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Cocos-Keeling Islands (eastern Indian Ocean) to Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Guam, Rotuma (Fiji), Moorea, French Polynesia and South Africa; 0–13.5 m (Ahyong 2005). Associated with coral reef systems of rock/rubble substrata from shallow water; 0– 23 m.</p><p>Remarks. Although known to vary in general colour pattern, the pair of large dark spots in R. oxyrhyncha are always present on the carapace and surrounded at most by several diffuse pale patches. The characteristic‘eyespots’ are never surrounded by a distinct pale ring, as reported by Ahyong &amp; Caldwell (2017) for R. ornata and R. komaii . However, the body and carapace of R. oxyrhyncha has been recorded to vary from uniform colouration to light and dark mottled banding (Ahyong 2001; Ahyong &amp; Erdmann 2003; Ahyong &amp; Caldwell 2017).</p><p>Raoulserenea oxyrhyncha and R. komaii are presently considered morphologically indistinguishable and can be identified by colouration alone. It has been suggested that the two species may represent colour variants of the same species (Ahyong 2001), but in this study R. oxyrhyncha and R. komaii are treated as separate species. The uniform colour variant of R. oxyrhyncha resembles that of R. moorea Ahyong &amp; Caldwell, 2017, but the species can easily be distinguished by the presence of an apical spine on the rostral plate of R. oxyrhyncha specimens, absent in R. moorea .</p><p>Both male specimens of R. oxyrhyncha examined herein were reported on by Ahyong (2005). Although the colour is faded in the present series, Ahyong (2005) remarked that the specimens exhibit the same colour pattern as the holotype of Raoulserenea oxyrhyncha from Rotuma, Fiji. The holotype, as well as the present specimen, exhibit subtle mottling on the body and the carapace bears pale patches surrounding the dark eyespots.</p><p>TAKUIDAE Manning, 1995</p><p>Takuidae Manning, 1995: 119 . [Type genus Taku Manning, 1995].</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2001).A2 protopod dorsally with fixed, anteriorly directed spine.Raptorial claw ischiomeral articulation of subterminal; dactylus without teeth on inner margin, outer basal margin strongly inflated into blunt heel; propodus without proximal movable spines. AS 6 articulating with telson. Articulation of uropodal exopod segments subterminal. Distal spines on outer margin of uropodal exopod strongly recurved anteriorly.</p><p>Composition. Mesacturus Miers, 1880; Mesacturoides Manning, 1978b; Taku Manning, 1995 .</p><p>Remarks. All takuid species occur in the Indo-West Pacific. Only one species and genus known from South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFB8FFD2F9DE577EACE5E024	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFBAFFD2F9DE57ADAD31E214.text	975087ECFFBAFFD2F9DE57ADAD31E214.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesacturoides Manning 1978	<div><p>Mesacturoides Manning, 1978b</p><p>Mesacturoides Manning, 1978b: 1–4 . [Type species Gonodactylus crinitus Manning, 1962a . Gender masculine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Cornea subglobular. Rostral plate sharply trispinous. Anterior margins of lateral plates of carapace convex, extending anteriorly beyond base of rostral plate. Mandibular palp present. Telson a flattened plate, with 2 pairs of teeth; SM with movable apices. Uropodal exopod with distal spines on outer margin of proximal segment of enlarged, strongly recurved. Uropodal endopod curved laterally; dorsal spines absent. Uropodal exopod and endopod lacking fixed spines on inner margin.</p><p>Composition. Mesacturoides brevisquamatus (Paulson, 1875); M. crinitus (Manning, 1962a); M. fimbriatus (Lenz, 1905) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFBAFFD2F9DE57ADAD31E214	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFBAFFD5F9DE55F3AEBCE0E2.text	975087ECFFBAFFD5F9DE55F3AEBCE0E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesacturoides fimbriatus (Lenz 1905)	<div><p>Mesacturoides fimbriatus (Lenz, 1905)</p><p>(Fig. 17)</p><p>Gonodactylus fimbriatus Lenz, 1905: 388, pl. 47 fig. 2 [type locality Zanzibar].</p><p>Mesacturoides fimbriatus .— Manning, 1962a: 7, 8, 10, fig. 2b.— Cappola &amp; Manning, 1995: 279–280. — Ahyong, 2005: 163.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A015621, 1 ♂ (TL 21 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.516695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683308/lat -27.516695)">Sodwana</a> Bay, 27°31’00.1”S 32°40’59.9”E, 27 Jul 1976, 13.5 m, RW 14, coll . R. Winterbottom, det. S. Ahyong.</p><p>Diagnosis. Rostral plate distinctly trispinous with anterior margins concave; anterior angles spiniform; lateral margins convex; slender median spine longer than base. Carapace with anterior margins convex, extending anteriorly beyond base, but not beyond anterior angles of rostral plate. A2 protopod dorsally with fixed, anteriorly directed spine. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. 5 epipods present. AS 6 unarmed, LT carina produced posteriorly as a blunt, triangular lobe. Telson with two pairs of primary teeth well-formed; SM teeth with movable apices and 6–11 SM slender denticles; IM teeth apices shorter than SM teeth with 5–8 IM denticles. Telson dorsal surface with 3 mid-dorsal carinae; MD carina broad with two posteriorly appressed swellings; MD carina flanked by two low carinae. Uropod protopod outer spine broader and longer than inner. Uropodal exopod proximal segment with 5 movable spines on outer margin, 2 proximal spines straight, 3 distalmost enlarged and strongly recurved anteriorly; proximal segment with dorsal patch of setae, distal segment dorsal surface completely setose. Uropod endopod outer margin fully setose, inner margin at most sparsely setose; ventral surface completely setose.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 1) TL 21 mm. At TL 31 mm, a female specimen from Somalia is the largest recorded (Cappola &amp; Manning 1995).</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Completely faded. The only mention of species colouration in life is ‘dark brown’ (Lenz 1905).</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Arabian Sea, Pakistan, Persian Gulf to Western Indian Ocean, Somalia, Seychelles, Zanzibar and South Africa [KZN]; 0–13.5 m (Ahyong 2005); associated with live and dead coral.</p><p>Remarks. The examined specimen agrees with the original species description by Lenz (1905), as well as the more recent report by Manning (1962a). Mesacturoides fimbriatus is most similar to M. brevisquamatus (Paulson, 1875) and can be distinguished by the shape and setation of the uropods, as well as the number and form of the SM and IM denticles of the telson (Manning 1962a, 1969c). However, the type material of both M. fimbriatus from Zanzibar and M. brevisquamatus are lost. Due to the two species distributional overlap in the Indian Ocean, the erection of neotypes for both species is recommended (Ahyong 2005).</p><p>In South African waters, this reef-associated species has only been found once in Sodwana Bay, KZN (Ahyong 2005). The species appears to be restricted to the northern and western Indian Ocean, ranging from Pakistan and the Persian Gulf to Somalia and extending south to the Seychelles, Zanzibar and South Africa. A targeted study of coral reef related mantis shrimps would likely find this species in coastal waters between Zanzibar and South Africa. The species inhabits live as well as dead coral and has been recorded as a host to the parasitic gastropod Caledoniella montrouzieri Souverbie, 1869 (Cappola &amp; Manning 1995). Species of Mesacturoides are suspected to use their highly modified uropods for securing themselves in their reef borrows, but this has yet to be observed (Manning 1962a, 1978b).</p><p>LYSIOSQUILLOIDEA Giesbrecht, 1910</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2012). Cornea mid-band with 6 (rarely 2) rows of hexagonal ommatidia. A1 somite dorsal processes spiniform or dorsoventrally flattened, not anteriorly compressed and rounded laterally. MXP3–4 with propodi subquadrate, ribbed or beaded. Body flattened, loosely articulated or compact. Raptorial claw with ischiomeral articulation terminal, dactylus inflated or uninflated basally. Telson rarely with distinct MD carina; primary teeth apices all fixed or at most with movable SM teeth. Uropodal protopod with at most two primary spines; articulation of exopod segments terminal.</p><p>Composition. Coronididae Manning, 1980; Lysiosquillidae Giesbrecht, 1910; Nannosquillidae Manning, 1980; Tetrasquillidae Manning &amp; Camp, 1993 .</p><p>Remarks. Typically inhabiting deep burrows in soft sediment, lysiosquilloids rarely leave their shelters, but instead ambush prey from the mouths of their burrows. Lysiosquilloids are predominantly ‘spearers’ with only some species in family Coronididae possessing a smashing claw. Of the four families recognised, two are known from South Africa, both of which possess a raptorial claw adapted for spearing prey.</p><p>Key to the South African families of LYSIOSQUILLOIDEA</p><p>1. Antennular somite with ventral carina. Telson IM denticles obsolete, at most low, rounded. Abdominal somites loosely articulated............................................................................... Lysiosquillidae</p><p>– Antennular somite without ventral carina. Telson IM denticles pointed. Abdominal articulation compact.... Tetrasquillidae</p><p>LYSIOSQUILLIDAE Giesbrecht, 1910</p><p>Diagnosis. Cornea strongly bilobed, set obliquely on stalk. Antennular somite with ventral carina.A2 protopod with 1 mesial and 2 ventral papillae. Raptorial claw with dactylus uninflated basally; propodus with 4 proximal movable spines. MXP1–5 with epipod. Abdominal segments depressed, loosely articulated. Pereopods 1–3 with slender or ovate endopods. Proximal margin of uropodal endopod without strong dorsal fold. Telson with IM and LT primary teeth fused into margin, presenting at most appearance of short projections; IM denticles obsolete, at most low, rounded.</p><p>Composition. Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852; Lysiosquilloides Manning, 1977a .</p><p>Remarks. Until recently, three genera, Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852, Lysiosquilloides Manning, 1977a and Lysiosquillina Manning, 1995, were recognised. Manning (1995) distinguished Lysiosquillina from Lysiosquilla based on antennal scale morphology and erected Lysiosquillina for three species with a broad antennal scale (length less than 3.0 times greatest width) and that lack the mesial dorsal spine on the antennal protopod. Meanwhile, Lysiosquilla was restricted to species with a mesial dorsal spine on the protopod of the antennae and having a slender antennal scale (length 3.0 or more times greatest width). However, with the description of more species, some exhibited characteristics intermediate between Lysiosquilla and Lysiosquillina (Ahyong 2001; Ahyong &amp; Lin 2022). Subsequently, Lysiosquillina was synonymised with Lysiosquilla and phylogenetic analysis of all known species of Lysiosquillidae found species of the previously recognised Lysiosquillina to be monophyletic, but nested within Lysiosquilla, making the latter paraphyletic (Ahyong &amp; Lin 2022). The Lysiosquillidae include the largest known mantis shrimps, with all species exceeding 100 mm in total length. The largest known specimen of L. maculata is recorded as up to 385 mm (Roxas &amp; Estampador 1930). One characteristic of the group shared with nannasquillids is the loosely articulated abdominal somites, which allows for better movement within their vertical burrows. One genus is known from South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFBAFFD5F9DE55F3AEBCE0E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFBDFFD5F9DE5667A99FE1CB.text	975087ECFFBDFFD5F9DE5667A99FE1CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lysiosquillidae Giesbrecht 1910	<div><p>Key to the genera of Lysiosquillidae [South African in bold]</p><p>1. SM teeth of telson with movable apices, SM denticles present in adults. Telson median boss with short posterior spine or lobe....................................................................................... Lysiosquilloides</p><p>– SM teeth of telson fixed, SM denticles absent in adults. Telson median boss unarmed...................... Lysiosquilla</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFBDFFD5F9DE5667A99FE1CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFBDFFD6F9DE568FA99FE6DE.text	975087ECFFBDFFD6F9DE568FA99FE6DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lysiosquilla Dana 1852	<div><p>Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852</p><p>Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852: 615 . [Type species Lysiosquilla inornata Dana, 1852, a junior subjective synonym of Lysiosquilla scabricauda (Lamarck, 1818), by subsequent designation by Fowler (1912: 539). Gender feminine].</p><p>Lysiosquillina Manning, 1995: 133 . [Type species Squilla maculata Fabricius, 1793, by original designation. Gender feminine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Rostral plate anteriorly smooth or with low median carina, without median groove. Eye large, T-shaped, cornea strongly bilobed, medial lobe rounded. Antennular peduncle article 1 weakly crested laterally; article 2 subcylindrical. Antennal protopod medially unarmed, with short blunt lobe or short anteromesial spine anterior to mesial papilla. Mandibular palp present or absent. Telson SM teeth with fixed apices in adults; SM denticles absent in adults; median boss without posterior spine or lobe.</p><p>Composition. Lysiosquilla campechiensis Manning, 1962b; L. capensis Hansen, 1895; L. colemani Ahyong, 2001; L. glabriuscula (Lamarck, 1818); L. hoevenii (Herklots, 1851); L. isos Ahyong, 2004; L. lisa (Ahyong &amp; Randall, 2001) .; L. maculata (Fabricius, 1793); L. manningi Boyko, 2000; L. monodi Manning, 1977a; L. panamica Manning, 1971c; L. scabricauda (Lamarck, 1818); L. sulcata Manning, 1978d; L. sulcirostris Kemp, 1913; L. suthersi Ahyong, 2001; L. tredecimdentata Holthuis, 1941 .</p><p>Remarks. Due to the recent synonymy of Lysiosquillina with Lysiosquilla, 16 species are recognised worldwide, including the four species previously considered Lysiosquillina: L. glabriuscula, L. lisa, L. maculata, and L. sulcate . Of the nine species known from the Indo-West Pacific, three occur in the Western Indian Ocean from the south and east coasts of South Africa. One species of Lysiosquilla is endemic to South Africa with a range that extends along the east and south coasts to False Bay on the south-west.</p><p>Key to the South African species of Lysiosquilla</p><p>1. Rostral plate dorsally smooth, without carinae or grooves. Mandibular palp present......................... L. capensis</p><p>– Rostral plate with median carina and/or grooves............................................................. 2</p><p>2. TS8 sternal keel (Fig. 20B) a posteriorly directed spine with sharp apex............................ L. tredecimdentata</p><p>– TS8 sternal keel (Fig. 19B) rounded............................................................. L. maculata</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFBDFFD6F9DE568FA99FE6DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFBEFFC8F9DE51BBA804E6FA.text	975087ECFFBEFFC8F9DE51BBA804E6FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lysiosquilla capensis Hansen 1895	<div><p>Lysiosquilla capensis Hansen, 1895</p><p>(Fig. 18)</p><p>Lysiosquilla capensis Hansen, 1895: 74 [type locality Gqeberha, formerly Port Elizabeth].— Stebbing, 1910: 406.— Kemp, 1913: 117.— Parisi, 1922: 105, fig. 3.— Manning, 1963a: 317 [list].— Holthuis, 1967a: 15 [references].— Manning, 1968a: 36 (key); 1969a: 5–6, fig. 1.— Ahyong &amp; Norrington, 1997: 105–106.—Ahyong, 2001: 129 (key).</p><p>Lysierichthus pulcher Hansen, 1895: 74 [type locality St. Helena Bay, Western Cape] [larval form].— Stebbing, 1910: 409.— Barnard, 1950: 856, fig. 4e [larval form].</p><p>Material examined. Western Cape: SAMC-A 001335, 1 ♂ (TL 91 mm), False Bay, 34°10’59.9”S 18°37’00.1”E, Sep 1904, depth unknown, S. S. Pieter Faure. SAMC-A 001337, 2 ♂ (TL 43–48mm), St. Sebastian Bay, 34°25’36.3”S 20°54’13.6”E, 22 Jun 1900, 71 m, S.S. Pieter Faure, stat. PF 6047; SAMC-A 001338, 2 ♂ (TL 39–42 mm), Struys Point, 34°51’35.6”S 20°26’55.3”E, 9 Jul 1902, 88 m, S.S. Pieter Faure, PF 15317. Eastern Cape: SAMC-A 001336, 1 ♂ (TL 47 mm), 1 ♀ (TL 45 mm), Bird Island Light House, Gqeberha, 33°54’24.5”S 26°25’42.6”E, 5 Dec 1901, 49 m, stat. P. F. 14156, S.S. Pieter Faure; SAMC-A 079782, 1 ♂ (TL 112 mm), Coffee Bay, 11 Aug 1974, depth unknown. SAMC-A 079457, 1 ♂ (TL 46 mm), Jeffrey’s Bay, 23 Sep 1987, depth unknown, midwater trawl.</p><p>Unknown location: SAMC-A011013, 1 ♂ (TL 95 mm), data unavailable .</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales produced as slender spines, directed anteriorly. A1 somite dorsal processes directed anterolaterally. Rostral plate dorsal surface smooth, without carinae or grooves. A2 protopod with mediodorsal tooth. Mandibular palp present. Raptorial claw dactylus with 15–17 teeth; carpus dorsal tooth directed ventrally, slightly recurved medially. TS8 sternal keel produced as a posteriorly directed spine. Male PLP1 endopod with posterior endite. AS 5–6 posterior margin unarmed. Uropodal protopod with short ventral spine anterior to endopod articulation; endopod apex dark.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Mostly faded, uniform beige to amber brown. Sub-medial bosses of telson and AS 6 dark brown. Cornea dark brown. Raptorial claw merus and propodus as well as uropodal exopod dark brown. One specimen speckled with dark spots completely covering the rostrum, medially on carapace, dorsally on abdominal and thoracic segments as well as on pereopods, telson and uropods. Barnard (1950) records a pinkish colouration. Colour in life unknown .</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 8) TL 39–112 mm, ♀ (n = 1) TL 45 mm. CI 275–446. A1 peduncle 0.46–0.67CL. A2 scale 0.41–0.54CL. The present study examined the largest known specimen of the species.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Known only from South African waters, 1– 88 m. Reported from Gqeberha, Agulhas Bank, False Bay, 18–88 m, Knysna Estuary (Manning 1969a) and now Coffee Bay [EC].</p><p>Remarks. Endemic to South Africa, Lysiosquilla capensis has previously been reported on the south coast from False Bay (Barnard 1950) in the Western Cape to Gqeberha (Hansen 1895) in the Eastern Cape. The present study extends the range to Coffee Bay on the South African east coast.</p><p>Barnard (1950) commented on the ‘abnormal’ semi-circular rostrum form of his largest specimen when compared to Hansen’s (1895) description of the species. After the examination of the material herein, it was concluded that this ‘abnormality’ is possibly the result of damage during molting as occasionally seen in other species. Rostrum shape can appear rounded as well as having a long apical projection (Fig. 18A, C). Of the specimens recorded, only the illustrated male exhibits the rounded rostrum variation. Relatively large specimens up to 91 mm total length have a rostrum with an apical projection. Hence this variation appears to have no connection to size, as previously suggested by Barnard (1950).</p><p>Although the specimens studied herein have either 15 or 16 teeth on the raptorial claw of the dactylus, 17 teeth have been previously recorded for a specimen from Knysna Estuary, South Africa (Manning 1969a). Lysiosquilla capensis is most similar to L. colemani Ahyong, 2001, Australia. Lysiosquilla capensis differs from L. colemani in having a greater number of teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw (15–17 instead of the 11–14 of L. colemani) and the presence of a mandibular palp versus the absence of the mandibular palp in L. colemani (Ahyong 2001) . However, the present series of both species exhibits a near overlap in teeth number reflected in the key above. Another recorded difference between the species is depth habitat. Lysiosquilla capensis is associated with shallow depths, while L. colemani has never been recorded from the shallow intertidal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFBEFFC8F9DE51BBA804E6FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFA0FFCAF9DE519EAEA0E00A.text	975087ECFFA0FFCAF9DE519EAEA0E00A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lysiosquilla maculata (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Lysiosquilla maculata (Fabricius, 1793)</p><p>(Fig. 19)</p><p>Squilla maculata Fabricius, 1793: 511 [type locality Manado, Indonesia, by neotype selection (Ahyong 2001)]. Lysiosquilla miersi de Vis, 1883: 321 [type locality Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia].— Kemp, 1913: 4, 10, 111, 116–117. Lysiosquilla maculata .— Barnard, 1950: 855, fig. 3d.— Stephenson, 1953a: 44, 45.— Stephenson &amp; McNeill, 1955: 246 (Western</p><p>Australian specimen only).— McNeill, 1968: 88.— Manning, 1968a: 36–38, fig. 12; 1978d: 3–7, figs. 1–3, 9.— Moosa,</p><p>1991: 179.— Manning, 1991: 7.— Ahyong &amp; Lin, 2022: figs. 1D, 2. Lysiosquillina maculata .— Manning, 1995: 134–137, figs. 68c, 70a, b, 71a, b, 72a, b, 74–77, 78a, 80a.—Ahyong, 2001: 137–</p><p>139, fig. 67; 2002b: 830.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A001333, 1 ♀ (TL 111 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.885166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.885166)">Durban</a>, 29°53’06.6”S 31°00’00.0”E, depth and date unknown, stat. 156 ; SAMC-A008219, 1 ♂ (TL 229 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.885166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.885166)">Durban</a>, 29°53’06.6”S 31°00’00.0”E, depth and date unknown, coll. H.W. Bell Marley ; SAMC-A001334, 1 ♀ (TL 203 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.66661&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.616611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.66661/lat -29.616611)">Umsunduzi River</a>, Pietermaritzburg, 29°36’59.8”S 30°39’59.8”E, river bank, coll. Dr. Gilchrist.</p><p>Diagnosis. Rostral plate cordiform (occasionally subtriangular), usually broader than long and broadest in advance of base; with distinct median carina anteriorly, not flanked by longitudinal grooves or carinae. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. A2 scale ovate, length about 2.5 times width. Raptorial claw dactylus with 7–11 teeth. TS8 sternal keel rounded. AS 5 smooth dorsally. AS 6 smooth medially; with low lateral boss, medially marked with parallel grooves. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 7–9 movable spines; endopod at least 0.66 dark distally; exopod proximal half also dark.</p><p>Colour in alcohol: Uropodal endopod with distal 0.75 completely dark; proximal half of uropodal exopod also dark. Dactylus of raptorial claw pale; propodus dark along inner margin. Banding faded in large specimen except for two dark transverse bands on medial section of carapace.</p><p>Colour in life (after Ahyong 2001). Dorsum base colour white to pale yellow, with dark brown to black transverse bands. Carapace with three dark, transverse bands intervened by pale bands of about the same width. Uropodal exopod with distal half of proximal segment and proximal 0.66 of distal segment black; endopod with distal 0.66 black. A2 scale with diffuse patch of dark brown chromatophores across central portion.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 2) TL 203–229 mm, ♀ (n = 1) TL 111 mm. CI 375–455. A1 peduncle 0.46–0.52CL. A2 scale length 2.2–4.2 times width and 0.59–0.62CL; entire margin setose. PI 81–86 (♂), 81 (♀). Uropodal endopod length 1.9–2.0 times width. Roxas &amp; Estampador (1930) recorded the largest known specimen at TL 385 mm.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Indo-West Pacific from South Africa, Mozambique and Madagascar to Australia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Japan and Hawaii. Occupies deep burrows on level intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats in sand and mud flats.</p><p>Remarks. Lysiosquilla maculata is the largest and most widely distributed species of the genus in the Indo-West Pacific. However, due to the recent revisions within the family, it is expected that many reported examples of L. maculata could refer to other species of Lysiosquillidae and many earlier records of L. maculata require verification (Manning 1978d; Ahyong 2001; Ahyong &amp; Lin 2022). Within the Iziko collection, two specimens of L. tredecimdentata Holthuis, 1941 were misidentified as L. maculata . Meanwhile, Barnard (1950) recorded specimens of L. maculata up to TL 300 mm, but these specimens are considered lost and cannot be verified. Sexual dimorphism is recorded particularly for large females and is observed in the relative size and number of spines of the raptorial claw (Manning 1995; Ahyong 2001). Females larger than 230 mm have the propodus of the raptorial claw shorter than the carapace and exhibit a reduced number of teeth on the dactylus, usually 7–8 (Ahyong 2001). This is compared to the usually longer propodus in smaller specimens with more teeth. While the present series only records 9–10 teeth, Ahyong (2001) diagnosis of the species records 7–11 teeth (usually 10–11) on the dactylus of the raptorial claw.</p><p>Until recently, the species was placed in Lysiosquillina and while this genus is now considered a synonym of Lysiosquilla, L. maculata is still characterized by its broad antennal scale; its length being less than 3.0 times its greatest width. Ahyong &amp; Lin (2022) define three major clades of Lysiosquilla: the ‘maculata clade’ is defined for species that share the broadened antennal scale and lack the anteromesial antennal spine and contains L. maculata and other species previously in Lysiosquillina . Species of the second clade have dorsally spinulate and scabrous telsons, AS 6 and uropods, while the third clade containing L. tredecimdentata consists of the remaining dorsally non-spinose species with an elongate or ovate pereopod 1 endopod.</p><p>The specimens present in this study mostly agree with published accounts of the species (Manning 1978d, 1995; Ahyong 2001). Most specimens agree with the diagnosed proportions of the antennal scale length being 2.5 times its width. However, the largest male examined appears to have a slenderer antennal scale with a length 4.2 times its width. This previously unrecorded variation could be due to its long storage in ethanol since the early 1900s as these structures are quite soft with minimal calcification so easy deformed during preservation. Otherwise the specimen exhibits the feature combination of the three-segmented mandibular palp (distinguishing L. maculata from Lysiosquillina lisa Ahyong &amp; Randall, 2001), and the blunt and rounded shape of the TS8 sternal keel (distinguishing L. maculata from L. tredecimdentata), assuring this identification within the genus Lysiosquilla as currently understood (Ahyong &amp; Lin 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFA0FFCAF9DE519EAEA0E00A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFA2FFCCF9DE57CEA91BE150.text	975087ECFFA2FFCCF9DE57CEA91BE150.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lysiosquilla tredecimdentata Holthuis 1941	<div><p>Lysiosquilla tredecimdentata Holthuis, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 20)</p><p>Lysiosquilla maculata var. tredecimdentata Holthuis, 1941: 273–274, fig. 6 [type locality Hedjaff, near Aden]. Lysiosquilla maculata .— Kemp, 1913: 111, pl. 8: figs. 87–89 [not L. maculata (Fabricius, 1793)]. Lysiosquilla tredecimdentata .— Manning, 1968a: 38–41, fig. 13.— Holthuis, 1967a: 23.— Manning, 1978d: 3, 13, 15, fig. 13;</p><p>1995: 132–133, pl. 24, figs. 68b, 69c, f.—Ahyong, 2001: 135–137, fig. 66.— Ahyong et al., 2008: 37, 40, fig.28–30.— Liu</p><p>2008: [list].— Ahyong &amp; Lin, 2022: fig. 2.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A019445, 1 ♀ (TL 125 mm), Durban, 29°53’06.6”S 31°00’00.0”E, Apr 1922, depth unknown, coll. H.W. Bell Marley. SAMC-A092087, 1 ♀ (TL 116 mm), Durban, same as above, depth and date unknown .</p><p>Diagnosis. Ocular scales triangular, erect, inclined anteriorly. A1 somite dorsal processes directed anteriorly. Rostral plate cordiform; broadest in advance of base; with median carina anteriorly, not flanked by grooves or carinae. A2 scale slender, length 3 times width or greater; protopod with blunt mediodorsal tooth. Mandibular palp present. Raptorial claw dactylus with 10–13 teeth; carpus dorsal tooth directed ventrally, recurved medially. Pereopods 1–3 with slender endopod. TS8 sternal keel produced as a posteriorly directed spine. Male PLP1 endopod with posterior endite. Uropodal protopod usually with small spine anterior to endopod articulation; exopod proximal segment outer margin with 7–9 movable spines; endopod apex dark.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Completely faded.</p><p>Colour in life (after Ahyong 2001). Dorsum base colour pale yellow, with black transverse bands. Carapace with three dark, broad, transverse bands intervened by narrower pale bands. Uropodal exopod with distal half of proximal segment and proximal 0.66 of distal segment black; outer movable spines dark red. Uropodal endopod with distal 0.66 black. A2 scale with dark brown outline. Pereopods with pink setae on distal segment.</p><p>Measurements. ♀ (n = 2) TL 116–125 mm. CI 358–383. A1 peduncle 0.56–0.59CL.A2 scale length 3.02–3.18 times width and 0.60–0.61CL. PI 80–85. Uropodal endopod length 1.76–1.83 times width. Ahyong (2001) records the largest known specimen at TL 276 mm.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Indo-West Pacific from Australia, Central Pacific, Vietnam, Thailand and India to Madagascar and South Africa in the Western Indian Ocean; occupies deep burrows in sand and mud substrates on level intertidal and subtidal habitats.</p><p>Remarks. Lysiosquilla tredecidentata was first recorded from South Africa by Manning (1969a) from Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Both specimens of L. tredecidentata examined herein were originally labelled L. maculata in the museum collection, further highlighting the need for all early identifications of lysiosquillids to be verified. The specimens examined agree well with previous accounts of the species (Manning 1968a; Ahyong 2001). Allometric variation in the presence of the spinule adjacent to the articulation of the uropodal endopod is known for the species (Ahyong 2001). Specimens exceeding 180 mm usually lack the uropodal spinule, but rather exhibit a low tubercle. Both specimens examined herein exhibit the spinule.A reduced number of teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw is known for larger females, where nine teeth are recorded for Australian material (Ahyong 2001). However, this is not reflected in the present study material.</p><p>TETRASQUILLIDAE Manning &amp; Camp, 1993</p><p>Tetrasquillidae Manning &amp; Camp, 1993: 88–89 .</p><p>Heterosquillidae Manning, 1995: 123 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Cornea bilobed or widened-subglobular. Antennular somite without prominent ventral keel. Raptorial claw dactylus uninflated basally; propodus with 3 or 4 proximal movable spines, occlusal margin pectinate; ischium shorter than half merus length. Pereopod 1–2 endopods subcircular or ovate. Pereopod 3 endopod slender or oval elongate.Telson with SM primary teeth distinct, always movable; IM and LT primary teeth distinct, slender, prominent, or short, triangular; IM and LT denticles sharp. Proximal margin of uropodal endopod with weak dorsal fold.</p><p>Composition. Acaenosquilla Manning, 1991; Allosquilla Manning, 1977a; Colubrisquilla Ahyong, 2012; Heterosquilla Manning, 1963a; Heterosquilloides Manning, 1966; Heterosquillopsis Moosa, 1991; Incertasquilla Ahyong, Nakajima &amp; Naruse, 2024; Kasim Manning, 1995; Pariliacantha Ahyong, 2012; Tectasquilla Adkison &amp; Hopkins, 1984; Tetrasquilla Manning &amp; Chace, 1990 .</p><p>Remarks. Only one species of the genus Heterosquilloides is represented in South African waters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFA2FFCCF9DE57CEA91BE150	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFA4FFCCF9DE5637A838E340.text	975087ECFFA4FFCCF9DE5637A838E340.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterosquilloides Manning 1966	<div><p>Heterosquilloides Manning, 1966</p><p>Heterosquilloides Manning, 1966: 124 . [Type species Lysiosquilla insolita Manning, 1963a, by original designation. Gender masculine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Cornea bilobed, with two rows of ommatidia in the mid-band; eyes not concealed by rostral plate. A2 protopod without mesial papillae.Raptorial claw propodus with 4 proximal movable spines. Pereopods 1–2 with oval, elongate endopods. Telson with low, irregular dorsal carinae or spinules; posterior margin with movable SM teeth and 2 pairs of fixed primary teeth; 4 IM denticles present; telson ventral surface without post-anal spine. Uropodal protopod with inner spine as long as or longer than outer; with ventral spine anterior to endopod articulation.</p><p>Composition. Heterosquilloides armata (Smith, 1881); H. insignis (Kemp, 1911); H. insolitus (Manning, 1963a) .</p><p>Remarks. The single known Indo-Pacific species is known from South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFA4FFCCF9DE5637A838E340	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFA4FFCEF9DE5401A93AE70E.text	975087ECFFA4FFCEF9DE5401A93AE70E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterosquilloides insignis (Kemp 1911)	<div><p>Heterosquilloides insignis (Kemp, 1911)</p><p>Lysiosquilla insignis Kemp, 1911: 94–95 [type locality off north Andaman Island]; 1913: 4, 11, 111, 126–128, pl. 9: figs. 99–102.— Barnard 1950: 859, fig. 3c.</p><p>Heterosquilla (Heterosquilloides) insignis .— Holthuis, 1967a: 13.</p><p>Heterosquilla (Heterosquilloides) insolita .— Manning, 1969b: 58, 60 (Galapagos Island specimen only, not H. insolita Manning, 1963a).</p><p>Heterosquilla (Heterosquilloides) zarenkovi Makarov, 1978: 179, fig. 2 [type locality Tonkin Bay, Vietnam].</p><p>Heterosquilloides insignis .— Moosa, 1986: 386, pl. 1: fig. c.— Manning, 1991: 6; 1995: 22, 124.—Ahyong, 2001: 175–176, fig. 87; 2002b: 830–832, fig. 1; 2021a: 102–103, fig. 1B.</p><p>Material examined. No material available for study.</p><p>Previously reported South African material. KZN: ZMUC-CRU-20557, 1 ♂ (TL 42 mm), off Durban, South Africa, 29°55’00.0”S 30°20’00.0”E, 445–460 m, stat. 196, sandy mud, 13–14 Feb 1951, Galathea, deposited in Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, source Manning (1991); 1 ♂, north of Durban, 274 m, source Barnard (1950).</p><p>Diagnosis (after Ahyong 2001). Eye with cornea strongly bilobed. Ocular scales fused. A2 protopod with 2 ventral papillae. Rostral plate longer than broad; broadest at base. Raptorial claw dactylus with 7 or 8 teeth. Pereopods 1–2 basal segment with inner and outer, ventrally directed spine. Pereopod 3 basal segment with outer spine only. TS6 lateral process quadrate. AS 1–5 without posterior spinules; AS (3)4–5 each with short posterolateral spine. AS 6 with low IM and LT carinae, armed posteriorly; posterior margin unarmed. Telson with 5–6 SM denticles either side of midline forming inverted ‘V’ in posterior view. Dorsal surface median elevation laterally with 3–4 rows of irregular carinae or tubercles; upper posterior margin laterally with 1 acute, triangular spine and 1 short, triangular or rounded lobe. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 6 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Colour in life shown by Ahyong (2021: fig. 1B, C).</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 1) TL 42 mm. Ahyong (2002b) reported the largest known specimen at TL 94 mm.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific, from South Africa and Madagascar to Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Central Pacific, Hawaii, French Polynesia, eastern Pacific and Galapagos at depths below 100 m. The South African specimens were collected at 274–460 m on sandy and muddy substrates. A depth range of 275–510 m has been previously recorded in southern African waters (Manning 1991). Most recently, Ahyong (2021a) recorded the species from Indonesia at 528– 637 m.</p><p>Remarks. Heterosquilloides insignis is one of three deep water species collected off the coast of South Africa. No specimen was available for examination in the Iziko collection. However, two specimens of H. insignis are known from South African waters (Barnard 1950; Manning 1991), both from localities surrounding Durban. While Manning’s specimen is housed at the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Manning 1991), Barnard’s specimen could not be found in the Iziko collection. In his account of the species from Australia, Ahyong (2001) remarks on the similarity in rostral plate morphology to the South African specimen illustrated by Manning (1991). Both South African and Australian specimens have convex margins of the rostral plate, rather than the straight margins illustrated by Kemp (1911) for the holotype and some specimens collected from Hawaii (Ahyong 2002b). Furthermore, Barnard (1950) describes the rostral plate as bearing ‘feebly sinuous margins’, which agrees with Ahyong’s (2001) observation.</p><p>SQUILLOIDEA Latreille, 1802</p><p>Diagnosis. Cornea with 2 rows of hexagonal mid-band ommatidia. MXP3–4 with propodi ovate, neither ribbed nor beaded ventrally. Body depressed, articulation compact. Raptorial claw with terminal ischiomeral articulation; dactylus not inflated basally. Telson with distinct MD carina; SM teeth with movable or fixed apices, other primary teeth with fixed apices; with 4 or more submedian denticles. Uropodal protopod with at most two primary spines; articulation of exopod segments terminal.</p><p>Composition. Squillidae Latreille, 1802 .</p><p>Remarks. Only a single family, Squillidae, is included in this superfamily.</p><p>SQUILLIDAE Latreille, 1802</p><p>Diagnosis. See superfamily. Composition. Alima Leach, 1817; Alimopsis Manning, 1977b; Alimopsoides Moosa, 1991; Anchisquilla Manning, 1968b; Anchisquilloides Manning, 1977b; Anchisquillopsis Moosa, 1986; Areosquilla Manning, 1976; Belosquilla Ahyong, 2001; Busquilla Manning, 1978a; Carinosquilla Manning, 1968b; Clorida Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1842; Cloridina Manning, 1995; Cloridopsis Manning, 1968b; Crenatosquilla Manning, 1984b; Dictyosquilla Manning, 1968b; Distosquilla Manning, 1977b; Erugosquilla Manning, 1995; Fallosquilla Manning, 1995; Fennerosquilla Manning &amp; Camp, 1983; Gibbesia Manning &amp; Heard, 1997; Harpiosquilla Holthuis, 1964; Humesosquilla Manning &amp; Camp, 2001; Kaisquilla Ahyong, 2002a; Kempella Low &amp; Ahyong, 2010; Lenisquilla Manning, 1977b; Leptosquilla Miers, 1880; Levisquilla Manning, 1977b; Lophosquilla Manning, 1968b; Meiosquilla Manning, 1968b; Michalisquilla Van Der Wal &amp; Ahyong, 2017; Miyakella Ahyong &amp; Low, 2013; Natosquilla Manning, 1978c; Neclorida Manning, 1995; Neoanchisquilla Moosa, 1991; Oratosquilla Manning, 1968b; Oratosquillina Manning, 1995; Paralimopsis Moosa, 1991; Parvisquilla Manning, 1973; Pontiosquilla Manning, 1995; Pterygosquilla Hilgendorf, 1890; Quollastria Ahyong, 2001; Rissoides Manning &amp; Lewinsohn, 1982; Schmittius Manning, 1972b; Squilla Fabricius, 1787; Squilloides Manning, 1968b; Triasquilla Ahyong, 2013; Tuleariosquilla Manning, 1978a; Visaya Ahyong, 2004; Vossquilla Van Der Wal &amp; Ahyong, 2017 .</p><p>Remarks. Squillidae is the most diverse family of Stomatopoda, with 48 known species globally. Eight genera are present in South African waters represented by 10 accepted species and one undescribed species of Clorida . Two additional species, Alima neptuni (Linnaeus, 1768) and Lenisquilla lata (Brooks, 1886), have previously been misrepresented to be present in South African waters, although there is a high probability of their occurrence, as both species are reported from southern Mozambique (Manning 1969a). Two other species, Leptosquilla schmeltzii and Erugosquilla woodmasoni, have recently been added as new records for Mozambique (Brokensha et al. 2023), but neither of these have yet been found in South Africa. These four genera are included in the key below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFA4FFCEF9DE5401A93AE70E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFA6FFCEF9DE50CBA99EE30F.text	975087ECFFA6FFCEF9DE50CBA99EE30F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Squillidae Latreille 1802	<div><p>Key to the southern African genera of Squillidae [South African in bold]</p><p>1. Raptorial claw (Fig. 23B) with occlusal margin of propodus lined with slender, erect spines. Carapace with posterolateral margins (Ahyong et al. 2008: fig. 83e) deeply excavate.............................................. Harpiosquilla</p><p>– Raptorial claw with occlusal margin of propodus pectinate. Carapace with posterolateral margins rounded or angled, not deeply excavate............................................................................................ 2</p><p>2. TS5 with lateral process single or obsolete................................................................. 3</p><p>– TS5 with lateral process bilobed......................................................................... 8</p><p>3. Carapace with MD carina (Fig. 24A)............................................................... Kempella</p><p>– Carapace without MD carina............................................................................ 4</p><p>4. A1 somite greatly elongate, extending anteriorly well beyond apex of rostral plate......................... Leptosquilla</p><p>– A1 somite not greatly elongate, not extending beyond apex of rostral plate........................................ 5</p><p>5. Cornea broader than stalk; stalk less than 3 times length of cornea............................................... 6</p><p>– Cornea (Figs. 21A, 22B) narrower than widest part of stalk; stalk 4 or more times length of cornea................ Clorida</p><p>6. SM teeth of telson with fixed apices.............................................................. Lenisquilla</p><p>– SM teeth of telson with movable apices.................................................................... 7</p><p>7. Carapace with anterolateral spines (Fig. 28A). Raptorial claw dactylus with 6 or more teeth............... Pterygosquilla</p><p>– Carapace without anterolateral spines (Fig. 29A). Raptorial claw dactylus with 5 teeth....................... Rissoides</p><p>8. Mandibular palp absent. Single lateral process of TS7.................................................... Alima</p><p>– Mandibular palp present. Bilobed lateral process of TS7...................................................... 9</p><p>9. Carapace with MD carina not interrupted at base of anterior bifurcation......................................... 10</p><p>– Carapace with MD carina interrupted at base of anterior bifurcation (branches of bifurcation present or absent).......... 11</p><p>10. Anterior bifurcation of MD carina of carapace opening anterior to dorsal pit. PLP1 endopod with posterior endite.................................................................................................... Oratosquilla</p><p>– Anterior bifurcation of MD carina of carapace (Figs. 25C, 26C) opening posterior to dorsal pit. PLP1 endopod without posterior endite........................................................................................ Miyakea</p><p>11. Carapace anterior width about 0.60 carapace length. Anterior margin of ophthalmic somite with median spinule or tubercle 12</p><p>– Carapace anterior width about 0.50 carapace length or less. Anterior margin of ophthalmic somite rounded or medially emarginated................................................................................. Quollastria</p><p>12. Eye with cornea less than 0.33 carapace length in adults. Raptorial claw dactylus with 6 or 7 teeth............ Erugosquilla</p><p>– Eye large, cornea (Fig. 27B, C) 0.33 or more carapace length in adults. Raptorial claw dactylus (Fig. 27A) with 10–18 teeth............................................................................................ Natosquilla</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFA6FFCEF9DE50CBA99EE30F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFA7FFCFF9DE53F3AD13E0E9.text	975087ECFFA7FFCFF9DE53F3AD13E0E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clorida Eydoux & Souleyet 1842	<div><p>Clorida Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1842</p><p>Clorida Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1842: 264 . [Type species Clorida latreillei Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1842, by subsequent designation by Fowler (1912: 302). Gender feminine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Eye small, pyriform, cornea bilobed, narrower than stalk; stalk short, strongly inflated laterally, medially flattened for at least proximal half. Ocular scales fused. Rostral plate broader than long. Carapace with or without anterolateral spines; without MD and IM carinae; with reflected MG and reduced LT carinae, distinct posteriorly only; posterolateral margin rounded. Raptorial claw dactylus with 4 or 5 teeth; carpus dorsal carina undivided; merus without outer inferodistal spine. Mandibular palp present or absent. MXP1–4 with epipod. PLP1 endopod in adult with posterior endite; hook process with distal point. TS5–7 lateral processes single. AS 1–6 with or without SM carinae. Telson inflated, dorsolateral surface with rows of denticles or tubercles, without rows of shallow pits; prelateral lobe present; SM teeth usually with movable apices. Uropodal protopod inner margin armed with slender spines.</p><p>Composition. Clorida albolitura Ahyong &amp; Naiyanetr, 2000; C. bombayensis (Chhapgar &amp; Sane, 1967); C. daviei Ahyong, 2001; C. decorata (Wood-Mason, 1875); C. depressa (Miers, 1880); C. denticauda (Chhapgar &amp; Sane, 1967); C. gaillardi Moosa, 1986; C. granti (Stephenson, 1953b); C. japonica Manning, 1978a; C. javanica Moosa, 1974; C. latreillei Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1842; C. obtusa Ahyong, 2001; C. rotundicauda (Miers, 1880); C. seversi Moosa, 1973; C. wassenbergi Ahyong, 2001 .</p><p>Remarks. Clorida is most similar to genus Cloridina, but can be distinguished by eye morphology (Ahyong 2001). In the specimens of Clorida examined herein, the inner proximal half of the eye is flat, so that the eyes meet in the midline. In Cloridina, the inner eye margin is sinuous to convex, and the eyes do not fit together at the midline. Two groups of Clorida have been delineated based on the presence or absence of the mandibular palp. The first group represents species that lack a mandibular palp, lack submedian carinae on AS 1–5, lack a spine ventral to the lateral process of TS5, lack a distinct notch on the outer proximal margin of the dactylus and have four teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw. The second group includes species with a mandibular palp, SM carinae on AS 1–5, a distinct spine under the lateral process of TS5, a distinct notch on the outer proximal margin of the dactylus and usually five teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw. Two species of Clorida occur in South African waters, both belonging to the second group. One potentially represents an undescribed species and is a new species record for the region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFA7FFCFF9DE53F3AD13E0E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFA7FFC1F9DE5668AD33E097.text	975087ECFFA7FFC1F9DE5668AD33E097.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clorida latreillei Eydoux & Souleyet 1842	<div><p>Clorida latreillei Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1842</p><p>(Fig. 21)</p><p>Clorida latreillei Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1842: 265, pI. 5: figs. 2–5 [type locality Pattani, Gulf of Thailand by neotype selection (Ahyong &amp; Naiyanetr, 2000)].</p><p>Squilla latreillei .— Wood-Mason, 1895: 6, pI. 4: figs. 6–13.— Kemp 1913: 24–27, pI. 1: figs. 1–4.— Barnard 1950: 845, fig. 1e.</p><p>Clorida latreillei .— Manning, 1969a: 7–8.— Moosa, 1975: 11.—Manning, 1990: 100; 1991: 9–10, fig. 9.— Naiyanetr, 1980: 19–21, 42, figs. 13a–d. – Tirmizi et al., 1994: 136, fig. 10.— Naiyanetr, 1998: 126.— Ahyong &amp; Naiyanetr, 2000: 314–317, fig. 1.— Liu, 2008: [list].</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A019336, 1 ♀ (TL 78 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.000166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.884806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.000166/lat -29.884806)">Durban</a> Bay, 29°53’05.3”S 31°00’00.6”E, 20 Aug 1946, depth unknown, dredge, stat. NA 176C , UCT Ecological Survey, det. R. B. Manning .</p><p>Diagnosis. A1 somite dorsal processes with short, triangular apices. Carapace with anterolateral spines. Raptorial claw dactylus with 5 teeth; outer, proximal margin with basal notch. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. TS8 with SM carinae. TS5 lateral process short, triangular, with apex spiniform, slightly inclined anterolaterally; with small ventral spinule. TS6–7 lateral processes lacking posterolateral spine. AS 1–5 each with SM carinae. Telson with margin of IM teeth crenulate; dorsolateral surface with widely-spaced rows of low, course tubercles coarse in females. Telson ventral surface with short postanal carina, not extending posteriorly to mid-length between anal pore and posterior margin.</p><p>Measurements. ♀ (n = 1) TL 78 mm. CL 14 mm. Anterior carapace width 0.57CL. A1 peduncle 1.2CL. A2 scale 0.43CL. This is the largest recorded specimen of C. latreillei .</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Overall dorsal and ventral colour chestnut brown. Brown to black on propodus of raptorial claw and margins of carapace, as well as medially on AS 1–2 and 5. Dactylus pale yellow to white. Raptorial claw with yellow band on dorsal distal margin of meral depression.</p><p>Colour in Life (after Ahyong 2000). Overall dorsal colour pale green, ventral surface translucent white. Carapace with dark brown outline; with diffuse, dark brown patch medially. TS6–8 and AS 1–6 with black-brown posterior margin. Uropodal exopod proximal segment with dark brown patch distally; distal segment with dark diffuse infusion in inner proximal quarter.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. South Africa, Mozambique, India and Pakistan to Gulf of Thailand and southwestern Indonesia. Associated with coarse sand and mud substrata in shallow water.</p><p>Remarks. Prior to this study, C. latreillei was the only species of the genus known from South Africa, recorded from the nearshore (38 m) off Durban (Manning 1969a; Day &amp; Morgan 1956). However, more detailed examination of the present material revealed that within samples previously identified as C. latreillei there were several specimens of a potentially undescribed species of Clorida (see Clorida sp.). To address the generally poor early documentation of the species, Ahyong &amp; Naiyanetr (2000) revised the ‘ C. latreillei complex’ and designated a neotype from newly collected material from the Gulf of Thailand. Clorida latreillei most closely resembles the more recently described C. albolitura . In live specimens, C. latreillei can be distinguished from C. albolitura by the absence of a large white patch on the median carina of the telson and is morphologically distinguished by the long postanal carina of the telson.</p><p>The large specimen examined herein agrees in most respects with the recent description of C.latreillei .The present specimen has the intermediate teeth of the telson with a crenulate margin. Ahyong &amp; Naiyanetr (2000) identified this feature as usually smooth and occasionally crenulate for both the intermediate and lateral teeth margins. Some feature variation is known for AS 1–5 marginal carinae spination, raptorial claw teeth number of dactylus (usually 5, but occasionally 4) and the distinctness of the TS5 ventral spinule, which can often be an indistinct tubercle. Unfortunately, no male was available for examination, but sexual dimorphism has been previously recorded in large males with rounded and inflated instead of course tubercles for the telson dorsolateral surface (Ahyong 2000).</p><p>Although morphologically identifiable as C. latrellei, the present material differs in overall colouration compared with the described neotype. The preserved specimen’s overall colour is recognisable as brown, which differs from the pale green in life described for the neotype. Preservational effects notwithstanding, Barnard’s (1950) account of a Mozambican specimen of C. latreillei agrees with the present study, describing his specimen from Maputo Bay as ‘brownish or pinkish’ (Barnard 1950). This difference in colour morphology might prove important pending further investigation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFA7FFC1F9DE5668AD33E097	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFABFFC3F9DE575AA8E0E314.text	975087ECFFABFFC3F9DE575AA8E0E314.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harpiosquilla Holthuis 1964	<div><p>Harpiosquilla Holthuis, 1964</p><p>Harpiosquilla Holthuis, 1964: 140 . [Type species Squilla harpax de Haan, 1844, by original designation. Gender feminine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Eye large, T-shaped, cornea width less than 0.30 CL, strongly bilobed, distinctly broader than and set transversely on stalk. Ocular scales broad, rounded or truncate; separate. A1 somite not greatly elongate; dorsal processes slender, with acute apices, directed anterolaterally. Carapace with anterolateral spines; with normal complement of carinae, or without MD carina; MD carina interrupted, anterior bifurcation absent; posterolateral margin deeply excavate. Raptorial claw dactylus with 7–9 teeth; carpus dorsal carina absent; merus without outer inferodistal spine. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. MXP1–5 each with epipod. PLP1 endopod in adult males with posterior endite; hook process with distal point. TS6–8 with IM and usually with SM carinae. TS5 lateral process single; ventral process directed ventrally. TS6–7 lateral processes single or bilobed. AS 1–5 usually with normal complement of carinae, or without SM carinae. Telson SM teeth with fixed apices in adults; prelateral lobe present; dorsolateral surface without supplementary longitudinal carinae. Uropodal protopod inner margin crenulate.</p><p>Composition. Harpiosquilla annandalei (Kemp, 1911); H. harpax (de Haan, 1844); H. indica Manning, 1969d; H. japonica Manning, 1969d; H. melanoura Manning, 1968a; H. raphidea (Fabricius, 1798); H. sinensis Liu &amp; Wang, 1998; H. stephensoni Manning, 1969d .</p><p>Remarks. Of the eight species of Harpiosquilla, one is known from South African waters. Ahyong (2001) found high variability in some features thought to be diagnostic for species of Harpiosquilla . Variation of the apical spine of the rostral plate is confirmed by the present study. The relative lengths of the marginal and lateral carinae of the telson were also found to be variable in all species examined and reported on from Australia, with H. harpax having the lateral carina varying from 0.33–0.50 the length of the marginal carina (Ahyong 2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFABFFC3F9DE575AA8E0E314	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFACFFC5F9DE53F3AF14E3B3.text	975087ECFFACFFC5F9DE53F3AF14E3B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harpiosquilla harpax (de Haan 1844)	<div><p>Harpiosquilla harpax (de Haan, 1844)</p><p>(Fig. 23)</p><p>Squilla harpax de Haan, 1844 (atlas): pl. 51, fig. 1 [type locality Japan]; 1849: 222 (text).— Tiwari &amp; Biswas, 1952: 358, figs. 3b, d, f.</p><p>Squilla raphidea .— Barnard, 1950: 851, fig. 1c, g.— Stephenson, 1952: 4, 5; 1953a: 43.— Stephenson &amp; McNeill, 1955: 239– 240 (not Squilla raphidea Fabricius, 1787).</p><p>Harpiosquilla harpax .— Manning, 1968a: 15–18, fig. 4; 1969a: 7; 1969d: 6, 25–33, figs. 28–38; 1991: 8; 1995: 148, 153–158, pl. 28, figs. 90a, 92b, 93, 95, 96.— Yamaguchi &amp; Baba, 1993: 179–180, fig. 11.— Ahyong &amp; Norrington, 1997: 106.— Ahyong, et al. 1999: 38, 41, fig. 2a–d.— Ahyong &amp; Ebach, 1999: 227–228.</p><p>Harpiosquilla malagasiensis Manning, 1978a: 30, fig. 15 [type locality Tamatave, Madagascar].</p><p>Harpiosquilla paradipa Ghosh, 1987: 306–308, fig. 1 [type locality Paradip, India].</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A001339, 1 ♀ (TL 200 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.883307)">Durban</a>, 29°52’59.9”S 31°00’00.0”E, depth and date unknown ; SAMC-A019338, 1 ♀ (TL 152 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.883307)">Durban</a> Bay, 29°52’59.9”S 31°00’00.0”E, 30 Aug 1946 , depth unknown, dredge, NA 176B, UCT ecological survey, det. R.B. Manning; SAMC-A019447, 1 ♂ (TL 147 mm), ex. Transvaal Museum No. 3383, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.0/lat -29.883307)">Durban</a> Bay, 29°52’59.9”S 31°00’00.0”E, depth unknown, Oct 1918, coll. H.W. Bell-Marley. SAMC-A079409, 1 ♂ (TL 153 mm), Durban, Oct 1901 , depth unknown, coll. V. Kennard; SAMC- A079479, 1 ♀ (TL 178 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.057222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.855028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.057222/lat -29.855028)">Durban</a>, 29°51’18.1”S 31°03’26.0”E, 30 Aug 1945 , depth unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis. Rostral plate longer than broad; triangular to cordiform; usually with slender median projection; margins usually sinuous, apex blunt. Carapace with MD carina. Raptorial claw dactylus with 8 teeth, outer margin strongly angular in adult male. TS5 IM carinae low, irregular; ventral process triangular, apex acute, posterior margin slightly convex. TS6–8 with SM and IM carinae, unarmed posteriorly. TS8 sternal keel rounded, inclined posteriorly. AS 1–5 with low or near absent SM carinae. Abdominal carinae spined as follows: SM 6, IM (1–2) 3–6 (usually 2– 6), LT 1–6, MG 1–5. Telson MD carina proximally with diffuse dark patch on either side of midline; with MG carina less than to greater than twice LT carina length, usually exceeds twice LT carina length; denticles SM 4–6, IM 9–14, LT 1; postanal carina extending midway between anal pore and posterior margin. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 8–10 movable spines; exopod distal segment dark on inner half only.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Overall colour reddish-brown to completely faded. Dark spots on either side of MD carina on the telson visible in most specimens. A2 scale with outer distal margin black and 0.66 dark brown distally. Uropodal exopod almost completely brown to black distally.</p><p>Colour in life (after Ahyong 2001). Overall dorsal colour light grey-brown with slightly mottled appearance. Carinae and grooves of carapace, and posterior margins of body somites black-brown. AS 6 with dark green carinae. Telson with MD carina and carinae of primary teeth green; MD carina with proximal pair of dark spots. Uropodal endopod black-brown distally. Uropodal exopod with inner half black-brown, but with demarcation between inner and outer halves diffuse. A2 scale with outer distal margin black. Raptorial claw with depression of merus yellow, flanked proximally by scattered black crescent.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 2) TL 147–153 mm, ♀ (n = 3) TL 152–200 mm. CI 300–343.A1 peduncle 0.86–0.97CL. A2 scale 0.63–0.73CL. Ahyong (2001) reported the largest known specimen at TL 262 mm from the east coast of Australia.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Indo-West Pacific from South Africa [KZN], Madagascar and Red Sea to Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam, Japan, New Caledonia and Australia. Associated with sand and mud substrates from shallow coastal waters to estuaries; shallow intertidal to 93 m.</p><p>Remarks. First recorded for South Africa by Barnard (1950) as Harpiosquilla raphidea Fabricius, 1798 . Subsequently, Barnard (1955) rectified his previous identification for a specimen of H. harpax from Durban Bay. Although the accounts by Manning (1995) and Ahyong (2001) describe colour in life for H. harpax to include green, the retained colour of preserved specimens is a dark reddish-brown and appears faded where the green colouration is known to be.</p><p>Features thought to be diagnostic, such as the rostral plate shape and the length of the lateral carinae of the telson relative to the marginal carinae, have been found to be variable (Ahyong 2001). Like the variation described by Ahyong (2001) for Australian specimens, the length and distinctiveness of the apical spine of the rostral plate are variable in South African specimens. Although all South African specimens examined have an apical projection, the slenderness of the projection and the length of the base varies, showing variations in rostral plate morphologies (Fig. 23C–E) like those found in Australian specimens. No variability was found in the relative length of the lateral carina to the marginal carina of the telson, as the lateral carina was distinctly less than half of the marginal carina in all the specimens examined (Fig. 23J). The lateral carina has been previously recorded to exceed half the marginal carina by Ahyong (2001) for specimens from Australian waters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFACFFC5F9DE53F3AF14E3B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFAEFFC6F9DE53F3ACE5E69B.text	975087ECFFAEFFC6F9DE53F3ACE5E69B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kempella Low & Ahyong 2010	<div><p>Kempella Low &amp; Ahyong, 2010</p><p>Kempella Low &amp; Ahyong, 2010: 68 . [Type species Squilla mikado Kemp &amp; Chopra, 1921, by typification of replaced name].</p><p>Diagnosis. Dorsal integument pitted, rugose. Eye small, cornea strongly bilobed, width less than 0.30 CL. Carapace with anterolateral spines; with normal complement of carinae; MD carina distinct, uninterrupted at base of anterior bifurcation, branches of anterior bifurcation distinct, opening anterior to dorsal pit; posterolateral margin angular. Raptorial claw dactylus usually with 6 teeth; carpus dorsal carina undivided; merus without outer inferodistal spine. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. MXP1–4 with epipod. PLP1 endopod in adult males with posterior endite; hook process with distal point. TS5 lateral process a single slender spine directed laterally; ventral spine slender, directed ventrolaterally. TS6–7 lateral processes distinctly bilobed. AS 1–6 with normal complement of carinae. AS 1–5 with LT carinae bicarinate. Telson SM teeth with fixed apices; prelateral lobe present; dorsolateral surface without supplementary longitudinal carinae. Uropodal protopod inner margin crenulate.</p><p>Composition. Kempella mikado (Kemp &amp; Chopra, 1921); K. stridulans (Wood-Mason, 1895) .</p><p>Remarks. Both species of Kempella occur in the Indo-West Pacific, but only K. mikado is known from South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFAEFFC6F9DE53F3ACE5E69B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFAEFFB8F9DE507EAFB6E6FA.text	975087ECFFAEFFB8F9DE507EAFB6E6FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kempella mikado (Kemp & Chopra 1921)	<div><p>Kempella mikado (Kemp &amp; Chopra, 1921)</p><p>(Fig. 24)</p><p>Squilla stridulans Kemp, 1913: 78 (Japanese specimens only, not K. stridulans (Wood-Mason in Alcock, 1894)).</p><p>Squilla mikado Kemp &amp; Chopra, 1921: 301, fig. 2 [type locality Misaki, Japan].— Komai, 1927: 320.— Manning, 1965: 257– 259, 262, pl. 12: fig. a.</p><p>Squilla zanzibarica Chopra, 1939: 143–148, figs. 2, 4 [type locality Zanzibar].</p><p>Oratosquilla mikado .— Manning, 1971b: 3.</p><p>Kempina zanzibarica .— Manning, 1981: 298–300, fig. 1.</p><p>Kempina mikado .— Manning, 1978c: 40, fig. 23a–c.— Moosa, 1986: 400–402, fig. 10.— Manning, 1991: 14; 1995: 24, 208.— Graham, et al. 1993a: 24, 64; 1993b: 73.</p><p>Kempina cf mikado .— Cannon, et al. 1987: 63.</p><p>Kempella mikado .— Low &amp; Ahyong, 2010: 68.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A019343, 1 ♀ (TL 83 mm), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.65/lat -29.566668)">Kwadukuza</a>, 29°34’00.0”S 31°39’00.0”E, 9 Sep 1964, 118 m, stat. NAD 40 P , UCT Ecological Survey, det. R.B. Manning; SAMC-A092090, 1 ♂ (TL 141 mm), 1 ♀ (TL 138 mm), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.376667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.736668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.376667/lat -29.736668)">Durban</a>, 29°44’12.0”S 31°22’36.0”E, 22 August 1988, 154 m, stat. 30-08 Icelandic trawl , R. S. Benguela Natal Survey.</p><p>Other material examined. Mozambique: SAMC-A019450, 1 ♀ (TL 156 mm), Mozambique, depth unknown, donated 1949, ex. Lourenco Marques Museum, det. K. H. Barnard. SAMC-A041712, 2 ♀ (TL 183–187 mm), Mozambican Channel, 25°14’00.0”S 33°55’00.0”E, 6 Oct. 1994, depth unknown, stat. C00808-014-006-2193 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Rostral plate with MD carina. Carapace with undivided portion of MD carina anterior to dorsal pit about 0.33–0.20 distance between dorsal pit and anterior margin. TS6 lateral process anterior lobe broad, trapezoid, apex acute; posterior lobe broad, triangular, anterior margin straight to slightly convex, apex acute. TS7 lateral process anterior lobe slender, trapezoid to spiniform, apex acute; posterior lobe broad, triangular, anterior margin straight to slightly convex, apex acute. Abdominal carinae spined as follows: SM 5–6, IM (1–2)3–6, LT 1–6, MG 1–5. Telson denticles SM 5–6, IM 12–16, LT 1. Uropodal exopod proximal segment with 10–13 movable spines on outer margin.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Overall dorsal colour faded brown. AS 2 with dark brown mid-dorsal patch. AS 5 with pair of dark brown patches. Uropodal endopod dark distally.</p><p>Colour in life (Ahyong 2001). Overall dorsal colour light brown. Carapace grooves and posterior margin on TS and AS somites dark brown. Carapace with orange posteromedian margin. AS 2 with dark brown mid-dorsal patch. AS 5 with pair of dark brown patches. Telson with carinae infused with pale orange. Uropodal protopod and exopod with orangish margins; exopod with dark brown proximal segment extending onto distal segment proximally.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 1) TL 141 mm, ♀ (n = 5) TL 83–187 mm. CI 468–600. A1 peduncle 0.95–1.03CL. A2 scale 0.83–0.90CL.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. From Zanzibar, Mozambique and South Africa in the Western Indian Ocean to Vietnam, Japan, Philippines, New Caledonia and Australia. Found on level sandy or muddy substrates in the nearshore to outer continental shelf. Recorded previously from depths of 30– 804 m.</p><p>Remarks. Barnard (1950) reported on Kempella mikado (as Squilla mikado) from Mozambique, with the suggestion that the species would occur in South Africa waters. The species was first reported from South Africa by Manning (1969a), commenting on several differences from the Japanese specimen described by Manning (1965). Manning’s (1969a) specimen is re-examined herein, and the suggested differences fall into the scope of variation described by Ahyong (2001) for specimens studied from Australia and Japan.</p><p>The present specimens agree well with Ahyong’s (2001) recent account from Australia. The species can be distinguished from the similar K. stridulans by the presence of a MD carina for the rostral plate (Fig. 24A) and two dark patches on AS 5. The present study is the first to record a spined IM carina on AS 1, thereby, adding to the variation in abdominal carinae spination already documented for the IM carinae. Adults of K. mikado mature at a relatively large size. In specimens smaller than 55 mm TL, the anterior angles of the carapace and the mandibular palp are small and underdeveloped (Ahyong 2001). However, in males the petasma only appears mature at sizes 65–80 mm. No juvenile specimens were examined in the present study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFAEFFB8F9DE507EAFB6E6FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFD0FFB8F9DE519EA99FE351.text	975087ECFFD0FFB8F9DE519EA99FE351.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miyakella Ahyong & Low 2013	<div><p>Miyakella Ahyong &amp; Low, 2013</p><p>Miyakella Ahyong &amp; Low, 2013: 99–100 . [Type species Squilla nepa Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville &amp; Guérin, 1828 by original designation. Gender feminine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Dorsal integument pitted, rugose. Eye with cornea bilobed, width less than 0.30 CL. Ocular scales separate. Carapace with anterolateral spines; with normal complement of carinae; MD carina distinct, uninterrupted at base of anterior bifurcation; branches of anterior bifurcation distinct, opening posterior to dorsal pit; posterolateral margin rounded. Raptorial claw dactylus with 6 teeth; carpus dorsal carina sinuous or with low irregular tubercles; merus outer surface with inferodistal spine. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. MXP1–4 with epipod. PLP1 endopod in adult male without posterior endite; hook process distally blunt. TS6–8 with distinct SM and IM carinae. TS5–7 lateral processes bilobed. AS 1–6 with normal complement of carinae. Telson SM teeth with fixed apices; prelateral lobe present; dorsolateral surface without supplementary longitudinal carinae.</p><p>Composition. Miyakella holoschista (Kemp, 1911); M. nepa (Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville &amp; Guérin, 1828).</p><p>Remarks: Species in the genus Miyakella are most similar to those of Oratosquilla and Oratosquillina in sharing a normal complement of carinae on the carapace and body (Fig. 3A), bilobed lateral processes of TS5–7 and a raptorial claw dactylus with six teeth and an outer inferodistal spine on the merus. Species of Miyakella differ from species of both these genera in having a dorsal pit enclosed by the branches of the median carina on the carapace and in lacking the posterior endite of pleopod 1 endopod in adult males. Natosquilla is the only other squillid genus known from South Africa to lack the posterior endite on the endopod of pleopod 1 in adult males. Both species of Miyakella are known from the Indo-West Pacific and occur on the east coast of South Africa.</p><p>Key to the species of Miyakella</p><p>1. Carapace with portion of MD carina between cervical groove and anterior bifurcation (Fig. 26C) simple, not bicarinate. AS 4 with SM carinae (Fig. 26I) usually armed posteriorly................................................... M. nepa</p><p>– Carapace with portion of MD carina between cervical groove (Fig. 25C) finely bicarinate. AS 4 with SM carinae (Fig. 25F) unarmed posteriorly........................................................................ M. holoschista</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFD0FFB8F9DE519EA99FE351	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFD0FFBAF9DE5431A8BFE1A4.text	975087ECFFD0FFBAF9DE5431A8BFE1A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miyakella holoschista (Kemp 1911)	<div><p>Miyakella holoschista (Kemp, 1911)</p><p>(Fig. 25)</p><p>Squilla holoschista Kemp, 1911: 97 [type locality Madras, India, by lectotype designation (Ahyong et al. 2008)].— Kemp, 1913: 64, pl. 4, figs. 50–53.— Barnard, 1950: 849, fig. 2b.</p><p>Oratosquilla holoschista .— Manning, 1969a: 15.</p><p>Miyakea holoschista .— Manning, 1995: 214, figs. 130c, d, 131a–c.—Ahyong, 2001: 279 (list).— Ahyong et al., 2008: 138–139, fig. 109.</p><p>Miyakella holoschista .— Ahyong &amp; Low, 2013: 99–100.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A001326, 1 ♀ (TL 61 mm), off south head of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.233307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -29.233307)">Tugela River</a>, 29°13’59.9”S 31°30’00.0”E, 16 Jan 1901, 22–26 m, stat. PF 11428, S.S. Pieter Faure, det. K. H. Barnard (1950) ; SAMC-A019342, 1 ♀ (TL 75 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.65/lat -29.566668)">Durban</a>, stat. NAD 40W, 29°34’00.0”S 31°39’00.0”E, 9 Sep 1961, 118 m , UCT Ecological Survey, det. R. B. Manning (1969a).</p><p>Diagnosis. Carapace with portion of MD carina between cervical groove and anterior bifurcation finely bicarinate, not simple. AS 4 SM carinae unarmed posteriorly. Abdominal carinae spined as follows: SM 5–6, IM 3–6, LT (1–2) 3–6, MG 1–5. Telson denticles SM 2–3, IM 9–11, LT 1. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 8–10 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Completely faded.</p><p>Colour in life. Overall green colouration, closely resembling M. nepa being grey-green (Kemp 1913). Carinae and grooves of carapace, carinae and posterior margins of abdominal somites dark green. Telson with median carina and carinae of primary teeth dark green. Uropodal exopod proximal segment yellow.</p><p>Measurements. ♀ (n = 2) TL 61–75 mm. CI 660–705.A1 peduncle 0.74–0.80CL.A2 scale length 0.55–0.56CL. Anterior carapace width 0.48–0.52CL.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Indo-West Pacific from South Africa to east coast of India, Sri Lanka, Sunda Straits, Vietnam and Taiwan. Found in shallow water on level sand or mud substrates at 22–118 m (present study).</p><p>Remarks. Both specimens of M. holoschista examined were included in Barnard’s (1950) and Manning’s (1969a) reviews of the regional stomatopod fauna. The present specimens agree in most respects with Kemp’s (1911, 1913) accounts. Manning (1969a) describes several differences from the original species description. These differences include a larger eye, and structural differences in the raptorial claw carpus and the lateral processes of TS5 and 6; these observations are confirmed in the present study. The cornea of the South African specimens appears proportionally larger than in the Indian specimens examined by Kemp (1913), with corneal index 660–705, compared to 800–900 in Kemp’s larger specimens, which may be within the expected range due to allometric changes in eye size relative to total length. Two tubercles are present on the carpus of the raptorial claw and while the posterior lobe of the TS5 lateral process appears more slender, the anterior lobe of TS6 lateral process appears more truncate.</p><p>Misidentifications of M. holoschista as M. nepa are common throughout the literature (Stebbing 1917; Gravier 1937; Manning 1995). Miyakella holoschista can be distinguished by the form of the MD carina of the carapace being finely bicarinate anteriorly in front of the cervical groove. The species also has never been recorded to have spined SM carinae of AS 4 (usually present in M. nepa). In living material, the presence of the dark patches on AS 2 and 5 aids in distinguishing the two species. Miyakella nepa is frequently observed with these patches, while in M. holoschista they are always absent (Kemp 1913). No male collected from South African waters was available for examination. Both female specimens examined did not exhibit abdominal spination of LT carinae on AS 1, as previously recorded. The proximal segment of the uropodal exopod displayed 9 movable spines in the present series.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFD0FFBAF9DE5431A8BFE1A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFD2FFBCF9DE552CADA8E0F3.text	975087ECFFD2FFBCF9DE552CADA8E0F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miyakella nepa (Latreille 1828)	<div><p>Miyakella nepa (Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville &amp; Guérin, 1828)</p><p>(Fig. 26)</p><p>Squilla nepa Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville &amp; Guérin, 1828: 471 [type locality Xiamen, China, by neotype selection</p><p>(Ahyong 2001)].— Haswell, 1882: 208–209.— Kemp, 1913: 3, 10, 22, 30, 195, pl. 4: fig. 49.— Holthuis, 1941: 245–246.—</p><p>Stephenson, 1953a: 41.— Stephenson &amp; McNeill, 1955: 243.— Manning, 1968a: 31–32, fig. 10. Squilla edwardsi Giebel, 1861: 320 [type locality Insel Banka, Indonesia]. Squilla laevis .— Stephenson, 1960: 61 (not Squilla laevis Hess, 1865). Squilla wood-masoni .— Stephenson &amp; McNeill, 1955: 244 (not Squilla woodmasoni Kemp, 1911). Oratosquilla nepa .— Manning, 1968a: 31–32, fig. 10; 1971b: 3.— Moosa, 1986: 410; 1991: 212.— Manning, 1991: 12. Miyakea nepa .— Manning, 1995: 216, figs. 130a, b, 131d, e, 132–134, pl. 37.—Ahyong et al., 1999: 47, 52, fig. 6a–d.—Ahyong,</p><p>2001: 279–281, fig. 136. Miyakella nepa .— Ahyong &amp; Low, 2013: 99–100.</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A019449, 1 ♀ (TL 75 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.999973&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.884861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.999973/lat -29.884861)">Durban</a>, 29°53’05.5”S 30°59’59.9”E, depth and date unknown, ex. Albany Museum Collection No. 255, coll . R. A. Hunter. Eastern Cape: SAMC-A079461, 1 ♂ (TL 160 mm), banks of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.273472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.851" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.273472/lat -31.851)">Mtakatya River</a>, 31°51’03.6”S 29°16’24.5”E, Oct 1975, river bank, coll. Mr. J. Gardiner Alexandria .</p><p>Diagnosis. Carapace with portion of MD carina between cervical groove and anterior bifurcation simple, not finely bicarinate. AS 4 with SM carinae usually posteriorly spined. Abdominal carinae spined as follows: SM (3– 4)5–6 (usually 4–6), IM 3–6, LT (1–2)3–6, MG 1–5. AS 2 and 5 with dark transverse mid-dorsal patch. Telson denticles SM 2–3, IM 7–11, LT 1. Uropodal exopod outer margin with 8–10 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Completely faded.</p><p>Colour in life (after Ahyong 2001). Overall dorsal colour olive grey-green. Carinae and grooves of carapace, carinae and posterior margins of body somites dark green. Telson with MD carina and carinae of primary teeth dark green with dark transverse band medially. Uropodal protopod with terminal spines pink; exopod distal segment dark blue-green distally; exopod proximal segment yellow with dark inner proximal infusion.</p><p>Measurements. ♀ (n = 1) TL 75 mm. CI 550. A1 peduncle 0.91CL. A2 scale 0.58CL. Anterior carapace width 0.55CL. Kemp (1913) reported specimens up to TL 166 mm.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. South Africa and Mozambique through to Vietnam, Taiwan, Philippines, New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Australia. Found predominantly on level sandy to mud substrate in shallow water, 0– 37 m.</p><p>Remarks. The specimens from South Africa agree well with the description of the neotype (Ahyong 2001), as well as previously published accounts (Kemp 1913; Manning 1968a, 1995). Although not visible on the present ethanol stored material, the dark transverse patches positioned mid-dorsally on abdominal somites 2 and 5 are a diagnostic feature (Kemp 1911) which can distinguish M. nepa from M. holoschista .</p><p>There are differences in colour accounts between Barnard’s (1950) first record of the species from South Africa and more recent species accounts from Madagascar (Manning 1968a) and Australia (Ahyong 2001). While Manning (1968a) agrees with Ahyong’s (2001) colour description, Barnard (1950) records overall dorsal colour to be pale biscuit with orange to red on carapace keels, abdominal somites and telson. A similar colour combination is mentioned in Kemp’s (1913) account of the species, where a small portion of the specimens from Thoothukudi, India, preserved in formalin showed a similarly positioned ‘rosy red’ to purple colouration. But it is important to note that that these differences in colour accounts may be the result of specimen preservation techniques.</p><p>The variation in rostral plate shape and abdominal spination for M. nepa is well-documented (Manning 1968a; Ahyong 2001). The rostral plate has been recorded to be either subtruncate or triangular with a rounded or transverse apex for Madagascan specimens (Manning 1968a). Both specimens examined herein have a subtruncate rostrum with rounded apex (Fig. 26C). The presence of spines on the SM carina of AS 3 has only been recorded for specimens of M. nepa from Madagascar (Manning 1968a) and some specimens from Singapore (Ahyong 2001). All other accounts, including the present series, do not report such spination. Further variation in abdominal spination has been observed for Australian material, where the SM carina of AS 4 is sometimes unarmed on one or both sides of the AS 4 (Ahyong 2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFD2FFBCF9DE552CADA8E0F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFD4FFBCF9DE5796A8ACE338.text	975087ECFFD4FFBCF9DE5796A8ACE338.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Natosquilla Manning 1978	<div><p>Natosquilla Manning, 1978c</p><p>Natosquilla Manning, 1978c: 40–41, fig. 25. [Type species Natosquilla investigatoris (Lloyd, 1907) by original designation].</p><p>Diagnosis. Dorsum smooth. Cornea bilobed, width at least 0.28 CL in adults, set obliquely on stalk. Anterior margin of ophthalmic somite subtrapezoidal with a small median point. Carapace broad, with normal complement of carinae; anterior bifurcation of MD carina suppressed or indistinct; anterolateral spines small, not extending past base of rostral plate. Rostral plate as long as basal width, occasionally with small apical spine. Mandibular palp present. 4 epipods present. PLP1 endopod in adult males without posterior endite. Raptorial claw dactylus with 10–18 teeth; carpus dorsal carina strongly tuberculate. TS5 lateral process bilobed; anterior lobe an anterolaterally curved spine; posterior lobe a small spine directed laterally. TS6–7 lateral processes bilobed; anterior lobe much smaller than posterior lobe. AS 1–5 each with normal complement of carinae, abdominal spination as follows: SM 5–6, IM 3–6, LT 2–6. Telson with SM teeth with fixed apices; denticles as follows: SM 3–8, IM 8–11, LT 1; prelateral lobe longer than margin of LT teeth; dorsolateral surface without supplementary LT carinae. Uropodal protopod with inner margin distinctly tuberculate or crenulate, occasionally smooth.</p><p>Composition. Natosquilla investigatoris (Lloyd, 1907) .</p><p>Remarks. Natosquilla most closely resembles the genera Erugosquilla and Busquilla but is easily distinguished by the number of teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw being 10–18, instead of 5, or 6–7.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFD4FFBCF9DE5796A8ACE338	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFD5FFBDF9DE53F3AD97E332.text	975087ECFFD5FFBDF9DE53F3AD97E332.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Natosquilla investigatoris (Lloyd 1907)	<div><p>Natosquilla investigatoris (Lloyd, 1907)</p><p>(Fig. 27)</p><p>Squilla investigatoris Lloyd, 1907: 7, 10–11 [type locality southeast coast of Arabia 200 m].— Kemp, 1913: 80, pl. 6, figs. 67, 68.— Kemp &amp; Chopra, 1921: 298.— Chopra, 1939: 151, fig. 6.— Barnard, 1950: 849–859.</p><p>Natosquilla investigatoris .— Manning, 1978c: 40–41, fig. 25.</p><p>Material examined. Western Cape: SAMC-A008485, 4 ♀ (TL 82–89 mm), 2 ♂ (TL 90–91 mm), False Bay, 28 Dec 1944, surface collection, coll. Dr. Molteno and Roux, det. K.H. Barnard.</p><p>Other material examined. Tanzania: SAMC-A079523, 6 ♀ (TL 71–77 mm), 6 ♂ (TL 65–77 mm), east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.979836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.110333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.979836/lat -8.110333)">Jibondo Island</a>, 8°06’37.2”S 39°58’47.4”E, 30 Jul 2003, depth unknown, stat. Alg 122 M001, coll. Kerry Sink.</p><p>Diagnosis. See genus above.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Amber brown, fresher specimens are dark to tan-brown. Barnard (1950) described same specimens as overall grey, keels dark, telson dark brown. Uropodal endopod, protopod and proximal half of distal segment of exopod dark brown to black. Distal half of the distal segment of the uropodal exopod red.</p><p>Colour in life. Described by Lloyd (1907: 12) as very variable; overall “sand colour with minute black spots”. Telson and uropods show “a blue-black colouration irregular in its distribution”.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 8) TL 71–91 mm, ♀ (n = 10) TL 65–89 mm. CI 280–340.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. South coast of Arabia, Persian Gulf, Zanzibar, Seychelles, South Africa and now from off mainland Tanzania; 183– 220 m.</p><p>Remarks. Natosquilla investigatoris was first described by Lloyd (1907) from the south coast of Arabia at depths around 200 m, and Barnard (1950) reported large numbers from Table Bay on the west coast of South Africa. The South African specimens reported on by Barnard (1950) were examined herein examined. The recently collected specimens from the coast of Tanzania agree well with the South African specimens, as well as with Lloyd’s original description and Manning’s (1978c) diagnosis of the genus Natosquilla .</p><p>The variation in number of teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw has been well-documented for N. investigatoris (Barnard 1950) . Among the six South African specimens examined, the number of dactylar teeth ranged from 11–18. Moreover, three of the females exhibit an asymmetrical tooth number having 15/16, 17/16 and 18/16 teeth on the left and right dactyli respectively. The present Tanzanian specimens ranged in tooth number between 12–17 with four specimens with asymmetrical number having 14/12, 17/16, 16/17, and 16/17 teeth on the dactyli, respectively. The small apical spine on the rostral plate observed in a single female of TL 88 mm (Fig. 27D) is the first record of this variation for the species.</p><p>The large eye in adults of N. investigatoris is another distinguishing feature of the genus (Fig. 27B, C). Ahyong (2001) uses the relative lengths of the cornea to the carapace to distinguish Erugosquilla from Natosquilla, the former having an eye with cornea less than one-third carapace length in adults, while Natosquilla is supposed to have the cornea greater than or equal to one-third carapace length. Although the present study found one specimen with cornea width 0.28 CL, all other examined specimens of N. investigatoris agreed with Ahyong’s (2001) account of the genus. The large eye has been speculated to be an adaptation for surface swarming behaviour (Manning 1978c). The known species behaviour of forming pelagic swarms is corroborated by the account given in Barnard (1950) of “during darkness the surface was swarming with them” from northwest of Table Bay, Western Cape, South Africa.</p><p>Natosquilla investigatoris appears to mostly inhabit the north-western Indian Ocean, so that the single report from Table Bay on the west coast of South Africa represents an extraordinary distributional outlier, with no other records from the South African south and east coasts. Table Bay is a part of the transitional zone between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans and experiences anticyclic eddies called Agulhas rings which retroflects at the point of the Agulhas Current, transporting Indian Ocean water in a north-westerly direction into the Benguela Current system along the west coast of South Africa (Sink et al. 2019). This process could facilitate the occupation of Table Bay by this typically (sub)tropical species. It would be interesting to investigate how far up the west coast of Africa N. investigatoris extends.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFD5FFBDF9DE53F3AD97E332	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFD7FFBFF9DE53F3AD31E77C.text	975087ECFFD7FFBFF9DE53F3AD31E77C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oratosquilla Manning 1968	<div><p>Oratosquilla Manning, 1968b</p><p>Oratosquilla Manning, 1968b: 120, 133. [Type species Squilla oratoria De Haan 1844, by original designation. Gender feminine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Dorsal integument variously pitted. Eye with cornea strongly bilobed, distinctly broader than stalk and set obliquely; cornea width less than 0.30 CL. Ocular scales separate. Carapace with anterolateral spines; with MD, LT, MG and reflected marginal carinae; MD carina distinct, usually uninterrupted at base of anterior bifurcation (variable in O. fabricii); branches of anterior bifurcation distinct, opening anterior to dorsal pit; posterolateral margin rounded. Raptorial claw dactylus with 6 teeth, outer margin without basal notch; carpus dorsal carina bi- or tri-tuberculate. Mandibular palp present. MXP1–4 with epipod. PLP1 endopod in adult males with posterior endite; hook process blunt distally. TS6–8 with SM and IM carinae. TS5–6 lateral processes bilobed. AS 1–5 with SM, IM, LT and MG carinae. Telson SM teeth with fixed apices; prelateral lobe present; dorsolateral surface with curved rows of shallow pits; without supplementary LT carinae; ventrolateral stridulatory carinae present. Uropodal protopod inner margin crenulate.</p><p>Composition. Oratosquilla fabricii (Holthuis, 1941); O. mauritiana (Kemp, 1913); O. oratoria (De Haan, 1844) .</p><p>Remarks. One species occurs in South African waters, but no material was available for examination in the present study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFD7FFBFF9DE53F3AD31E77C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFD7FFB0F9DE50E4ACC4E4AA.text	975087ECFFD7FFB0F9DE50E4ACC4E4AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oratosquilla mauritiana (Kemp 1913)	<div><p>Oratosquilla mauritiana (Kemp, 1913)</p><p>Squilla mauritiana Kemp, 1913: 68 [type locality Mauritius].— Manning, 1968a: 28–29, fig. 9.</p><p>Squilla juxtaoratoria Ward, 1942: 55 .</p><p>Oratosquilla mauritiania .— Manning, 1968b: 135 (list).—Ahyong, 2000: 929; 2001: 283 (key).</p><p>Material examined. No material available for study.</p><p>Previously examined South African material. Eastern Cape: SAMC-A018815, 2 ♀ (TL 130 mm), Algoa Bay, 11–29 m, stat. TBD. PM 3 and 137, coll. R. V. Thomas B. Davie .</p><p>Diagnosis. Dorsum largely smooth, at most finely punctate. A1 somite dorsal processes triangular, apices acute, directed anterolaterally. Rostral plate appearing elongate, slightly broader than long with upturned lateral margins; apex rounded. Carapace with anterior bifurcation of MD carina uninterrupted basally and opening anterior to the dorsal pit. Raptorial claw merus with outer inferodistal spine; dactylus with 6 teeth. Mandibular palp present. 4 epipods present. TS6 lateral process distinctly bilobed: anterior lobe slender and short; triangular; apex sharp; posterior lobe broad and long, triangular; apex sharp. TS7 lateral process bilobed with anterior lobe small, obtuse, apex blunt; posterior lobe much larger, triangular, apex blunt. Abdominal carinae spined as follows: SM 4–6, IM 2–6, LT 1–6, MG 1–5. Telson longer than broad with prelateral lobe present; denticles rounded SM 4–5, IM 7–8, LT 1. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 9 movable spines.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Madagascan specimens described as largely faded, except for dark colouration of uropods; uropodal exopod with proximal segment distal half dark, inner margin on distal segment with proximal half dark; endopod distal half dark (Manning, 1968a). Colour in life unknown.</p><p>Measurements. ♀ (n = 2) TL 130 mm. The specimen recorded from South Africa (Kensley &amp; Buxton 1984) is the largest reported specimen of the species at TL 130 mm.</p><p>Distribution. Only known from Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Europa Island, Mauritius and South Africa; shallow intertidal to 29 m (present study).</p><p>Remarks. Oratosquilla mauritiana is distinguished from other species in the genus by the combination of relatively smooth dorsum, armed SM carinae of AS 4–6, and blunt anterior lobe of TS7 lateral process. Manning (1968a) first described O. mauritiana from a Madagascan specimen which shared features with two Mauritian specimens originally thought to be O. oratoria Kemp, 1913 . Furthermore, Ward’s (1942) Squilla juxtaoratoria from Mauritius was found to be a synonym of O. mauritiana (Manning, 1968a) .</p><p>The only South African record of O. mauritiana by Kensley &amp; Buxton (1984) is a sparse account merely stating that the species is a new record for South Africa. While it is possible that the identification is correct, given previous distributional records of the species from the Western Indian Ocean, the account remains doubtful. The specimen deposited in the Iziko South African Museum as the basis of record could not be found and must be considered lost.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFD7FFB0F9DE50E4ACC4E4AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFD8FFB0F9DE522EAD45E154.text	975087ECFFD8FFB0F9DE522EAD45E154.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pterygosquilla Hilgendorf 1890	<div><p>Pterygosquilla Hilgendorf, 1890</p><p>Pterygosquilla Hilgendorf, 1890: 172 . [Type species Pterygosquilla laticauda Hilgendorf, 1890, by monotypy].</p><p>Diagnosis. Eye with cornea strongly bilobed, width less than 0.30 CL. A1 somite dorsal processes with short slender apices, directed anterolaterally. Ocular scales present as short anteriorly directed spines or rounded projections. Carapace with anterolateral spines; dorsal carinae reduced, with reflected MG and reduced LT carinae; median posterior margin straight or slightly concave; posterolateral margin rounded. Raptorial claw dactylus with 6 or more teeth; carpus with short undivided dorsal carina; merus without outer inferodistal spine. Mandibular palp absent. MXP1–4 with epipod. PLP1 endopod in adult males with posterior endite; hook process with distal point. TS5–7 lateral process single. AS 1–5 with or without SM carina; with IM, LT and MG carinae. AS 6 with SM, IM, LT carinae. Telson subquadrate; dorsolateral surface with low SM swelling; SM teeth with movable apices; IM and LT teeth distinct; prelateral lobe absent; ventrolateral carinae absent. Uropodal protopod inner margin crenulate.</p><p>Composition. Pterygosquilla armata (H. Milne Edwards, 1837); P. capensis Manning, 1969a; P. gracilipes (Miers, 1881); P. schizodontia (Richardson, 1953) .</p><p>Remarks. Until now, Pterygosquilla was distinguished from other members of the Squillidae by the combination of reduced carapace carinae, movable apices of the SM teeth of the telson and spiniform ocular scales. However, the present series of Pterygosquilla capensis showed some variation in ocular scale morphology. As some specimens exhibit rounded rather than spiniform ocular scales, the ocular scale morphology can no longer be used as a feature to always distinguish the genus Pterygosquilla from other squillids. Pterygosquilla is most similar to Meiosquilla Manning, 1968b, Distosquilla Manning, 1977b and Squilloides Manning, 1968b, sharing reduced carapace carination, a telson with indistinct MG carina and lacking a prelateral lobe, ventrolateral carina of the telson and a mandibular palp. Pterygosquilla is distinguished from the Squillidae genera from within South Africa that have the cornea broader than stalk, share a single process on TS5, lack a MD carina on the carapace and telson SM teeth with movable apices by having anterolateral spines of the carapace. Species of Pterygosquilla are restricted to the temperate waters of the southern hemisphere, occurring in South Africa, New Zealand, and southern South America.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFD8FFB0F9DE522EAD45E154	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFD8FFB4F9DE563DADE9E6D6.text	975087ECFFD8FFB4F9DE563DADE9E6D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pterygosquilla capensis Manning 1969	<div><p>Pterygosquilla capensis Manning, 1969a</p><p>(Fig. 28)</p><p>Squilla armata .— Stebbing, 1902: 45; 1910:.405.— Tattersall, 1913: 879.— Balss, 1916: 51.— Calman, 1923: 1.— Barnard, 1950: 845, fig. 1d, f.— Lebour, 1954: 231, fig. 6 [larvae].</p><p>Squilla armutus .— Stebbing, 1914: 257, 300.</p><p>Pterygosquilla armata capensis Manning, 1969a: 8–13, figs. 2, 3.</p><p>Pterygosquilla capensis .— Ahyong, 2012: 92 (key).</p><p>Material examined. Northern Cape: SAMC-A079447, 1 ♂ (TL 55 mm), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.333334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.333334/lat -31.15)">Holgatrivier</a> mouth, 28°59.90’S 16°38.87’E, 18 Jun 1986, 56 m, bottom trawl, SFI. SAMC-A079477, 1 ♀ (TL 49 mm), west coast, 31°09’00.0”S 17°19’60.0”E, 28 June 1987, 177 m, stat. A5901-054-037-2317 . Western Cape: SAMC-A019431, 1 ♀ (TL 138 mm), False Bay, 33°52’59.9”S 18°27’00.0”E, depth and date unknown, coll. Duminy; SAMC-A001343, 1 ♂ (TL 155 mm), Cape <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.383307&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.883305" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.383307/lat -33.883305)">Town</a> docks, 33°52’59.9”S 18°22’59.9”E, depth unknown, Oct 1911, coll. L. Peringuey; SAMC- A079593, 2 ♀ (TL 80 mm), False Bay 34°23’17.9”S 18°40’18.1”E, 31 Jan 1959, stat. FAL 351F; SAMC-A045105, 1 ♀ (TL 66), 4 ♂ (TL 47–72 mm), 32°04’59.9”S 18°06’00.0”E, 21 Sep 1960, rock dredge at 108 m, coll. R. B. Manning; SAMC-A012008, 1 ♂ (TL 126 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.04989" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.05/lat -34.04989)">Paarden Island</a>, 34°02’59.6”S 23°03’00.0”E, depth unknown, Aug 1963, coll. K. Emerson; SAMC-A079438, 1 ♀ (TL 110 mm) Paarden Eiland Power Plant outlet , Cape Town, Jul 1973, shallow intertidal; SAMC-A079407, 1 ♀ (TL 115 mm) Table Bay power plant, 33°54’14.7”S 18°27’37.4”E, 26 June 1974, shallow intertidal; SAMC-A079522, 1 ♀ (TL 74 mm), Table Bay, 33°49’00.1”S 18°27’00.0”E, 23 rd May 1980, depth unknown, stat. TBD 74, dredge; SAMC-A079403, 1 ♀ (TL 96 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.38114&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.257084" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.38114/lat -34.257084)">Oliphantsbos Beach</a>, 34°15’25.5”S 18°22’52.1”E, 1981, shallow intertidal, coll. W. R. Liltved; SAMC-A079405, 6 ♂ (TL 36–71 mm), 5 ♀ (TL 32–64 mm), Danger Bay, Saldanha, 33°00’12.0”S 17°53’12.0”E, 22 May 1983, 0–50 m, stat. A 009-54-01, RMT-8, DSF; SAMC-A079417, 2 ♂ (TL 41 mm), 1 ♀ (TL 35 mm), Saldanha, 33°02’26.4”S 17°46’28.8”E, 22 May 1983, 0–100 m, stat. A 009-54-02, RMT 8 and Neuston, SFI; SAMC-A79471, 1 ♂ (TL 80 mm), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.99&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.116665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.99/lat -33.116665)">Saldanha</a>, 33°07’00.0”S 17°59’24.0”E, 23 May 1983, 40 m, stat. A 009-56-01A, RMT 8, DSF; SAMC-A079402, 1 ♂ (TL 81 mm), Misty Cliffs , Cape <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.286999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.199333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.286999/lat -34.199333)">Town</a>, 34°11’57.6”S 18°17’13.2”E, 26 May 1983, 100 m, stat. A 009-72-02, RMT 8 and Neuston, SFI; SAMC-A079408, 1 ♀ (TL 82 mm), off Hout Bay, 34°02’48.0”S 18°15’41.4”E, 26 May 1983, depth unknown, stat. A 009-70-01, SFI; SAMC-A079406, 1 ♂ (TL 78 mm), off Hout Bay, 34°05’19.2”S 18°13’00.0”E, 26 May 1983, 100 m, stat. A 009-70-02, SFI; SAMC-A079419, 1 ♂ (TL 76 mm), Saldanha Bay, 33°07’00.0”S 17°59’24.0”E, 23 May 1983, 40 m, stat. A 009-56-01, RMT-8, SFI; SAMC-A077772, ♀ (TL 79 mm), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.916666/lat -35.716667)">De Hoop Nature Reserve</a>, 35°43’00.0”S 20°55’00.0”E, 2 Jun 1988, 105 m, stat. A722; SAMC-A079478, 1 ♂ (TL 150 mm), off the Western and Eastern Cape border, 31°15’06.0”S 17°39’30.0”E, 6 Aug 1989, depth unknown, stat. A9053-075-039-2331, SFI; SAMC-A079481, 4 ♂ (TL 100–140 mm) 4 ♀ (TL 88–130 mm), off Elands Bay, 32°13’60.0”S 18°13’60.0”E, 68 m, stat. A10434 -084-041-1070; SAMC-A079458, 4 ♂ (TL 135–161 mm), 31°30’00.0”S 17°56’00.0”E, 6 Aug 1989, 98 m, midwater trawl, stat. A9055-075-040-1058, RV Africana, West coast Hake biomass survey; SAMC-A079459, 3 ♂ (TL 76–125 mm) 1 ♀ (TL 86 mm), 31°15’00.0”S 17°30’00.0”E, 6 Aug 1989, 145 m, stat. A 9052-075-038-2324, RV Africana, West coast Hake biomass survey; SAMC-A079480, 4 ♂ (TL 49–94 mm) 7 ♀ (TL 48–89 mm), off Elands Bay, 32°27’60.0”S 17°49’00.0”E, 25 Jul 1990, 139 m, stat. A10431-084-038-3456; SAMC-A079473, 3 ♂ (TL 158–176 mm), off Standfontein, 31°51’00.0”S 17°58’00.0”E, 27 Jul 1990, 111 m, stat. A10438 -084-043-2393; SAMC-A079506, 1 ♂ (TL 92 mm), 25 Sept 1991, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.166666/lat -34.066666)">George</a>, 34°04’00.0”S 23°10’00.0”E, 64 m, stat.A12056-095- 050-2262 . Eastern Cape: SAMC-A079404, 3 ♂ (TL 85–90 mm), 1 ♀ (TL 100 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.85/lat -34.066666)">Tsitsikamma National Park</a> MPA, 34°04’00.0”S 23°51’00.0”E, 12 Apr 2004, 121 m, stat. A23068 -028-1054, bottom trawl. Unknown location: SAMC-A079460, 1 ♂ (TL 108 mm) 1 ♀ (TL 90 mm), 6 th Nov. 1984, 33 m, stat. 24-02A, DSF; SAMC-A079455, 1 ♂ (TL 77 mm), stat. A2935-036-017, shark gut; SAMC – A079487 1 ♂ (TL 69 mm), stat. SL 11; SAMC-A079456, 2 ♂ (TL 70–97 mm), stat. A2936-036-018, shark gut .</p><p>Diagnosis. Rostral plate triangular to linguiform; apex narrowly rounded. Distance between SM carinae onequarter distance between IM carinae. SM carinae of AS 1–5 present in juveniles and small adults, indistinct to absent in specimens exceeding TL 90 mm. Posterior margin of AS 5 usually without accessory spinules. Telson with postanal carina, can be faint in smaller specimens.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Closely resembles Barnard’s (1950) colour description as overall “horny amber” with cornea green and dactylus pale. However, specimens can appear dusky to salmon pink while still exhibiting the white dactylus Barnard described. Several specimens with squarish dark brown spot on each abdominal segment between IM and LT carinae and on AS 2 between LT and MG carinae. Posterior margin of AS 1–4 dark brown as well as tips of all pleopods, uropodal exopod and endopod and antennal scales. Mid-marginal brown strip on carapace. Dark dots distally positioned by articulation of pereopod segments on pereopods 1–3. Dark red outlining anterior SM tubercles of telson.</p><p>Colour in life. Two colour morphs are given in the regional offshore guide (Atkinson &amp; Sink 2018). Overall honey coloured with pereopods and dactylus white; uropodal exopod distal segments and telson posterior margin bright yellow for several individuals found on the south and east coasts. The second and more common colouration can be pinkish purple to grey and maroon with abdominal and telson carinae, as well as telson posterior margin trimmed with orange-red to maroon; all limbs pale.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 48) TL 36–176 mm, ♀ (n = 30) TL 32–138 mm.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Only known from southern Africa, Namibia to southern KwaZulu-Natal. While abundant on the west coast of South Africa, specimens have been collected from off Namibia as far up as Walvis Bay. Several specimens have been reported as being collected from shark and tuna stomachs of unspecified species. The species occurs on level sand or mud substrates suitable for their burrowing lifestyle. Specimens have been recorded at depths 34–584 m, with most from around 100 m (DFFE, unpublished data).</p><p>Remarks. Commonly known as the Cape Mantis Shrimp, this species is the only stomatopod species known from the west coast north of St. Helena Bay in South Africa and spanning the entire coast of Namibia (Abelló &amp; Macpherson 1990). High abundances of P. capensis have been reported in certain coastal areas between St. Helena Bay and the South African border with Namibia, and the species is known as an important prey species of many predatory fish and seabirds (Griffiths &amp; Blaine 1988). As one of just three species of mantis shrimp known from the west coast of South Africa, P. capensis is the one frequently caught in large numbers during trawl and dredge surveys. In their investigation into mantis shrimp distribution and population biology, Griffiths &amp; Blaine (1988) P. capensis was the only stomatopod species collected by trawl surveys along the west coast of South Africa between Port Nolloth and Cape Agulhas, with the highest concentration of individuals at St Helena Bay. The present study reports on the large number of Pterygosquilla specimens collected between 1875 and 2004 and housed in the Iziko South African Museum.</p><p>Pterygosquilla armata, P. capensis, P. gracilipes, and P. schizodontia make up the four species of Pterygosquilla currently recognised. Manning (1969a) defined three subspecies of Pterygosquilla armata: P. a. armata (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) from southern South America; P. a. schizodontia (Richardson, 1953) from New Zealand and P. a. capensis Manning, 1969a, from South Africa. Subsequently, in his study of P. schizodontia, Ahyong (2012) recognised the subspecies of P. armata as three separate species substantiated by their characteristic morphologies, as well as their distinct geographical distributions. For specimens TL ≥ 100 mm, Manning (1969a) distinguished his subspecies, Pterygosquilla armata capensis, by the size of the lobe between the terminal spines of the uropodal protopod, the degree of definition for the abdominal SM carinae and distance between the abdominal SM carinae. Ahyong (2012) found Manning’s use of the former character to be unreliable but validated the use of the distinctiveness of, and distance between, the abdominal SM carinae as features with which to distinguish P. schizodontia from P. armata .</p><p>The present series agrees with Manning (1969a) and the distance between the abdominal SM carinae is consistent as a diagnostic feature. Pterygosquilla capensis is distinguished from P. schizodontia by the distance between SM carinae being one-fourth rather than one-third the distance between IM carinae. Distinctions between P. armata and P. capensis are more subtle and are based on size-related characteristics for both species. Meanwhile, morphological variation in P. capensis is marked, especially in the number of teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw and condition of the IM denticles of the telson. Ranging in number from 6–11 teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw, the majority of examined specimens had 7 or 8 teeth with five specimens exhibiting differing teeth numbers on either dactylus: 7 and 9, 9 and 10, 10 and 9 and two specimens with 7 and 8 teeth of the right and left dactyli of the raptorial claw respectively. As previously recorded in P. armata and P. schizodontia, at least one IM denticle of the telson is usually secondarily bifurcated, with no obvious pattern in number or orientation. An unusual feature never recorded for Pterygosquilla is the addition of a small apical spine on the rostral plate illustrated herein for P. capensis (Fig. 28J) and observed for several specimens. Other minor variation includes varying shapes of the rostral plate from the length being slightly longer or shorter than the width and the sternal keel of the TS8 with an apex ranging from rounded to sharp.</p><p>The most accessible and utilized method to identify the species of Pterygosquilla is via their discrete distributions: P. armata from southern South America, P. gracilipes from the west coast of Patagonia, P. schizodontia from New Zealand and P. capensis from South Africa (Ahyong 2012). However, the variation of certain features found in the present material calls into question the use of distinct population localities to identify P. capensis . The species not taken into consideration by Manning (1969a) in his revision of P. armata is the highly understudied Pterygosquilla gracilipes Miers, 1881 from Chile. After its original description, P. gracilipes has been revisited briefly by Kemp (1913) and more recently by Hendrickx &amp; Rivas (2016) using specimens from southern Chile. In his key to the genus, Ahyong (2012) distinguished P. gracilipes via the absence of a postanal carina, as well as the presence of more than 18 SM denticles on the telson in adults. However, in the present study the distinctness of the postanal carina varies from a well-defined ridge to a faintly raised line and in one specimen the postanal carina is absent. The incongruity of the features found in the present series of P. capensis casts some doubt on the taxonomic utility of the feature.</p><p>The second feature used to distinguish P. gracilipes is the greater number of triangular to spinular SM denticles (&gt;18) of the telson compared to other species in the genus (1 or 2 rounded to subquadrate denticles and occasionally up to 10 tiny spinules) (Ahyong 2012). However, multiple specimens of the present series exhibited more than 18 SM denticles of the telson and appear spinular in structure (Fig. 28I, K). Overall, 12 of the 78 specimens examined were found to have more than 18 SM denticles, accounting for 15 % of the present material. These specimens are all a similar midrange size (62–108 mm TL) and were collected in the 1980s during surface and midwater trawl surveys between Saldanha Bay and the Cape Peninsula .</p><p>The species of Pterygosquilla are distinguished from other Squillidae genera by their ocular scales being produced into strong anteriorly-directed spines. However, 13 (roughly 17%) of the 78 specimens of Pterygosquilla examined displayed rounded ocular scales (Fig. 28G). Moreover, this feature is usually observed in combination with the other varying characters mentioned above. Specimens with rounded ocular scales were usually found to exhibit more than 18 denticles between the SM teeth of the telson [9 of the 13 had&gt;18 SM denticles]. As previously mentioned, this feature is considered characteristic to P. gracilipes . Furthermore, this feature combination was observed in specimens with a greater number of teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw (9–11 teeth). The specimens with rounded ocular scales were stored in assorted jars containing P. capensis material with the ‘normal’ complement of characteristics. This variation observed for a genus defining feature puts into question the stability of the feature as diagnostic.</p><p>The high variation found in this local species suggests that a global revision of Pterygosquilla is required. The variation in P. capensis raises the question of whether there is more than one species present in this highly abundant and perhaps most common South African stomatopod. Such questions should be explored by future studies incorporating molecular tools.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFD8FFB4F9DE563DADE9E6D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFDCFFB4F9DE51B2A8FBE1C1.text	975087ECFFDCFFB4F9DE51B2A8FBE1C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Quollastria Ahyong 2001	<div><p>Quollastria Ahyong, 2001</p><p>Quollastria Ahyong 2001: 300–312 . [Type species Quollastria capricornae Ahyong 2001, by original designation. Gender masculine].</p><p>Diagnosis. Dorsal integument rugose, pitted. Cornea width less than 0.3 CL, strongly bilobed.A1 somite not greatly elongate; dorsal processes triangular, directed anterolaterally. Carapace anterior width less than or slightly exceeding half median length; with anterolateral spines; with normal complement of carinae; MD carina distinct, interrupted at base of anterior bifurcation; branches of anterior bifurcation opening anterior to dorsal pit; posterolateral margin rounded. Raptorial claw dactylus with 5 or 6 teeth; carpus dorsal carina undivided; merus without outer inferodistal spine. Mandibular palp 3-segmented. MXP1–4 with epipod (2–3 in Q. imperialis). PLP1 endopod in adult males with posterior endite; hook process blunt distally. TS5–7 lateral processes distinctly bilobed. Telson SM teeth with fixed apices; prelateral lobe present; dorsolateral surface with or without supplementary longitudinal carinae. Uropodal protopod inner margin crenulate.</p><p>Composition. Quollastria capricornae Ahyong, 2001; Q. fossulata (Moosa, 1986); Q. gonypetes (Kemp, 1911); Q. kapala Ahyong, 2001; Q. imperialis (Manning, 1965); Q. ornata (Manning, 1971b); Q. simulans (Holthuis, 1967b); Q. striata (Manning, 1978c); Q. subtilis (Manning, 1978c) .</p><p>Remarks. Comprised of Manning’s (1995) ‘gonypetes’ group of Oratosquillina, Quollastria is distinguished from Oratosquillina in lacking the outer inferodistal spine on the merus of the raptorial claw (Ahyong 2001). Only one species is known from South African waters, but no material was available in the present series.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFDCFFB4F9DE51B2A8FBE1C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFDCFFB5F9DE5687AD53E226.text	975087ECFFDCFFB5F9DE5687AD53E226.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Quollastria gonypetes (Kemp 1911)	<div><p>Quollastria gonypetes (Kemp, 1911)</p><p>Squilla gonypetes Kemp, 1911: 96 [type locality restricted to vicinity of Cheduba Islands, Burma, by lectotype selection</p><p>(Manning 1978c)].— Kemp, 1913: 3, 10, 22, 54, pl. 4, figs. 42–44 (part).— Stephenson, 1962: 35.— Manning, 1965: 250–</p><p>253, pl. 11: fig. b. Oratosquilla gonypetes .— Manning, 1971b: 14; 1978c: 7, 12–14, fig. 5. – Graham et al., 1993a: 24, 64. Oratosquillina gonypetes .— Manning, 1995: 25, 228. Quollastria gonypetes .— Ahyong, 2001: 304–306, fig. 147.— Liu, 2008: (list).</p><p>Material examined. No material available for study.</p><p>Previous records of South African material. KZN: 1 ♂ (TL 52 mm), off Durban, 29°34’00.0”S 31°39’00.0”E, 9 Sep 1964, 118 m, NAD 40 P, UCT Ecological Survey, det. Manning (1969a) .</p><p>Diagnosis (Ahyong 2001). Dorsal integument evenly pitted, rugose. A1 somite dorsal processes with spiniform apices, directed anterolaterally. Carapace with branches of anterior bifurcation of MD carina distinct in adults. Raptorial claw dactylus usually with 5 teeth (occasionally with 6 or 7). MXP1–4 each with epipod. TS8 sternal keel rounded, distinct to near obsolete. AS 5 with mid-dorsal pair of large dark squares. Abdominal carinae spined as follows: SM 5– 6, IM (2)3–6, LT (1)2–6, MG 1–5. Telson prelateral lobe as long as (in juveniles) or shorter than (in adults) margin of LT tooth; LT carina long, extending to or slightly beyond mid-length of prelateral lobe in adults; dorsolateral surface without accessory MD carina but with curved rows of pits, pits combined in adults to form longitudinal grooves with low intervening carinae; denticles SM 3–4, IM 5–9, LT 1. Uropodal protopod with rounded lobe on outer margin of inner terminal spine. Uropodal exopod proximal segment outer margin with 7–10 movable spines; distal segment slightly longer than proximal segment; dark on inner half only.</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Faded, but with dark patches still visible on AS 2–5 (Manning 1969a).</p><p>Colour in life (after Ahyong 2001). Overall dorsal colour light brown with scattered dark chromatophores over entire surface. Rostral plate with orange-red margins. Carapace with dark carinae and grooves; median carina, gastric grooves and median posterior margin red. TS5–8 and AS 1–5 with red median tubercles and submedian carinae. AS 1–5 with IM carinae red medially. AS 2 with diffuse black, transverse rectangular bar overlain by red. AS 5 with black square lateral to each SM carina. Telson with carinae of primary teeth red, that of LT tooth red to level of apex of prelateral lobe; MD carina with red posterior spine. Uropodal protopod with terminal spines and carinae red; endopod white-yellow with distal 0.5 black; exopod proximal segment black distally, outer spines red; exopod distal segment black on inner 0.75, remainder yellow. A1 peduncle segment 1 dark-brown laterally, segments 2 and 3 with narrow dark-brown band distally. A2 protopod dark-brown laterally. A2 scale with scattered brown chromatophores anteriorly and posteriorly; distal margin yellow. Raptorial claw merus with dark-brown dorsolateral margin.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 1) TL 52 mm. Ahyong (2001) records the largest known specimen at TL 104 mm.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Indo-West Pacific, known with certainty from the Western Indian Ocean, India, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam to Japan. From sandy-mud substrates at moderate depths of 40– 110 m.</p><p>Remarks. Several diagnostic features of Quollastria gonypetes vary with size (Manning 1978c; Ahyong 2001). In his extensive study of the species from Australia, Ahyong (2001) found that the distinguishing branches of the anterior bifurcation of the MD carina of the carapace are hardly visible in small specimens (&lt;55 mm) and become more distinct with size. Other features found to vary with size include width of the lateral processes of TS6, distinctiveness of the telson carinae and lobe size between the spines of the uropodal protopod. Further variation was found in number of teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw; most specimens bear 5 teeth on the dactylus, but occasionally specimens from Australia and Taiwan have 6 teeth on one or both claws (Ahyong 2001).</p><p>In his review of the species that constituted Oratosquilla at the time, Manning (1978c) re-examined specimens from various localities, finding four different species represented in the material previously considered to be Quollastria gonypetes . Specimens referred to Q. gonypetes from Madagascar (as Oratosquilla) (Manning 1968a, 1970a), were named as O. turbata Manning, 1978c, which was subsequently synonymized with Q. subtilis by Ahyong (2001).</p><p>As remarked by Manning (1978c), the species identification of specimens from the limits of the distribution of Q. gonypetes, such as Japan and South Africa, is not resolved and the record from Durban requires confirmation. This record of Q. gonypetes from Durban could be based on Q. subtilis given that this species is already known from Madagascar. Kemp (1911) and Manning (1965) commented on the differences of the spination of the IM (AS 3–6) and LT (AS 2–6) carinae of the abdominal somites of this 52 mm male specimen. Although within the range of variation recorded subsequently (Manning 1978c; Ahyong 2001), re-examination would be desirable. Unfortunately, neither the original specimen, nor newly collected material, of Q. gonypetes could be found in the Iziko collection.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFDCFFB5F9DE5687AD53E226	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFDDFFB6F9DE55A2A945E5A6.text	975087ECFFDDFFB6F9DE55A2A945E5A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rissoides Manning & Lewinsohn 1982	<div><p>Rissoides Manning &amp; Lewinsohn, 1982</p><p>Rissoides Manning &amp; Lewinsohn, 1982: 352–353 . [Type species Squilla desmaresti Risso, 1816, by original designation].</p><p>Diagnosis. Body smooth, compact, size small to moderate. Cornea bilobed, distinctly broader than stalk; ocular scales separate. Carapace without anterolateral spines; dorsal carinae reduced, with at most reflected marginals and posterior part of each LT carina present; median posterior margin evenly concave, posterolateral margins broadly rounded. Raptorial claw with dactylus of 5 teeth, outer margin evenly convex; carpus with dorsal ridge indistinct; ischiomeral articulation terminal. Mandibular palp absent. 4 epipods present. TS5 with lateral process an inconspicuous diagonal or flattened lobe, a ventral spine present on each side; TS6–7 lateral processes not bilobed, evenly rounded. AS 1–5 with or without SM carina; with IM, LT and MG carina. AS 6 with SM, IM, LT carinae. Telson broad, MD present, supplemental carinae absent; IM, LT teeth present, SM with movable apices; prelateral lobe absent; postanal carina, if present, low. Uropodal protopod inner margin crenulate as low tubercles or short denticles.</p><p>Composition. Rissoides africanus (Manning, 1974); R. barnardi (Manning, 1975a); R. calypso (Manning, 1974); R. desmaresti (Risso, 1816); R. pallidus (Giesbrecht, 1910) .</p><p>Remarks. Rissoides includes five species. Excluding R. barnardi, the other four species all occur in the eastern Atlantic; two species, R. africana and R. calypso, only occur off the west coast of Africa (Manning 1977a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/975087ECFFDDFFB6F9DE55A2A945E5A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brokensha, Rouane;Landschoff, Jannes;Griffiths, Charles	Brokensha, Rouane, Landschoff, Jannes, Griffiths, Charles (2025): Taxonomic guide to the mantis shrimps (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) of South Africa. Zootaxa 5713 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5713.1.1
975087ECFFDEFFA4F9DE5122AE10E393.text	975087ECFFDEFFA4F9DE5122AE10E393.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rissoides barnardi (Manning 1975)	<div><p>Rissoides barnardi (Manning, 1975a)</p><p>(Fig. 29)</p><p>Squilla desmarestii .— Barnard, 1950: 842, fig. 1a.</p><p>Meiosquilla desmarestii .— Manning, 1969a: 13.</p><p>Meiosquilla barnardi Manning, 1975a: 363–366, fig. 1 [type locality KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa]</p><p>Rissoides barnardi .— Manning &amp; Lewinsohn, 1982: 353 (list).</p><p>Material examined. KZN: SAMC-A079426 1 ♂ (TL 37.5 mm), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.296667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.113335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.296667/lat -31.113335)">Port Edward</a>, 31°06’48.0”S 30°17’48.0”E, 8 Jul 1985, 120– 125 m, coll. G. C. Williams.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cornea bilobed, set almost transversely on stalk. Ocular scales subtruncate. A1 peduncle subequal to, or slightly longer than, carapace. Rostral plate cordiform, apex rounded. Carapace smooth, lacking carinae except for short, reflected MG and posterior LT carinae. Raptorial claw dactylus with 5 teeth; propodus not distinctly tapering distally. Mandibular palp absent. 4 epipods present. TS5 lateral process with slender, oblique, laterally-projecting lobe, rounded laterally. TS6–8 with IM carina; TS6 and 7 lateral processes broadly rounded posteriorly; TS8 sternal keel slender with rounded apex. AS 1–5 with IM, LT and MG carina; AS 6 with distinct SM, IM and LT carinae. Abdominal carinae spined as follows: SM6, IM 5–6, LT 5–6, MG 4–5. Telson stout with primary teeth bases swollen in male holotype; SM teeth with movable apices; IM and LT teeth slightly inwardly curved, apices sharp; denticles pointed, SM 6–10, IM 10–15, LT 1. Uropodal exopod proximal segment with 4–5 movable spines on outer margin, distalmost not extending beyond midway distal segment; protopod with inner margin crenulate .</p><p>Colour in alcohol. Completely faded. Cornea dark grey-brown.</p><p>Colour in life unknown.</p><p>Measurements. ♂ (n = 1) TL 37.5 mm. CI 386. A1 peduncle 1.11CL. A2 scale 0.51CL. PLDI 308. The present specimen represents the largest specimen recorded for the species.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Only previously known from South African waters around Durban and now Port Edward, KZN. Associated with sandy and muddy substrata, depth 120–200 m (present study).</p><p>Remarks. Originally recorded from South Africa as the Mediterranean species Rissoides desmarestii Risso, 1816 (Barnard 1950; Manning 1969a), R. barnardi is distinguished from R. desmarestii by the form of the propodus of the raptorial claw. In R. barnardi, the propodus does not become distinctly narrower distally, as it does for R. desmarestii . When compared to R. desmarestii, R. barnardi also appears to mature at a smaller size with Manning’s (1975a) male holotype exhibiting swellings at the bases of the telson’s primary teeth at TL 30 mm. This secondary sexual characteristic is known to only occur in R. desmarestii specimens at least 50 mm in total length (Manning 1975a).</p><p>Although listed in the museum catalogue, the original holotypic and paratypic material of R. barnardi could not be located after searching the Iziko stomatopod collection. The present specimen was found among unidentified specimens in the museum collection and is the largest specimen recorded for the species. The male specimen agrees well with early accounts given by Barnard (1950) and Manning (1969a) and with the description of R. barnardi (as Meiosquilla barnardi) by Manning (1975a).</p><p>DISCUSSION</p><p>The historical accumulation of known mantis shrimp species in South Africa is shown in Fig. 30 and shows a very slow rate of accumulation over the first century with only five species reported. Barnard (1950) presented the first major review of the group and listed 13 species from South Africa based on his own observations as well as scattered records by early crustacean taxonomists (Krauss 1843; Hansen 1895; Stebbing 1902, 1908, 1910, 1917). Further species additions by Manning (1969a, 1975a) and later Kensley &amp; Buxton (1984) increased this total to 17, although not all records were correctly attributed or can be corroborated herein.Although limited to a single collection site, the most recent study by Ahyong (2005) added significantly to this total, bringing the known number of mantis shrimp species to 26, including one species described as new to science. The present study adds five more new species records and thus brings the known number of mantis shrimp species to 31. Apart from Barnard (1950), however, there has also been no holistic treatment of the group from South African waters and the present study is the first to provide a fully illustrated guide to the known stomatopod fauna of South Africa within a single account.</p><p>Stomatopods are notoriously difficult to collect due to their agile and defensive nature. They also occur in a wide range of habitat types from soft sediments to coral reefs, where they inhabit burrows and crevices. Therefore, a diverse range of sampling methods is needed to accurately estimate their regional diversity. Collection methods normally employed for this group include trawling, dredging, spearing, trapping, and pumping, as well as manual excavation of burrows and noosing of individuals (Ahyong et al. 2017). Historically, in South Africa, unspecified bulk sampling of Crustacea from the late 19 th century to the present has resulted in most of the squilloids and lysiosquilloids in museum collections. Meanwhile, the introduction of targeted sampling of stomatopods by hand and the utilization of SCUBA diving in the 1960s and 1970s allowed for the collection of the more inconspicuous gonodactyloids. For example, in 1976, R. Winterbottom of the J. L. B. Smith Institute undertook the targeted collection of coral reef related stomatopods from Sodwana Bay, which were later examined and reported on by Ahyong (2005) and now make up a large proportion of the gonodactyloid specimens at the Iziko South African Museum. The large number of new records found in that limited collection is indicative of the potential that such collection methods have in uncovering further new records form other sites .</p><p>Several records of species previously reported from within South African waters could not be authenticated from existing material, as the corresponding specimens are either lost from the Iziko collection or could not be traced. Four species previously documented from South Africa, Raoulserenea komaii Moosa, 1991, Heterosquilloides insignis Kemp, 1911, Oratosquilla mauritiana Kemp, 1913 and Quollastria gonypetes Kemp, 1911, lacked material for examination herein. Of these, the record of R. komaii is the only contemporary species record (Ahyong 2005) and while the specimen is extant in the Iziko collection, the sample was unfortunately damaged to an extent that it is no longer taxonomically useful. Although included herein, it is suggested that the historical records of two unverified species; O. mauritiana and Q. gonypetes, require sampling of new material for confirmation of species occurrence in South Africa.</p><p>Several species previously suspected to occur in South Africa are confirmed to be present. Barnard’s (1950) record of Gonodactylus demanii and all specimens in the Iziko collection previously identified as G. demanii are now considered to represent Gonodactylellus lanchesteri, which was first reported from South Africa by Ahyong (2005). First suggested by Barnard (1950) and reiterated by Manning (1969a), the presence of Odontodactylus scyllarus is confirmed for South Africa for the first time. However, four species listed to occur in Mozambican waters by Barnard (1950, 1958) and Manning (1969a) are still not yet recorded in South Africa. These are Alima neptuni Linnaeus, 1768 (as Squilla hierogliphica), Gonodactylaceus falcatus Forskål, 1775 (as Gonodactylus glabrous), Keppelius hystricotelson (Barnard, 1958) (as Lysiosquilla hystricotelson) and Lenisquilla lata Brooks, 1886 (as Squilloides lata).</p><p>The South African Stomatopoda represented in the Iziko collection includes a widespread tropical component as well as species associated with temperate waters. Twenty-one species recorded here have comparatively widespread distributions in the Indo-West Pacific ( Bathysquilla crasisspinosa, Gonodactylellus lanchesteri, Gonodactylus botti, Gonodactylus chiragra, Gonodactylus smithii, Odontodactylus hansenii, O. scyllarus, Chorisquilla spinosissima, Raoulserenea komaii, R. ornata, R. oxyrhyncha, Lysiosquilla maculata, L. tredecimdentata, Heterosquilloides insignis, Clorida albolitura, C. latrellei, Harpiosquilla harpax, Kempella mikado, Miyakella holoschista, M. nepa and Quollastria gonypetes), while most of the remaining species are restricted to the Western Indian Ocean ( Gonodactylellus crosnieri, Gonodactylolus paulus, Gonodactylus cf. chiragra, Mesacturoides fimbriatus, Natosquilla investigatoris and Oratosquilla mauritiania). In general, the species that occur in the subtropical parts of the country also occur in Mozambique and Madagascar, a trend visible across other taxonomic groups. Fifteen stomatopod species from South Africa are shared with Madagascar, while only 10 are shared with Mozambique, of which G. botti and the undescribed species of Clorida were only recently recorded for the first time in Mozambique (Brokensha et al. 2023). This is probably indicative of the sparse collecting efforts undertaken in Mozambique.</p><p>Of the South African Stomatopoda, only two species; Lysiosquilla capensis and Pterygosquilla capensis, occur in cold-temperate waters. The essentially temperate water South African stomatopod species are the endemics L. capensis and P. capensis . Last studied by Manning (1969a), the large collection of P. capensis specimens at Iziko South African Museum allowed for a more detailed investigation of the species. The high variation found in the diagnostic characters of both the species and the genus revealed that Pterygosquilla needs a global revision beyond the scope of this paper. It is possible that the observed variation is due to the presence of a yet unrecognised species and that P. capensis is part of a species complex. The species is frequently caught in the demersal fishery survey trawls off the south and west coasts and any future study should make use of this accessibly to fresh material for genetic analysis. The present study found the diagnostic characters used by Manning (1969a) and Ahyong (2012) to be stable, but to properly consider the findings herein, P. gracilipes from Chile should be investigated. Pterygosquilla capensis is the most abundant stomatopod species on the west coast and is considered the only species known to occupy the continental waters of South Africa south of the Namibian border to St. Helena Bay. However, the present study extends the species range further east, to within the mixing zone on the south coast.</p><p>Meanwhile, most tropical squilloid genera widespread in the Indo-West Pacific recorded here were found to occur along a short stretch of the east coast between Durban and St. Lucia Bay ( Clorida sp., C. latrellei, Harpiosquilla harpax, Kempella mikado, Miyakella holoschista, Quollastria gonypetes, and Rissoides barnardi) with M. nepa being the only squillid species to range south from KwaZulu-Natal into the Eastern Cape. This area holds South Africa’s only commercial crustacean trawl fishery (Sink et al. 2019), likely explaining the high abundance of species records and museum specimens collected from this area. Two lysiosquillids ( Lysiosquilla maculata and L. tredecimdentata) and a bathysquilloid ( Bathysquilla crasisspinosa) also share this stretch of coastline. These mantis shrimp taxa are known to favour rather specific habitat types (Ahyong et al. 2017) with lysiosquillids and squillids generally inhabiting level mud and sand habitats into which they burrow. Historically, earlier sampling efforts would target certain areas and habitats, especially False Bay and Table Bay in the Western Cape, Algoa Bay in the Eastern Cape, and Durban Bay in KwaZulu-Natal (Griffiths 1999), nearly exclusively using trawlers on soft substrates, but leaving those stomatopod species with deep burrows and/or reef-associated lifestyles largely unsampled and overlooked.As gonodactyloids are generally associated with coral or rocky reef systems, such as the ones just south of Mozambique, the limited historical sampling resulted in them being vastly underrepresented until the rise of SCUBA diving and targeted collection in under-sampled habitats in the 1970s.</p><p>The gonodactyloids recorded herein are restricted to the stretch of coastline influenced by warm-temperate to subtropical waters from just south of Durban to the Mozambican border. These species are typically associated with coral reef and rubble habitats and include four of the five new species records for South Africa ( Gonodactylellus crosnieri, Gonodactylus cf. chiragra, Odontodactylus hansenii and O. scyllarus). The majority of gonodactylids represented herein are collected from the subtropical reef systems in the northernmost region of the east coast, just south of Mozambique. Most of these records are reported on by Ahyong (2005) for stomatopods from Sodwana Bay and its immediate surroundings. Other coral associated stomatopods from this area are the protosquillid Chorisquilla spinosissima, the takuid Mesacturoides fimbriatus and the four pseudosquillids. Meanwhile, the southernmost specimen of Gonodactylus chiragra corresponds to localities associated with the reef systems of the KwaZulu-Natal Bight off St. Lucia. Excluding G. chiragra, species of Odontodactylus and Gonodactylus are exclusively collected from north of Cape Vidal in the warm coastal waters known for its thriving soft coral communities (Sink et al. 2019).</p><p>Two species from the east coast are currently considered South African endemics and both are restricted to the warm-temperate and subtropical waters of KwaZulu-Natal. Pseudosquillisma kensleyi inhabits the subtropical coral reefs in the far north, while Rissoides barnardi is rather associated with the deeper habitats of sand or mud substrates between Port Edward and Durban. However, both P. kensleyi and R. barnardi are reported herein from singular preserved specimens, leaving their true distribution poorly known.</p><p>Overall, the taxonomic accounts of the 31 stomatopod species presented in this study aim to collate current knowledge of the South African stomatopod fauna and to greatly simplify accurate identification of known regional species. However, despite the coverage of the present work, numerous species remain poorly sampled, leaving many unanswered questions of distribution and taxonomy to be investigated. The mobile and inconspicuous nature of the group also suggests that their abundance and diversity is still greatly underrepresented in the existing collections. Habitat-specific sampling targeting of mantis shrimps would undoubtfully find many new species records and perhaps new species to science in the region.</p><p>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</p><p>This study is based on research supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Numbers 128324, and 138888) through the Integrated Biodiversity Information Programme and Extension Support Master’s Scholarship at the University of Cape Town. 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