taxonID	type	description	language	source
B67387EFAB22FFCD90427E3CFE92342B.taxon	description	Trigonostemon filiformis Quisumb. (1930) 328, f. 7; R. Y. Yu & Welzen (2018) 194. — Lectotype (designated here): Clemens 16751 (NY *; iso A, UC *), Philippines, Luzon, Isabela Prov., Mt Moises. Trigonostemon stenophyllus Quisumb. (1930) 330, f. 8; R. Y. Yu & Welzen (2018) 225. — Type: BS (Ramos & Edaño) 47331 (A, K, NY *, UC *), Philip- pines, Luzon, Isabela Prov., Mt Moises. Shrubs, up to 1 m tall; branches terete, 2.2 – 3.5 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Outer bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, brown when young, grey when old, glabrous; inner bark 0.1 – 0.4 mm thick, dark brown, sap red, low quantity; wood pale yellow to brown. Stipules subulate, 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, pubes- cent, caducous. Leaves: petioles terete, 1 – 6.5 cm long, 1 – 2.8 mm diam, sometimes grooved above, slightly pubescent when young; blade oblong to lanceolate (to almost linear), 8 – 26.5 by 1 – 4.5 cm, coriaceous, base acute to rounded, 2 adaxial glands present, margin slightly distantly serrate, teeth falcate to subulate, apex acuminate, both sides reddish brown and pubescent when young, upper surface green, somewhat pale, glabrous, lower surface paler green and sparsely pubescent when mature; midrib flat above and elevated beneath, nerves 8 – 11 pairs, veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences unisexual (stami- nate) or bisexual, thyrsoid, terminal or axillary, staminate flowers clustered in glomerules, main rachis 3.5 – 4.5 cm long, 0.5 – 0.6 mm diam, almost glabrous; bisexual ones axillary, racemose, very slender, 6 – 11 cm long, 0.2 – 0.6 mm diam, slightly pubes- cent, often a pistillate flower at top, a few staminate flowers per node below; involucral bracts as stipules; bracts single per node, oblong, 3 – 9.5 by 0.6 – 2.2 mm, apex acuminate, green, both sides pubescent. Staminate flowers (bud) c. 4 mm diam; pedicel c. 3 mm long, c. 0.3 mm diam, light green, glabrous; sepals elliptic, 1.8 – 2.5 by 0.6 – 1.5 mm, white, base connate, margin entire, apex rounded, slightly pubescent outside; petals elliptic, 1.8 – 2.2 by 1 – 1.5 mm, dark purple, base cuneate, mar- gin entire, apex acute, both sides glabrous; disc lobes rectan- gular, 0.25 – 0.35 by 0.25 – 0.45 mm, apex truncate, c. 0.1 mm thick; stamens 3, androphore c. 0.3 mm long, anthers c. 0.8 mm long, apically divaricate. Pistillate flowers c. 4 mm diam; pedicel slightly thickened towards apex, 6.5 – 7.8 mm long, apically 0.6 – 0.9 mm diam (apex), pubescent; sepals oblong to lanceolate, 3.3 – 4 by 1.4 – 1.7 mm, margin entire, ciliate, apex acute to rounded, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; petals obovate, 4 – 5 by 2.1 – 2.9 mm, dark purplish, with a honey mark in the centre, base cuneately narrowed, margin entire, apex rounded, glabrous; disc lobes unequal, rectangular, 0.5 by 0.4 – 0.9 mm, white, apex truncate, corner rounded, glabrous; ovary c. 0.9 mm diam, densely pubescent; style 0.1 – 0.2 mm long; stigmas linear, 1.3 – 1.4 mm long, deeply bifid into 2 arms, each arm 0.9 – 1.1 mm long, slightly thickened near base. Fruits c. 1.2 cm diam, brown, sparsely puberulent, persistent sepals not accrescent; wall c. 0.35 mm thick, exocarp partly detaching. Seeds c. 7 mm diam. Distribution — Borneo (Sabah?) and Philippines (Luzon). Habitat & Ecology — In the Philippines, growing in forests, sometimes along riversides. Flowering: March to April. Notes — 1. The description of the fruits is partly based on Quisumbing (1930). Trigonostemon filiformis was only known and described from the type collection from Mt Moises in the last revision (Yu & Van Welzen 2018). We found specimens with young staminate flowers and mature pistillate flowers in the forest behind Casapsapan beach in Aurora Province (c. 95 km south of Mt Moises). The description (both vegetative and reproductive characters) has now been fully updated. 2. Trigonostemon stenophyllus was also a poorly known species from Mt Moises. The species was treated as a doubt- ful species because no staminate flowers were seen during the last revision (Yu & Van Welzen 2018). It was considered different from T. filiformis by the broader leaves and thicker inflorescences. However, we found a continuous variation between the two species: the leaves can gradually vary from linear (as in the type of T. filiformis) to oblong or lanceolate (as in the type of T. stenophyllus), and the inflorescences can be very slender and pendulous (as in the type of T. filiformis) or thicker and erect (as in the type of T. stenophyllus). We therefore synonymized T. stenophyllus with T. filiformis. For illustrations of the typical T. stenophyllus and T. filiformis see Quisumbing (1930). 3. The species highly resembles T. villosus var. merrillianus (Airy Shaw) R. Y. Yu & Welzen, particularly in the glomerate staminate flowers, but the non-accrescent sepals in the pistillate flower appear to be a useful character to distinguish this species from the latter.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Agoo, E. M. G., Callado, J. R., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): Taxonomic notes on Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) in the Philippines. Blumea 65 (1): 12-24, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03
B67387EFAB27FFCD90427B10FC1A32E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Philippines (endemic). Habitat & Ecology — Secondary forest, on clay loam or limestone. Altitude: 200 – 460 m. Flowering: January to April, Sep- tember; fruiting: January and April. Note — Measurements have been updated from the last revision (Yu & Van Welzen 2018) and two characters are note- worthy: often 2 pairs of adaxial glands are present at the leaf base and the ovary is now certain to be glabrous. The species differs from T. victoriae in the 3 (vs 5) stamens and the non-accrescent pistillate sepals (vs much enlarged in T. victoriae). This species is found to cohabit with ants (Fig. 2 c; RYY and JRC, pers. obs.).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Agoo, E. M. G., Callado, J. R., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): Taxonomic notes on Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) in the Philippines. Blumea 65 (1): 12-24, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03
B67387EFAB27FFC1930C7E51FDEA32DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Philippines (endemic). Habitat & Ecology — Lowland dipterocarp forest. Altitude: 15 – 80 m. Flowering: March. Note — The first author’s (RYY) field observations have provided some new insights for the species: the leaves are clustered at the top of the main branch and the inflorescences can develop into a panicle when mature. The spathulate petals with a claw-like base strongly resemble those of the other species in sect. Spinipollen, e. g., T. longifolius Baill., T. oblongifolius Merr. The species is known from Palawan and Mindanao. The diameter of fruits is based on Elmer (1911).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Agoo, E. M. G., Callado, J. R., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): Taxonomic notes on Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) in the Philippines. Blumea 65 (1): 12-24, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03
B67387EFAB2BFFC190427E41FA5432EE.taxon	description	The species resembles the other endemic species in Palawan, T. victoriae, in the sepals being significantly larger than the petals in pistillate flowers, but it can be distinguished from the latter by the yellow, flat (vs dark red and revolute) petals and annular disc in both staminate and pistillate flowers (vs 5 lobes in T. victoriae). — Type: Yu 260 (holo PNH; iso DLSUH, L), Philip- pines, Palawan Province, El Nido, trail to the Nakalit-kalit Waterfalls, 2 Apr. 2018. Small trees, c. 2 m tall; flowering branches terete, 3 – 3.7 mm diam, pubescent in young parts. Outer bark grey, 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick; inner bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, red, sap red; wood pale yel- low. Stipules subulate or falcate, 0.7 – 1.4 mm long, caducous, base pubescent. Leaves: petioles terete, slightly thickening towards both ends, 3 – 7 cm long, 1.6 – 2 (middle part) – 3 mm (apex or base) diam, glabrescent; blade elliptic, 12 – 23 by 5.5 – 7.7 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, base acute, 1 – 2 pairs of adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, teeth subulate, apex acuminate to caudate, upper side (somewhat dark) green, glabrous, lower side pale green, often slightly pubescent, particularly on venation; midrib flat or very slightly grooved above, elevated beneath, nerves 8 – 11 pairs, curved and connected near margin, veins and veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual or unisexual, terminal or axillary, racemose thyrses; main rachis 2 – 4.5 cm long, 0.6 – 1.2 mm diam, densely pubescent, few (up to 10) staminate flowers clustered per node, pistillate flowers single per node; involucral bracts as stipules; bracts triangular, 0.7 – 2.6 by 0.5 – 0.7 mm, pubescent on both sides. Staminate flowers 5 – 7 mm diam; pedicel 1.5 – 2 mm long, 0.3 – 0.4 mm diam, green, slightly pubescent; sepals orbicular to elliptic, 0.8 – 1.3 by 0.4 – 0.9 mm, light green, base connate, margin entire, apex rounded to acute, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; petals flabellate, 1.5 – 1.9 by 1.4 – 1.6 mm, yellow, base cuneate, margin entire, apex slightly bilobed, glabrous on both sides; disc annular, c. 0.2 mm diam (inner margin), c. 0.2 mm thick, yellow; stamens 3, androphore erect, 0.4 – 0.5 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.3 – 0.4 mm long, divaricate at apex. Pistillate flowers 4 – 6 mm diam; pedicel 3.5 – 5 mm long, thickening towards the apex, 0.6 – 0.9 mm diam (apex), light greenish to pinkish, pubescent; sepals elliptic, 5 – 7 by 2 – 3.5 mm, pink, base connate, margin serrate, apex acumi- nate, with 3 main teeth; petals obovate to spathulate, 3.4 – 4.2 by 2.5 – 3.4 mm, yellow, base cuneate, apex rounded, sometimes slightly plicate, glabrous on both sides; disc annular, 2.2 – 2.6 diam, c. 0.1 mm thick; ovary 1.9 – 2 mm diam, glabrous, style 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, stigmas completely bifid, arms 0.7 – 1 mm long. Fruits light green, glabrous; sepals persistent, not much accrescent, green, stigmas persistent, pinkish. Distribution — Philippines (Palawan, endemic). Habitat & Ecology — Lowland forest edge, in swamps (hence the specific epithet). Altitude: c. 25 m. Flowering: February, April; fruiting: February. Note — This new species was first brought to our attention by images published on Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (Pelser et al. 2011 onwards), and we are grateful to the own- ers of the photos who gave us permission to re-use them in this article. The species has two relatively unusual characters: pistillate sepals being larger than petals and yellow petals in both staminate and pistillate flowers. It is the only species with yellow petals in sect. Trigonostemon. These charac- ters are only known to occur separately in a few species, e. g., T. victoriae (larger sepals than petals in pistillate flow- ers), and T. laevigatus and T. philippinensis (yellow petals), but they are all clearly different from this new species. The species is found to cohabit with ants (Fig. 4 i; RYY pers. obs.).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Agoo, E. M. G., Callado, J. R., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): Taxonomic notes on Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) in the Philippines. Blumea 65 (1): 12-24, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03
B67387EFAB2BFFC5930D7E56FD2A35E4.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Philippines (Victoria Mountains, endemic). Habitat & Ecology — Dipterocarp forests, growing on clay, near rivers. Altitude: 78 – 195 m. Flowering: March to May; fruit- ing: March to April. Note — The species is found at the foot of the Victoria Moun- tains. The petiole can be as long as 13.5 cm, which is similar to T. longipes. New descriptions of inflorescences, mature staminate and pistillate flowers and fruits are presented. One of the striking characters of the species is the enlarged sepals in the pistillate flowers. The species is seen to cohabit with ants (Fig. 6 d, f – h; RYY pers. obs.). 6. Trigonostemon villosus Hook. f. var. merrillianus (Airy Shaw) R. Y. Yu & Welzen — sect. Trigonostemon — Fig. 7; Map 3	en	Yu, R. - Y., Agoo, E. M. G., Callado, J. R., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): Taxonomic notes on Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) in the Philippines. Blumea 65 (1): 12-24, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03
B67387EFAB2BFFC5930D7E56FD2A35E4.taxon	description	Trigonostemon laxiflorus Merr. (1920) 567; (1923) 451; Airy Shaw (1983) 47. — Type: BS (Ramos & Edaño) 31097 (A *, K, P, US), Philippines, Panay, Capiz Privince, Jamindan. Small trees, 1 – 4 m tall, dbh up to 6 cm; flowering branches 2.5 – 4.5 mm diam, often pubescent when young, glabrescent when mature, buds pubescent. Outer bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, dark brown, sometimes fissured; inner bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, dark greenish or reddish, sap watery, translucent; wood white. Stipules subulate, 0.5 – 1.9 mm long, base pubescent. Leaves: petiole terete but often furrowed above, 1 – 11 cm long, glabrous to hirsute, sometimes slightly thickened at base and apex, 1.2 – 2.1 (middle) – 3.5 mm (base and apex) diam; blade oblong, 8 – 29 by 2.2 – 9 cm, chartaceous, base acute to rounded, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, teeth subulate or glandular, apex acuminate to caudate, upper side glabrous, dark green, lower side paler green, slightly pubescent, particularly on venation; midrib flat or slightly raised above and distinctly elevated beneath, nerves 8 – 13 pairs, often bow-shaped, con- nected along margin, veins reticulate, sometimes obscure. Inflorescences unisexual, often axillary, staminate flowers partly single and cauliflorous, others clustered in cymes or glomerules, rachis 10 – 18 cm long, 0.8 – 1 mm diam, bracts linear to lanceo- late, 0.5 – 10.5 (Palawan) – 18 (Samar) by 0.3 – 3.3 (Palawan) – 6.5 (Samar) mm, margin entire, pubescent; pistillate ones racemose, often only 1 – 3 flowers present at top, rachis 5.5 – 22 cm long, 0.4 (Mindanao) – 0.6 – 1.3 (Samar and Palawan) mm diam, pubescent, bracts lanceolate, 4.2 – 11 (Mindanao and Palawan) – 19 (Samar) by 0.4 (Mindanao) – 2.5 – 7.3 (Samar and Palawan) mm, margin distantly serrate, teeth glandular, pubescent outside. Staminate flowers 5 – 6.7 mm diam, pedicel 1.3 – 3 (Palawan) – 4.5 (Samar) mm long, 0.2 – 0.5 mm diam, light green, glabrous; sepals elliptic, 1.2 – 2 by 0.6 – 1 mm, im- bricate, white, margin ciliate, apex rounded, slightly pubescent outside; petals elliptic, 2.4 – 3.8 by 1.2 – 2 mm, purplish black, with a flame-like honey mark in the centre (Palawan), margin entire, apex rounded, glabrous on both sides; disc lobes rectangular or obtrapezoid, 0.25 (Samar) – 0.4 – 0.5 (Palawan) by 0.2 (Samar) – 0.45 – 0.6 (Palawan) mm, yellowish, apex truncate or rounded; stamens 3, androphore 0.5 – 0.9 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.65 (Samar) – 0.9 – 1.1 (Palawan) mm long, pinkish red, connective apically with numerous reddish droplets with secretion. Pistillate flowers 6 – 8 mm diam, pedicel often slightly thickened towards apex, 5 – 6 (Palawan) – 10.5 (Samar) mm long, apically 0.5 – 1.5 mm diam, green, appressed pubescent; sepals lanceolate to elliptic, 2 – 2.4 (Samar) – 6.5 (Palawan) by 0.8 – 2 mm when flowering, sometimes accrescent when fruit- ing (Palawan), green or red when flowering, red when fruiting, margin serrate, apex acuminate, appressed pubescent outside, sometimes with an apical gland (Palawan); petals as staminate flowers but longer and caducous, 3 – 3.6 by 1 – 1.2 mm; disc lobes rectangular, 0.3 – 0.9 by 0.5 – 0.6 mm, membranous, apex rounded or truncate; ovary 1 – 1.1 mm diam, densely villose, style short, indistinct, stigmas 3, completely bifid, free arm 0.8 – 1.3 mm long. Fruits c. 0.9 – 1.2 cm diam, villose; pedicel c. 1.5 cm long, thickening towards apex, c. 1.4 mm diam (apex); sepals persistent, red; wall 0.4 – 0.5 mm thick; columella 4 – 6 mm long. Seeds globose, c. 5 mm diam, marbled. Distribution — Borneo and Philippines (new record for Pala- wan). Habitat & Ecology — In the Philippines, growing in the understorey of dipterocarp forests, on red clay loam soil, along the coast. Altitude: 10 – 40 m. Flowering: March to April (Samar and Palawan); May to June (Mindanao); fruiting: February to March (Samar). Note — The description is only based on collections from the Philippines. Trigonostemon villosus var. merrillianus is an extremely variable taxon, but in the Philippines it is less variable in the length of the petiole and the size of the leaf blade. Taxa that are easy to confuse with T. villosus var. merrillianus are T. villosus var. borneensis (differs from the former by the shorter petiole and non-accrescent sepals in the pistillate flowers), T. oblongifolius (differs by flabellate petals with a claw-like base and lacking a honey mark), T. polyanthus (differs by the paintbrush-like instead of glomerate staminate inflorescences) and T. filiformis (differs by the narrower leaf blade, slender inflorescences and non-accrescent sepals in pistillate flowers).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Agoo, E. M. G., Callado, J. R., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): Taxonomic notes on Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) in the Philippines. Blumea 65 (1): 12-24, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.03
