identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3EBFD6382B7C5B2183CAEA8B664E9604.text	3EBFD6382B7C5B2183CAEA8B664E9604.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aituaria borutzkyi (Reimoser 1930)	<div><p>Aituaria borutzkyi (Reimoser, 1930)</p><p>Figs 2 B, 15, 16</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   3 ♀♀ (TNU 10226), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., nr Khodzha-Sala Vil., steep southern slope of Baba-Dagh Plateau (= Mangup-Kale Gorodishche),  Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave, 28. IV. 2017, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  10 ♀♀ (TNU 10237/1), same cave, 3. V. 2018, I. S. Turbanov leg. •  3 ♀♀ (TNU 10266), same cave, 6–8. V. 2017, O. L. Makarova, K. V. Makarov leg. •  1 ♂ (TNU 10236/1), same cave, 11. VI. 2018, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Nadolny leg. •  1 ♂ 1 ♀ (TNU 10273), same cave, 2. X. 2020, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Turbanova leg.</p><p>Comparative material.</p><p>•   1 ♂ (TNU 10274), southern part of Simferopol,  indoors; 27. VI. 2011; A. A. Nadolny leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Minor Asia (Turkey), the west Caucasus (Abkhazia) and Crimea (Nadolny and Kovblyuk 2007).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – black circle). Mangupskaya I Cave on a steep southern slope of Baba-Dagh Plateau (present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile and synanthropic species (Nadolny and Kovblyuk 2007; Mammola et al. 2018; present data). In Crimea,  A. borutzkyi has been found in anthropogenic biotopes of Simferopol and Fersmanovo Vil. (Nadolny and Kovblyuk 2007, present data). During the present study, it was found only in Mangupskaya I Cave on Baba-Dagh Plateau. On this plateau there was the city of Dori (= Doros), the capital of the medieval late Byzantine Orthodox Principality of Theodoro (13 th – mid- 15 th centuries), where some of currently known caves were used for economic and religious purposes. After the siege and capture of Dori in 1475 by Ottoman troops, the Turkish fortress of Mangup-Kale was built on the plateau and existed there until 1774. In our opinion, under the influence of long-term human activity on Baba-Dagh Plateau, special conditions were created for the colonisation of caves by troglophilous species, which could have been unintentionally introduced to Crimea by active trade between the medieval Principality of Theodoro and / or the Turkish fortress of Mangup-Kale and medieval states of the west Caucasus and the Ottoman Empire (Herzen and Makhneva-Chernets 2006), the native range of  A. borutzkyi lays (Nadolny and Kovblyuk 2007). Therefore, in Crimea  A. borutzkyi seems to be an accidentally introduced facultative synanthrope, locally established in suitable subterranean biotope as a subtroglophile.</p><p>Additional diagnostic details.</p><p>The complex structure of copulatory organs in  Aituaria members has been discussed and illustrated (Marusik et al. 2017; Fomichev et al. 2022). Here we give SEM micrographs of the male palp of  A. borutzkyi to show their details (Fig. 15 A – G): the paracymbium bears three apophyses, of which the dorsal and distal apophyses are covered with triangular scales (Fig. 15 A, E, F); the rounded anterior part of subtegulum is prominent in ventral view, the rest of it is hidden behind the tegulum (Fig. 15 A); the tegulum is discoidal; the radix pear-shaped with a pointed posterior process; the triangular radical apophysis has a scaly surface (Fig. 15 A, C, G); the conductor consists of three parts: median process with two pointed and one rounded outgrowths, the relatively massive retrolateral process that is bifurcated on its ventral side, and the long, narrow and transparent prolateral process (Fig. 15 B, C); the connection between embolus and tegulum forms a sharp bend on the anterio-retrolateral side of the bulb (Fig. 15 D); the embolus with a furrow almost along its entire length (Fig. 15 C, G). For the female of  A. borutzkyi: the epigyne has a rounded edge and is oval, with poorly sclerotised receptacles; the spherical, club-like gland is heavily sclerotised (Fig. 16 A, B); the copulatory openings situate near the epigynal edge, entering the receptacles laterally (Fig. 16 B).</p><p>A recent review (Fomichev et al. 2022) considered four species of  Aituaria, of which only two have been found in Crimea, including its subterranean habitats: viz.,  A. borutzkyi and  A. pontica . Males of these species are easily separable by the embolic shape: the narrow embolus in  A. borutzkyi and wide in  A. pontica; also, all other apophysis differ in their shapes (cf. Fomichev et al. 2022: figs 25, 27). The females differ in detailed structures of the epigyne (cf. Fig. 16 A – C and Marusik et al. 2017: figs 18, 19):  A. pontica has a more bended edge of the epigynal plate compared to that in  A. borutzkyi; the stem and head in the club-shaped gland are of equal width in  A. pontica, while the head is wider than the stem in  A. borutzkyi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3EBFD6382B7C5B2183CAEA8B664E9604	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
1A52DEA66BCB5F888C7EAEBD8F44FE56.text	1A52DEA66BCB5F888C7EAEBD8F44FE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aituaria pontica (Spassky 1932)	<div><p>Aituaria pontica (Spassky, 1932)</p><p>Fig. 2 A</p><p>Aituaria pontica (Spassky, 1932): Nadolny and Turbanov 2014: 569; Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015: 42; Turbanov et al. 2016 b: 1284; Esyunin 2017: 243; Turbanov and Nadolny 2017: 114–115.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 5 juv. (TNU), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, Khomutovaya Gorge,  Maksimova Datsha, abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring, 11. III. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>It is found in natural habitats in Krasnodar Territory, Russia. Also, reported from Ukraine and Russia (the Urals) as a synanthropic species (Nadolny and Turbanov 2014; Esyunin 2017).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – grey circle). Abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring of Maksimova Datsha nr Sevastopol (Nadolny and Turbanov 2014).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile and synanthropic species (Esyunin 2017). In Crimea, the species has been found only in an abandoned aqueduct in Sevastopol, which was made by enlarging a cave spring (Nadolny and Turbanov 2014). Maksimova Datsha was the site with intensive agricultural and other economic activities carried out in the second half of the 19 th and early 20 th centuries, where ornamental / cultivated plants were introduced mainly from the west Caucasus (Chikin 2005). In our opinion, this was a pathway for spreading alien species to Crimea, including  A. pontica . Therefore, in Crimea this species is an accidentally introduced facultative synanthrope, locally established in suitable subterranean biotope as a subtroglophile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A52DEA66BCB5F888C7EAEBD8F44FE56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
07BFCA93AA7B5A61B6AD3DD63F76650D.text	07BFCA93AA7B5A61B6AD3DD63F76650D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alopecosa farinosa (Herman 1879)	<div><p>Alopecosa farinosa (Herman, 1879)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♂ (TNU 10199/2), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, western part of Ai-Petri Yaila, Karadagh Forest,  Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave, 1. V. 2013, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Transpalaearctic polyzonal (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – grey circle). Kristalnaya Cave on the western part of Ai-Petri Yaila.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Alopecosa farinosa is distributed throughout Crimea and is a common species in the mountains (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015). This species has never been previously recorded in caves. Clearly,  A. farinosa is an accidental species in caves, hence can be classified as a trogloxene species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/07BFCA93AA7B5A61B6AD3DD63F76650D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
D20742D1A40C54F4ACEB8B852903B6E7.text	D20742D1A40C54F4ACEB8B852903B6E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amaurobius erberi (Keyserling 1863)	<div><p>Amaurobius erberi (Keyserling, 1863)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♂ (TNU 10237/2), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., nr Khodzha-Sala Vil., steep southern slope of Baba-Dagh Plateau (= Mangup-Kale Gorodishche),  Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave, 3. V. 2018, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>West Palearctic nemoral-subtropical: from the Canaries to Azerbaijan and from Central Europe to Algeria (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – yellow circle). Mangupskaya I Cave on steep southern slope of Baba-Dagh Plateau (present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>In Crimea,  Amaurobius erberi is widespread and found in all landscape zones (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015). This species has not been previously recorded from caves and it is hardly a permanent cave dweller, so it can be classified as a trogloxene.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D20742D1A40C54F4ACEB8B852903B6E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
DBA620318A5C577DA41160A516238B14.text	DBA620318A5C577DA41160A516238B14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bisetifer gruzin Tanasevitch, Ponomarev & Chumachenko 2015	<div><p>Bisetifer gruzin Tanasevitch, Ponomarev &amp; Chumachenko, 2015</p><p>Fig. 6 C, D</p><p>Bisetifer cephalotus Tanasevitch, 1987: Kovblyuk 2007: 152; Mikhailov 2013: 45; Tanasevitch et al. 2015: 445–446.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 subad. ♂, 1 ♀ (TNU 10288), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., nr Perevalnoye Vil., western slope of Dolgorukovskaya Yaila,  Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave, 18. XII. 2019, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Comparative material.</p><p>Bisetifer cephalotus •   1 ♀ (TNU), Russia, Krasnodar Territory, Caucasus Nature Reserve, 20 km SSW of Psebay, 1 km SW of the cordon of  Tshernoretshie,  Urushten River bank, forest, 10. VI. 2017, A. V. Ponomarev leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The Crimean-Caucasian disjunctive: Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea, Russia. The species has been recorded from Crimea for the first time, with the Crimean Mountains being currently the westernmost part of its range (Tanasevitch et al. 2015; present data).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – blue circle). Kizil-Koba Cave on western slope of the Dolgorukovskaya Yaila (present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>In the Caucasus,  B. gruzin inhabits humid microbiotopes (Tanasevitch 1987; Tanasevitch et al. 2015). In Crimea, it was found in the upper floors of Kizil-Koba Cave, with no permanent water flow (Kovblyuk 2007; present data). The body of the Crimean specimens is depigmented, but the eyes are well developed (see Fig. 6 D). Despite the well-studied araneofauna of Crimea,  B. gruzin has never been reported from epigeic biotopes, whereas all our findings are from caves. On this basis, this species could be preliminary considered an eutroglophile.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>In Crimea, two males of another congener,  B. cephalotus, were collected earlier from Kizil-Koba Cave (Kovblyuk 2007); this material is currently stored by Valery A. Gnelitsa (Sumy, Ukraine). Since the earlier records of  B. cephalotus and the newly collected specimens of  B. gruzin come from the same cave, it could be suspected that they belong to the same species –  B. gruzin .</p><p>In 2007,  B. gruzin yet had not been described. This could have been the reason for erroneous identification, as  Bisetifer species are better identified by the females (see Fig. 6 B, C), while the males have a rather similar conformation of diagnostically important characters. Possible mistakes in the identification of  B. cephalotus for Crimea were discussed by Tanasevitch et al. (2015), and their conclusion has been confirmed by present data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DBA620318A5C577DA41160A516238B14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
AF2939BE8B725B6BA73B1C6DFC17B210.text	AF2939BE8B725B6BA73B1C6DFC17B210.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bisetifer tactus Nadolny & Turbanov 2025	<div><p>Bisetifer tactus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 6 E, F, 7, 8, 9</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype • ♂ (ZMMU Ta-8255), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, Tshernaya River canyon,  Tshernoretshenskaya Cave, 3. III. 2018, I. S. Turbanov leg.  Paratypes • 3 ♀♀ (ZMMU Ta-8256), 5. V. 2017 •  1 ♀ (TNU 10235), 4. V. 2018, same cave and collector as for a holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Bisetifer tactus sp. nov. has reduced eyes (Figs 7 A – F, 8 A – D) (vs other congeners,  B. cephalotus and  B. gruzin, have well developed eyes, see Tanasevitch et al. 2015: figs 1–6). Additionally,  B. tactus sp. nov. differs from its congeners in having: 1) the embolus hidden between radix and distal suprategular apophysis (Figs 8 G, H, 9 A, C, D) (vs not hidden, well visible, see Tanasevitch et al. 2015: figs 7, 19); 2) the hook-shaped and pointed apical part of radix (Figs 8 G, 9 C) (vs conical in  B. cephalotus and flat in  B. gruzin, see Tanasevitch et al. 2015: figs 9, 14, 23, 28–29); 3) the distal suprategular apophysis without a complicated arrangement of apophyses, with barbs on its edge (Figs 8 G, 9 A, C, D) (vs with apophyses, without barbs, see Tanasevitch et al. 2015: figs 7, 19); 4) the oval posterior edge of epigyne (Figs 6 E, 9 E) (vs with nipple-shaped outgrowths in  B. cephalotus, with bow-shaped outgrowths in  B. gruzin, see Fig. 6 B, C and Tanasevitch et al. 2015: figs 17, 30).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male. Total length 1.5. Carapace 0.63 long, 0.5 wide, pale brown; modified as in Figs 7 D, E, 8 C, D: head part conical, with setae. Eyes reduced, almost completely disappeared (head part with small pale spots, visible under light microscope; no lens visible under SEM). Chelicerae 0.31, brownish, transverse shallow cuticular grooves throughout the basal segment. Legs pale brown, chaetotaxy 2.2.1.1, metatarsi I – IV spineless, metatarsi IV without trichobothrium, TmI 0.35, leg I 2.47 long (0.69 + 0.18 + 0.63 + 0.52 + 0.45), leg IV 2.53 long (0.71 + 0.17 + 0.69 + 0.54 + 0.42). Palp as in Figs 8 F – I, 9 A – D: tibia with a ventro-retrolateral apophysis and two large setae on its tip, distally setae poorly serrate; paracymbium L-shaped; distal suprategular apophysis – flat, curved, and pointed, with barbs on its anterior edge; embolus small, situated in a cavity between distal suprategular apophysis and radix; apical part of radix hook-shaped and pointed distally, well-sclerotised process, retrolaterally with membrane. Abdomen pale grey.</p><p>Female. Total length 1.58. Carapace 0.77 long, 0.59 wide; unmodified. Eyes reduced, almost completely disappeared (head part with small pale spots, clearly visible under light microscope; a few poorly developed lenses visible under SEM). Chelicerae 0.36, transverse shallow cuticular grooves throughout the basal segment. TmI 0.44. Leg I 2.64 long (0.73 + 0.21 + 0.7 + 0.54 + 0.46), leg IV 2.78 long (0.8 + 0.2 + 0.77 + 0.59 + 0.42). Body colouration and spination as in the male. Epigyne as in Figs 6 E, F, 9 E – G: epigynal plate oval, with lateral outgrowths in which copulatory ducts open; spermathecae consists of two parts: base with copulatory duct and head with receptacle and fertilisation duct; cavity of receptacle subdivided on ventral and dorsal parts.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Females (n = 3): carapace width 0.53–0.59; femur I length 0.69–0.73.</p><p>Distribution and records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – purple circle). Only known from the type locality: Tshernoretshenskaya Cave, nr Sevastopol.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>The species has troglomorphic characteristics related to the subterranean habitat, such as the pale body and reduced eyes. Based on the morphological features and the fact that this species is known only from caves, it can be considered a troglobiont.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin  tactus, meaning touch, due to the fact that this species has the strongly reduced eyes and its life style as a true troglobiont relies on tactile sensations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF2939BE8B725B6BA73B1C6DFC17B210	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
1974A44326095F72B646188D884B9FF3.text	1974A44326095F72B646188D884B9FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caviphantes dobrogicus (Dumitrescu & Miller 1962)	<div><p>Caviphantes dobrogicus (Dumitrescu &amp; Miller, 1962)</p><p>Figs 1 C, 10</p><p>Caviphantes dobrogicus (Dumitrescu &amp; Miller, 1962): Turbanov et al. 2021: 180–181, 183–184, figs 2, 3.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   5 ♀♀ (TNU -10234), Crimea, Belogorsk Distr., nr Zuya Vil.,  Tavrida Cave, 29. IX. 2018, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>West and Central Palaearctic nemoral-subtropical: Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, the southern part of European Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan (Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – green circle). Tavrida Cave nr Zuya Vil. (Turbanov et al. 2021).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>The species has been considered a troglophile (Mammola et al. 2018: table S 1). In addition to caves, it inhabits sandy steppes, sea coasts and agrocenoses (Polchaninova and Prokopenko 2013). Since this species is a eurybiont that can enter caves, Turbanov et al. (2021) characterised it as a subtroglophile. Despite the Crimean araneofauna is well studied,  C. dobrogicus has never been reported from epigeic biotopes. Based on the fact that in Crimea, the species is likely to be permanently associated with caves, it could be considered an eutroglophile.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Only a few line drawings and digital photos of important diagnostic features of this tiny spider have been published (see WSC 2024). We present SEM micrographs of the vulva, which add to the understanding of the structure of its membranous parts (Fig. 10 B – D). It is somewhat different from what can be seen under light microscope (Turbanov et al. 2021) and was provided by the original description (Dumitrescu and Miller 1962). The structures termed as the copulatory ducts are poorly sclerotised and in fact wide, but not like a twisted system of narrow ducts.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1974A44326095F72B646188D884B9FF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
0D4CC27275D756DD8057C2A21F3DDF0D.text	0D4CC27275D756DD8057C2A21F3DDF0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert 1865)	<div><p>Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert, 1865)</p><p>Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert, 1865): Evtushenko 2004: 66–68; Kovblyuk 2014: 44; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004: 207; Turbanov et al. 2016 b: 1283; Samokhin et al. 2019: 247.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♂ (TNU 10236/2), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., nr Khodzha-Sala Vil., steep southern slope of Baba-Dagh Plateau (= Mangup-Kale Gorodishche),  entrance to Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave, 11. VI. 2018, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •   3 ♀♀ (TNU 10180/3), Crimea, Sevastopol, nr Balaklava, Aya Cape Mt. Range, Kala-Fatlar Mt.,  entrance to Gekkonovaya Cave, 9. X. 2016, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •   7 ♀♀ (IT), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, Tshernaya River canyon,  entrance to Tshernoretshenskaya Cave, 3. VI. 2021, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •  4 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀ (TNU 10257/1) •   1 ♀ (IT), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, northwestern slope of Ai-Petri Yaila, Baidarskaya Valley, nr Rodnikovskoye Vil.,  entrance to Skelskaya Cave, 29. IX. 2020, A. A. Nadolny, I. S. Turbanov A. A. Turbanova leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Circum-Holarctic polyzonal (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – red circle). Recorded in caves from the western and central parts of the Crimean Mountains: in unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai, Mangupskaya I, Gekkonovaya, Tshernoretshenskaya, Skelskaya, and Kizil-Koba (Evtushenko 2004; present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile and northward, above the 55 th parallel, exclusively as a synanthropic species (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Mammola et al. 2018; Nentwig et al. 2024). In Crimea, the species lives in the mountainous regions, except for its upper parts – mountain meadows and yaila steppes (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015), and is confined to cave entrances; in our opinion, it is a subtroglophile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D4CC27275D756DD8057C2A21F3DDF0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
2E38735CCDDB599BA998C889DA6E1078.text	2E38735CCDDB599BA998C889DA6E1078.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (Sundevall 1830)	<div><p>Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (Sundevall, 1830)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♂ (TNU 10180/2), Crimea, Sevastopol, nr Balaklava, Aya Cape Mt. Range, Kala-Fatlar Mt.,  Gekkonovaya Cave, 9. X. 2016, A. A. Nadolny leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Holarctic polyzonal (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – pale blue circle). Gekkonovaya Cave of Aya Cape Mt. Range (present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Above the 55 th parallel northwards it is an exclusively synanthropic species (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024), but southwards it can be found in natural biotopes – under stones and in rock crevices (Tyshchenko 1971). In Crimea,  M. nebulosus is rare, recorded in Sevastopol and Feodosia (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015), and only once in the subterranean biotopes (present data). Also, this species was recorded as a troglophile in the Kristalnaya Cave in Ternopol region, Ukraine (Evtushenko 2004; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004). In the Crimean caves, the ecological confinement of  M. nebulosus is not entirely clear, it is probably a subtroglophile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E38735CCDDB599BA998C889DA6E1078	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
87107F5CCE545FA1A3EE59607B22745A.text	87107F5CCE545FA1A3EE59607B22745A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus Saaristo 1997	<div><p>Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus Saaristo, 1997</p><p>Fig. 1 D</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   2 ♀♀ (TNU 10257/2), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, NW slope of Ai-Petri Yaila, Baidarskaya Valley, nr Rodnikovskoye Vil.,  entrance to Skelskaya Cave, 29. IX. 2020, A. A. Nadolny leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>West and Central Palaearctic nemoral: from Central Europe to West Siberia and from Finland to Iran (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – white circle). Skelskaya Cave in Baidarskaya Valley (present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>In Crimea,  M. pseudocollinus was reported from the Karadag Nature Reserve in Feodosia District (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015). Previously, this species was referred to as a trogloxene in Kungurskaya Ledyanaya (= Kungur Ice) Cave in Perm Oblast of Russia (Pankov et al. 2009). Since in Crimea the species was found at the cave entrance, it is likely to be a trogloxene species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/87107F5CCE545FA1A3EE59607B22745A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
B19DBE2157A653C28DA288AFE5752E46.text	B19DBE2157A653C28DA288AFE5752E46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Meta bourneti Simon 1922	<div><p>Meta bourneti Simon, 1922</p><p>Fig. 2 E – G</p><p>Meta bourneti Simon, 1922: Spassky 1936: 535; Charitonov 1936: 201; Charitonov 1939: 197; Charitonov 1947 a: 44 –45; Charitonov 1947 b: 1; Birstein 1963: 128; Tyshchenko 1971: 190; Mikhailov 1997: 108; Amelichev et al. 2004: 136; Evtushenko 2004: 66, 68; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004: 207; Kovblyuk 2004 a: 244; Mikhailov 2013: 101; Kovblyuk 2014: 44–45, fig. 23; Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015: 56; Turbanov et al. 2016 b: 1283; Prokopov and Turbanov 2017: 101; Turbanov et al. 2019 a: 218; Samokhin et al. 2019: 247.</p><p>Meta sp.: Turbanov et al. 2019 b: 41.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♀ (TNU 10265), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., nr Khodzha-Sala Vil., steep southern slope of Baba-Dagh Plateau (= Mangup-Kale Gorodishche),  Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave, 6–8. V. 2017, O. L. Makarova, K. V. Makarov leg.  •  2 ♂♂ (TNU 10191/2) •  2 ♀♀ (IT), same cave, 2. X. 2020, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Turbanova leg. •  1 ♂, 1 ♀, 4 juv. (IT), same cave, 2. VI. 2021, I. S. Turbanov leg. •   1 ♂ (TNU 10179), Crimea, Sevastopol, nr Balaklava, Aya Cape Mt. Range, Mt. Kala-Fatlar,  Gnomov Cave, 9. X. 2016, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •   1 ♂ 1 ♀ (IT), Crimea, Sevastopol, nr Balaklava, Aya Cape Mt. Range, Kala-Fatlar Mt.,  Gekkonovaya Cave, 28. XII. 2012, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  1 ♀ (TNU 10229) •   3 juv. (IT), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, Tshernaya River canyon,  Tshernoretshenskaya Cave, 5. V. 2017, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  1 ♂ (TNU 10231/1), same cave, 3. III. 2018, A. A. Nadolny leg. •  1 ♀ (TNU 10287/3) •  2 ♀♀ 3 juv. (IT), same cave, 3. VI. 2021, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Nadolny leg. •   1 ♀ (TNU 10191/2), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, northeastern slope of Baidarskаya Yaila, Baidarskaya Valley, nr Kizilovoye Vil.,  Mamut-Tshokrak Cave, 1–2. VI. 2013, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  1 ♂ (TNU 10228), same cave, 25. VI. 2017, I. S. Turbanov leg. •   2 ♀♀ (TNU 10181/1), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, western part of Ai-Petri Yaila,  northeastern slope of Kilse-Burun Mt., unnamed cave, 14. IV. 2014; I. S. Turbanov leg  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀ (IT), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., nr Perevalnoye Vil., western slope of Dolgorukovskaya Yaila,  Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave, 18. XII. 2019, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>West Palearctic nemoral-subtropical: from Portugal to Georgia and from Britain to North Africa (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – red circle). Caves in the south-western and central parts of the Crimean Mountains: Mangupskaya I, Gnomov, Gekkonovaya, Tshernoretshenskaya, Mamut-Tshokrak, unnamed cave on the northeastern slope of Kilse-Burun Mt. and Kizil-Koba (Spassky 1936; Charitonov 1947 a; Evtushenko 2004; Turbanov et al. 2019 a, b; present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile (Mammola et al. 2018). In Crimea,  M. bourneti has been recorded only from caves, and hence is classified as a eutroglophile. There are data on the life cycle of  M. bourneti, according to which the first instars of its postembryonic development may occur outside of caves (Mammola and Isaia 2014). However, we have repeatedly recorded juvenile specimens of different instars in Mangupskaya I and Tshernoretshenskaya caves, including those found at 50–100 meters from the entrances, and this suggests that in Crimea the life cycle of  M. bourneti is completely restricted to caves.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The reference of  Meta sp. for the caves of Cape Aya (Turbanov et al. 2019 b) refers to the material from Gnomov and Gekkonovaya caves used in present data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B19DBE2157A653C28DA288AFE5752E46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
65C01FCF09925018B3E01E69734C697E.text	65C01FCF09925018B3E01E69734C697E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metellina merianae (Scopoli 1763)	<div><p>Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763)</p><p>Fig. 2 C, D</p><p>Meta merianae (Scopoli, 1763): Spassky 1927: 4; Charitonov 1932: 123; Charitonov 1939: 197; Charitonov 1947 a: 45–46; Charitonov 1947 b: 1; Birstein 1963: 128; Tyshchenko 1971: 23.</p><p>Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763): Amelichev et al. 2004: 136; Evtushenko 2004: 66, 68; Kovblyuk 2004 a: 245; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004: 207; Turbanov et al. 2016 b: 1283; Prokopov and Turbanov 2017: 101; Samokhin et al. 2019: 247; Turbanov et al. 2019 a: 218.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   5 ♀♀ (TNU 10193/2), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, Khomutovaya Gorge,  Maksimova Datsha, abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring, 11. III. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  1 ♀ (TNU 10190/2), same cave, 23. V. 2015, A. A. Nadolny leg. •   1 ♀ (TNU 10287/4), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, canyon of the Tshernaya River,  Tshernoretshenskaya Cave, 3. VI. 2021, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10184), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, northeastern slope of Baidarskаya Yaila, Baidarskaya Valley, nr Kizilovoye Vil.,  Mamut-Tshokrak Cave, 10. VIII. 2010, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  1 ♂ 1 ♀ (TNU 10191/1), same cave; 1–2. VI. 2013, I. S. Turbanov leg. •   1 ♀ (TNU 10238/2), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, northwestern slope of Ai-Petri Yaila, Baidarskaya Valley, nr Rodnikovskoye Vil.,  entrance to Skelskaya Cave, 25. IX. 2018, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Turbanova leg.  •  1 ♀ (IT), same cave, 27. XII. 2019, I. S. Turbanov leg. •  2 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀ (IT), same cave, 1. VI. 2021, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Turbanova leg. •   1 ♀ (TNU 10261/2), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., northern part of Ai-Petri Yaila, Ayu-Teshik Mt.,  Ayu-Teshik Cave, 8. V. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  1 ♂ 1 ♀ (TNU 10258), same cave, 16. VII. 2017, O. V. Kukushkin leg •   4 ♂♂ (TNU 10195/2), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., northern part of Tshatyr-Dagh Yaila,  Binbash-Koba Cave, 12. II. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>West and Central Palaearctic polyzonal: from Portugal to the Altai Mts and from Scandinavia to Iran (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – green circle). Caves of the southwestern and central parts of the Crimean Mountains: Tshernoretshenskaya, Azis-Koba (= Kara-Koba), Mamut-Tshokrak, Skelskaya, Ayu-Teshik, Daniltsha-Koba, Binbash-Koba, and Kizil-Koba, as well as abandoned aqueduct of Maksimova Datsha nr Sevastopol (Spassky 1927; Charitonov 1947 a; Samokhin et al. 2019; Turbanov et al. 2019 a; present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile (Mammola et al. 2018). In Crimea, the species inhabits broad-leaved forests of northern macro-slopes of the mountains (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015). In the Crimean caves,  M. merianae can be classified as a subtroglophile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/65C01FCF09925018B3E01E69734C697E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
CEEF2C791E1C50B0BC5E0E1A35B6B64E.text	CEEF2C791E1C50B0BC5E0E1A35B6B64E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metellina segmentata (Clerck 1757)	<div><p>Metellina segmentata (Clerck, 1757)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♀ (TNU 10181/2), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, the western part of Ai-Petri Yaila,  the northeastern slope of Kilse-Burun Mt., unnamed cave, 14. IV. 2014; I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10194), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., the central part of Ai-Petri Yaila, Vorontsovsky Forest,  Rutsheinaya Cave, 8–9. II. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♂ (TNU 10178), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., nr Perevalnoye Vil., the western slope of Dolgorukovskaya Yaila,  Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave, 8–9. XI. 2014, A. A. Nadolny leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Transpalaearctic polyzonal (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – pale blue circle). Unnamed cave on the northeastern slope of Kilse-Burun Mt., Rutsheinaya Cave on Ai-Petri Yaila and Kizil-Koba Cave on the western slope of Dolgorukovskaya Yaila (present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>In Crimea,  M. segmentata is common in the mountainous forest part of the Peninsula (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015). There is an indication of this species as a trogloxene in Tshudesnitsa Cave in Perm Oblast of Russia (Pankov et al. 2009). In the Crimean caves,  M. segmentata can be classified as a trogloxene.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CEEF2C791E1C50B0BC5E0E1A35B6B64E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
9038DAF3A72856A9B6AF5BA26650482A.text	9038DAF3A72856A9B6AF5BA26650482A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palliduphantes khobarum (Charitonov 1947)	<div><p>Palliduphantes khobarum (Charitonov, 1947)</p><p>Fig. 1 E</p><p>Lephthyphantes [sic!] khobarum Charitonov, 1947: Charitonov 1947 a: 45 –47, 49, 52–53, figs 1–3; Charitonov 1947 b: 1.</p><p>Lepthyphantes khobarum Charitonov, 1947: Birstein 1963: 128; Tyshchenko 1971: 23; Brignoli 1980: 190; Tanasevitch 1987: 314; Mikhailov 1997: 73; Kovblyuk 2002: 104; Amelichev et al. 2004: 133, 140; Evtushenko 2004: 66–68; Kovblyuk 2004 c: 251, 253–254, 256; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004: 207.</p><p>Palliduphantes khobarum (Charitonov, 1947): Kovblyuk 2004 a: 230; Mikhailov 2013: 78; Kovblyuk 2014: 44; Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015: 31–32; Turbanov et al. 2016 b: 1283 –1284; Samokhin and Turbanov 2019: 230.</p><p>Lephthyphantes [sic!] monticola Kulcz.: Novikov 1912: 104; Lebedinsky 1914: 127; Mokrzecki 1914: 97.</p><p>Lepthyphantes monticola (Kulczynski, 1881): Charitonov 1932: 75; Charitonov 1939: 197; Mikhailov 1997: 74.</p><p>Anguliphantes monticola (Kulczynski, 1881): Kovblyuk 2004 a: 226; Mikhailov 2013: 42; Kovblyuk 2014: 44; Turbanov et al. 2016 b: 1283.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♂ (TNU 10264), Crimea, Sevastopol, nr Oboronnoye Vil., Ayu-Kaya Mt.,  Kay-Kobasy Cave, 6. IV. 2019, S. V. Arefiev leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10231/2), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, Tshernaya River canyon,  Tshernoretshenskaya Cave, 3. III. 2018, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •  2 ♀♀ (TNU 10262), same cave, 15. I. 2020, I. S. Turbanov leg. •  1 ♀ (TNU 10287/2), same cave, 3. VI. 2021, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Nadolny leg. •   1 ♀ (TNU 10224), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, northwestern slope of Ai-Petri Yaila, Baidarskaya Valley, nr Pavlovka Vil.,  Baidar-Tshokrak Cave, 28. V. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10183), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, northwestern slope of Ai-Petri Yaila, Baidarskaya Valley, nr Rodnikovskoye Vil.,  Skelskaya Cave, 3. III. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  1 ♂ 5 ♀♀ (IT), same cave, 29. IX. 2020, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Turbanova leg. •  1 ♀ (TNU 10232), same cave, 4. III. 2018, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Turbanova leg. •  2 ♀♀ (TNU 10238/1), same cave, 25. IX. 2018, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Turbanova leg. •   1 ♀ (IT), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, western part of Ai-Petri Yaila, Karadagh Forest,  Zemlyanitshnaya Cave, 18. VI. 2011, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   2 ♀♀ (TNU 10199/1), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, western part of Ai-Petri Yaila, Karadagh Forest,  Kristalnaya (= Maksimovitcha) Cave, 1. V. 2013, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  1 ♂ (TNU 10183) •  1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ (IT), same cave, 6. X. 2020, I. S. Turbanov leg. •   2 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀ (TNU 10263), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., northern part of Ai-Petri Yaila, nr Maly Babulghan,  Villyaburunskaya Cave, 6. V. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♂ (TNU 10222), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., northeastern slope of Ai-Petri Yaila, nr Bash-Dere,  Avantyura Cave, 15. XI. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♂ 1 ♀ (TNU 10186), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., central part of Tshatyr-Dagh Yaila, Vyalovsky Forest,  Paskhalnaya Cave, 12. II. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10195/3), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., northern part of Tshatyr-Dagh Yaila,  Binbash-Koba Cave, 12. II. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10188), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., nr Perevalnoye Vil., western slope of the Dolgorukovskaya Yaila,  Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave, 9. XI. 2014, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10225), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., central pаrt of the Dolgorukovskaya Yaila,  Sliyanie Cave, 23. VII. 2017, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10182), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., eastern part of Dolgorukovskaya Yaila,  Vostotshny Potok Cave, 22. II. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   2 ♀♀ (TNU 10198), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., eastern part of Dolgorukovskaya Yaila,  Partizanskaya Cave, 5. IV. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   5 ♂♂ 8 ♀♀ (TNU 10192), Crimea, nr Alushta, south-eastern slope of Karabi Yaila,  Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave, 8. V. 2012, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>East Mediterranean: Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, the south part of European Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran. Crimea lies at the northernmost limit of the species range (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – orange circle). Known from the Crimean caves of Sevastopol in the west to Karabi Yaila in the east: Kay-Kobasy, Tshernoretshenskaya, Baidar-Tshokrak, Skelskaya, Zemlyanitshnaya, Kristalnaya, Villyaburunskaya, Ayu-Teshik, Avantyura, Paskhalnaya, Binbash-Koba, Kizil-Koba, Sliyanie, Vostotshny Potok, Partizanskaya, Tisovaya, and Tuakskaya (type locality of  P. khobarum) (Novikov 1912; Lebedinsky 1914; Charitonov 1947 a; present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile (Mammola et al. 2018).  Palliduphantes khobarum is found everywhere in the mountains and on the southern coast of Crimea (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015). One of the most widespread and common spiders in the Crimean caves, apparently capable of maintaining permanent populations in subterranean biotopes; can be classified as an eutroglophile.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Palliduphantes khobarum was described based on the spider collection by Lebedinsky (1914). According to Charitonov (1947 a, b), the reports of  Lepthyphantes monticola (now,  Anguliphantes monticola) for the Crimean caves (Novikov 1912; Lebedinsky 1914; Mokrzecki 1914; Charitonov 1932, 1939) in fact belong to  P. khobarum . Yet, a number of researchers have erroneously mentioned  A. monticola as occurring in Crimea (Mikhailov 1997, 2013; Kovblyuk 2004 a, 2014). Later,  A. monticola was excluded from the list of species of Crimea (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015: 32).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9038DAF3A72856A9B6AF5BA26650482A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
8E90EFAB55185ECFA7634400847350DE.text	8E90EFAB55185ECFA7634400847350DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholcus phalangioides (Fuessling 1775)	<div><p>Pholcus phalangioides (Fuessling, 1775)</p><p>Pholcus phalangioides (Fuessling, 1775): Charitonov 1947 a: 47; Charitonov 1947 b: 1; Birstein 1963: 128; Tyshchenko 1971: 23; Kovblyuk 2004 a: 238; Kovblyuk 2014: 44; Turbanov et al. 2016 b: 1283.</p><p>Pholcus phalangoides [sic!] (Fuessling, 1775): Evtushenko 2004: 66, 68.</p><p>Pholcus phalangoidaes [sic!] (Fuessling, 1775): Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004: 207.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♀ (TNU 10193/1), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, Khomutovaya Gorge,  Maksimova Datsha, abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring, 11. III. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •  1 ♂ (TNU 10190/3), same cave, 23. V. 2015, A. A. Nadolny leg. •   1 ♂ (TNU), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., nr Khodzha-Sala Vil., steep southern slope of Baba-Dagh Plateau (= Mangup-Kale Gorodishche),  Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave, 2. VI. 2021, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Cosmopolite (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – pink circle). Small unnamed cave (=? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv, Yalta) and abandoned aqueduct of Maksimova Datsha nr Sevastopol; Mangupskaya I (= MK- 1) Cave in Bakhchisarai Distr. (Charitonov 1947 a; present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile and synanthropic species (Mammola et al. 2018; Nentwig et al. 2024).  Pholcus phalangioides usually is found in anthropogenic biotopes and less frequently in caves (Huber 2011). In Crimea, this species is also mainly synanthropic (Kovblyuk et al. 2016), except for few findings in caves (Charitonov 1947 a; present data), which are somehow associated with human economic activity. In particular, in the abandoned aqueduct in Sevastopol, which was made by enlarging a cave spring, and where intensive agricultural and other economic activities were carried out in the second half of the 19 th and early 20 th centuries (Chikin 2005). Small unnamed cave in Nizhnie Limeny (Charitonov 1947 a) is another site from where  P. phalangioides has been recorded. That site is situated on Koshka Mt. containing the ruins of a medieval Genoese fortification (shelter) from the 13–15 th centuries, Limena-Kale (Myts 1991). Therefore, in Crimea, this species can be classified as a facultative synanthrope, established as a subtroglophile in suitable subterranean biotopes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E90EFAB55185ECFA7634400847350DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
1959401C45475FABB67048AADF843DDB.text	1959401C45475FABB67048AADF843DDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer 1802)	<div><p>Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♀ (TNU 10259/2), Crimea, Sevastopol, nr Balaklava, Aya Cape Mt. Range, Kala-Fatlar Mt.,  Izumrudnaya Сave, 20. III. 2016, O. V. Kukushkin leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10287/5), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, Tshernaya River canyon,  entrance to Tshernoretshenskaya Cave, 3. VI. 2021, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Nadolny leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Cosmopolite (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – white circle). Izumrudnaya Cave on Kala-Fatlar Mt. of the Aya Cape Mt. Range and Tshernoretshenskaya Cave nr Sevastopol (present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile and synanthropic species (Nentwig et al. 2024). In Crimea, it has been recorded everywhere as a synanthropic, except for the southern coast where it occurs in natural habitats (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015). In the Crimean caves, the ecological association of  S. triangulosa remains unclear. Since we have collected only two specimens from the entrances of Tshernoretshenskaya and Izumrudnaya caves, it is likely to be a subtroglophile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1959401C45475FABB67048AADF843DDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
16C19A9BA9615477A6E3687D9C8F01F2.text	16C19A9BA9615477A6E3687D9C8F01F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tegenaria lapicidinarum Spassky 1934	<div><p>Tegenaria lapicidinarum Spassky, 1934</p><p>Fig. 1 A</p><p>Tegenaria lapicidinarum Spassky, 1934: Evtushenko 2004: 66–68; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004: 207; Kovblyuk 2014: 44; Turbanov et al. 2016 b: 1283.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♀ (TNU 10189), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., central part of Tshatyr-Dagh Yaila, nr Vyalovsky Forest,  Alushtinskaya Cave, 11. II. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   3 ♀♀ (TNU 10187), Crimea, Belogorsk Distr., northeastern part of Karabi Yaila,  Karani-Koba Cave, 29. I. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>East European nemoral: Ukraine and the south part of European Russia. The Crimea represents the southernmost limit of the species range (Kovblyuk 2004 b; Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – purple circle). Unnamed cave near the city of Bakhchisarai, Alushtinskaya Сave in Tshatyr-Dagh Yaila, and Karani-Koba Cave in Karabi Yaila (Evtushenko 2004; present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile (Evtushenko 2004; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004). In Crimea,  T. lapicidinarum is a common species, occurring in all landscape zones from the seashore to yaila (Kovblyuk 2004 b). In addition to the Crimean subterranean biotopes, this species has also been recorded from catacombs of Odessa, Ukraine (Deli et al. 2017). This species is common in terrestrial habitats, but is rarely found in caves, and so is here classified as a subtroglophile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/16C19A9BA9615477A6E3687D9C8F01F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
1D688E5E5AFB5F0FA15303577D4070B1.text	1D688E5E5AFB5F0FA15303577D4070B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tegenaria parietina (Fourcroy 1785)	<div><p>Tegenaria parietina (Fourcroy, 1785)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   1 ♀ (TNU 10190/1), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, Khomutovaya Gorge, nr  Maksimovа Datsha, abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring, 23. V. 2015, A. A. Nadolny leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Cosmopolite (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – blue circle). Abandoned aqueduct carved into an unnamed cave-spring nr Maksimova Datsha, Sevastopol (present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile and synanthropic species (Mammola et al. 2018; Nentwig et al. 2024). In Crimea,  T. parietina inhabits mountainous and foothill areas (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015), and has not been previously recorded from the Crimean caves. However, during our surveys of subterranean the Crimean biotopes, we have once found this species in the abandoned aqueduct of Maksimova Datsha – the site of intensive agricultural and other economic activities in the second half of the 19 th and early 20 th centuries (Chikin 2005). For this reason, we believe that  T. parietina is not a permanent member of the Crimean cave fauna. This species is likely to be a facultative synanthrope that can inhabit underground biotopes as a subtroglophile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D688E5E5AFB5F0FA15303577D4070B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
D814A71665925C97B8D19E1C031F3FFD.text	D814A71665925C97B8D19E1C031F3FFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tegenaria taurica Charitonov 1947	<div><p>Tegenaria taurica Charitonov, 1947</p><p>Figs 1 B, 3, 4, 5</p><p>Tegenaria taurica Charitonov, 1947: Charitonov 1947 a: 44 –49, 51, 54, figs 4, 5; Charitonov 1947 b: 1; Birstein 1963: 128; Tyshchenko 1971: 23, 156, 161, 163; Mikhailov 1997: 145; Mikhailov 1998: 22; Esyunin and Farzalieva 2001: 261–263, figs 1–5; Kovblyuk 2002: 105; Amelichev et al. 2004: 136, 140; Evtushenko 2004: 66, 68; Kovblyuk 2004 a: 214; Kovblyuk 2004 b: 43, 45, 47–48, figs 2, 3 (1); Kovblyuk 2004 c: 254, 256; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004: 207; Kovblyuk 2010: 224; Mikhailov 2013: 141; Bolzern et al. 2013: 776, 803, 818, 846; Kovblyuk 2014: 34, 44, 51; Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015: 6; Turbanov et al. 2016 b: 1283; Prokopov and Turbanov 2017: 101; Mammola et al. 2018: table S 1; Samokhin et al. 2019: 247.</p><p>Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757): Kovblyuk 2014: 44.</p><p>Tegenaria civilis Walk. [sic!]: Lebedinsky 1904: 77.</p><p>Tegenaria derhami (Scopoli, 1763): Charitonov 1932: 21; Charitonov 1939: 197.</p><p>Tegenaria sp.: Evtushenko 2004: 67; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004: 208; Turbanov et al. 2019 a: 218.</p><p>Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804): Lebedinsky 1914: 115, 117, 121–122; Charitonov 1932: 123; Charitonov 1939: 197; Tyshchenko 1971: 190; Mikhailov 1997: 108; Kovblyuk 2004 a: 245; Mikhailov 2013: 101; Kovblyuk 2014: 44; Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015: 56.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>•   2 ♂♂ (TNU 10260), Crimea, Sevastopol, nr Balaklava, southern slope of Mt. Asketi,  Asketi I Cave, 26. IX. 2015, O. V. Kukushkin leg.  •   7 ♀♀ (TNU 10259/1), Crimea, Sevastopol, nr Balaklava, Aya Cape Mt. Range, Mt. Kala-Fatlar,  Izumrudnaya Cave, 20. III. 2016, O. V. Kukushkin leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10180/1), Crimea, Sevastopol, nr Balaklava, Aya Cape Mt. Range, Mt. Kala-Fatlar,  Gekkonovaya Cave, 09. X. 2016, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10287/1), Crimea, Sevastopol, Tshernaya River canyon,  Tshernoretshenskaya Cave, 3. VI. 2021, I. S. Turbanov, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •   1 ♀ (IT), Crimea, Sevastopol, northeastern slope of Baidarskаya Yaila, Baidarskaya Valley, nr Kizilovoye Vil.,  Mamut-Tshokrak Cave, 26. VII. 2010, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10257/3), 1 ♀ (IT), Crimea, Sevastopol, northwestern slope of Ai-Petri Yaila, Baidarskaya Valley, nr Rodnikovskoye Vil.,  entrance to Skelskaya Cave, 29. IX. 2020, A. A. Nadolny leg.  •   2 ♀♀ (TNU 10197), Crimea, Sevastopol, NW slope of Ai-Petri Yaila, nr Karadagh Forest,  Rodnikovskaya Cave, 4. II. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   3 ♀♀ (TNU 10196), Crimea, Sevastopol, northwestern slope of Ai-Petri Yaila, nr Karadagh Forest,  Koryta (= Kuznetsova) Cave, 8. III. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (IT), Crimea, Sevastopol, southwestern part of Ai-Petri Yaila, Mortsheka Mt.,  Druzhba Cave, 3. X. 2020, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10261/1), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., northern part of Ai-Petri Yaila, Mt. Ayu-Teshik,  Ayu-Teshik Cave, 8. V. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10227), Crimea, Bakhchisarai Distr., nr Stshastlivoe Vil., northwestern slope of Yalta Yaila, Khaplu-Kaya Mt.,  Kaply-Kayanskaya (Khaplu-Khoba) Cave, 29. VI. 2017, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (TNU 10195/1), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., northern part of Tshatyr-Dagh Yaila,  Binbash-Koba Cave, 12. II. 2015, I. S. Turbanov leg.  •   1 ♀ (IT), Crimea, Simferopol Distr., nr Perevalnoye Vil., western slope of Dolgorukovskaya Yaila,  Kizil-Koba (= Krasnaya) Cave, 5. XI. 2014, I. S. Turbanov leg.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Endemic of the Crimean Mountains (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015). However, there is a dubious record from Georgia (Mkheidze 1997), which has never been confirmed by any collected material (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 A – orange circle).  Tegenaria taurica is known from caves in the western and central parts of the Crimean Mountains: small unnamed cave (=? Malaya Cave) in Nizhnie Limeny (now Goluboi Zaliv, region of Yalta; the locality for male syntype  T. taurica – sensu Charitonov 1947 a), Asketi I, Izumrudnaya, Gekkonovaya, Tshernoretshenskaya, Mamut-Tshokrak, Skelskaya, Rodnikovskaya, Koryta, Druzhba, Ayu-Teshik (= Ayutishik-Koba; the locality for female syntype  T. taurica – sensu Charitonov 1947 a), Daniltsha-Koba, Kaply-Kayanskaya, Ayu-Koba, Binbash-Koba, Kizil-Koba, and grotto in Massandra (the type locality as that of the lectotype – sensu Esyunin and Farzalieva 2001), grotto on Mt. Yuznaya Demerdzhi (Lebedinsky 1904, 1914; Charitonov 1947 a; Esyunin and Farzalieva 2001; Kovblyuk 2004 b; Samokhin et al. 2019; Turbanov et al. 2019 a; present data).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile (Mammola et al. 2018). There is a single record of  T. taurica from an anthropogenic biotope (Kovblyuk 2004 b), which in fact refers to  T. parietina (1 ♂ (TNU 1630/1), Yalta, indoors, 17. X. 2001 – examined), the remaining findings have been from caves (present data). Thus, this species is here referred to as eutroglophile.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>According to Charitonov (1947 a, b), who described  T. taurica on the basis of the collection of spiders reported earlier by Lebedinsky (1904, 1914), the earlier records of  T. civilis,  T. derhami and partly of  Meta menardi from the Crimean caves (Lebedinsky 1904, 1914; Charitonov 1932, 1939) should in fact be assigned to  T. taurica . Yet, a number of researchers, although with doubt, have continued to erroneously report on  M. menardi for the Crimean caves (Tyshchenko 1971; Mikhailov 1997; Kovblyuk 2004 a, 2014; Mikhailov 2013; Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015). The report on  T. domestica in the Crimean caves is erroneous (Kovblyuk 2014), as it was based on the record of  T. civilis by Lebedinsky (1904), and actually belongs to  T. taurica (M. M. Kovblyuk, pers. comm.). The records of  Tegenaria sp. from Mamut-Tshokrak Cave (Turbanov et al. 2019 a) and Kizil-Koba Cave (Evtushenko 2004) should also be assigned to  T. taurica, which has been confirmed by the present study (see Material examined).</p><p>Tegenaria taurica was redescribed by Esyunin and Farzalieva (2001), who also designated the lectotype based on the material from the Massandra grotto nr Yalta. Among the paralectotypes there is the specimen labelled as follows: “ 1 slide preparation of palp (PSU), Crimea, Nizhnie Limeny, Malaya Caves, 08–22. IX. 1916, leg. L. A. Lants ”. The male used for the description of  T. taurica was collected from the same cave (see Charitonov 1947 a: 47, 51).</p><p>The mention of  T. taurica for Tuakskaya (= Ful-Koba) Cave was presumably based on the erroneous label “ Ayu-Tishik-Koba. Tuvak. Meta spes? vois. de Menardi ” (see Charitonov 1947 a: 45) and “ Ayutishik-Koba [caves], Tuvak, 1905, leg. Ya. N. Lebedinskii ” (see Esyunin and Farzalieva 2001: 261), when two different caves are mistakenly indicated: viz., Ayu-Teshik (as Ayu-Tishik-Koba and Ayutishik-Koba) and Tuakskaya (as Tuvak), whereas they are situated in different parts of the Crimean Mountains. However, in the original work by Lebedinsky (1914),  T. taurica (as  Meta menardi) is recorded from Ayu-Teshik Cave, and  Palliduphantes khobarum (as  Lephthyphantes [sic!] monticola) from Tuakskaya Cave. Our repeated survey in Tuakskaya Cave has confirmed that the only spider species occurring there is  P. khobarum .</p><p>We consider it appropriate to provide an illustrated description of the copulatory organs of both sexes of  T. taurica from the Crimean caves (Figs 3 – 5). The cymbium and tibia + patella lengths are equal (Fig. 3 С). Tibia has three apophyses (Fig. 4 E – G): dorsal apophysis pointed and well sclerotised (Fig. 4 A, C, E), ventral and lateral – rounded and poorly sclerotised (Fig. 4 A, D, E); embolus originated at 320 ° position and terminating at about 210 ° position, makes an ellipsoid trajectory and holds it distal part in conductor (Figs 3 D, F, 4 B); conductor with two arms in longitudinal position; embolic and conductor tips directed posteriorly (Figs 3 A – C, 4 A, B); median apophysis flat with sharped tip directed ventrally (Figs 3 B, 4 C, D). Epigyne with trapezoid plate (Fig. 5 A); lateral borders of epigynal plate poorly recognised (Fig. 5 E, F); spermatheca massive, makes two curves – ventral and sagittal (Fig. 5 C, G, I); head of spermatheca variable (Fig. 5 D, H).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D814A71665925C97B8D19E1C031F3FFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
1DAB96955CE156FC97246F5BFB6C6045.text	1DAB96955CE156FC97246F5BFB6C6045.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (Bertkau 1890)	<div><p>?  Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (Bertkau, 1890)</p><p>?  Lepthyphantes zimmermanni Bertkau, 1890: Evtushenko 2004: 67–68; Zagorodniuk and Vargovitsh 2004: 207.</p><p>?  Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (Bertkau, 1890): Mikhailov 2013: 93; Kovblyuk 2014: 44; Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015: 34.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>West Palearctic polyzonal: from Portugal to the European part of Russia and from Scandinavia to Turkey (Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015; Nentwig et al. 2024).</p><p>Records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – pink circle). Troizkogo (= Kharkovskaya, ZUG) Cave in E part of Ai-Petri Yaila and Tisovaya Cave in central part of Karabi Yaila (Evtushenko 2004).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>A troglophile (Mammola et al. 2018). Mentioned from Crimea as a probable trogloxene (Evtushenko 2004).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>According to some publications (Mikhailov 2013; Kovblyuk 2014; Kovblyuk and Kastrygina 2015), the record of  T. zimmermanni from Crimea is questionable and not supported by the collected material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1DAB96955CE156FC97246F5BFB6C6045	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
2E726BCE86755DF2A70F494A399CD036.text	2E726BCE86755DF2A70F494A399CD036.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Troglohyphantes exspectatus Nadolny & Turbanov 2025	<div><p>Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1 F, 11, 12, 13, 14</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype • ♂ (ZMMU Ta-8257), Crimea, nr Sevastopol, SW part of Ai-Petri Yaila, Mortsheka Mt.,  Druzhba Cave, 3. X. 2020, I. S. Turbanov leg.  Paratypes • 1 ♀ (ZMMU Ta-8258), 4. V. 2015 •  8 ♀♀ (ZMMU Ta-8259), 22. IX. 2018 •  1 ♂ 1 ♀ (TNU 10289), 3. X. 2020, same cave and collector as for the holotype .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>•  3 juv. ♀♀ 4 subad. ♂♂ (TNU 10233), 22. IX. 2018 •  9 ♀♀ 4 juv. (IT), 3. X. 2020, same cave and collector as for the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Troglohyphantes exspectatus sp. nov. is most similar to the Bulgarian endemic  T. drenskii Deltshev, 1973 (the salax group sensu Deeleman-Reinhold 1978). Two species can be easily distinguished by the eyes (in  T. exspectatus sp. nov. well developed, with black pigmentation around, see Fig. 11 A, B vs strongly reduced, without pigmentation in  T. drenskii, see Deltshev 1973: fig. 1) and the clypeus (in  T. exspectatus sp. nov. without modifications vs concave, with modification in  T. drenskii, see Deltshev 1973: fig. 1). Structures of male palps are almost identical in both species and differ in details of the cymbium (cf. Figs 11 D, E, 12 C, D and Deltshev 1973: figs 2, 4). Epigynes differ in the shape of scape: ventral max / min width ratio in  T. exspectatus sp. nov. 1.9 and in  T. drenskii 2.9 (cf. Fig. 11 C and Deltshev 1973: fig. 7).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (paratype). Total length 2.12. Carapace 0.98 long, 0.88 wide, yellow. Palps, chelicerae, and legs yellow. Basal chelicerae segment 0.52 long. Leg I length: femur 1.9, patella 0.3, tibia 2.18, metatarsus 2.15, tarsus 1.18, TLL 7.71. Leg II length: femur 1.85, patella 0.3, tibia 2.0, metatarsus 1.92, tarsus 1.05, TLL 7.12. Leg III length: femur 1.55, patella 0.28, tibia 1.48, metatarsus 1.5, tarsus 0.8, TLL 5.61. Leg IV length: femur 1.85, patella 0.28, tibia 1.9, metatarsus 1.88, tarsus 1.0, TLL 6.91. Leg I spination: femur one dorsal and one prolateral spine; tibia two dorsal, two prolateral and two retrolateral spines; metatarsus one dorsal spine. Leg II spination: femur one dorsal spine; tibia two dorsal and one retrolateral spine; metatarsus one dorsal spine. Leg III spination: femur one dorsal spine; tibia two dorsal spines; metatarsus one dorsal spine. Leg IV spination: femur no spine; tibia one dorsal spine; metatarsus no spine. Metatarsi IV without trichobothrium. TmI 0.14. Palp as in Figs 11 D, E, 12 A – K, 13 A, B: cymbium has two processes (prolateral and posterior), two furrows (dorsal and prolateral), rounded deflection in anterior-retrolateral edge, with hollows and ridges in retrolaleral part; paracymbium with two shallow furrows closely situated to each other; suprategular apophysis with a ridge; F-shaped proximal part of radix (two lobes and one small apophysis); median membrane joined with the proximal part of radix dorsally; the distal part of radix with flat pointed terminal apophysis; lamella characteristica with two sclerotised branches, clearly distinct when palp is expanded; embolus with a serrate area dorsally and a keel on prolateral side; cymbium length / width ratio 1.3 (same ratio with and without apophyses). Eyes normal. Abdomen grey.</p><p>Female. Total length 1.92. Carapace 0.88 long, 0.78 wide. Basal chelicerae segment 0.6 long. Leg I length: femur 1.68, patella 0.29, tibia 1.82, metatarsus 1.64, tarsus 0.98, TLL 6.41. Leg II length: femur 1.6, patella 0.29, tibia 1.66, metatarsus 1.51, tarsus 0.89, TLL 5.95. Leg III length: femur 1.35, patella 0.25, tibia 1.2, metatarsus 1.18, tarsus 0.68, TLL 4.66. Leg IV length: femur 1.6, patella 0.25, tibia 1.56, metatarsus 1.46, tarsus 0.81, TLL 5.68. Leg I spination: femur one dorsal and one prolateral spine; tibia one dorsal, one prolateral, one retrolateral, and four ventral spines; metatarsus one dorsal spine. Leg II spination: femur one dorsal spine; tibia two dorsal, one retrolateral and two ventral spines; metatarsus two dorsal spines. Leg II spination: femur one dorsal spine; tibia two dorsal spines; metatarsus two dorsal spines. Leg IV spination: femur no spine; tibia two dorsal spines; metatarsus no spine. Metatarsi IV without trichobothrium. TmI 0.15. Epigyne as in Figs 11 C, 14 A – C: in ventral view scape resembling a shape of water drop with truncated anterior side; posterior plate in caudal view looks bifurcated, each branch with two rounded protrusions; posteriorly sides of epigyne folded and terminate with posterior lobes, directed towards each other. Body colouration as in male.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The embolic and radix structure of the new species is similar to that of  T. adjaricus Tanasevitch, 1987,  T. deelemanae Tanasevitch, 1987,  T. lucifuga (Simon, 1884), and other related species from the orpheus group (sensu Deeleman-Reinhold 1978 and Isaia et al. 2017), but can be distinguished by the pear-shape cymbium (in dorsal view), with two small apophyses in its proximal part (vs in  T. lucifuga complex and  T. adjaricus one or three apophyses, usually prolateral apophysis is large; in  T. deelemanae with large prolateral apophysis, whose length is equal to width of middle part of cymbium). The shape of the lamella in the new species differs in detail from that of all the congeners. Some similarity can be found in new species and  T. cyrnaeus Isaia, 2023 from the salax group (Isaia et al. 2023: fig. 2 D). Both have S-shaped lamellae, but in  T. exspectatus sp. nov. the end of the lamella is bifurcated with one branch pointed and the other flatted (Figs 11 F, 12 I). The epigyne of the new species is similar to those of  T. deelemanae and  T. konradi Brignoli, 1975 (see Isaia et al. 2011). Females of these species are distinguishable by the angle between lateral side of scape and edge of epigyne (in a new species sides are perpendicular to each other, with angle between side of scape and edge of epigyne ~ 70 ° vs subparallel in  T. deelemanae) and the eye development (well developed in the new species, but reduced in  T. konradi). Also,  T. exspectatus sp. nov. has the epigyne similar to that of some species of the salax group (sensu Deeleman-Reinhold 1978;  T. strandi Absolon &amp; Kratochvil, 1932,  T. fallax Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978,  T. lesserti Kratochvil, 1935 – all of them have reduced eyes) and the embolus similar to those of the members of the polyophthalmus group ( T. inermis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978 is distinguishable by the shapes of the lamella and cymbium).</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Males (n = 2): carapace width 0.83–0.88; femur I length 1.81–1.9. Females (n = 9): carapace width 0.77–0.85; femur I length 1.67–1.9.</p><p>Distribution and records from the Crimean caves.</p><p>Map (Fig. 17 B – yellow circle). Only known from the type locality: Druzhba Cave on Mortsheka Mt. in the SW part of Ai-Petri Yaila.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Given that  T. exspectatus sp. nov. has the well-developed eyes but permanently occurs and reproduces in Druzhba Cave (we have recorded individuals at all developmental stages), it can be classified as an eutroglophile.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin  exspectatus, meaning expected, due to the fact that we have not come across adult males of this species for a long time, but only females, subadult males, and juveniles.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E726BCE86755DF2A70F494A399CD036	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nadolny, Anton A.;Turbanov, Ilya S.	Nadolny, Anton A., Turbanov, Ilya S. (2025): A review of cave spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Crimean Mountains, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 1230: 37-80, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1230.137029
