taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
3EBFD6382B7C5B2183CAEA8B664E9604.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270004	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure2	Figure 2. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Aituaria pontica, ♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol B Aituaria borutzkyi, ♀ from Mangupskaya I Cave C, D Metellina merianae, ♀♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol (С) and Mamut-Tshokrak Cave (D); E, F, G Meta bourneti, ♀ (E) and juv. (G) from from Mangupskaya I Cave, ♂ (F) from Gnomov Cave. Photographs by G. A. Prokopov (A, C); IST (B, D, E, G); AAN (F).	Figure 2. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Aituaria pontica, ♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol B Aituaria borutzkyi, ♀ from Mangupskaya I Cave C, D Metellina merianae, ♀♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol (С) and Mamut-Tshokrak Cave (D); E, F, G Meta bourneti, ♀ (E) and juv. (G) from from Mangupskaya I Cave, ♂ (F) from Gnomov Cave. Photographs by G. A. Prokopov (A, C); IST (B, D, E, G); AAN (F).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
3EBFD6382B7C5B2183CAEA8B664E9604.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270017	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure15	Figure 15. Male palp of Aituaria borutzkyi from Mangupskaya I Cave: A palp, ventral view; B – D bulbus, ventral, anterior, and retrolateral views E, F paracymbium, dorso-retrolateral and ventro-retrolateral views G fragment of embolus with a furrow, prolateral view. Abbreviations: Cm – median process of the conductor, Cp – prolateral process of the conductor, Cr – retrolateral process of the conductor, Eb – embolic base, Em – embolus, Ra – radical apophysis, Rp – radical process, Rx – radix, St – subtegulum, Tg – tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, E); not scaled (B – D, F, G).	Figure 15. Male palp of Aituaria borutzkyi from Mangupskaya I Cave: A palp, ventral view; B – D bulbus, ventral, anterior, and retrolateral views E, F paracymbium, dorso-retrolateral and ventro-retrolateral views G fragment of embolus with a furrow, prolateral view. Abbreviations: Cm – median process of the conductor, Cp – prolateral process of the conductor, Cr – retrolateral process of the conductor, Eb – embolic base, Em – embolus, Ra – radical apophysis, Rp – radical process, Rx – radix, St – subtegulum, Tg – tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, E); not scaled (B – D, F, G).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
3EBFD6382B7C5B2183CAEA8B664E9604.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270018	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure16	Figure 16. Female and male copulatory organs of Aituaria borutzkyi from Mangupskaya I Cave: A, B epigyne, ventral and dorsal views C club-like gland, dorsal view D male palp, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cd – copulatory duct, Cm – median process of the conductor, Cp – prolateral process of the conductor, Cr – retrolateral process of the conductor, Em – embolus, Gl – club-like gland, Pa – paracymbium, Ra – radical apophysis, Re – receptacle, Rp – radical process, Rx – radix, St – subtegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B, D); not scaled (C).	Figure 16. Female and male copulatory organs of Aituaria borutzkyi from Mangupskaya I Cave: A, B epigyne, ventral and dorsal views C club-like gland, dorsal view D male palp, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cd – copulatory duct, Cm – median process of the conductor, Cp – prolateral process of the conductor, Cr – retrolateral process of the conductor, Em – embolus, Gl – club-like gland, Pa – paracymbium, Ra – radical apophysis, Re – receptacle, Rp – radical process, Rx – radix, St – subtegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B, D); not scaled (C).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
3EBFD6382B7C5B2183CAEA8B664E9604.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
1A52DEA66BCB5F888C7EAEBD8F44FE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270004	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure2	Figure 2. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Aituaria pontica, ♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol B Aituaria borutzkyi, ♀ from Mangupskaya I Cave C, D Metellina merianae, ♀♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol (С) and Mamut-Tshokrak Cave (D); E, F, G Meta bourneti, ♀ (E) and juv. (G) from from Mangupskaya I Cave, ♂ (F) from Gnomov Cave. Photographs by G. A. Prokopov (A, C); IST (B, D, E, G); AAN (F).	Figure 2. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Aituaria pontica, ♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol B Aituaria borutzkyi, ♀ from Mangupskaya I Cave C, D Metellina merianae, ♀♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol (С) and Mamut-Tshokrak Cave (D); E, F, G Meta bourneti, ♀ (E) and juv. (G) from from Mangupskaya I Cave, ♂ (F) from Gnomov Cave. Photographs by G. A. Prokopov (A, C); IST (B, D, E, G); AAN (F).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
1A52DEA66BCB5F888C7EAEBD8F44FE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
07BFCA93AA7B5A61B6AD3DD63F76650D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
D20742D1A40C54F4ACEB8B852903B6E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
DBA620318A5C577DA41160A516238B14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270008	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure6	Figure 6. Females of Bisetifer cephalotus from the Caucasus Nature Reserve (A, B), B. gruzin from Kizil-Koba Cave (C, D), paratype of B. tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave (E, F). A, D habitus, dorsal view B, C, E epigyne, ventral view F epigyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, D); 0.05 mm (B, C, E, F).	Figure 6. Females of Bisetifer cephalotus from the Caucasus Nature Reserve (A, B), B. gruzin from Kizil-Koba Cave (C, D), paratype of B. tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave (E, F). A, D habitus, dorsal view B, C, E epigyne, ventral view F epigyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, D); 0.05 mm (B, C, E, F).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
DBA620318A5C577DA41160A516238B14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
AF2939BE8B725B6BA73B1C6DFC17B210.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270008	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure6	Figure 6. Females of Bisetifer cephalotus from the Caucasus Nature Reserve (A, B), B. gruzin from Kizil-Koba Cave (C, D), paratype of B. tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave (E, F). A, D habitus, dorsal view B, C, E epigyne, ventral view F epigyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, D); 0.05 mm (B, C, E, F).	Figure 6. Females of Bisetifer cephalotus from the Caucasus Nature Reserve (A, B), B. gruzin from Kizil-Koba Cave (C, D), paratype of B. tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave (E, F). A, D habitus, dorsal view B, C, E epigyne, ventral view F epigyne, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, D); 0.05 mm (B, C, E, F).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
AF2939BE8B725B6BA73B1C6DFC17B210.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270009	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure7	Figure 7. General appearance of male holotype and female paratype of Bisetifer tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave: A, B male and female habitus, dorsal C female prosoma, anteriorly D, E male prosoma, anteriorly in different aspects F male prosoma, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C – F).	Figure 7. General appearance of male holotype and female paratype of Bisetifer tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave: A, B male and female habitus, dorsal C female prosoma, anteriorly D, E male prosoma, anteriorly in different aspects F male prosoma, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C – F).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
AF2939BE8B725B6BA73B1C6DFC17B210.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270010	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure8	Figure 8. Details of female paratype and male holotype of Bisetifer tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave: A, B female prosoma, anterior and lateral views C, D male prosoma, lateral and anterior views E top of head part of male carapace, anterior view F male palp, retrolateral view G, H embolic division, ventro-retrolateral and ventro-apical views I fragment of male palpal tibia and paracymbium, posterior view. Abbreviations: Da – distal suprategular apophysis, Em – embolus, Pa – paracymbium, Rx – radix, Sa – setae at apex of palpal tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.3 mm (A – D); 0.1 mm (F); 0.05 mm (G – I).	Figure 8. Details of female paratype and male holotype of Bisetifer tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave: A, B female prosoma, anterior and lateral views C, D male prosoma, lateral and anterior views E top of head part of male carapace, anterior view F male palp, retrolateral view G, H embolic division, ventro-retrolateral and ventro-apical views I fragment of male palpal tibia and paracymbium, posterior view. Abbreviations: Da – distal suprategular apophysis, Em – embolus, Pa – paracymbium, Rx – radix, Sa – setae at apex of palpal tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.3 mm (A – D); 0.1 mm (F); 0.05 mm (G – I).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
AF2939BE8B725B6BA73B1C6DFC17B210.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270011	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure9	Figure 9. Male holotype and female paratype copulatory organs of Bisetifer tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave: A male palp, retrolateral view B male palpal tibia, dorsal view C, D bulbus, ventral and prolateral views E, F epigyne, ventral and dorsal views G spermatheca, ventral view. Abbreviations: Bs – base of spermatheca, Cd – copulatory duct, Co – copulatory opening, Da – distal suprategular apophysis, Df – fertilisation duct, Em – embolus, Fo – fertilisation opening, Hs – head of spermatheca, Me – membrane of spermatheca, Ou – outgrowths of epigyne, Pa – paracymbium, Rx – radix, Sa – setae at apex of palpal tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A – F); not scaled (G).	Figure 9. Male holotype and female paratype copulatory organs of Bisetifer tactus sp. nov. from Tshernoretshenskaya Cave: A male palp, retrolateral view B male palpal tibia, dorsal view C, D bulbus, ventral and prolateral views E, F epigyne, ventral and dorsal views G spermatheca, ventral view. Abbreviations: Bs – base of spermatheca, Cd – copulatory duct, Co – copulatory opening, Da – distal suprategular apophysis, Df – fertilisation duct, Em – embolus, Fo – fertilisation opening, Hs – head of spermatheca, Me – membrane of spermatheca, Ou – outgrowths of epigyne, Pa – paracymbium, Rx – radix, Sa – setae at apex of palpal tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A – F); not scaled (G).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
AF2939BE8B725B6BA73B1C6DFC17B210.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
1974A44326095F72B646188D884B9FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270003	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure1	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
1974A44326095F72B646188D884B9FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270012	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure10	Figure 10. Epigynes of Caviphantes dobrogicus from Tavrida Cave: A ventral view B, C dorsal view D posterior view. Abbreviations: Cd – copulatory duct, Co – copulatory opening, Ep – epigynal plate, Pr – pore of receptacle, Re – receptacle. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.	Figure 10. Epigynes of Caviphantes dobrogicus from Tavrida Cave: A ventral view B, C dorsal view D posterior view. Abbreviations: Cd – copulatory duct, Co – copulatory opening, Ep – epigynal plate, Pr – pore of receptacle, Re – receptacle. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
1974A44326095F72B646188D884B9FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
0D4CC27275D756DD8057C2A21F3DDF0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
2E38735CCDDB599BA998C889DA6E1078.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
87107F5CCE545FA1A3EE59607B22745A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270003	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure1	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
87107F5CCE545FA1A3EE59607B22745A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
B19DBE2157A653C28DA288AFE5752E46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270004	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure2	Figure 2. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Aituaria pontica, ♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol B Aituaria borutzkyi, ♀ from Mangupskaya I Cave C, D Metellina merianae, ♀♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol (С) and Mamut-Tshokrak Cave (D); E, F, G Meta bourneti, ♀ (E) and juv. (G) from from Mangupskaya I Cave, ♂ (F) from Gnomov Cave. Photographs by G. A. Prokopov (A, C); IST (B, D, E, G); AAN (F).	Figure 2. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Aituaria pontica, ♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol B Aituaria borutzkyi, ♀ from Mangupskaya I Cave C, D Metellina merianae, ♀♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol (С) and Mamut-Tshokrak Cave (D); E, F, G Meta bourneti, ♀ (E) and juv. (G) from from Mangupskaya I Cave, ♂ (F) from Gnomov Cave. Photographs by G. A. Prokopov (A, C); IST (B, D, E, G); AAN (F).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
B19DBE2157A653C28DA288AFE5752E46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
65C01FCF09925018B3E01E69734C697E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270004	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure2	Figure 2. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Aituaria pontica, ♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol B Aituaria borutzkyi, ♀ from Mangupskaya I Cave C, D Metellina merianae, ♀♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol (С) and Mamut-Tshokrak Cave (D); E, F, G Meta bourneti, ♀ (E) and juv. (G) from from Mangupskaya I Cave, ♂ (F) from Gnomov Cave. Photographs by G. A. Prokopov (A, C); IST (B, D, E, G); AAN (F).	Figure 2. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Aituaria pontica, ♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol B Aituaria borutzkyi, ♀ from Mangupskaya I Cave C, D Metellina merianae, ♀♀ from abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha in the nr Sevastopol (С) and Mamut-Tshokrak Cave (D); E, F, G Meta bourneti, ♀ (E) and juv. (G) from from Mangupskaya I Cave, ♂ (F) from Gnomov Cave. Photographs by G. A. Prokopov (A, C); IST (B, D, E, G); AAN (F).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
65C01FCF09925018B3E01E69734C697E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
CEEF2C791E1C50B0BC5E0E1A35B6B64E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
9038DAF3A72856A9B6AF5BA26650482A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270003	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure1	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
9038DAF3A72856A9B6AF5BA26650482A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
8E90EFAB55185ECFA7634400847350DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
1959401C45475FABB67048AADF843DDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
16C19A9BA9615477A6E3687D9C8F01F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270003	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure1	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
16C19A9BA9615477A6E3687D9C8F01F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
1D688E5E5AFB5F0FA15303577D4070B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
D814A71665925C97B8D19E1C031F3FFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270003	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure1	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
D814A71665925C97B8D19E1C031F3FFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270005	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure3	Figure 3. Male palp of Tegenaria taurica from Asketi I Cave: A dorso-retrolateral view B anterio-retrolateral view C retrolateral view D ventral view E dorsal view F ventro-prolateral view. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.	Figure 3. Male palp of Tegenaria taurica from Asketi I Cave: A dorso-retrolateral view B anterio-retrolateral view C retrolateral view D ventral view E dorsal view F ventro-prolateral view. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
D814A71665925C97B8D19E1C031F3FFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270006	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure4	Figure 4. Male palp of Tegenaria taurica from Asketi I Cave: A, B bulbus, retrolateral and ventral views C, D fragment of bulbus with median apophysis and tip of conductor, anterio-retrolateral and anterior views E – G tibial apophyses, retrolateral, ventro-retrolateral and ventral views. Abbreviations: Cn – conductor, Ct – tip of conductor, Em – embolus, Ma – median apophysis, Td – dorsal tibial apophysis, Tl – lateral tibial apophysis, Tv – ventral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.	Figure 4. Male palp of Tegenaria taurica from Asketi I Cave: A, B bulbus, retrolateral and ventral views C, D fragment of bulbus with median apophysis and tip of conductor, anterio-retrolateral and anterior views E – G tibial apophyses, retrolateral, ventro-retrolateral and ventral views. Abbreviations: Cn – conductor, Ct – tip of conductor, Em – embolus, Ma – median apophysis, Td – dorsal tibial apophysis, Tl – lateral tibial apophysis, Tv – ventral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
D814A71665925C97B8D19E1C031F3FFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270007	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure5	Figure 5. Epigynes of Tegenaria taurica from Kuznetsova Cave: A, B, E ventral view C, D, H dorsal view F posterior view G lateral view I anterior view. Abbreviations: Co – copulatory opening, Df – fertilization duct, Ep – epigynal plate, Hs – head of spermatheca. Arrows indicate borders of epigynal plate. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.	Figure 5. Epigynes of Tegenaria taurica from Kuznetsova Cave: A, B, E ventral view C, D, H dorsal view F posterior view G lateral view I anterior view. Abbreviations: Co – copulatory opening, Df – fertilization duct, Ep – epigynal plate, Hs – head of spermatheca. Arrows indicate borders of epigynal plate. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
D814A71665925C97B8D19E1C031F3FFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
1DAB96955CE156FC97246F5BFB6C6045.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
2E726BCE86755DF2A70F494A399CD036.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270003	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure1	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	Figure 1. Spiders in situ in caves of Crimea: A Tegenaria lapicidinarum, ♀ from Karani-Koba Cave B Tegenaria taurica, ♀ from Gekkonovaya Cave C Caviphantes dobrogicus, ♀ from Tavrida Cave D Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave E Palliduphantes khobarum, ♀ from Skelskaya Cave F Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov., ♀ from Druzhba Cave. Photographs by IST (A, C, F); AAN (B, D); G. A. Prokopov (E).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
2E726BCE86755DF2A70F494A399CD036.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270013	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure11	Figure 11. Habitus and copulatory organs of Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. from Druzhba Cave (paratypes): A, B male and female, dorsal view C epigyne, ventral view D, E cymbium, dorsal views F distal part of radix and lamella. Abbreviations: Cl – prolateral process, Cp – posterior process, Fd – dorsal furrow, Fl – prolateral furrow, Ro – rounded deflection. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C – F).	Figure 11. Habitus and copulatory organs of Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. from Druzhba Cave (paratypes): A, B male and female, dorsal view C epigyne, ventral view D, E cymbium, dorsal views F distal part of radix and lamella. Abbreviations: Cl – prolateral process, Cp – posterior process, Fd – dorsal furrow, Fl – prolateral furrow, Ro – rounded deflection. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C – F).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
2E726BCE86755DF2A70F494A399CD036.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270014	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure12	Figure 12. Male palps of Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. from Druzhba Cave (paratype): A, B palps, ventral in different aspects (arrow in B indicates ridge of Su) C, D palp, retrolateral views E palp, posterior view F palp, dorsal view G palp with focus on paracymbium, posterio-retrolateral view H palp, anterior view I lamella, posterior view J tip of embolus, dorsal view K embolus, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cl – prolateral cymbial process, Cp – posterior cymbial process, Em – embolus, Fd – dorsal furrow of cymbium, Lc – lamella, Mm – median membrane, Pa – paracymbium, Ro – rounded deflection of cymbium; Rx – radix, Su – suprategular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (B, D); not scaled (A, C, E – K).	Figure 12. Male palps of Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. from Druzhba Cave (paratype): A, B palps, ventral in different aspects (arrow in B indicates ridge of Su) C, D palp, retrolateral views E palp, posterior view F palp, dorsal view G palp with focus on paracymbium, posterio-retrolateral view H palp, anterior view I lamella, posterior view J tip of embolus, dorsal view K embolus, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cl – prolateral cymbial process, Cp – posterior cymbial process, Em – embolus, Fd – dorsal furrow of cymbium, Lc – lamella, Mm – median membrane, Pa – paracymbium, Ro – rounded deflection of cymbium; Rx – radix, Su – suprategular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (B, D); not scaled (A, C, E – K).	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
2E726BCE86755DF2A70F494A399CD036.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270015	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure13	Figure 13. Palp with expanded bulbus of Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. from Druzhba Cave (paratype): A, B cymbium in prolateral and retrolateral positions. Abbreviations: Cy – cymbium, Cl – prolateral cymbial process, Cp – posterior cymbial process, Em – embolus, Fd – dorsal furrow of cymbium, He – haemathodoha, Lc – lamella characteristica, Mm – median membrane, Pa – paracymbium, Rx – radix, Su – suprategular apophysis, St – subtegulum, Tg – tegulum, Ti – tibia, Tr – terminal apophysis. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.	Figure 13. Palp with expanded bulbus of Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. from Druzhba Cave (paratype): A, B cymbium in prolateral and retrolateral positions. Abbreviations: Cy – cymbium, Cl – prolateral cymbial process, Cp – posterior cymbial process, Em – embolus, Fd – dorsal furrow of cymbium, He – haemathodoha, Lc – lamella characteristica, Mm – median membrane, Pa – paracymbium, Rx – radix, Su – suprategular apophysis, St – subtegulum, Tg – tegulum, Ti – tibia, Tr – terminal apophysis. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
2E726BCE86755DF2A70F494A399CD036.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270016	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure14	Figure 14. Epigyne of Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. from Druzhba Cave (paratype): A – C posterior, ventral, and lateral views. Abbreviations: Pl – posterior lobes, Pp – posterior plate, Sc – scape, Sm – median part of scape, Sr – stretcher. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.	Figure 14. Epigyne of Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. from Druzhba Cave (paratype): A – C posterior, ventral, and lateral views. Abbreviations: Pl – posterior lobes, Pp – posterior plate, Sc – scape, Sm – median part of scape, Sr – stretcher. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
2E726BCE86755DF2A70F494A399CD036.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1270019	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029.figure17	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	Figure 17. Distributions of cave-dwelling spiders in Crimea (including data from references and this work): A Tegenaria lapicidinarum (purple circle), T. parietina (blue circle), T. taurica (orange circle), Amaurobius erberi (yellow circle), Alopecosa farinosa (grey circle), Pholcus phalangioides (pink circle), Meta bourneti (red circle), Metellina segmentata (pale blue circle), M. merianae (green circle), Steatoda triangulosa (white circle) B Bisetifer gruzin (blue circle), B. tactus sp. nov. (purple circle), Caviphantes dobrogicus (green circle), Lepthyphantes leprosus (red circle), Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (pale blue circle), M. pseudocollinus (white circle), Palliduphantes khobarum (orange circle), ? Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (pink circle), Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. (yellow circle), Aituaria pontica (grey circle), A. borutzkyi (black circle). The numbering of the caves is common for both maps: 1 – in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai; 2 – Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave; 3 – abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring in area of the Maksimova Datsha; 4 – Asketi I Cave; 5 – Kay-Kobasy Cave; 6 – Izumrudnaya Сave; 7 – Gekkonovaya Cave; 8 – Gnomov Cave; 9 – Tshernoretshenskaya Cave; 10 – Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba) Cave; 11 – Mamut-Tshokrak Cave; 12 – Baidar-Tshokrak Cave; 13 – unnamed cave on northeastern slope of Mt. Kilse-Burun; 14 – Skelskaya Cave; 15 – Rodnikovskaya Cave; 16 – Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave; 17 – Zemlyanitshnaya Cave; 18 – Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave; 19 – Druzhba Cave; 20 – unnamed cave (= ? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv); 21 – Daniltsha-Koba Cave; 22 – Ayu-Teshik Cave; 23 – Villyaburunskaya Cave; 24 – Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Сave; 25 – Avantyura Cave; 26 – Kaply-Kayanskaya (= Khaplu-Khoba) Cave; 27 – Ayu-Koba Cave; 28 – grotto in Massandra; 29 – Binbash-Koba Cave; 30 – Paskhalnaya Cave; 31 – Alushtinskaya Cave; 32 – Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave; 33 – Sliyanie Cave; 34 – Vostotshny Potok Cave; 35 – Partizanskaya Cave; 36 – grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi; 37 – Tisovaya Cave; 38 – Karani-Koba Cave; 39 – Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave; 40 – Tavrida Cave.	2025-03-05	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.		Zenodo	biologists	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.			
