identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BB6C87E2FF8BB211FF6BEABFFA12F83B.text	BB6C87E2FF8BB211FF6BEABFFA12F83B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glyptothorax	<div><p>Key to species of Glyptothorax in the Middle East</p><p>1a Adipose-fin length 1.5–3.0 times larger than distance between base of last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin; 13–17 serrae along posterior edge of pectoral-fin spine; head pointed; medial pit of thoracic adhesive apparatus with striae..................................................................................................... G. steindachneri</p><p>1b Adipose-fin length 0.6–1.2 times larger than distance between base of last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin; 7–14 serrae on pectoral-fin spine; head blunt, spade-shaped; medial pit of thoracic adhesive apparatus without striae................... 2</p><p>2a Thoracic adhesive apparatus extending from isthmus to level of base of first or third branched pectoral-fin ray, usually wider than long, as wide as long in juveniles; anteromedial striae absent or very short; caudal-peduncle depth 1.1–1.6 times in its length.................................................................................. G. kurdistanicus</p><p>2b Thoracic adhesive apparatus extending from isthmus to level of last branched pectoral-fin ray or beyond, longer than wide or as wide as long; anteromedial striae present, few and short in G. silviae, well developed and long in other species; caudal-peduncle depth 1.6–2.5 times in its length, 1.4–1.5 in some G. armeniacus ................................................ 3</p><p>3a Thoracic adhesive apparatus as wide as long, poorly delineated at its posterior margin, only partly situated on shallow, horse-shoe shaped swelling, swelling absent in many adult individuals; head, back and flank usually with large, bony, striated and elongated tubercles (absent in some individuals)........................................................ G. cous</p><p>3b Thoracic adhesive apparatus longer than wide, well delineated at its posterior margin, situated completely on a horse-shoe shaped swelling; head, back and flank without large bony tubercles, very small tubercles present in G. armeniacus ........ 4</p><p>4a Head, back and flank without warts or tubercles; anteromedial striae in thoracic adhesive apparatus absent or very short................................................................................................. G. silviae</p><p>4b Back and flank with warts and/or small tubercles; anteromedial striae in thoracic adhesive apparatus numerous and long... 5</p><p>5a Fins with a distinct, distal yellow tip; head with many minute tubercles and few roundish warts............ G. armeniacus</p>5b Fins without or very indistinct, distal yellow tip; head without tubercles, with many roundish or elongate warts... G. daemon Glyptothorax armeniacus (Berg, 1918)<p>(Fig. 5–9)</p><p>Glyptosternum armeniacum Berg, 1918:146</p><p>Material examined. ZIN 20806, syntypes, 3, 62–118 mm SL; Turkey: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Mukhlassi-darasi River downstream from Chat</a>, 42 km SE from Erzurum, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">a headwater stream of Euphrates</a> [stream Habib at Oyuklu Mahallesi, 39.6050 40.9764; see below] (photographs only). — FFR 3912, 1, 37 mm SL; FFR 3915, 1, 76 mm SL; Turkey: Malatya prov.: stream <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Sultansuyu</a> 20 km west of Malatya, 38.339 38.063. —FFR 3914, 1, 63 mm SL; Turkey: Muş prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Kaynarca</a> 3 km northwest of Tepe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Murat River drainage</a>, 39.068 41.529. —FFR 3917, 4, 90–111 mm SL; Turkey: Tunceli prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Pülümür</a> 8 km northeast of Tunceli, 39.140 39.638. —FFR 3925, 1, 94 mm SL; Turkey: Tunceli prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Kalan</a> 16 km north of Tunceli, 39.250 39.489. —FFR 3927, 1, 67 mm SL; Turkey: Adıyaman prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Göksu River</a> 2 km west of Aktoprak, 37.844 37.670. —FFR 3913, 2, 46–76 mm SL; Turkey: Gaziantep prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Merzimen</a> 3 km south of Yavuzeli, 37.2916 37.5727. —FSJF 1800, 2, 83–98 mm SL; Turkey: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Euphrates drainage</a>. —FSJF 2634, 3, 41–66 mm SL; Turkey: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">upper River Göksu</a> 5 km northeast of Gölbaşı, 37.837 37.6848. — FSJF 4107, 3, 87–108 mm SL; Turkey: Tunceli prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Pülümür</a> at Pülümür, 37.173 41.2697. — NMW 87875, 1, 135 mm SL; Turkey: Şanlıurfa prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Euphrates at Birecik</a>, about 37.02 37.97 (photographs only) .</p><p>Material used in molecular genetic analysis. FSJF-DNA 3336; Turkey: Gaziantep prov.: stream Merzimen 3 km south of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.5727&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.2916" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.5727/lat 37.2916)">Yavuzeli</a>, 37.2916 37.5727 (GenBank accession number: MW724503) .— FSJF-DNA 900; Turkey: upper River Göksu, 5 km northeast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.6848&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.837" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.6848/lat 37.837)">Gölbaşı</a>, 37.837 37.6848 (GenBank accession numbers: MW770714, MW770726) .— FSJF-DNA 3377; Turkey: Tunceli prov.: stream Pülümür at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.2697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.173" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.2697/lat 37.173)">Pülümür</a>, 37.173 41.2697 (GenBank accession numbers: MW770723, MW770712) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Characters useful for identification but not unique to the species are: Head, back and flank without large bony tubercles, with many minute tubercles and few roundish warts; fins with a distinct, distal yellow tip; thoracic adhesive apparatus strongly elevated, 1.0–1.5 times longer than wide, extending from isthmus to base of last pectoral-fin ray or to posterior limit of pectoral-fin base; striae restricted to elevated apparatus; anteromedial striae numerous and well developed; medial pit without striae; caudal-peduncle depth 1.6–2.1 times in its length; adipose-fin short, its length 0.7–1.1 times larger than distance between base of last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin; head blunt, roundish, 24–28% SL; head and body dark brown without or with small, often indistinct brown or black spots. Size up to 220 mm SL. See below for characters to distinguish G. armeniacus from other Glyptothorax in the Middle East.</p><p>Distribution. Widespread in upper Euphrates drainages and so far only recorded from Turkey. Found downriver to Birecik, situated only 23 km north of the border to Syria.</p><p>Remarks. Coad &amp; Delmastro (1985) recorded one individual Glyptothorax from the Yeşilırmak drainage in the Anatolian Black Sea basin. This record was never confirmed despite some fieldwork in the region. It cannot be excluded that such catfishes occur there as the Yeşilırmak is situated adjacent to the Euphrates.</p><p>Berg (1918) described G. armeniacus based on specimens collected by A.L. Behning in 1916. From the description it is obvious that Berg did not meet Behning in person and Berg (1931) gives the type locality as “in the river Mukhlassi-darasi, head waters of Euphrates, beneath Chat, 42 km SE from Erzeroum” as stated on the label. Already Berg (1931) mentioned that on the map, he did not find the locality. The distance of 42 km SE from Erzeroum [Erzurum] leads in the catchment of the upper Aras and Berg (1931) suspected that the type locality might be situated in the Araxes [Aras] River drainage and not in the Euphrates. Glyptothorax indistinguishable from the types of G. armeniacus (Fig. 5) are widespread in the upper Euphrates and we exclude the possibility that Glyptothorax occur in the Aras, which had been well studied and no Glyptothorax was ever found.</p><p>There is no doubt that SE of Erzurum must be a mistake and the type locality is situated SW of Erzurum. “Chat”, as mentioned on the label is the Cat district, which is about 41 km SW of Erzurum. We have searched in detail but there is no name of a stream, or a settlement resembling „Mukhlassi-darasi“ in the area. Probably, A.L. Behning asked villagers about the name of the stream and those answered in Turkish as “Mahallesi Deresi”, which was understood as „Mukhlassi-darasi“. „Mahallesi“ means „neighbourhood (a small part of the city)“ and „Deresi“ means „stream“. In Turkey, a neighbourhood (Mahalle) must be very close to a city (district). If the place is far from a city, it is not a neighbourhood, but a village. If our interpretation is correct, there is only one place that matches with „ 42 km SW of Erzurum “ and placed in a „Mahalle“. This must be the stream Habib (39.6050 40.9764) at Oyuklu Mahallesi, in the Çat district. The river is very close to the main road, easy to reach and access and we expect A.L. Behning to have travelled along the road and not off-road. The fast flowing stream could be a habitat for Glyptothorax . However, we had no chance to visit the place to prove that G. armeniacus is present at this site.</p><p>(Fig. 5–9)</p><p>Glyptosternum armeniacum Berg, 1918:146</p><p>Material examined. ZIN 20806, syntypes, 3, 62–118 mm SL; Turkey: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Mukhlassi-darasi River downstream from Chat</a>, 42 km SE from Erzurum, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">a headwater stream of Euphrates</a> [stream Habib at Oyuklu Mahallesi, 39.6050 40.9764; see below] (photographs only). — FFR 3912, 1, 37 mm SL; FFR 3915, 1, 76 mm SL; Turkey: Malatya prov.: stream <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Sultansuyu</a> 20 km west of Malatya, 38.339 38.063. —FFR 3914, 1, 63 mm SL; Turkey: Muş prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Kaynarca</a> 3 km northwest of Tepe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Murat River drainage</a>, 39.068 41.529. —FFR 3917, 4, 90–111 mm SL; Turkey: Tunceli prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Pülümür</a> 8 km northeast of Tunceli, 39.140 39.638. —FFR 3925, 1, 94 mm SL; Turkey: Tunceli prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Kalan</a> 16 km north of Tunceli, 39.250 39.489. —FFR 3927, 1, 67 mm SL; Turkey: Adıyaman prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Göksu River</a> 2 km west of Aktoprak, 37.844 37.670. —FFR 3913, 2, 46–76 mm SL; Turkey: Gaziantep prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Merzimen</a> 3 km south of Yavuzeli, 37.2916 37.5727. —FSJF 1800, 2, 83–98 mm SL; Turkey: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Euphrates drainage</a>. —FSJF 2634, 3, 41–66 mm SL; Turkey: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">upper River Göksu</a> 5 km northeast of Gölbaşı, 37.837 37.6848. — FSJF 4107, 3, 87–108 mm SL; Turkey: Tunceli prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">stream Pülümür</a> at Pülümür, 37.173 41.2697. — NMW 87875, 1, 135 mm SL; Turkey: Şanlıurfa prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.9764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.9764/lat 39.605)">Euphrates at Birecik</a>, about 37.02 37.97 (photographs only) .</p><p>Material used in molecular genetic analysis. FSJF-DNA 3336; Turkey: Gaziantep prov.: stream Merzimen 3 km south of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.5727&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.2916" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.5727/lat 37.2916)">Yavuzeli</a>, 37.2916 37.5727 (GenBank accession number: MW724503) .— FSJF-DNA 900; Turkey: upper River Göksu, 5 km northeast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.6848&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.837" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.6848/lat 37.837)">Gölbaşı</a>, 37.837 37.6848 (GenBank accession numbers: MW770714, MW770726) .— FSJF-DNA 3377; Turkey: Tunceli prov.: stream Pülümür at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.2697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.173" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.2697/lat 37.173)">Pülümür</a>, 37.173 41.2697 (GenBank accession numbers: MW770723, MW770712) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Characters useful for identification but not unique to the species are: Head, back and flank without large bony tubercles, with many minute tubercles and few roundish warts; fins with a distinct, distal yellow tip; thoracic adhesive apparatus strongly elevated, 1.0–1.5 times longer than wide, extending from isthmus to base of last pectoral-fin ray or to posterior limit of pectoral-fin base; striae restricted to elevated apparatus; anteromedial striae numerous and well developed; medial pit without striae; caudal-peduncle depth 1.6–2.1 times in its length; adipose-fin short, its length 0.7–1.1 times larger than distance between base of last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin; head blunt, roundish, 24–28% SL; head and body dark brown without or with small, often indistinct brown or black spots. Size up to 220 mm SL. See below for characters to distinguish G. armeniacus from other Glyptothorax in the Middle East.</p><p>Distribution. Widespread in upper Euphrates drainages and so far only recorded from Turkey. Found downriver to Birecik, situated only 23 km north of the border to Syria.</p><p>Remarks. Coad &amp; Delmastro (1985) recorded one individual Glyptothorax from the Yeşilırmak drainage in the Anatolian Black Sea basin. This record was never confirmed despite some fieldwork in the region. It cannot be excluded that such catfishes occur there as the Yeşilırmak is situated adjacent to the Euphrates.</p><p>Berg (1918) described G. armeniacus based on specimens collected by A.L. Behning in 1916. From the description it is obvious that Berg did not meet Behning in person and Berg (1931) gives the type locality as “in the river Mukhlassi-darasi, head waters of Euphrates, beneath Chat, 42 km SE from Erzeroum” as stated on the label. Already Berg (1931) mentioned that on the map, he did not find the locality. The distance of 42 km SE from Erzeroum [Erzurum] leads in the catchment of the upper Aras and Berg (1931) suspected that the type locality might be situated in the Araxes [Aras] River drainage and not in the Euphrates. Glyptothorax indistinguishable from the types of G. armeniacus (Fig. 5) are widespread in the upper Euphrates and we exclude the possibility that Glyptothorax occur in the Aras, which had been well studied and no Glyptothorax was ever found.</p><p>There is no doubt that SE of Erzurum must be a mistake and the type locality is situated SW of Erzurum. “Chat”, as mentioned on the label is the Cat district, which is about 41 km SW of Erzurum. We have searched in detail but there is no name of a stream, or a settlement resembling „Mukhlassi-darasi“ in the area. Probably, A.L. Behning asked villagers about the name of the stream and those answered in Turkish as “Mahallesi Deresi”, which was understood as „Mukhlassi-darasi“. „Mahallesi“ means „neighbourhood (a small part of the city)“ and „Deresi“ means „stream“. In Turkey, a neighbourhood (Mahalle) must be very close to a city (district). If the place is far from a city, it is not a neighbourhood, but a village. If our interpretation is correct, there is only one place that matches with „ 42 km SW of Erzurum “ and placed in a „Mahalle“. This must be the stream Habib (39.6050 40.9764) at Oyuklu Mahallesi, in the Çat district. The river is very close to the main road, easy to reach and access and we expect A.L. Behning to have travelled along the road and not off-road. The fast flowing stream could be a habitat for Glyptothorax . However, we had no chance to visit the place to prove that G. armeniacus is present at this site.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB6C87E2FF8BB211FF6BEABFFA12F83B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Freyhof, Jörg;Kaya, Cüneyt;Abdullah, Younis Sabir;Geiger, Matthias F.	Freyhof, Jörg, Kaya, Cüneyt, Abdullah, Younis Sabir, Geiger, Matthias F. (2021): The Glyptothorax catfishes of the Euphrates and Tigris with the description of a new species (Teleostei: Sisoridae). Zootaxa 4969 (3): 453-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2
BB6C87E2FF82B207FF6BECB9FAD8FA07.text	BB6C87E2FF82B207FF6BECB9FAD8FA07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glyptothorax cous (Linnaeus 1766)	<div><p>Glyptothorax cous (Linnaeus, 1766)</p><p>(Fig. 10–17)</p><p>Silurus cous Linnaeus, 1766:504</p><p>Material examined. BMNH 1955.6.25.2, 200 mm SL; Syria: Coic (Qweiq) River (photographs only).—FFR 3909, 1, 62 mm SL; Turkey: Siirt prov.: stream <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.828&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.8219" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.828/lat 37.8219)">Gökçesu</a> 15 km southwest of Siirt, 37.8219 41.8280.—FFR 3911, 1, 55 mm SL; FFR 3919, 1, 210 mm SL; Turkey: Siirt prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.8872&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.8525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.8872/lat 37.8525)">Botan River</a> 9 km southwest of Siirt, 37.8525 41.8872. —FSJF 3952, 1, 52 mm SL; Iraq: Great Zab about 2 km upriver of confluence with <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.2997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7484" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.2997/lat 36.7484)">Rawanduz</a>, 36.7484 44.2997.—FSJF 3530, 1, 155 mm SL; Iraq: Shatt al <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.8312&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.5395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.8312/lat 30.5395)">Arab</a> at Basra, 30.5395 47.8312.—FSJF 3820, 2, 165–185 mm SL; FSJF 3975, 3, 145–183 mm SL; Iraq: Aw-e Shiler River at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.4792&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.7511" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.4792/lat 35.7511)">Khewata</a>, 35.7511 45.4792.— SMF 517, 1, 171 mm SL; Syria: probable from Qweiq at Aleppo.— SMF 23677, 2, 62–118 mm SL; Syria: Nahr Al-Khabur about 16 km south-east of al-Hasaka, 36.43 40.87.— SMF 28696, 29, 129–222 mm SL; Syria: Euphrates at Raqqa, 35.93 38.99.— SMF 28704, 1, 76 mm SL; Syria: Euphrates below Baath Lake, 35.92 38.87.— SMF 28728, 2, 144–160 mm SL; Syria: Euphrates between Raqqa and Halebye-Zalebye, 35.93 38.93.— NMW 46475, 1, 123 mm SL; NMW 46476, 2, 92–132 mm SL; NMW 46477, 1, 184 mm SL; NMW 55836, 1, 185 mm SL; NMW 46478, 1, 197 mm SL; NMW 46479, 1, 157 mm SL; Syria: Qweiq at Aleppo (photographs only).— NMW 94378, 3, 98–185 mm SL; Armenia [most likely from Turkey: Euphrates] (photographs only).—ZMH 4430, 2, 130–131 mm SL; Turkey: Erzincan prov.: Euphrates at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.5019&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.2625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.5019/lat 39.2625)">Kemalye</a>, 39.2625 38.5019.</p><p>Material used in molecular genetic analysis. FSJF-DNA 2648; Iraq: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.2997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7484" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.2997/lat 36.7484)">Great Zab</a> about 2 km upriver of confluence with Rawanduz River, 36.7484 44.2997 (GenBank accession number: MW770727) .— FSJF-DNA 2626; Iraq: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.4792&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.7511" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.4792/lat 35.7511)">Aw-e Shiler River</a> at Khewata, 35.7511 45.4792 (GenBank accession numbers: MW770715, MW770716, MW770719) .— FSJF-DNA 3340–3348; Iraq: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.36772&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.915" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.36772/lat 35.915)">Qal’ah Chwalan River</a> at Bardbard, 35.9150 45.36772 (GenBank accession numbers: MW724504 – MW724511) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Glyptothorax cous is distinguished from its congeners in the Euphrates and Tigris drainages by a combination of characters, none of them unique. It is distinguished from G. armeniacus by having many large, bony, striated and elongated tubercles on the head, back and flank (absent in some individuals) (vs. with very small tubercles and roundish warts), the thoracic adhesive apparatus 0.8–1.1 times longer than wide (vs. 1.0–1.5), poorly delineated at its posterior margin (well delineated), only partly situated on a shallow, horse-shoe shaped swelling (vs. completely situated on the swelling); swelling absent in many adult individuals (vs. always present), striae of the thoracic adhesive apparatus reaching far beyond the swelling, usually onto the pectoral-fin base (vs. restricted to swelling), usually many or few large, bold, dark-brown blotches on the flank in preserved individuals (vs. flank usually plain brown or with small and indistinct brown spots or small blotches). See below for characters to distinguish G. cous from other Glyptothorax in the Middle East.</p><p>Other characters useful for identification are: Caudal-peduncle depth 1.6–2.3 times in its length, adipose-fin short, its length 0.6–1.2 times larger than distance between base of last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin; head blunt, spade-shaped, 28–33% SL; thoracic adhesive apparatus usually extending from isthmus to base of last pectoral-fin ray or to posterior limit of pectoral-fin base; anteromedial striae numerous and well developed; medial pit without striae; flank with large, dark-brown blotches and/or small dark-brown spots. Size up to 347 mm SL.</p><p>Distribution Widespread in the Euphrates and Tigris drainages including the Karkheh subdrainage in Iran (recorded from Seimare River). Was formerly known from the Qweiq, but has vanished from that river. Not recorded from the Karun. Occurs in syntopy with G. steindachneri in Syria and with G. kurdistanicus in the Lesser Zab in Iraq.</p><p>Remarks. Russell (1756) in his “Natural History of Aleppo ” described one individual collected from the Coic (Qweiq) River. Gronow (1763) based his account of „ Mystus cirris octo, capite brevioribus, pinna dorsi fecunda ovata ” on the fish described by Alexander Russell and Linnaeus (1766) based his description of Silurus cous on these two accounts. The individual BMNH 1955.6.25.2 (Fig. 10, Fig. 13) is the one collected by Russell and is therefore the surviving type (James MacLaine, pers. comm. 2020). Russel lived in Aleppo between 1740 and 1756 and BMNH 1955.6.25.2 is not the only fish housed at BMNH from his collection (James MacLaine, pers. comm. 2020). Heok Hee Ng (pers. comm. 2021) raised some doubts on the type status of this specimen as it is remarkably well-preserved and seems to be formaline preserved, what was not the rule in Russell’s times. But we see no way to test, if BMNH 1955.6.25.2 is or is not the type of G. cous . Russel (1756) provided a quality drawing of a lateral (Fig. 15) and dorsal view of the fish taken from the Coic (Qweiq) River in Aleppo, which must be considered as a syntype. Even from these drawings only, G. cous can be distinguished from the two species known from the adjacent Euphrates (short adipose fin vs. long in G. steindachneri; pale yellowish background colour with many bold black or dark-brown spots vs. brown background colour with few spots in G. armeniacus). Furthermore, all materials examined from SMF and NMW from the Qweiq (see above) are identified as G. cous . Therefore, we have no doubts that the syntypes from which the drawing by Russell (1756) was made from as well as BMNH 1955.6.25.2 are conspecific with the species identified here as G. cous, irrespective if BMNH 1955.6.25.2 is the fish on the drawing or not.</p><p>Linnaeus (1766) description is not informative but Russel (1756) provided a good drawing of a lateral (Fig. 15) and dorsal view of the fish taken from the Coic (Qweiq) River in Aleppo. The name Arius cous, which appeared in Heckel (1843) and in Hyrtl (1859), is based on Silurus cous (Linnaeus) and is not an available name even though it has been treated as such (Ferraris, 2007).</p><p>Glyptothorax cous is the very first Sisorid catfish described by European scientists (Linnaeus, 1766), but early authors working on the fishes of the Euphrates and Tigris seem not to have been aware of G. cous as a valid species. The placement of Silurus cous in Arius might have been one of the reasons, why this species had so long been ignored in the literature about the fishes of the Euphrates and Tigris. Neither Pietschmann (1913) when describing G. steindachneri, Berg (1918) in the description of G. armeniacus, nor Berg (1931) in the description of G. kurdistanicus did mention G. cous and therefore, the differences to their new species and G. cous remained unclear. Only Coad (1981), when describing G. silviae, included G. cous in his identification key. He was apparently not aware of the existence of the type and identified BMNH 1968 12.13.471–476 as G. cous . We re-examined BMNH 1968 12.13.471–476 and identify them as G. steindachneri .</p><p>The identification key given by Coad (1981) for Glyptothorax in the Middle East is quite confusing, as Coad (1981) identified G. cous having a long pectoral fin, reaching to the pelvic-fin origin. But the type of G. cous (Fig. 10) has a short pectoral fin, not reaching to the pelvic-fin origin, a character state also clearly seen in the drawing by Russell (1756) (Fig. 15) reproduced by Coad (2010) without further discussion. Surprisingly, there is materials at NMW identified by Coad as G. cous despite having a short pectoral fin, and we confirm these identifications.</p><p>Glyptothorax cous is widespread in the Euphrates and Tigris and has been found in all countries of the catchment basin. But as a note of caution, we have to mention that all our molecular data of G. cous come from fish caught in the Tigris drainage, while G. cous was described from the Qweiq, a former tributary of the Euphrates and most of the fish examined for the morphological characters by us come from the Euphrates. This bias is based on the very limited availability of materials from the Euphrates. The Qweiq has almost completely dried out and no water remains in the entire Syrian part of the catchment. In Turkey, there are two very small streams, the Sünnep, and the Balıksuyu, which belong to the Qweik catchment. JF and CK visited the Sünnep several times and Dağlı &amp; Erdemli (2009) published about the fishes of the Balıksuyu without record of Glyptothorax . Furthermore, Davut Turan (pers. comm.) informed us that he never found Glyptothorax in these streams. Therefore, we expect that G. cous has vanished from the Qweiq.</p><p>Most individuals, including juveniles, of G. cous have large, elongated and striated bony tubercles on the head and skin of the body (Fig. 14). But there is a surprising variability in this character and several individuals lack tubercles completely and these are also not visible in the type specimen. The presence or absence of tubercles is not to be dependent on the gender of the fish. As all freshly collected and carefully preserved fish have well developed tubercles, is seems possible that these are scraped off in poorly preserved individuals. But skin moulting cannot be fully excluded.</p><p>Preserved individuals of G. cous (Fig. 11) have a grey or yellowish background colour with large or small dark-brown blotches or spots. In life (Fig. 16–17), there are two colour types, similar to what is observed in G. daemon (see below). In the Lesser Zab, a tributary of the Tigris, we found several individuals (Fig. 17) with a dark-brown or dark-grey, almost black background colour, a pattern of dark-brown blotches or spots and many small, whitish spots. These brown individuals occur in sympatry with yellow individuals and both are indistinguishable in our molecular analysis. All brown individuals turned pale-grey in formaline and are no longer distinguished from the yellow individuals, also the yellow colour faded after preservation. Only two individuals (FSJF 3820), which were preserved in formaline after having been frozen, kept their dark-grey colouration. Potentially such different colour forms occur also in other Glyptothorax as we have just not seen enough live individuals of the other species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB6C87E2FF82B207FF6BECB9FAD8FA07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Freyhof, Jörg;Kaya, Cüneyt;Abdullah, Younis Sabir;Geiger, Matthias F.	Freyhof, Jörg, Kaya, Cüneyt, Abdullah, Younis Sabir, Geiger, Matthias F. (2021): The Glyptothorax catfishes of the Euphrates and Tigris with the description of a new species (Teleostei: Sisoridae). Zootaxa 4969 (3): 453-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2
BB6C87E2FF9DB20CFF6BEBA0FEE2F97B.text	BB6C87E2FF9DB20CFF6BEBA0FEE2F97B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glyptothorax kurdistanicus (Berg 1931)	<div><p>Glyptothorax kurdistanicus (Berg, 1931)</p><p>(Fig. 18–24)</p><p>Glyptosternum kurdistanicum Berg, 1931:1267</p><p>Material examined. ZIN 20780, 113 mm SL; Iran: Kurdistan, at the village Germau (or Germav).— FSJF 3652, 4, 49–77 mm SL; Iraq: Aw-e Shiler at Khewata, 35.7509 45.4797 (photographs only).— FFR 3906, 2, 75–122 mm SL; FFR 3924, 1, 104 mm SL; Bitlis prov.: stream Çıratan 3 km southwest of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.8628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.6717" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.8628/lat 37.6717)">Üçadım</a>, 38.3547 41.7814.— FFR 3916, 5, 84–120 mm SL; Hakkari prov.: stream Eziki 6 km northeast Konak, 37.6717 43.8628.— FFR 3910, 1, 76 mm SL; Turkey: Diyarbakır prov.: stream Kara 11 km northwest of Lice, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.5455&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.5294" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.5455/lat 38.5294)">Tigris</a> drainage, 38.5294 40.5455.— FFR 3921, 2, 64–78 mm SL; Turkey: Bitlis prov.: stream Oraniz at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=42.4303&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1386" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 42.4303/lat 38.1386)">Ekinli</a>, 38.1386 42.4303.— FFR 3923, 1, 70 mm SL; Turkey: Siirt prov.: stream Kezer at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.8561&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.9558" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.8561/lat 37.9558)">Köprübaşı</a>, 37.9558 41.8561.— FFR 3929, 1, 63 mm SL; Turkey: Şırnak prov.: stream Ortasu at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=42.7483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.4411" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 42.7483/lat 37.4411)">Bağlıca</a>, 37.4411 42.7483.— NMW 90584, 1, 127 mm SL; Turkey: Botan River (photographs only).</p><p>Material used in molecular genetic analysis. FSJF-DNA 2647; Iraq: Aw-e Shiler at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.4797&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.7509" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.4797/lat 35.7509)">Khewata</a>, 35.7509 45.4797 (GenBank accession numbers: MW770717, MW770720, MW770728) .— FSJF-DNA 3335; Turkey: Bitlis prov.: stream Çıratan 3 km southwest of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.7814&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.3547" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.7814/lat 38.3547)">Üçadım</a>, 38.3547 41.7814 (GenBank accession numbers: MW724522, MW724523, MW724524) .— FSJF-DNA 3349; Iraq: Qal’ah Chwalan River at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.36772&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.915" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.36772/lat 35.915)">Bardbard</a>, 35.9150 45.36772 (GenBank accession number: MW724521) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Glyptothorax kurdistanicus is distinguished from its congeners in the Euphrates and Tigris drainages by having the thoracic adhesive apparatus 0.7–0.9 (1.0 in juveniles) times longer than wide (vs. 1.0– 1.5 in G. armeniacus, 0.8–1.1 in G. cous), extending from the isthmus to the base of the first or third branched pectoral-fin ray (vs. to or beyond last pectoral-fin ray). It is further distinguished from G. armeniacus and G. cous by having no or few very short anteromedial striae (vs. numerous and well developed), many small, often elongated warts on the dorsal and lateral head, back and flank (vs. with large, bony, striated and elongated tubercles in G. cous; with small tubercles and few warts in G. armeniacus), an elevated thoracic adhesive apparatus (vs. not elevated in G. cous), well delineated at its posterior margin (poorly delineated in G. cous); completely situated on a horse-shoe shaped swelling (vs. reaching beyond swelling, usually onto the pectoral-fin base in G. cous), and the caudal-peduncle depth 1.1–1.6 times in its length (vs. 1.6–2.3 in G. cous). See below for characters to distinguish this species from other Glyptothorax in the Middle East.</p><p>Other characters useful for identification are: medial pit without striae; adipose-fin short, its length 0.6–1.0 times larger than the distance between the base of last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin; head blunt, spade-shaped, 27–30% SL; few black or dark-brown blotches on flank. Size up to 127 mm SL.</p><p>Distribution. Glyptothorax kurdistanicus seems to be endemic to the Tigris drainage where it has been found in mountain rivers in Turkey, Iran and Iraq down to the Lesser Zab drainage.</p><p>Remarks. When Berg (1931) described G. kurdistanicus from the Lesser Zab, he was not aware of the existence of G. cous and therefore did not distinguish G. kurdistanicus from G. cous . We found two molecular clades in the Lesser Zab, one of them, we identify as G. cous and the second as G. kurdistanicus . The type of G. kurdistanicus (ZIN 20780, Fig. 18) is not in a good condition, parts of the skin and the thoracic adhesive apparatus are lost, fins are broken, and the head is turned down. However, the diagnostic deep caudal peduncle and the short thoracic adhesive apparatus are well visible in the type. The thoracic adhesive apparatus extends from the isthmus to the base of the first or third branched pectoral-fin ray in ZIN 20780 as well as in our material of G. kurdistanicus . In G. cous, the thoracic adhesive apparatus is extending from the isthmus to the base of the last pectoral-fin ray or to the posterior limit of the pectoral-fin base. Furthermore, the apparatus is elevated in G. kurdistanicus (vs. not in G. cous).</p><p>We do not see the bony, striated, elongated tubercles on the head, back and flank diagnostic for G. cous . As these tubercles are very peculiar, we would expect Berg (1931) to mention them, what he did not. Mikhail Nazarkin (ZIN) examined the specimen and did not find tubercles on ZIN 20780 (pers. comm., 2020). While the tubercles might all have been scraped off in ZIN 20780, they also might have never existed, as in the other materials from the Lesser Zab examined by us. Indeed, the sole adult G. kurdistanicus collected from the Lesser Zab (Fig. 24) agrees very well with the type in the general body shape also supporting our identification of this species as G. kurdistanicus .</p><p>It is unclear, in which condition ZIN 20780 was, when Berg studied it. On the drawing, the head was already turned downwards, the pattern of black dots on the flank agrees well in the type and its drawing and Berg (1931) does not give the number of serrae on the inner margin of the ossified pectoral fin-ray. In ZIN 20780, the ossified ray is broken today. To us, it seems possible that ZIN 20780 was already in a poor condition when Berg (1931) examined it but we are unable to demonstrate this. Potentially, he took some artistic freedom when preparing the drawing of ZIN 20780, resulting in complete fins, and a complete thoracic adhesive apparatus, which is incomplete in ZIN 20780.</p><p>Berg (1931) distinguish G. kurdistanicus from G. armeniacus, described by him in 1918, by the thoracic adhesive apparatus wider than long in G. kurdistanicus (vs. longer than wide in G. armeniacus), a character adopted by later authors (Kuru 1975, Geldiay &amp; Balık 1999, Kaya et al. 2016). Coad (1981) diagnosed G. kurdistanicus by having the thoracic adhesive apparatus wider than long or as wide as long. However, materials identified as G. kurdistanicus by Coad (1981) originate from the Turkish Euphrates (ZMH 4430) and not from the Iranian Lesser Zab or even from the Tigris drainage, from where G. kurdistanicus was described. The two individuals (ZMH 4430) identified by Coad (1981) as G. kurdistanicus were identified by us as G. cous, and most materials identified as G. cous from SMF was previously identified as G. kurdistanicus . Indeed, in G. kurdistanicus and G. cous the thoracic adhesive apparatus might be as wide as long and therefore these species are confused in the literature. The apparatus is reaching only to the base of the first or third branched pectoral-fin ray in G. kurdistanicus, a character state clearly different from G. cous .</p><p>Except of the short thoracic adhesive apparatus, Berg (1931) distinguished G. kurdistanicus from G. armeniacus by the thoracic adhesive apparatus lacking pinnate striae (vs. present). In our material of G. kurdistanicus, pinnate striae occur while not as many as in G. armeniacus . Berg (1931, Fig. 1) shows that G. kurdistanicus also lacks anteromedial striae on the thoracic adhesive apparatus. However, no pinnate or anteromedial striae can be seen. Our materials show few and short anteromedial striae, much less than in G. armeniacus .</p><p>Berg (1931) gives the type locality „in Kurdistan, at the village Germau (or Germav), at the height of 1500 m ... Germau (or Germav, Germaw) is situated in latitude 36°N southeast of Serdesht, on the western slope of the Sur-kei Range, in the basin of the river Bané, tributary to the Lesser Zab, which is tributary to the Tigris R.“. Coad (2014) stated that Germau is probably Garmab and Bané is probably Baneh. The village of Germab could not be located in gazetteers or on maps with a relevant longitude but Sar Dasht (36°09‘N, 45°28‘E) and Baneh (35°59‘N, 45°53‘E) are evident and the locality is between them and lies in the Iranian Lesser Zab drainage. We are not aware that any Glyptothorax has been recorded from the Iranian Lesser Zab and Esmaeili (pers. comm., 2012) was not aware of a recent record of the species.</p><p>The distribution of G. kurdistanicus remains largely unclear and it could be endemic to the Tigris drainage from headwaters in Turkey down to the Lesser Zab, in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iran. Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2020) show one Glyptothorax from the Sirvan identified as G. kurdistanicus, but this fish is quite different from those found in the Lesser Zab and resembles G. silviae from its general appearance.</p><p>We found G. kurdistanicus and G. cous sympatric in the Aw-e Shiler River which is a tributary of the Lesser Zab and G. steindachneri is a third species also recorded from the Lesser Zab drainage. Glyptothorax cous and G. steindachneri are widespread species found in middle-size to large rivers. But G. armeniacus, G. daemon, G. silviae and potentially also G. kurdistanicus are small species, which are highly rheophilic and they seem to inhabit smaller, fast flowing rivers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB6C87E2FF9DB20CFF6BEBA0FEE2F97B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Freyhof, Jörg;Kaya, Cüneyt;Abdullah, Younis Sabir;Geiger, Matthias F.	Freyhof, Jörg, Kaya, Cüneyt, Abdullah, Younis Sabir, Geiger, Matthias F. (2021): The Glyptothorax catfishes of the Euphrates and Tigris with the description of a new species (Teleostei: Sisoridae). Zootaxa 4969 (3): 453-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2
BB6C87E2FF96B20EFF6BE964FCE6FAC7.text	BB6C87E2FF96B20EFF6BE964FCE6FAC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glyptothorax silviae Coad 1981	<div><p>Glyptothorax silviae Coad, 1981</p><p>(Fig. 25–27)</p><p>Glyptothorax silviae Coad, 1981:291</p><p>Material examined. CMNFI 1979-0390A, 67.6 mm SL, holotype; CMNFI 1979-0390B, 2, paratypes, 44–51 mm SL; Iran: Khuzestan prov.: stream 3 km south of Bagh`e Malek, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.483" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.908/lat 31.483)">a tributary to Rud-e Zard or Ab-e Ala, Jarrahi River drainage</a>, 31.483 49.908 (photographs only) .— FSJF 2214, 1, 57 mm SL; Iran: Sangan at Sangan, 31.2587 51.2858 .— FSJF 3243, 24, 31–48 mm SL; Iran: Beshar at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.342&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.8521" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.342/lat 30.8521)">Doruhan</a>, 30.8521 51.3420 .</p><p>Material used in molecular genetic analysis. FSJF-DNA 2006; Iran: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.6327&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.0343" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.6327/lat 32.0343)">Beshar at Doruhan</a>, 30.8521 51.3420 (GenBank accession numbers: MW770718, MW770731). —FSJF-DNA 2611; Iran: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.6327&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.0343" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.6327/lat 32.0343)">Behesht Abad River north of Ardal</a>, 75 km south-west of Shahr-e-kord, 32.0343 50.6327 (GenBank accession number: MW770721) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Glyptothorax silviae is distinguished from its congeners in the Euphrates and Tigris drainages by lacking tubercles and warts on the dorsal and lateral head, back and flank (vs. with tubercles and/or warts in all other species). It is further distinguished from G. armeniacus, G. cous, and G. kurdistanicus by having very few and short or no anteromedial striae (vs. present and well developed in G. armeniacus and G. cous), an elevated thoracic adhesive apparatus, longer than wide (vs. not elevated, as wide as long in G. cous, usually wider than long in G. kurdistanicus), extending from the isthmus to the base of last pectoral-fin ray or to the posterior limit of the pectoral-fin base (vs. to base of first or third branched pectoral-fin ray in G. kurdistanicus). See below for characters to distinguish G. silviae from other Glyptothorax in the Middle East.</p><p>Other characters useful for identification are: adipose-fin short, its length 0.9–1.1 times of the distance between the base of last dorsal-fin ray and the adipose-fin origin; head blunt, spade-shaped, short, 20–25% SL; medial pit without striae; flank without or with few back blotches or black spots. Size up to 135 mm SL.</p><p>Distribution. Coad (2014) suggests that G. silviae is endemic to Iran, where it is found in the Karkheh and Karun Rivers in the Tigris drainage as well as in the coastal rivers of the Gulf south to the Mond and Shur Rivers (Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. 2020).</p><p>Remarks. Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2020) show an individual identified as G. silviae from the Sirvan drainage (Fig. 27) but this individual was caught in the Karun (Arash Jouladeh-Roudbar, pers. comm. 2020). Another individual from the Sirvan identified by Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2020) as G. kurdistanicus looks similar to G. silviae and the Glyptothorax of this area needs to be re-studied. Our sequenced materials identified here as G. silviae consist of juveniles only and their identification remains to be confirmed. We cannot fully exclude that additional species might be present in the area. Therefore, the diagnostic character states used in this study are taken from Coad (2014) and checked in the additional material that we examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB6C87E2FF96B20EFF6BE964FCE6FAC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Freyhof, Jörg;Kaya, Cüneyt;Abdullah, Younis Sabir;Geiger, Matthias F.	Freyhof, Jörg, Kaya, Cüneyt, Abdullah, Younis Sabir, Geiger, Matthias F. (2021): The Glyptothorax catfishes of the Euphrates and Tigris with the description of a new species (Teleostei: Sisoridae). Zootaxa 4969 (3): 453-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2
BB6C87E2FF94B209FF6BEBECFC97FD83.text	BB6C87E2FF94B209FF6BEBECFC97FD83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glyptothorax steindachneri (Pietschmann 1913)	<div><p>Glyptothorax steindachneri (Pietschmann, 1913)</p><p>(Fig. 28–30)</p><p>Glyptosternum s teindachneri Pietschmann, 1913:93</p><p>Material examined. BMNH 1968.12.13.465-70, 3, 64–67 mm SL; 1968.12.13.471, 3, 60–97 mm SL; Syria: Euphrates at Al Mayadine, 35.029 40.452 (photographs only).— SMF 23678, 1, 77 mm SL; Syria: Nahr Al-Khabur about 16 km southeast of al-Hasaka, 36.43 40.87.— SMF 28644, 3, 112–130 mm SL; Syria: Euphrates at Der ez Zor, 35.52 39.91.— SMF 28694, 4, 146–156 mm SL; Syria: Euphrates at Raqqa, 35.93 38.99.— ZMH 4431, 3, 107–138 mm SL; Turkey: Euphrates at Kemalye, 39.2625 38.5019.</p><p>Material used in molecular genetic analysis. None.</p><p>Diagnosis. Glyptothorax steindachneri is distinguished from its congeners in the Euphrates and Tigris drainages by having a very long adipose-fin, its length is 1.5–3.0 times (vs. 0.6–1.2 in other species) larger than the distance between the base of last dorsal-fin ray and the adipose-fin origin; the medial pit of the thoracic adhesive apparatus with striae (vs. without striae), and there are 13–17 serrae on the inner margin of the ossified pectoral fin-ray (vs. 7–14).</p><p>Glyptothorax steindachneri is further distinguished from G. armeniacus, G. cous, G. kurdistanicus, and G. silviae by the caudal-peduncle depth 1.8–2.5 times in its length (vs. 1.1–1.6 in G. kurdistanicus), having many large, elongated, bony and striated tubercles on the dorsal and lateral head and predorsal back (vs. absent in G. armeniacus, G. kurdistanicus, and G. silviae), a slightly elevated thoracic adhesive apparatus (strongly elevated in G. armeniacus and G. silviae), 1.1 – 1.5 times longer than wide (vs. 0.8 – 1.1 in G. cous, 0.7 – 0.9 in G. kurdistanicus), extending from the isthmus to the base of the last pectoral-fin ray or to the posterior limit of the pectoral-fin base (vs. to base of first or third branched pectoral-fin ray in G. kurdistanicus). The thoracic adhesive apparatus is well delineated at its posterior margin (poorly delineated in G. cous), completely situated on the horse-shoe shaped swelling (vs. extending beyond the swelling, usually onto the pectoral-fin base in G. cous), the head is pointed and short, 21–23% SL (vs. blunt and spade-shaped, 24–28% SL in G. armeniacus, 28–30% in G. cous, 27–30 in G. kurdistanicus), and there are no or few small black spots on the flank (vs. many large blotches and/or spots in G. cous). Size up to 190 mm SL.</p><p>Distribution. Glyptothorax steindachneri seems to be widespread in the Euphrates and Tigris. It is recorded from the Tigris at Mossul, the Euphrates in Syria, the Nahr Al-Khabur, a tributary of the Euphrates in Syria, and the Lesser Zab River in Iraq.</p><p>Remarks. The description by Pietschmann (1913) is informative and gives some very useful characters. But no figures are provided and the syntypes are missing in NMW, where hundreds of jars with Pietschmann’s fish collection are still await sorting. Anja Palandacic (pers. comm., 2020) looked through the jars at our request but did not find the types of G. steindachneri . There is one jar (NMW) with three Glyptothorax specimens collected by Pietschmann at an unknown date (NMW 94378). They are labelled as coming from “ Armenia ” without any further information. These three specimens measure 122, 141 and 219 mm in total length (89, 115, 185 mm SL) and are identified as G. cous . They do not agree with the character states given by Pietschmann (1913) for G. steindachneri . Pietschmann described G. steindachneri based on two syntypes of 150 and 189 mm total length and it is very evident that NMW 94378 does not correspond to the types of G. steindachneri . At Pietschmann’s times, Armenia was much larger than today and covered considerable parts of the upper Euphrates and Tigris drainage and we have no doubt that NMW 94378 was collected from that region. These fish make clear that Pietschmann did collect other Glyptothorax in the Euphrates and has compared different species that he had in hand when describing G. steindachneri . Coad (1981) shortly mentioned that G. steindachneri “may be a synonym of G. cous ”. Indeed, we identify BMNH 1968 12.13.470-471, identified by Coad (1981) as G. cous, as G. steindachneri . But ZMH 4431 identified as G. armeniacus by Coad (1981) are also identified as G. steindachneri by us. Glyptothorax steindachneri is continuously listed for the fauna of Iraq (for example Coad 2010) but no positive record of G. steindachneri was published and we are the first to clarify its identity.</p><p>Indeed, G. steindachneri seems to be widespread in the Euphrates and Tigris drainage and we expect it to occur in all the countries in the catchment region. It might be continuously misidentified as G. cous, which is usually misidentified as G. kurdistanicus .</p><p>The most important characters given by Pietschmann (1913) are: “Die Oberseite des Kopfes ist mit zahlreichen, länglichen, unregelmässigen Hautwarzen versehen, die Fettflosse sehr langgestreckt, ihre Basislänge grösser als die Entfernung ihres Ursprunges vom Ende der Dorsalbasis. Die Pektorale besitzt einen sehr starken, breiten, an seinem hinteren Rande mit ungefähr 17 bis 18 Dornen versehenen Stachel.“ [The upper side of the head has numerous, longish, irregular skin warts, the adipose fin is much elongated, its base being longer than the distance from its origin to the end of the dorsal-fin base. The pectoral fin possesses a strong, broad spine supplied with about 17–18 thorns on its posterior margin.]</p><p>Catfish identified here as G. steindachneri have striated, elongated tubercles on the head, which might be called skin-warts (Fig. 29) and this character state is only shared with G. cous . Only in G. steindachneri, the adipose fin base is much longer than the distance between the adipose-fin origin and the end of the dorsal-fin base (adipose-fin length 1.5–3.0 times larger than the distance between base of last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin in G. steindachneri vs. 0.6–1.2 in all other species, 0.6–1.2 in G. cous). In addition, G. steindachneri has more serrae on the pectoral spine than all other Glyptothorax examined for this study (13–17 vs. 7–14 in other species). Therefore, we are very confident that our materials are correctly identified as G. steindachneri despite the absence of types or figures in the original description.</p><p>The tubercles on the head are absent or very shallow and without surface structure in the three individuals of G. steindachneri from Turkey (ZMH 4431). As discussed under G. cous above, we expect that this skin ornamentation has been scraped-off by careless handling of these fishes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB6C87E2FF94B209FF6BEBECFC97FD83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Freyhof, Jörg;Kaya, Cüneyt;Abdullah, Younis Sabir;Geiger, Matthias F.	Freyhof, Jörg, Kaya, Cüneyt, Abdullah, Younis Sabir, Geiger, Matthias F. (2021): The Glyptothorax catfishes of the Euphrates and Tigris with the description of a new species (Teleostei: Sisoridae). Zootaxa 4969 (3): 453-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2
BB6C87E2FF93B237FF6BEC1EFED8FF4F.text	BB6C87E2FF93B237FF6BEC1EFED8FF4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glyptothorax daemon Freyhof & Kaya & Abdullah & Geiger 2021	<div><p>Glyptothorax daemon, new species</p><p>(Fig. 31–36)</p><p>Holotype. FFR 3928, 125 mm SL; Turkey: Hakkari prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.1393&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.6664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.1393/lat 37.6664)">stream Dilektaşı</a> 16 km northeast Yüksekova, 37.6664 44.1393.</p><p>Paratypes. FFR 3926, 9, 73–116 mm SL; FFR 3905, 10, 70–110 mm SL; same data as holotype. —FSJF 3962, 10, 71–111 mm SL; Iraq: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.8381&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.6106" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.8381/lat 36.6106)">stream Choman</a> at Qubay Galala, 36.6106 44.8381 .</p><p>Additional materials examined. FFR 3902, 1, 103 mm SL; Turkey: Bitlis prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.7394&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.4028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.7394/lat 38.4028)">stream Gümüşkanat</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.7394&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.4028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.7394/lat 38.4028)">Gümüşkanat</a>, 38.4028 41.7394 .— FFR 3904, 10, 53–90 mm SL; FFR 3918, 9, 65–115 mm SL; Turkey: Hakkari prov.: stream Eziki 6 km northeast <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.8628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.6717" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.8628/lat 37.6717)">Konak</a>, 37.6717 43.8628 .— FFR 3907, 5, 76–103 mm SL; FFR 3920, 3, 79–100 mm SL; Turkey: Bitlis prov.: stream Çıratan 3 km southwest of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.7814&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.3547" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.7814/lat 38.3547)">Üçadım</a>, 38.3547 41.7814 .— FSJF 3677, 2, 78–91 mm SL; Turkey: stream Çıratan about 5 km east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.7818&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.3846" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.7818/lat 38.3846)">Gümüşkanat</a>, 38.3846 41.7818 .</p><p>Material used in molecular genetic analysis. FSJF-DNA 2636-2637; Iraq: stream Choman at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.8381&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.6106" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.8381/lat 36.6106)">Qubay Galala</a>, 36.6106 44.8381 (GenBank accession numbers: MW770724,MW770725,MW770730,MW770733, MW770732) .— FSJF-DNA 2673; Turkey: stream Çıratan about 5 km east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.7818&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.3846" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.7818/lat 38.3846)">Gümüşkanat</a>, 38.3846 41.7818 (GenBank accession numbers: MW770713, MW770729) .— FSJF-DNA 3337; Turkey: Hakkari prov.: stream Eziki 6 km northeast <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.8628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.6717" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.8628/lat 37.6717)">Konak</a>, 37.6717 43.8628 (GenBank accession numbers: MW724514, MW724515, MW724516) .— FSJF-DNA 3338; G559F Turkey: Hakkari prov.: stream Dilektaşı 16 km northeast <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.1393&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.6664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.1393/lat 37.6664)">Yüksekova</a>, 37.6664 44.1393 (GenBank accession numbers: MW724512, MW724513, MW724517, MW770722) .— FSJF-DNA 3339; Turkey: Bitlis prov.: stream Çıratan 3 km southwest of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.7814&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.3547" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.7814/lat 38.3547)">Üçadım</a>, 38.3547 41.7814 (GenBank accession numbers: MW724518, MW724519, MW724520) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Glyptothorax daemon is distinguished from its congeners in the Euphrates and Tigris drainages by a combination of characters, none unique to the species. Glyptothorax daemon is distinguished from G. armeniacus by having very indistinct or no yellow tips of the fins (vs. with distinct yellow tips), many shallow warts on the head giving the skin a wary appearance (vs. many minute tubercles and few warts). It is distinguished from G. silviae by having many warts on the back and flank (vs. absent), well developed and numerous anteromedial striae in the thoracic adhesive apparatus (vs. absent or very short), and many black, dark-grey or dark-brown spots and/or blotches on the flank (flank with few scattered dark-brown spots).</p><p>The new species is distinguished from G. cous, G. kurdistanicus and G. steindachneri by having the dorsal and lateral head without tubercles (vs. many large, elongated, bony and striated tubercles in G. cous and G. steindachneri); a strongly elevated thoracic adhesive apparatus (vs. not or very slightly elevated in G. cous), 1.1–1.3 times longer than wide (vs. 0.8 – 1.1 in G. cous, 0.7 – 0.9 in G. kurdistanicus), extending from the isthmus to the base of the last pectoral-fin ray or to the posterior limit of the pectoral-fin base (vs. to base of first or third branched pectoral-fin ray in G. kurdistanicus). The thoracic adhesive apparatus is well delineated at its posterior margin (poorly delineated in G. cous), completely situated on the horseshoe shaped swelling (vs. extending beyond the swelling, usually onto the pectoral-fin base in G. cous). It is further distinguished from G. steindachneri by having a short adipose-fin, its length 0.7–1.1 times (vs. 1.5–3.0) larger than the distance between the base of last dorsal-fin ray and the adipose-fin origin, the medial pit without striae (with striae), a blunt and roundish head, its length 24–26% SL (vs. pointed, 21–23), and 7–11 serrae on the inner margin of the pectoral-fin spine (vs. 13–17).</p><p>Description. Morphometric data in Table 4. Head depressed; body subcylindrical. Dorsal head profile straight, predorsal profile slightly convex: Profile rising from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin, then almost straight, sloping gently ventrally from origin of dorsal fin to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile straight to end of caudal peduncle. Caudal-peduncle depth 1.6–2.1 times in its length. Anus and urogenital openings located below tip of adpressed pelvic fin. Skin of back and flank with small, roundish warts, sparsely set on head, densely set on flank and belly, warts larger and more distinct on belly. Lateral line complete and midlateral. Head broad, spade-shaped when viewed laterally. Snout blunt. Anterior and posterior nares large and separated only by base of nasal barbel. Bony elements of dorsal surface of head covered with thick skin, smooth, without tubercles, with many warts, slightly elongated on gill cover (Fig. 34). Eye ovoid, horizontal axis longest; located just below dorsal-head profile. Largest individual recorded 125 mm SL.</p><p>Barbels in four pairs. Maxillary barbel broad and thick, extending to, slightly in front of or beyond pectoral-fin base, velum at proximal part of barbel attached to head closer to posterior nare than to eye, many thick warts on outer base of velum, velum smooth. Nasal barbel broad, extending almost to anterior orbital margin. Inner mandibularbarbel extending to isthmus. Outer mandibular barbel extending to end of gill cover, not reaching pectoral-fin origin. Mouth inferior, premaxillary tooth band partially exposed when mouth is closed. Oral teeth small and villiform, in irregular rows on all tooth-bearing surfaces. Premaxillary teeth appearing in single broad semilunate band. Dentary teeth in a single crescentic band, consisting of two separate halves tightly bound at midline.</p><p>Thoracic adhesive apparatus consisting of keratinised striae in an elongate oblong field extending from isthmus to almost posterior limit of pectoral-fin base (Fig. 33); anterolateral edges of adhesive apparatus slightly convex, often almost straight; its width 1.1–1.3 times in its length; completely situated on a horse-shoe shaped swelling, associated with few, small warts at its lateral edge and without warts at its posterior edge. Anteromedial striae present and well developed. Narrow, spear-blade shaped medial pit on posterior half of thoracic adhesive apparatus. Dorsal fin located above anterior third of body, with 6 (10) branched rays; fin margin straight or slightly concave; spine short and straight, smooth on anterior and posterior margin; distal 1/3 poorly ossified and soft. Adipose fin with anterior margin straight or slightly convex and posterior margin roundish; its origin at vertical through or very slightly in front of anal-fin origin. Caudal fin with rounded lobes, lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe and i,8+7,i (10) principal rays. Anal-fin base vertically opposite adipose-fin base. Anal fin with slightly convex anterior margin and straight or slightly concave or convex posterior margin; with 7 (8), or 6 (2) branched rays. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through or slightly in front of or behind tip of adpressed dorsal fin. Pelvic fin with slightly convex anterior margin and I,5 (10) rays; tip of adpressed fin reaching anal-fin origin. Pectoral fin with I,8 (10) rays; posterior fin margin straight; anterior spine margin smooth, with many unculi and a honey-comp pattern on lower surface, inner margin with 7–11 serrae. Back anterior to adipose fin flat or slightly rounded, with a shallow keel in some individuals, expanded distal tips of neural spines not forming a series of bumps.</p><p>Coloration. In 70% ethanol: dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body dark-grey to greyish brown, fading to pale-grey or beige on ventral surfaces of head and anterior belly and on pectoral and pelvic-fin bases. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body with small irregular spots and / or small blotches slightly darker than background coloration. Spots smaller than eye diameter, blotches as large as eye or slightly larger. Latero-sensory pores same colour as surrounding tissue. A pale-grey blotch at dorsal-fin origin. Adipose fin with a pale-grey blotch behind origin and a pale-grey posterior margin. All other fins with a proximal dark-grey to blackish base, followed by a pale-grey band, then a dark-grey band and a hyaline or pale-grey margin; appearing as dark-grey or blackish fins with a whitish band and margin; whitish margin in caudal fin often absent or reduced to a large or small blotch on each lobe. Pattern in fins dissociated and lost in large individuals. Maxillary and nasal barbels grey or blackish dorsally, pale-grey ventrally and velum pale-grey or beige. Mandibular barbels beige or pale-grey.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is latinised from the Greek adjective δαίμων usually interpreted as a ghost. A noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Headwater streams in upper Tigris and Great Zab drainage in Turkey and Iraq.</p><p>Habitat. Glyptothorax daemon is found in upland rivers and streams with fast current and a substrate composed predominantly of rocks and gravel.</p><p>Remarks. The four populations of G. daemon examined for this study are sorted into two molecular groups with a minimum K2P distance of 2.0% in their DNA barcode sequence. We were unable to distinguish fishes from these two molecular groups by the morphological characters examined and therefore treat them as conspecific. Indeed, this is a very surprising situation as all sequenced individuals of G. cous cluster as sister to one G. daemon group with a K2P distance of 1.2% between them. While a K2P distance of 2.0% between populations of a fish species quite specialised for torrent headwaters is not a surprise, the close relationship of G. daemon with G. cous is. Potentially, G. daemon had hybridised with G. cous and at least some populations carry the mtDNA of G. daemon as an indicator of a past introgressive hybridisation. Therefore, we would expect that fish identified as G. cous by morphological characters but having quite different mtDNA might be found in the future.Alternatively, both species are just very closely related. With only mitochondrial COI data available, the phylogenetic relationship between G. daemon and G. cous cannot be resolved. We therefore regard it more appropriate and parsimonious to identify both populations as G. daemon than to describe an additional species, only distinguished from G. daemon by a K2P distance of 2.0% without any additional support from morphology or (unstudied) nuclear DNA sequences. Only a study on nuclear DNA could exclude the possibility of an introgressive hybridisation and clarify the phylogeny of this group. We do not identify G. daemon to be conspecific with G. cous, as both species are very well distinguished morphologically.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB6C87E2FF93B237FF6BEC1EFED8FF4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Freyhof, Jörg;Kaya, Cüneyt;Abdullah, Younis Sabir;Geiger, Matthias F.	Freyhof, Jörg, Kaya, Cüneyt, Abdullah, Younis Sabir, Geiger, Matthias F. (2021): The Glyptothorax catfishes of the Euphrates and Tigris with the description of a new species (Teleostei: Sisoridae). Zootaxa 4969 (3): 453-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.2
