taxonID	type	description	language	source
B87D87E0083C2B24FED28FB3C347FB3D.taxon	description	Section Schematizites Chapuis, 1875 The simplest pattern of male genitalia in the Galerucini was a membranous sac-like endophallus with a long flexible sclerite along its length. Examples were Monoxia angularis (LeConte, 1859) (Fig. 2 A [male], Fig. 2 B [female]); Ophraella sexvittata LeConte, 1865 (not shown); and Schematiza Chevrolat, 1836 species (Fig. 2 C). Section Coelomerites Chapuis, 1875 Genera studied from this section had sac-like endophalli, either broad (a species of Coelomera Chevrolat, 1836), or narrow with a weakly sclerotized band along one side (Nestinus viridis Jacoby, 1888). A male Dircema Clark, 1865 (not shown) had a sac-like endophallus with a weak Y-shaped sclerotized area on the upper side, and membranous striae on the lower side. A male Polysastra Shute, 1983 (not shown) had a membranous endophallus lobed at the base, and covered with minute denticles. Shute (1983) illustrated the endophallus of a different species of Polysastra, in which the denticles at the apex of the endophallus were much longer and more needle-like. In Trirhabda bacharidis (Weber, 1801) (Fig. 2 D) the endophallus was very long with a sclerotized lobe at the base, this lobe bearing small teeth along its distal margin (Fig. 2 D, inset). The female bursa showed no signs of scarring. A species of Caraguata Bechynĕ, 1954 from southwestern Brazil showed a similar but more elaborate development of this pattern in the male endophallus. The median lobe has a robust lateral sclerotized strap with a basal lobe tipped with minute spines (Fig. 3 A, inset), and a heavily sclerotized terminal bar (Fig. 3 B). The bursa of the female (Fig. 3 C) had an area of thick scars on the side of the vagina, and a smaller area of apparent abrasions on the rear of the bursa. Two pairs of Neophaestus Hincks, 1949 were collected from two nearby mountains in the Ecuadorean Andes. In one pair, the male had a membranous endophallus with a single sclerotized bar attached at one end (Fig. 2 E). The female (Fig. 2 F) displayed a pair of apparent puncture scars despite the lack of obvious sharp structures in the male. In the second pair the male lacked the sclerotized bar, and the female bursa was unmarked. Neophaestus is currently known from one species in Central America (Viswajyothi & Clark 2022); these data suggest that at least two more are found in South America. Section Atysites Chapuis, 1875 The condition of a narrow endophallus with a lateral scleritized band was found in Galerucella nymphae (Linnaeus, 1758). However, in Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller, 1766) the male endophallus had a longitudinal flexible sclerite with a row of long, sharp, recurved teeth (Fig. 2 G). Matsumura et al. (2017) described an almost identical structure on the endophallus of Pyrrhalta maculicollis (Xanthogaleruca was until recently considered a subgenus of Pyrrhalta). Bursae of several females of X. luteola were dissected and all except one showed signs of puncture damage (Fig. 2 H, I).	en	Flowers, R. Wills (2025): Dangerous Liaisons: From cryptic female choice to medieval battlefields in genital evolution of the Galerucini (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae). Zoosystema 47 (22): 445-471, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a22, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a22.pdf
B87D87E0083C2B24FEC78F52C691FC3C.taxon	description	A single male specimen of Oides nr. duodecimpunctata (Clark, 1866) (not illustrated) had a completely membranous endophallus.	en	Flowers, R. Wills (2025): Dangerous Liaisons: From cryptic female choice to medieval battlefields in genital evolution of the Galerucini (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae). Zoosystema 47 (22): 445-471, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a22, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a22.pdf
B87D87E0083C2B21FC7188B4C2FCF878.taxon	description	Seven genera from this tribe were studied from the Neotropical region. The median lobes of all studied males had elongate lateral endophallic sclerites that, when pushed out through the orifice, rotated either to a perpendicular position relative to the rest of the aedeagus, or rotated backward almost a full 180 ° with the former apical part now facing toward the base of the median lobe. Byblitea jansoni (Baly, 1864) demonstrates the latter case (Fig. 3 D, E). The narrow lateral sclerite in the everted position has a row of small hooked teeth on its apex (Fig. 3 E), now facing the basal part of the median lobe. The apex of the endophallus bears a complex sclerotized structure that includes a needle-like central spine and a lateral spine with a crochet-hook tip (Fig. 3 D). The bursa of the female (Fig. 3 F) shows an area with apparent abrasion scars. An unidentified species of Chthoneis Baly, 1864 (sp. 1) had two backward-facing rotating sclerites with a sharp tooth on the median lobe: they are shown (Fig. 3 G) in the process of being everted, and are fully extended in Figure 3 H. An associated female (Fig. 3 I) had a pair of possible puncture marks at a corresponding site, near the basal end of the bursa, but no other evidence of genital damage. A second undescribed species of Chthoneis (sp. 2) (Fig. 3 J) differed in detail from Chthoneis sp. 1 in having a single sharp tooth, but both species show two reversing lateral sclerites, and a short endophallus bearing a relatively large complex apical sclerite. In the case of Chthoneis sp. 2, the everted endophallus did not align along the axis of the median lobe, but this may be an artifact of preparation. A single female of this species had no convincing evidence of bursal damage. An undescribed Costa Rican Masurius Jacoby, 1888 (Fig. 4 A) displayed a complex endophallus displaying sclerites in the form of recurved spikes, a row of long spines, an elongate hook, and an elongate apical sclerite. Despite the impressive armature of the males, a female with a spermatophore collected along with the males had only a few possible scars (Fig. 4 B). A second female that lacked a spermatophore had no signs of punctures in the bursa. Endophalli of Exora encaustica (Germar, 1823) (Fig. 4 C), Hecataeus Jacoby, 1888 species (Fig. 4 D), and Malacorhinus Jacoby, 1887 species (Fig. 4 F) all have lateral sclerites that lack sharp points (although apical sclerite complexes have them) but deploy at various angles to the main axis of the endophallus. The lateral sclerites of Exora Chevrolat, 1837 and Malacorhinus rotate to right angles to the endophallus, whereas in Hecataeus (Fig. 4 D) the sclerite rotated a full 180 °. The female of Hecataeus (Fig. 4 E) shows a possible puncture scar, whereas the females of Malacorhinus (Fig. 4 G) and Exora (not shown) do not show signs of puncture or other tissue damage. The female of Malacorhinus sp. has a pair of large branched sclerites on the inner surface of the bursa (Fig. 4 G); the female of Exora has a similar arrangement of bursal sclerites. There is a pair of curved spurs at the base of the median lobe in males of the Galerucina and Metacyclina (as in Figs 2 A, C-E; 3 A, D, G, H, J; 4 A, C, F). This is an important taxonomic character that distinguishes Galerucina and Metacyclina from the remainder of the Galerucini (Viswajyothi & Clark 2022) but is also found elsewhere in the Chrysomelidae (e. g. Eumolpinae; Flowers 1999); these spurs are not known to actively participate in copulation.	en	Flowers, R. Wills (2025): Dangerous Liaisons: From cryptic female choice to medieval battlefields in genital evolution of the Galerucini (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae). Zoosystema 47 (22): 445-471, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a22, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a22.pdf
B87D87E0083B2B23FED78C90C49FFA9E.taxon	description	Only three genera could be sampled from this largely Old World tribe. Dicertina collina (Weise, 1924) (Fig. 4 H) had a membranous, elongate endophallus bearing a complex apical structure consisting of a tube-like central part, and a pair of sharp lateral spines. An associated female showed no signs of scarring. Sermylassa halensis (Linnaeus, 1767) (Fig. 4 I) had an entirely membranous endophallus lacking any sclerotized structures. Three species of Aplosonyx Chevrolat, 1836 were studied. Aplosonyx albicornis (Wiedemann, 1821) (Fig. 5 A) showed a long, tubular, membranous endophallus with the apical sclerite flanked by two elongate curved sclerites, and an endophallic membrane densely studded with minute spines or teeth. When the endophallus was everted, these lateral sclerites spread apart once clear of the membrane tube. A species from Indonesia, A. javana (Wiedemann, 1821) (Fig. 5 B), had an apical sclerite arrangement similar to A. albicornis, except that the lateral sclerites were pointed and hook-shaped. In A. monticola Bowditch, 1925 (Fig. 5 C), the endophallus was large and completely membranous, except for a small, sclerotized T-shaped apical sclerite. This species also had very long thin sclerite with a round plate on the base, running inside the endophallus to the apical sclerite (perhaps a retracting device). In both available specimens, everting the endophallus caused the sclerite to spring laterally through the endophallic membrane as shown in Figure 5 C. Females of A. albicornis and A. monticola had no scars on the bursa or vagina (Fig. 5 D, F). The female of A. javana, the species in which the male has sharp endophallic sclerites, had a pair of possible scars near the entrance of her bursa (Fig. 5 E). Photos of aedeagi in a recent revision of the Chinese Aplosonyx (Feng et al. 2023) show paired curved sclerites similar to those of A. albicornis lying inside the median lobes of 21 species.	en	Flowers, R. Wills (2025): Dangerous Liaisons: From cryptic female choice to medieval battlefields in genital evolution of the Galerucini (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae). Zoosystema 47 (22): 445-471, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a22, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a22.pdf
B87D87E0083B2B3BFEC48914C7D6F99E.taxon	description	Section Aulacophorites Chapuis, 1875 Five species of the large Asian genus Aulacophora Chevrolat, 1836 were examined. Aulacophora antennata Baly, 1886 had a short, robust, lightly sclerotized endophallus with a pair of curved sclerotized horns on the dorsal side at the base, and a large, heavily sclerotized apical sclerite (Fig. 6 A) and a complex apical structure with brushes of fine setae. A female had a vagina with a relatively thick membrane with a pair of small spurs in the vagina and two small abraded areas at the rear wall of the bursa (Fig. 6 B). This suggests male stimulation rather than traumatic penetration during mating. Four other species of Aulacophora all had a different basic pattern in the male aedeagus: relatively short membranous endophalli with patches of small spines or denticles, ending in relatively long, heavily sclerotized apical sclerites. In A. bicolor (Weber, 1801) the endophallus had only very small patches of denticles along with a strong hook-shaped apical sclerite (Fig. 6 C). Aulacophora cornuta Baly, 1879 (Fig. 6 E), an unidentified New Guinea species (Fig. 6 D), and A. luteicornis (Fabricius, 1801) (Fig. 6 G) all had apical sclerites in the form of elongate tubes. A female of A. cornuta (Fig. 6 F) had numerous apparent scars or abrasions on the bursa; the sizes and numbers did not correspond in any obvious way with the male tube or hook; however, females of A. luteicornis showed no signs of bursal damage. In Agetocera similis Chen, 1997 the male has a membranous, branched endophallus with each branch terminating in a sharp spike (Fig. 7 A). Despite the impressive armature of the male, the female available for study showed no signs of damage, and she had a large sclerotized structure in the bursa (Fig. 7 B). Lee et al. (2010), in their revision of the Agetocera Hope, 1831 of Taiwan, give line drawings of male median lobes with tracings of internal sclerites. It appears that their species also have “ three-spike ” endophalli similar to those of A. similis. Section Diabroticites Chapuis, 1875 A pair of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, 1947, mounted in copula, was dissected with the male and female genitalia in position (Fig. 8 A). The male endophallus had robust spines (Fig. 8 A, B), and the female vagina bore scars a short distance away from the male organ (arrows in Fig. 8 A). Although not obvious in the photo due to KOH clearing, the bursa also contained a large spermatophore. Derunkov et al. (2013) have published an electronic identification tool, which includes photos of everted endophalli for most of the species of Diabrotica Chevrolat, 1836 of North and Central America. These endophalli show a similar pattern of a relatively short membranous tube with from three to five robust sclerites variously developed as spikes, hooks, or serrated pads in different combinations. Copulation in D. undecimpunctata was also studied in flash-frozen beetle pairs by Tallamy et al. (2002). They found that the female has a fold in the vagina that she can use to exclude the entrance of the male median lobe. Male courtship activities can induce the female to relax the fold and permit entrance. However, the authors did not mention either the endophallus or the endophallic spines in their study. A pair of Acalymma Barber, 1947 specimens from Dominica, preserved in copula was dissected, although the pair separated during this process. The female (Fig. 8 F) showed some puncture wounds in the vagina, and the male endophallus (Fig. 8 E) was a small, membranous lobe with a small curved spine and a very small knob at the apical end. Acalymma subaeneum Jacoby, 1887 (not shown) had two small sclerites in the endophallus, similar to the Dominica male; in the female, the vagina had no evidence of scarring. The male Isotes rubripennis (Erichson, 1847) had a pair of backward-facing hooks at the base of the endophallus, reminiscent of similar structures found in the Metacyclini, and a spike-like apical sclerite (Fig. 8 C). The female (Fig. 8 D) had a few scar-like dots at the entrance of the bursa. Behind these, there was a transverse band of small black sclerites, arranged in a scale pattern. These are presumably structures related to processing the spermatophore. The vagina of Isotes dilatata (Jacoby, 1887) (not shown) had several apparent scars but lacked the sclerotized band of I. rubripennis. No males of this species were available. In a Paranapiacaba Bechynĕ, 1958 species from Argentina, the male had a pair of sharp spines at the base of the endophallus and a long spiraling sclerite bearing a line of small bumps (Fig. 8 G, H). A dissected female had an unequal pair of small plate-shaped bursal sclerites, and some very small possible scars near the opening of the bursa (Fig. 8 I). A pair of Amphelasma decoratum (Jacoby, 1887) were found dried and in copula. When dissected (Fig. 9 A, B), the male had the endophallus covered with fine denticles, similar to that described for the bruchid genus Acanthoscelides Schilsky, 1905 (Schmitt et al. 2023) and the Eumolpinae tribes Bromiini Baly, 1865 and Typophorini Baly, 1865 (Flowers 1999). The female Amphelasma had no sclerotized modifications on the bursa. A species of Zischkaita Bechynĕ, 1956 (not illustrated) also had a completely membranous male endophallus; a female was not dissected for this genus. In Gynandrobrotica ventricosa (Jacoby, 1878), the endophallus was mostly membranous with a dorsal crest that has a sclerotized crenulate ridge along its length (Fig. 9 C), and with a long tubular apical sclerite flanked by a pair of plates terminating in long spines (Fig. 9 C, inset). A female showed a single possible scar near the entrance of the vagina (Fig. 9 D). Section Phyllecthrites Horn, 1892 Several Luperosoma subsulcata (Horn, 1893) were examined. Males had flat arrowhead-shaped plates at the tip of the endophallus; these plates had trailing, curved, spine-like projections (Fig. 9 E). Two females were dissected; one had bursal scars (Fig. 9 F), whereas the other had no damage. Two copulating pairs of Phyllecthris dorsalis (Olivier, 1808) were studied. Both were dry mounted on points, and both broke apart during specimen preparation. Rupture was at the point where the tip of the male median lobe entered the female, leaving the entire endophallus intact inside the bursa. The endophallus was membranous, tipped with a thin chevron-shaped sclerite with a moveable pointed spike (Fig. 9 G, J). During copulation, the spike is deployed at an angle to the main axis of the median lobe. In one of the pairs dissected, the spike penetrated the bursa (Fig. 9 I); however, in the other pair the spike remained inside the bursa, which was uninjured. In both dissected pairs there was evidence of spermatophore material in the bursae. Section Scelidites Chapuis, 1875 Most genera in this group are found in Africa, Madagascar, and western North America (Seeno & Wilcox 1982). Six genera from the southwestern United States were examined in this study. Triarius trivittatus Horn, 1893 (not shown) had a long membranous endophallus with a thin flexible sclerite running along its length similar to the male Monoxia (Fig. 2 A) and Schematiza (Fig. 2 C). Amplioluperus Viswajyothi & Clark, 2022, Scelida Chapuis, 1875, and Scelolyperus Crotch, 1874 all had a similar form of an endophallus that consisted of a thin membranous sac bearing rows or fields of small sharp spines or hooks. Amplioluperus cyanella (Horn, 1895) (not shown) and Scelida nigricornis (Jacoby, 1888) (Fig. 10 A) both had simple tubular median lobes with endophalli densely covered with short, sharp spines; the females of these species showed no signs of scarring. Scelida flaviceps (Horn, 1893) (Fig. 10 B), however, had a very different form of the median lobe from S. nigricornis, but a similar endophallus with a membranous tube bearing a field of spines. The female of this species also had no evidence of puncture scarring in the vagina. In Scelolyperus lecontii (Crotch, 1873) the male has a pair of large blade-like sclerites at the tip of the median lobe, and the endophallus is almost entirely membranous with two lines of small, hooked sclerites (Fig. 10 C). In the dissected female, there was a line of scars in the vagina (Fig. 10 D) corresponding in size to the line of hooks found in the male. In Synetocephalus bivittatus (LeConte, 1859), the male had a very large and complicated apical sclerite, as well as basal spines (Fig. 10 E, inset); the female examined had markings in the vagina that could be abrasion damage (Fig. 10 F). Pteleon brevicornis (Jacoby, 1887) had an endophallus covered with long cornuti (Fig. 10 G), while the female (Fig. 10 H) showed clear evidence of bursal tissue scar damage. In a revision of Charaea Baly, 1878 from Taiwan, Bezdĕk & Lee (2014) illustrate several everted endophalli that show strikingly similar patterns of cornuti to Pteleon, although Charaea is currently placed in a different section of the Luperina, the Eumelepities Wilcox, 1973 (Seeno & Wilcox 1982). Section Phyllobroticites Chapuis, 1875 In Phyllobrotica costipennis Horn, 1893 the male had a simple membranous endophallus without any trace of sclerotized structures (Fig. 11 A). The female (not shown) had no scars or sclerotized structures in the vagina or bursa. Section Exosomites Wilcox, 1973 This is a diverse African and Southeast Asian group with varied examples of endophallic sclerites found in the few genera so far investigated. In Cneorane femoralis Jacoby, 1888 the endophallus was elongate and bore a dense field of long, sharp cornuti on the apical third, as well as a blade-like apical sclerite at the tip (Fig. 11 B). The female (Fig. 11 C) had a field of sharp, black sclerites on the inside of the vagina adjacent to the bursa, presumably involved with processing the spermatophore. Behind this were small scarred areas, possibly due to contact with the male cornuti. One of the stranger modifications of the male endophallus was found in the genus Coeligetes Jacoby, 1884, and apparently occurs in several allied genera. The endophallus in Coeligetes borneensis Mohamedsaid, 1994 was heavily sclerotized and lies along a depression in the dorsal side of the median lobe. The apex of the endophallus was curved up into a head-like structure capped with a dense brush of hair-like setae and bearing a pair of down-curved horns on the leading edge (Fig. 11 D, E). The endophallus is capable of extending a short distance, as shown in Figure 11 E, whereas in the drawings in Mohamedsaid (1994) and Bezdĕk (2016) it is shown in the retracted position. The female vaginal structure of C. borneensis is also unusual in that it is clearly broader than long (in all other species examined in this study the female internal structure was longer than broad, even if the bursa was distended by a spermatophore). In C. borneensis the bursa bears a pair of short spines just behind the lobe-like vaginal palpi, and a pair of probable scars on the rear wall of the bursa (Fig. 11 F). Besides Coeligetes, four other East Asian genera show a similar development of the endophallus as a long sclerotized tube: Coeligetoides Bezdĕk, 2016 (Bezdĕk 2016), Liroetis Weise, 1889 (Bezdĕk 2021), Luperogala Medvedev & Samoderzhenkov, 1989 (Bezdĕk 2017), and Siemssenius Weise, 1922 (Lee 2016). Section Monoleptites Chapuis, 1875 Representatives of this group of principally Old World genera have some of the most complex and potentially damaging endophalli yet found in Coleoptera. One North American Monoleptites in this study is currently listed under Metrioidea Fairmaire, 1881, i. e., M. blakeae (Wilcox, 1965), but Beenen (2008, 2013) has determined that the genus Metrioidea should be limited to a small group of species from Fiji and New Caledonia. Metrioidea blakeae is consequently transferred here to the genus Monolepta, with the new combination Monolepta blakeae (Wilkox, 1965) n. comb. The case of Monolepta elongata (Fig. 1 A-D), introduced above, represents a confirmed case of female damage during copulation. Everted male endophalli from three species of Costa Rican Monolepta were figured in Flowers & Eberhard (2006: figs 22, 23, 25). A female Monoleptites (without an associated male) from Costa Rica showed scar points on the bursa (Flowers & Eberhard 2006: fig. 24). In this study, similar structures and presumed damages for both sexes were found in other species: Monolepta blakeae n. comb. (male, Fig. 12 A; female, Fig. 12 B, C), Monolepta irazuensis (Jacoby, 1888) (male, Fig. 12 D; female, Fig. 12 E); unidentified Monolepta from Ecuador (Fig. 12 F) and Honduras (male, Fig. 13 A; female, Fig. 13 B). Endophallic spiculae (Wagner 2007) appeared to be differentiated into larger basal spines or hooks, and a more apical area of cornuti (very fine needles) and ranks of short, curved spiculae. The apical sclerite area (where fully everted) consisted of a thin curved tube flanked by a pair of leaf-like sclerites (as in Fig. 12 A, D). The unidentified Monolepta from Ecuador (Fig. 12 F) differed from other New World species in the structure of its median lobe. Characteristic scar points were present in females (Fig. 12 B, C, E), but in Monolepta blakeae n. comb., for which a series of females was available, only one (Fig. 12 B) of six specimens presented scar points. In three examined species of Old World Monolepta, the various spiculae on the endophalli were more morphologically subdivided than was the case in the New World species. A Monolepta sp. from Nigeria (Fig. 13 C) had basal spines as long and almost as slender as the apical spiculae; the female (Fig. 13 D) had characteristic puncture scars. In a Sumatran species the endophallus had a whorl of needle-like spiculae and several paddle-shaped apical sclerites (Fig. 13 E). Large Monolepta laosensis Kimoto, 1989 (male, Fig. 13 F; female, Fig. 13 G) and an unidentified species from Vietnam (male, Fig. 13 I; female, Fig. 13 J) show the organization of the different spicula types in discrete endophallic regions. Scarring was evident in females of both these species. A single male of the monoleptine Palaeosepharia truncata Laboissière, 1936 (Fig. 13 H) showed a similar diversity and arrangement of spiculae to Monolepta (no female was available). Lee (2018) in a revision of Paleosepharia Laboissière, 1936 of Taiwan illustrates retracted spines of five species, all showing at least the potential of penetrating the female bursa. Rizki et al. (2016) redescribed and illustrated the type specimen of P. truncata, including a drawing of the median lobe with the endophallus within. Their description of the appearance of spiculae seen within the median lobe missed several features that are evident in the everted preparation (a third pair of strong basal spiculae and strong ventral comb-like spiculae). Also, their assessment that Paleosepharia endophalli are “ simpler ” than other in genera was not borne out by this study. Specimens of the New World monoleptine Eusattodera Schaeffer, 1906 species were examined. The male endophallus (Fig. 13 K) differed from other monoleptines in this study by having a pair of sclerotized basal plates in addition to spiculae and cornuti. Two females (Fig. 13 L) had evidence of mating (spermatophore material in the bursae), but no scars were found on bursal or vaginal membranes. A male and a female of Candezea semiviolacea (Fauvel, 1862) from New Caledonia were examined. The endophallus could not be everted intact from the very narrow and elongate median lobes, but it bore leaf-like apical sclerites and longitudinal lines of medium-length spiculae. The female, however, showed no bursal scars, although there was a spermatophore within. SURVEY OF FEMALE STRUCTURES Development of sclerotized structures in the female bursae were also found to be widely distributed in the galerucine genera in this survey, and appeared to be at least somewhat correlated with modifications of the male endophalli. The majority of taxa studied had no modifications in the either the bursa or the vagina; see the female of Amphelasma decoratum (Fig. 9 B). Most of the Galerucini genera studied had unsclerotized bursae, although in Monoxia angularis, the female vagina had longitudinal fields of spinelets (Fig. 2 B). In the Metacyclini, several types of modified bursal membranes were found. The Hecataeus female had two lateral areas covered with short denticles (Fig. 4 E), whereas in species of Malacorhinus (Fig. 4 G) and Exora the lateral areas had a series of sclerotized bars covered with small bumps. A different arrangement was found in the female of Masurius sp., in which the vagina had several large plate-like sclerites (Fig. 4 B). Byblitea jansoni appeared to have a weakly sclerotized central area of the bursa, which appeared to contain abrasions (Fig. 3 F). In the Luperini examined, the female genital armature ranged from nonexistent (e. g. in the copulating pair of Amphelasma, Fig. 9 A, B) to heavily sclerotized sets of jaw-like structures (e. g. in Monoleptites). In the Scelidites, the female of Synetocephalus bivittatus had a dense field of denticles on its inside surface (Fig. 10 F), whereas females of other genera studied had no modifications. In Exosomites, the female of Cneorane femoralis had entire posterior part of the bursa lined with shard-like sclerites (Fig. 11 C). Galerucines belonging to the section Monoleptites have males with the most elaborate (and dangerous-looking) endophallic modifications (Figs 12 A, D, F; 13 A, C, E, F, H, I, K), matched by females with the most heavily sclerotized bursal teeth and plates (Figs 12 B, C, E; 13 B, D, G, J, L). In addition to the studied taxa, females in many other species and genera of Monoleptites described from Africa and Southeast Asia also have either one or two pairs of toothed, sclerotized processes within the bursa (e. g. Wagner & Scherz 2002; Wagner 2007, 2020).	en	Flowers, R. Wills (2025): Dangerous Liaisons: From cryptic female choice to medieval battlefields in genital evolution of the Galerucini (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae). Zoosystema 47 (22): 445-471, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a22, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a22.pdf
