taxonID	type	description	language	source
ECB1181E5D32500BA788DD57ECB1AB3B.taxon	description	Fig. 1	en	Harapan, Try Surya, Tan, Wei Harn, Febriamansyah, Thoriq Alfath, Nurainas,, Syamsuardi,, Strijk, Joeri Sergej (2023): Lithocarpus tapanuliensis (Fagaceae), a new stone oak from northern Sumatra and its role as an important resource for critically endangered orangutans. PhytoKeys 234: 167-179, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015
ECB1181E5D32500BA788DD57ECB1AB3B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lithocarpus tapanuliensis distinguishes itself from similar species through its presence and placement of unique bullate protuberances covering the cupule and the distinct presence of a narrow ring of small denticulated plates around the rim. It differs from L. elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo with tiny, pointed scale-like appendages, L. confragosus (King ex Hook. f.) A. Camus with close-set warts, L. corneus (Lour.) Rehder with the diamond-like pattern and L. pulcher (King) Markgr. with tuberculate cupules. The cupule of L. tapanuliensis covers almost 3 / 5 of the nut (in contrast with L. pulcher and L. confragosus, whose cupule encloses almost the entire nut). The surface of the cupule is slightly tomentose and dark brown with distinct protuberances (whereas L. confragosus, L. corneus and L. pulcher lack such because of the absence of lamellae) (Table 1).	en	Harapan, Try Surya, Tan, Wei Harn, Febriamansyah, Thoriq Alfath, Nurainas,, Syamsuardi,, Strijk, Joeri Sergej (2023): Lithocarpus tapanuliensis (Fagaceae), a new stone oak from northern Sumatra and its role as an important resource for critically endangered orangutans. PhytoKeys 234: 167-179, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015
ECB1181E5D32500BA788DD57ECB1AB3B.taxon	description	Description. A large tree without buttresses, up to 35 m tall. Bark rough, lightly fissured, greyish-green with whitish lenticel. Inner bark is dark red forming longitudinal slits. Twigs diameter 0.2 - 0.4 cm, smooth, striate, bud imbricate 0.5 mm. Branches dark brown. Leaves simple, underneath tomentose, dark green above and fawn green below when fresh; above, dull greyish-brown, lightly brown when dry. Blade elliptic-oblong, 16.5 - 20 (L) x 6 - 8.5 (W) cm; margin entire; apex cuspidate tip; bases attenuate. Petiole: striate, glabrous, 1.3 - 1.5 cm in length. Venation mid-rib wide, raised on both sides; pinnately veined, secondary venation eucamptodromous. Pairs of secondary nerves 10 - 11 pairs, raised on the underside. Tertiary veins sub-scalariform. Male and female inflorescences not seen. Peduncles up to 2 - 4 cm long and between 0.3 and 0.5 cm in diameter. Infructescence rachis diameter 0.4 - 0.5 cm. Acorn solitary along the rachis and spaced both in immature and mature stages. Cupule solitary and sessile, greenish-brown when fresh, mature cupules cup-shaped covering half of the nut, diameter 2.8 - 3.4 cm, cupule thickness 2.4 - 2.8 cm. thick-walled woody, cupule surface irregular, with a narrow ring of small denticulated plates around the rim, rest of cupule covered in distinct bullate protuberance gradually fusing into large tumour-like masses towards the base. Protuberances, specifically the rim, have resin burn marks with blackish shiny colour when dried. Immature cupules thin, cup-shaped covering 80 % of the nut, covered in small protuberances ranging from relatively flat lines to bullate. Nut obovoid, length 1.9 - 2.3 cm, diameter 2.2 - 2.6 cm, sparsely tomentose around the basal scar, fawn-green when ripe, brownish-grey when dried, basal scar depressed, nut scar diameter 1.6 - 1.7 cm, thickness 0.3 - 0.4 cm. Resin leaking on the nuts. Apex flattened obtuse.	en	Harapan, Try Surya, Tan, Wei Harn, Febriamansyah, Thoriq Alfath, Nurainas,, Syamsuardi,, Strijk, Joeri Sergej (2023): Lithocarpus tapanuliensis (Fagaceae), a new stone oak from northern Sumatra and its role as an important resource for critically endangered orangutans. PhytoKeys 234: 167-179, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015
ECB1181E5D32500BA788DD57ECB1AB3B.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. During our fieldwork in Pilar Forest, a primary forest near the Bulu Mario District, we recorded two individuals of Lithocarpus tapanuliensis. The lower-montane forest is characterised by the abundance of meranti gunung (Shorea platyclados Slooten ex Endert). Additional Fagaceae species were recorded, namely Lithocarpus javensis Blume, Quercus oidocarpa Korth. and Castanopsis tungurrut (Blume) A. DC. Interactions with Tapanuli orangutans were observed with a nest and remnants of consumed fruits were recorded near the tree (Fig. 3). Sipirok Regency precipitation typically varies during different sections of the year. Maximum monthly precipitation is 296.5 mm and the minimum monthly precipitation is 67 mm, with an average temperature around 28 ° C (Badan Pusat Statistik 2023).	en	Harapan, Try Surya, Tan, Wei Harn, Febriamansyah, Thoriq Alfath, Nurainas,, Syamsuardi,, Strijk, Joeri Sergej (2023): Lithocarpus tapanuliensis (Fagaceae), a new stone oak from northern Sumatra and its role as an important resource for critically endangered orangutans. PhytoKeys 234: 167-179, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015
ECB1181E5D32500BA788DD57ECB1AB3B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet is derived from its type locality, Tapanuli, South Tapanuli District, Sipirok Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia.	en	Harapan, Try Surya, Tan, Wei Harn, Febriamansyah, Thoriq Alfath, Nurainas,, Syamsuardi,, Strijk, Joeri Sergej (2023): Lithocarpus tapanuliensis (Fagaceae), a new stone oak from northern Sumatra and its role as an important resource for critically endangered orangutans. PhytoKeys 234: 167-179, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.106015
