identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C7390B66FFF89136AE1FF9FD0A5EFC12.text	C7390B66FFF89136AE1FF9FD0A5EFC12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bambusina borreri (Ralfs) Cleve	<div><p>Bambusina borreri (Ralfs) Cleve</p><p>(Fig. 2A)</p><p>Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, Stockholm 20: 496 (Cleve 1864). — Desmidium borreri Ralfs, The British Desmidieae: 375 (Ralfs 1848).</p><p>Bambusina brebissonii Kützing, Species algarum: 188 (Kützing 1849).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Thomasson (1971); Melo et al. (2005); Souza de et al. (2007); Araújo et al. (2020). As B. brebissonii: Förster (1969); Uherkovich &amp; Rai (1979); Uherkovich (1981); Souza de &amp; Melo (2010); Cadima (2013); Feitosa et al. (2015). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Krieger &amp; Scott (1957); Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009); and Araujo (2003) as B. brebissonii .</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 26.8-27.2µm long, 15.9-17.0 µm wide, isthmus 16.0 µm, apex 12.1-12.8 µm, cells 1.6 times longer than wide. Hyaline cell wall. Semicells are barrel shaped with parallel lateral margins and truncated apex; shallow median sinus, open median constriction, and minimal basal inflation on either side of the isthmus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF89136AE1FF9FD0A5EFC12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF89136AC62FBBB0A9DF9B1.text	C7390B66FFF89136AC62FBBB0A9DF9B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium contractum var. contractum Kirchn.	<div><p>Cosmarium contractum var. contractum Kirchn.</p><p>(Fig. 2B)</p><p>Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien Part 1 (2): 147 (Kirchner 1878).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1969); Thomasson (1971, 1977); Uherkovich (1976); Uherkovich &amp; Rai (1979); Sophia &amp; Huszar (1996); Melo et al. (2005); Souza de et al. (2007); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009); Cadima (2013); Cunha de et al. (2013); Feitosa et al. (2015). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Montoya (1974); Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 30.0-32.7 µm long, 23.0-23.5 µm wide, isthmus 8.0µm, cells 1.3-1.4 times longer than wide. Cells with deep median constriction, cell wall finely punctate. Ellipsoid semicells, with slightly depressed apices. Each semicell with an axial chloroplast and one central pyrenoid.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF89136AC62FBBB0A9DF9B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF89139AC4DF95D0F88FC72.text	C7390B66FFF89139AC4DF95D0F88FC72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium contractum var. minutum (Delp.) Coesel	<div><p>Cosmarium contractum var. minutum (Delp.) Coesel *</p><p>(Fig. 2C)</p><p>Cryptogamie, Algologie 10 (3): 183 (Coesel 1989). — Cosmarium minutum Delponte, Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, serie 2, 30: 7 (Delponte 1877). — Ursinella minuta (Delponte) Kuntze, Revisio generum plantarum, Vol. 2: 925 (Kuntze 1891).</p><p>Cosmarium ellipsoideum var. minus Raciborski, Pamietnik Akademii Umiejetnosci W Krakowie Wydzial Matematyczno-Przyrodniczy 10: 84 (Raciborski 1885).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1974); Uherkovich &amp; Franken (1980); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 23.0-25.4 µm long, 14.0-17.0 µm wide, isthmus 6.0 µm, cells 1.4-1.6 times longer than wide. Cells hyaline, with deep median constriction, cell wall finely punctate, median sinus open. Semicells ellipsoid, with lateral margins rounded, vertically convex, apex rounded. One axial chloroplast per semicell.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This is a small taxon within the genus Cosmarium . As mentioned by Moresco et al. (2015) and Fadul-Souza et al. (2022), this variety differs from the type in terms of its smaller size. The size range of our specimens falls within the recorded ranges for the taxon in Grönblad (1945), Krieger &amp; Gerloff (1962), Förster (1974), Moresco et al. (2015), and Fadul-Souza et al. (2022) from various regions in Brazil. The semicells of a morphologically similar taxon, Cosmarium moniliforme Ralfs, are semicircular. This allows these two taxa to be separated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF89139AC4DF95D0F88FC72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF79139AFAEFC1B0C2EF9F1.text	C7390B66FFF79139AFAEFC1B0C2EF9F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium denticulatum var. perspinosum Gronblad	<div><p>Cosmarium denticulatum var. perspinosum Grönblad</p><p>(Fig. 2D, E)</p><p>Acta Societatis Scienctiarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2 (6): 17 (Grönblad 1945).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — North and South America. Amazon Basin: Thomasson (1971); Thérézien (1986); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Krieger &amp; Scott (1957).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 196.2-212.0 µm long, 126.0-127.0 µm wide, isthmus 40-42 µm; cells 1.5-1.7 times longer than wide. Cell wall denticulate throughout each semicell, with denticles almost always pointing towards apices; central part of semicells with spines and granules (Fig. 2E). Semicells triangular, with rounded basal angles, straight to slightly convex lateral margins, converging towards the apex of each semicell, and slightly convex to subtruncate apical margins.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF79139AFAEFC1B0C2EF9F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF79139AFAFF99D0A8DFD2F.text	C7390B66FFF79139AFAFF99D0A8DFD2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium denticulatum var. triangulare Gronblad	<div><p>Cosmarium denticulatum var. triangulare Grönblad *</p><p>(Fig. 2F, G)</p><p>Acta Societatis Scienctiarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2 (6): 17 (Grönblad 1945).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — South America. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1969); Thomasson (1971); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 165.0-176.5 µm long, 108.0-114.5 µm wide, isthmus 35-42 µm, cells 1.5-1.6 times longer than wide. Cells with deep median constriction, median sinus narrow, closed, and dilated at the apex; cell wall punctate, denticulate at margins and above the isthmus, with central part smooth (clearly shown in Fig. 2F). Pyramidal semicells with rounded basal angles, occasionally with one prominent denticle at each basal angle, lateral margins straight to slightly convex, converging towards apices; apical angles slightly rounded; apical margin subtruncate to broadly truncate, narrow.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This taxon is easily recognizable by having pyramidal semicells, with their apical margins subtruncate to truncate, and by a smooth central part area in the semicells, while the surroundings are punctate. Our specimens’ dimensions coincided with those depicted in Grönblad (1945) but are larger than the specimens described by Förster (1969).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF79139AFAFF99D0A8DFD2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF79139ACA9FCD80A3FF9EF.text	C7390B66FFF79139ACA9FCD80A3FF9EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium pseudoconnatum Nordst.	<div><p>Cosmarium pseudoconnatum Nordst.</p><p>(Fig. 2H)</p><p>Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk forening i Københaven 21 (14-15): 214 (Nordstedt 1870). — Calocylindrus pseudoconnatus (Nordstedt) Wolle, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 8 (4): 39 (Wolle 1881). — Pleurotaeniopsis pseudoconnata (Nordstedt) Lagerheim, Botaniska Notiser 1887: 197 (Lagerheim (1887).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Scott et al. (1965); Förster (1969, 1974); Thomasson (1971); Uherkovich (1976); Uherkovich &amp; Franken (1980); Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003); Melo et al. (2005); Souza de et al. (2007); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Krieger &amp; Scott (1957); Montoya (1974); Duque &amp; Donato (1996a), Duque &amp; Nuñez-Avellaneda (2000); Nuñez-Avellaneda (2008).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 46.0-54.5 µm long, 34.5-41.4 µm wide, isthmus 31.0-37.0 µm, cells 1.3 times longer than wide. Punctuated cell wall, smooth isthmic region, apical view of cells circular, median constriction not very marked, and shallow median sinus. Subsemicircular semicells, lateral view of semicell same as front. Parietal chloroplast.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF79139ACA9FCD80A3FF9EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF7913BACCFF9970CE8F910.text	C7390B66FFF7913BACCFF9970CE8F910.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium pseudomagnificum var. brasiliense (Kurt Forst. & Eckert) Kurt Forst.	<div><p>Cosmarium pseudomagnificum var. brasiliense (Kurt Först. &amp; Eckert) Kurt Först. *</p><p>(Fig. 2I, J)</p><p>Algological Studies / Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 28: 241 (Förster 1981). — Cosmarium pseudomagnificum f. brasiliense Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert, Revue Algologique, Nouvelle Série 7 (1): 74 (Förster 1963).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Brazil, Bangladesh. Amazon Basin: Förster (1969); Thomasson (1977). As C. pseudomagnificum f. brasiliense: Förster (1963); Thomasson (1971). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 71.7-84.9 µm long, 55.4-66.8 µm wide, isthmus 24.7-30.6 µm, apex 20.2-20.4 µm, cells 1.23-1.31 times longer than wide. Cell wall with granules, punctuated. Cells are large with deep median constriction; lineal narrow median sinus, slightly widened at apex. Semicells are pyramidal-truncated, with convex lateral margins, with basal sub-rectangular corners and rounded apical corners. Apex broadly truncated, straight. Semicell lateral margins with granules (between 22 and 34); no granules were observed along the apical straight margin of each semicell. Two chloroplasts per semicell.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Our specimens coincided with those described originally as C. pseudomagnificum f. brasiliense by Förster (1963) and those reported in Förster (1969) as C. pseudomagnificum var. brasiliense for the Amazon, and with those in Biolo (2016) for the São Paulo State in Brazil by showing cells with similar shapes and size, although our specimens’ size range is slightly larger than those of Biolo (2016) (76-81 µm L, 57-59µm W). This species can be confused with Cosmarium binum Nordstedt but differs from it by having a truncated apical margin with no granules, while in C. binum, apical margins are convex with granules (Biolo 2016). Also, C. binum cells are smaller in size and hold a smaller number of lateral granules on each semicell, as described for specimens from Bolivia (Thérézien 1986), and Namibia (Grönblad &amp; Croasdale 1971).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF7913BACCFF9970CE8F910	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF5913AAFD2F8FC0D59FEEC.text	C7390B66FFF5913AAFD2F8FC0D59FEEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum var. borgei Krieg. & Gerloff	<div><p>Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum var. borgei Krieg. &amp; Gerloff * (Fig. 2K)</p><p>Die Gattung Cosmarium 2: 127 (Krieger &amp; Gerloff 1965).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Brazil, Japan, Subantarctic Islands. Amazon Basin: Förster (1969); Thomasson (1977); Aprile &amp; Mera (2007); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 64.4-66.0 µm long, 42.0-42.8 µm wide, isthmus 15.0 µm; cells 1.5-1.6 times longer than wide. Cells with oval contour, deeply constricted in the median part, linear median sinus, narrow; pyramidal-subtruncate semicells, lateral margins slightly convex, apex broadly rounded, rounded basal and apical angles, hyaline, densely punctuated cell wall but not as finely as the type variety; axial chloroplast.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Our specimens coincided with the morphological characteristics and size presented by Krieger &amp; Gerloff (1965) in their original description of the taxon. Also, they are similar in size to the populations described by Förster (1969) for the Brazilian Amazon, andOliveira de et al. (2010)for northeast Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF5913AAFD2F8FC0D59FEEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF4913AAE1EFE980FB1FA53.text	C7390B66FFF4913AAE1EFE980FB1FA53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum var. pseudopyramidatum P. Lundell	<div><p>Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum var. pseudopyramidatum P. Lundell</p><p>(Fig. 2L)</p><p>Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, serie 3, 8 (2): 41 (Lundell 1871). — Euastrum pseudopyramidatum (P. Lundell) F. Gay, Essai d ’ une monographie locale des Conjugées: 60 (Gay 1884).</p><p>Cosmarium pyramidatum var. minus Reinsch, Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nürnberg 3 (2): 152 (Reinsch (1866).</p><p>Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum f. minus Raciborski, Rozprawy Wydzialu Matematyczno-Przyrodniczego Akademii Umiejetnosci 2 (2): 364 (Raciborski 1892).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Thomasson (1971), Souza de et al. (2007); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Araujo (2003); Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 79.1-80.0 µm long, 46.8-47.2 µm wide, isthmus 16.6-16.9 µm; cells 1.7 times longer than wide. Cells have an oval shape with a profoundly constricted central section, median sinus linear, narrow, dilated at the apex; semicell pyramidal-truncated, with a shallow notch on the median part of the apex; basal angles rounded, lateral margins slightly convex to almost straight, cell wall hyaline, finely punctate; axial chloroplast; one pyrenoid.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Our specimens are morphologically similar but larger to the original description of Lundell (1871) and those reported by West &amp; West (1905), Tell &amp; Couté (1993), Oliveira de et al. (2010), and Aquino et al. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF4913AAE1EFE980FB1FA53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF4913AAE15FA3C0A83FDCD.text	C7390B66FFF4913AAE15FA3C0A83FDCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium quadriverrucosum var. supraornatum Skuja	<div><p>Cosmarium quadriverrucosum var. supraornatum Skuja **</p><p>(Fig. 2M)</p><p>Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, serie 4, 14 (5): 139 (Skuja 1949).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Brazil, Myanmar, China, Australia, and New Zealand. Amazon Basin: no records. Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DeScRiPTiON</p><p>Cells 5.9 µm long, 25.4 µm wide, isthmus 9.0 µm; cells as long as wide. Cells with deep median constriction, closed median sinus, straight; subcircular semicells; apical margin straight to broadly rounded; central tumor with warts on the face of the semicell, a variable number of warts in rows around the semicell, without any arrangement; axial chloroplast; two pyrenoids.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This taxon is small and is recognized from the type variety by having a more wavy, irregular cell outline which is given by the presence of more warts. Compared with Cosmarium furcatospermum West &amp; G.S.West, C. quadriverrucosum var. supraornatum has two pyrenoids instead of one. Our specimens are morphologically similar and within size range shown for this taxon in the original description by Skuja (1949) and those reported by Oliveira de et al. (2010) for Brazil and Dingley (2001) for Australia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF4913AAE15FA3C0A83FDCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF4913AACB9FD7A0BEFFA73.text	C7390B66FFF4913AACB9FD7A0BEFFA73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Desmidium baileyi (Ralfs) Nordst.	<div><p>Desmidium baileyi (Ralfs) Nordst.</p><p>(Fig. 3A)</p><p>Acta Universitatis lundensis 16 (1878-1880): 4 (Nordstedt 1880). — Aptogonum baileyi Ralfs, The British Desmidieae: 208 (Ralfs 1848).</p><p>Aptogonum tetragonum Delponte, Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, series 2, 28: 75 (Delponte 1873). — Desmidium aptogonum var. tetragonum (Delponte) West &amp; G. S. West, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany, series 2, 6: 193 (West &amp; West 1902). — Desmidium elenkinii I. A. Kisselev, Izvestiya Otdela Prikladnoy Ikhtiologii i Nauchno-Promyaslov Issledov 5 (2): 286, 301 (Kisselev 1927).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Scott et al. (1965); Förster (1969, 1974); Uherkovich (1976, 1981); Uherkovich &amp; Rai (1979); Melo et al. 2005); Souza de et al. (2007); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009); Souza de &amp; Melo (2010); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Duque &amp; Núñez-Avellaneda (2000); Núñez-Avellaneda (2008); Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 21.0-31.3 µm long, 21.0-22.0 µm wide; cells 1.0-1.2 times longer than wide.Mostly quadrangular cells, some nearly rectangular, median constriction slightly marked, apical margin slightly depressed; lateral margin parallel to sometimes undulating near isthmus; semicells joined by cylindrical processes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF4913AACB9FD7A0BEFFA73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF4913DAC72FA1D0AA1F910.text	C7390B66FFF4913DAC72FA1D0AA1F910.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Desmidium grevillei (Ralfs) De Bary	<div><p>Desmidium grevillei (Kütz. ex Ralfs) De Bary</p><p>(Fig. 3B)</p><p>Untersuchungen über die Familie der Conjugaten (Zygnemeen und Desmidieen) Ein Beitrag zur physiologischen und beschreibenden Botanik: 76 (De Bary 1858). — Didymoprium grevillei Kützing ex Ralfs, The British Desmidieae: 57 (Ralfs 1848).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Feitosa et al. (2015). As D. grevillii: Scott et al. (1965); Förster (1969); Thomasson (1971); Melo et al. (2005); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009); Cadima (2013); Cunha de et al. (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Araujo (2003).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 22.6-26.1 µm long, 41.1-51.0 µm wide, isthmus 37.1-47.0 µm; cells 1.8-1.9 times wider than long. Pseudofilaments not twisted, cells slightly constricted, apices flat, so there is no cavity between adjacent cells; hyaline cell wall. Median constriction shallow, with a linear or slightly open sinus. Semicells very short, from quadrangular to pyramid truncate outline, lateral margins slightly wavy.Axial chloroplast.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Our specimens are similar in size range and shape as those reported from Brazil (Aquino et al. 2018) and the British Islands (Brook &amp; Johnson 2002). Similar taxa in shape and size include Desmidium cylindricum Greville ex Nordstedt, but this species has spiral pseudofilaments (Burliga et al. 2016) while those of D. grevillei were not twisted.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF4913DAC72FA1D0AA1F910	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF3913CAC90F8FD0CBDFDCD.text	C7390B66FFF3913CAC90F8FD0CBDFDCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Desmidium swartzii Ralfs	<div><p>Desmidium swartzii C.Agardh ex Ralfs</p><p>(Fig. 3C, D)</p><p>The British Desmidieae: 61 (Ralfs 1848). — Diatoma swartzii C.Agardh, Dispositio algarum Sueciae, quam publico examini subjiciunt Carl Adolph Agardh &amp; Elias Magnus Fries, Smolandus: 34 (Agardh 1812).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1969); Thomasson (1971); Cunha de et al. (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Ortega et al. (2007).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 16.0-20.8 µm long, 31.3-33.9 µm wide; cells 1.6-1.9 times wider than long. Pseudofilament triangular, with a single, wavy, dark, longitudinal stripe, formed by the third angle; joints somewhat quadrangular, wider than long, with two slightly angular crenulations on each lateral margin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF3913CAC90F8FD0CBDFDCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF2913CAFFFFD790C2FF931.text	C7390B66FFF2913CAFFFFD790C2FF931.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euastrum abruptum Nordst.	<div><p>Euastrum abruptum Nordst. (Fig. 3E)</p><p>Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk forening i Københaven 21 (14-15): 217 (Nordstedt 1870).</p><p>Euastrum subglaziovii Borge, Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 56 (7): 25 (Borge 1899).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan.Amazon Basin: Thomasson (1977); Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009); Cadima (2013); Feitosa et al. (2015). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Araujo (2003); Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 44.7-46.1 µm long, 28.0-33.0 µm wide, isthmus 7.4-8.6 µm, apex 28.0 µm; cells 1.3-1.6 times longer than wide. Cells with an open median sinus in the distal portion. Semicells sub trapeziform, three-lobed, ornamented with submarginal spines and granules, each basal lobe with one median protrusion with three large tubercular granules, basal corners with one marginal spine. Apical lobe truncated, with a deep medium incision. Axial chloroplast.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Specimens from the Ecuadorian Amazon coincided with the description given by Prescott et al. (1977) and with populations for the Brazilian Amazon by Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003), Mato Grosso State in Brazil (Camargo et al. 2009), and for the Upper Parana River (Moresco et al. 2015). However, specimens fromMoresco et al. (2015) are slightly wider than ours. Other similar varieties, such as Euastrum abruptum var. subglaziowii, described in Krieger (1937) and Prescott et al. (1977), and also recorded by Moresco et al. (2015) for Brazil, can be separated apart from the type variety by its size proportions (smaller cells) and ornamental characters (no large granules on lateral protrusions of basal lobes).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF2913CAFFFFD790C2FF931	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF2913CAFBDF8DD0D9CFC8F.text	C7390B66FFF2913CAFBDF8DD0D9CFC8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euastrum brasiliense var. convergens Willi Krieg.	<div><p>Euastrum brasiliense var. convergens Willi Krieg. *</p><p>(Fig. 3F, G)</p><p>Die Desmidiaceen Europas mit Berücksichtigung der aussereuropäischen Arten. (Dr. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: 13). Vol. 1: 484 (Krieger 1937).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Thomasson (1971). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 85.1-92.5 µm long, 40.8-41.0 µm wide, isthmus 12.4-13.2 µm; cells 2.1-2.3 times longer than wide. Cells with a deep median constriction, punctuated cell wall, closed sinus; trapezoidal semicells; basal lobes slightly rounded, lateral margins with one slight protuberance in the midway between the base and the apex of the cell; truncated to rounded apical lobe with a median notch relatively narrow, closed in each semicell apex.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Our specimens corresponded well in morphology with those described in Thomasson (1971) for the Brazilian Amazon. As Oliveira de et al. (2011a) mentioned, the specimens used by Krieger (1937) to describe the variety are larger than their specimens, which coincides with what was found in the present study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF2913CAFBDF8DD0D9CFC8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF2913CACADFC770AD0F98E.text	C7390B66FFF2913CACADFC770AD0F98E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euastrum evolutum var. perornatum A. M. Scott & Croasdale	<div><p>Euastrum evolutum var. perornatum A.M.Scott &amp; Croasdale</p><p>(Fig. 3H)</p><p>Acta Botanica Fennica 69: 32 (Scott et al. 1965).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Brazil. Amazon Basin: Scott et al. (1965); Förster (1969); Thomasson (1971, 1977); Uherkovich (1976); Martins (1986b); Melo et al. (2005, 2009); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Araujo (2003).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 65.3-67.9 µm long, 41.6-43.7 µm wide, isthmus 10.2-12.0 µm, apex 30.9-32.0 µm; cells 1.5-1.6 times longer than wide. Cells with a deep median constriction, almost completely enclosed, slightly open at the ends. Trapezoidal semicell, robust, three-lobed, interlobar deep incisions, U-shaped open; lateral and polar lobes with deep recesses in the apex; polar lobe with a deep sinus, V-shaped; apical angles with one to three spines, polar lobes narrower than basal lobes; cell wall hyaline, intramarginal granules, semicellular face with median protrusion formed by four to five granules surrounding one central granule.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF2913CACADFC770AD0F98E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF2913EACBAF9370FEFFD8D.text	C7390B66FFF2913EACBAF9370FEFFD8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalotheca dissiliens Ralfs	<div><p>Hyalotheca dissiliens Bréb. ex Ralfs</p><p>(Fig. 3I)</p><p>The British Desmidieae: 51 (Ralfs 1848).</p><p>Conferva dissiliens Dillwyn, British Confervae: pl. 63 (Dillwyn 1806). — Hyalotheca dissiliens var. tridentula Nordstedt, Lunds Universitets Årsskrift 9 (Afh. II, 10): 48 (Nordstedt 1873). — Hyalotheca dissiliens var. quadridentula Nordstedt, Hedwigia 15: 12 (Nordstedt (1876). — Hyalotheca dissiliens var. bidentula (Nordstedt) H.C.Boldt, Bihang til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 13 (Afd. III, 5): 43 (Boldt 1888).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Scott et al. (1965); Förster (1969); Uherkovich &amp; Schmidt (1974); Uherkovich (1976, 1981); Thomasson (1977); Uherkovich &amp; Rai (1979); Gutiérrez &amp; Cadima (2004); Melo et al. (2005); Souza de et al. (2007); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009); Souza de &amp; Melo (2010); Cadima (2013); Cunha de et al. (2013); Araújo et al. (2020). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Duque &amp; Núñez-Avellaneda (2000); Núñez-Avellaneda (2008); Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009); Ismiño et al. (2014, 2018).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 16.6-17.3 µm long, 24.9-27.8 µm wide, isthmus 21.6µm, cells 1.5 times longer than wide. Cells with shallow median constriction, median sinus open; cell wall hyaline and smooth; apical view circular. Semicells rectangular, with rounded angles and lateral margins straight.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF2913EACBAF9370FEFFD8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF0913EAE4AFD7A0F88FB73.text	C7390B66FFF0913EAE4AFD7A0F88FB73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalotheca mucosa Ralfs	<div><p>Hyalotheca mucosa Ralfs</p><p>(Fig. 3J)</p><p>The British Desmidieae: 53 (Ralfs 1848).</p><p>Hyalotheca ralfsii Kützing, Species algarum: 187 (Kützing 1849).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1969, 1974); Thomasson (1971); Martins (1980); Cadima (2013); Cunha de et al. (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Duque &amp; Núñez-Avellaneda (2000); Núñez-Avellaneda (2008).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 15.4-27.4 µm long, 14.0-14.9 µm wide; cells 1.3-1.8 times longer than wide. Cells cylindrical, quadrangular to rectangular in outline, without median constriction. Cell wall hyaline; ornamented below the apex with a double range of granules. Lateral margins smooth, parallel to each other, apical margin slightly rounded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF0913EAE4AFD7A0F88FB73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF0913EAFDEFADC0B1BFDCC.text	C7390B66FFF0913EAFDEFADC0B1BFDCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias borgei var. aequalis Willi Krieg.	<div><p>Micrasterias borgei var. aequalis Willi Krieg.</p><p>(Fig. 4A)</p><p>Die Desmidiaceen Europas mit Berücksichtigung der aussereuropäischen Arten. (Dr. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: 13). Vol. 2: 86 (Krieger 1939).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — South America. Amazon Basin: Martins (1986b). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Araujo (2003).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 172.7-217.0 µm long, 159.1-193.0 µm wide, isthmus 25.0-31.7 µm; apex 52.0-53.0; cells 1.1 times longer than wide. Cells subcircular in outline, deep median constriction; five-lobed semicells with acute, angular incisions. Hyaline cell wall. Semicells with spines located along the margins of the median sinus and on the margins of lateral and basal lobes and lobules. Polar lobe protruding from the lateral lobes, polar lobes opening gradually towards apex, protruding angles, two-denticulated, curved, divergent; lateral lobes of approximately equal size, each divided into two lobes by a deep incision, each subdivided by three incisions in four parts, with two denticles.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This variety is distinguished from the type variety by the similar development of their lateral and basal lobes, in which both show divisions up to third order lobules. Instead, M. borgei var. borgei show differences between the lateral and basal lobes, with the former developing up to fourth order lobules (Bicudo &amp; Sormus 1982). Compared with Micrasterias sanctipaulensis C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; L.Sormus, M. borgei var. aequalis is larger in size and has spines on the cell wall while the first has a glabrous cell wall (Bicudo &amp; Sormus 1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF0913EAFDEFADC0B1BFDCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF0913EAC8DFDB90B04FA30.text	C7390B66FFF0913EAC8DFDB90B04FA30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias borgei var. borgei Willi Krieg.	<div><p>Micrasterias borgei var. borgei Willi Krieg.</p><p>(Fig. 4B, C)</p><p>Die Desmidiaceen Europas mit Berücksichtigung der aussereuropäischen Arten. (Dr. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: 13). Vol. 2: 86 (Krieger 1939).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — South America and China. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Scott et al. (1965); Förster (1969, 1974); Thomasson (1971); Uherkovich &amp; Rai (1979); Melo et al. (2005); Souza de et al. (2007); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009); Melo et al. (2009); Cadima (2013); Cunha de et al. (2013); Feitosa et al. (2015). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Krieger &amp; Scott (1957); Araujo (2003); Ortega et al. (2007).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 264.1-278.0 µm long, 235.0-243.5 µm wide, isthmus 32.0-38.2 µm, apex 53.5-58.5 µm; cells 1.1 times longer than wide.Cells with deep median constriction, central sinus closed, slightly open at ends; cell wall finely punctuated, with a number of spines in the middle of the basal part of the semicells, just above the isthmus, with a row of intramarginal spines along the median sinus, others on each side to the left along the deepest incisions. Semicells five-lobed, robust; polar lobe with a deep sinus, a little more than half its length; incisions between lateral lobes open and deep, U- or V-shaped; lateral lobes with consecutive bifurcations to apex, slightly curved denticles, apex divided into two divergent two-denticulated lobules, central denticles slightly oriented towards the sinus; polar lobe larger and more robust than lateral lobes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF0913EAC8DFDB90B04FA30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFF09120AC81F9DD0C02FAD0.text	C7390B66FFF09120AC81F9DD0C02FAD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias fimbriata var. spinosa Biss.	<div><p>Micrasterias fimbriata var. spinosa Biss. **</p><p>(Fig. 4D)</p><p>Annals of Scottish Natural History 1893 (7): 173 (Roy 1893). — Micrasterias apiculata f. spinosa (Bisset) West &amp; G. S. West, A monograph of the British Desmidiaceae. II: 100 (West &amp; West 1905).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: no records. Western Amazon: no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 256.0-259.5 µm long, 194.1-196.1 µm wide; isthmus 33.1-36.4 µm; apex: 70.0-79.5 µm; cells 1.3 times longer than wide. Cell wall with small denticles, especially along the main incisions, but their arrangement is not always regular.</p><p>The polar lobe has two two-denticulated marginal apices, which are curved and longer and thinner than the denticles on the lateral lobes; there are two subapical spines on each apical lobule. The terminations of the lateral lobes are truncated, rounded, with the presence of two robust and short denticles, accompanied by at least two shorter and less robust ones. At the concave apical margin of the polar lobes, the cell wall presents a clearly visible fringe of granules.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Recent works byNeustupa et al. (2011, 2014) resolved the species delimitation between Micrasterias fimbriata Ralfs, M. rotata Ralfs, M. brachyptera Lundell, and M. apiculata Meneghini ex Ralfs using geometric morphometrics, and genetic analyses. Neustupa et al. (2011) found two phylogenetic lineages for M. fimbriata, one geographically centred in eastern Europe and the British Isles (B-lineage), and one found in North America and western Europe (A-lineage). Our specimens coincided with the B-lineage of M. fimbriata . Posteriorly, Neustupa et al. (2014) described M. compereana to accomodate specimens formerly included within traditional M. fimbriata but with different phylogenetic position and morphological features. According to those authors, M. fimbriata sensu stricto most likely is restricted to temperate and boreal regions of Europe and Asia. As mentioned in Neustupa et al. (2011, 2014) the shape of the terminal lobes is key to identify M. fimbriata, and our specimens clearly present truncated lobes with spines, while surface spine layers on cells can be found in M. fimbriata var. spinosa as well as in M. compereana, so, that last character is not exclusive for M. fimbriata var. spinosa . Our specimens of M. fimbriata var. spinosa are morphologically similar to the drawings of the original description in Roy (1893) but ours are larger in longitude and shorter in breadth, having an elliptic contour instead of being circular.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFF09120AC81F9DD0C02FAD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEE9120AF94FABC0A30FE0F.text	C7390B66FFEE9120AF94FABC0A30FE0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias furcata var. dichotoma (Wolle) Ruzicka	<div><p>Micrasterias furcata var. dichotoma (Wolle) Růžička **</p><p>(Fig. 4E)</p><p>Die Desmidiaceen Mitteleuropas 1 (2): 383 (Růžička 1981). — Micrasterias dichotoma Wolle, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 11: 14 (Wolle 1884a). — Micrasterias radiata var. dichotoma (Wolle) J. A. Cushman, Rhodora 10 (114): 108 (Cushman 1908).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Europe, North and South America. Amazon Basin: no records. Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 181.5-194.2 µm long, 184.0-192.5 µm wide, isthmus 19.7-22.1 µm, apex 70-83.2 µm; cells are as long as wide. Cells with a deep median constriction, median sinus open with acute angles; finely punctuated cell wall. Semicircular semicells, five-lobed, apical lobe slender, and narrowing towards the apex; apical margin slightly concave in the middle region, ends forming two processes elongated, divergent, two-denticulated; lateral and basal lobes forming approximately V-shape incisions; lateral lobes slender, similar to each other, divided into two-denticulated lobules.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Compared with the type variety, this taxon is larger in size, more circular in shape, polar and lateral lobes are slender, incisions among lobes are deeper, polar lobe with concavity more open, but not as open as in M. radiata var. dichotoma presented in Krieger (1939). Our measurements coincided with those shown by Krieger (1939) yet bigger than those shown in Santos et al. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEE9120AF94FABC0A30FE0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEE9120ACD9FDF80A59F9AE.text	C7390B66FFEE9120ACD9FDF80A59F9AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias laticeps Nordst.	<div><p>Micrasterias laticeps Nordst.</p><p>(Fig. 4F)</p><p>Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 1870: 220 (Nordstedt 1870).</p><p>Tetrachastrum americanum W. Archer, A history of infusoria, including the Desmidiaceae and Diatomaceae, British and foreign: 725 (Pritchard 1861). — Micrasterias disputata H. C. Wood, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 19 (241): 142 (Wood 1873).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Thomasson (1971); Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003); Melo et al. (2005); Cadima (2013); Cunha de et al. (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Krieger &amp; Scott (1957); Montoya (1974); Duque &amp; Donato (1993); Duque &amp; Núñez-Avellaneda (1997); Araujo (2003); Duque &amp; Núñez-Avellaneda (2000); Ortega et al. (2007); Núñez-Avellaneda (2008); Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 124.0-150.6 µm long, 162.0-197.1 µm wide, isthmus 40.1-44.5 µm; cells 1.3 times wider than long. Cells with a deep median constriction, central sinus closed near the isthmus and then opened; punctuated and hyaline cell wall. Semiorbicular semicell, three-lobed; interlobular incisions opened and deep, V-shaped; apices of the lateral and polar lobes facing to the opening of the sinus, polar lobes bigger than the lateral lobes, angles of the polar lobe acuminated and lateral lobes two-denticulated.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Although Bicudo &amp; Sormus (1972) and Santos et al. (2016) mentioned that this taxon is highly polymorphic, especially in the curvature of the polar lobe and the opening of the interlobular incisions, specimens in our populations showed a conservative form.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEE9120ACD9FDF80A59F9AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEE9123ACB3F9560FA2F953.text	C7390B66FFEE9123ACB3F9560FA2F953.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias mahabuleshwarensis var. amazonensis Kurt Forst.	<div><p>Micrasterias mahabuleshwarensis var. amazonensis Kurt Först.</p><p>(Fig. 5A, B)</p><p>Amazoniana 2 (1/2): 40 (Förster 1969).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Brazil (Lopes &amp; Bicudo 2003), Venezuela (Delgado et al. 2003). Amazon Basin: Förster (1969); Uherkovich (1981); Martins (1986b); Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003), Melo et al. (2009). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 137.0-153.7 µm long, 116.9-161.7 µm wide, isthmus 25.8-30.0 µm, apex 67.2 µm. Cell wall with serrated margins; presence of intramarginal spines throughout the cell. Semielliptical semicells, five-lobed, deep incisions; polar lobe sharply projecting beyond the lateral lobes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEE9123ACB3F9560FA2F953	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFED9122AFCAF95B0C62FC8D.text	C7390B66FFED9122AFCAF95B0C62FC8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias radians var. brasiliensis (Gronblad) Coesel & van Geest	<div><p>Micrasterias radians var. brasiliensis (Grönblad) Willi Krieg. ex Coesel &amp; van Geest * (Fig. 5C)</p><p>Plant Ecology and Evolution 147 (3): 400 (Coesel &amp; van Geest 2014). — Micrasterias radiata var. brasiliensis Grönblad, Acta Societatis Scienctiarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2 (6): 15 (Grönblad 1945).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Pantropical. Amazon Basin: Thomasson (1971). As M. radiata var. brasiliensis: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1969); Uherkovich &amp; Schmidt (1974); Uherkovich (1976, 1981); Uherkovich &amp; Rai (1979); Gutiérrez &amp; Cadima (2004); Melo et al. (2009). As M. furcata: Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 146.0-160.4 µm long, 131.0-151.1 µm wide, isthmus 18.2-20.1 µm, apex 54.7-56.6 µm; cells are 1.1 times longer than wide. Cells with deep median constriction, median sinus open with acute angles, cell wall finely punctate. Semicircular semicells, five-lobed, apical lobe about subrectangular, apical margin concave, tips forming two elongated, divergent processes, with two curved teeth; lateral and basal lobes about V-shaped, similar to each other, divided into two-tooth lobules. One remarkable characteristic of all second order lobules, is that they are widened at their base, slightly tapering towards their apices, where they are divided into two curved teeth.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This taxon has been subjected to a long taxonomic confusion wandering continuously between M. radiata Hassall ex West &amp; G.S.West, M. radians W.B.Turner, M. furcata C.Agardh ex Ralfs, and their varieties. Coesel &amp; van Geest (2014) finally provided a valid positioning of the taxon into M. radians var. brasiliensis, providing an insightful discussion on the gradual differences among varieties of the Micrasterias radians complex. In our specimens, the apical lobes protrude slightly, while in Coesel &amp; van Geest (2014) those lobes are markedly outstanding; also, teeth on apical lobules are longer than those observed in our specimens, although all other morphological characteristics and size range shown by these authors were very similar to our specimens. From the specimens in our samples, we can add that all second order lobules show a continuous tapering from their base towards the point where they diverge into teeth, which is also observed in Coesel &amp; van Geest (2014) for the same taxon, in Blanco &amp; Sánchez (1986) for M. radiata var. brasiliensis, and in Bourrelly &amp; Couté (1982) for M. radiata var. radiata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFED9122AFCAF95B0C62FC8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEC9122AF85FC7A0CBCF8F1.text	C7390B66FFEC9122AF85FC7A0CBCF8F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias radiosa var. elegantior (G. S. West) Croasdale	<div><p>Micrasterias radiosa var. elegantior (G.S.West) Croasdale</p><p>(Fig. 5D, E)</p><p>A synopsis of North American desmids Part II. Desmidiaceae: Placodermae, Section 2: 181 (Prescott et al. 1977). — Micrasterias sol var. elegantior G. S. West, Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel 5 (2): 1035 (West 1914). — Micrasterias radiosa f. elegantior (G. S. West) G. M. Smith, Bulletin of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey 57 (2): 164 (Smith 1924).</p><p>Micrasterias radiosa var. ornata Nordstedt, Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk forening i Københaven 21 (14-15): 223 (Nordstedt 1870). — Micrasterias radiosa f. ornata (Nordstedt) Kurt Förster, Algological Studies / Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 28: 246 (Förster 1981).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Thérézien (1986); Cadima (2013). As M. radiosa var. ornata f. elegantior: Förster (1969). As M. radiosa var. ornata f. ornata: Martins (1986b). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Duque &amp; Núñez-Avellaneda (2000) and Núñez-Avellaneda (2008) as M. radiosa var. ornata f. ornata .</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 251.8-262.0 µm long, 238.1-265.1 µm wide; isthmus 23.6-28.0 µm; apex: 41.0-43.0 µm; cells 1.15 times longer than wide. Cells with a deep median constriction, semiopen median sinus; ornamented cell wall with intramarginal denticles arranged along half of the basal margins of each semicell. Semicircular semicells, five-lobed, apical lobe subrectangular, elongated, apical margin chamfered in median region,extremities two-denticulated, lateral and basal lobes elongated, V-shaped, similar to each other, divided into lobes two-denticulated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEC9122AF85FC7A0CBCF8F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEC9122AFF8F89E0D8AFBF3.text	C7390B66FFEC9122AFF8F89E0D8AFBF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias radiosa var. radiosa Ralfs	<div><p>Micrasterias radiosa var. radiosa Ralfs *</p><p>(Fig. 5F)</p><p>The British Desmidieae: 72 (Ralfs 1848).</p><p>Micrasterias sol Ehrenberg ex Kützing, Species algarum: 171 (Kützing 1849).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Förster (1969); Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003); Gutiérrez &amp; Cadima (2004); Cadima (2013); Cunha de et al. (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 159.0-162.2 µm long, 157.3-158.0 µm wide, isthmus 15.2-18.3 µm, apex 42.3 µm; cells as long as they are wide. Cells with a deep median constriction, central sinus almost entirely closed, opening only at the ends. Semicircular semicell, five-lobed; polar lobe with linear incision until near of the isthmus; slightly open and deep between the polar lobes; lateral lobes with consecutive bifurcations; polar lobe with V-shaped sinus, apex divided into two divergent lobules two-denticulated, polar lobe with the same size as the lateral lobes. Very deep lobular incisions between polar lobes and lateral lobes, and between lateral lobes and basal lobes.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Specimens analyzed here are morphologically consistent with the descriptions, drawings, and pictures shown by Förster (1969) and Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003) for the Amazon, Bicudo &amp; Sormus (1982) for São Paulo, and Santos et al. (2016) for Bahia in Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEC9122AFF8F89E0D8AFBF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEC9122ACE3FB9B0B61F836.text	C7390B66FFEC9122ACE3FB9B0B61F836.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias rotata Ralfs	<div><p>Micrasterias rotata Ralfs</p><p>(Fig. 6A)</p><p>The British Desmidieae: 71 (Ralfs 1848).</p><p>Eutomia rotata (Greville) Harvey, A manual of the British algae: 187 (Harvey 1841). — Micrasterias rotata f. granulata West, Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 29: 134 (West 1892). — Micrasterias rotata f. evoluta W. B. Turner, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 25 (5): 167 (Turner 1893). — Micrasterias rotata var. evoluta (W. B. Turner) Willi Krieger, Die Desmidiaceen Europas mit Berücksichtigung der aussereuropäischen Arten. (Dr. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: 13). Vol. 2: 102 (Krieger 1939).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Thomasson (1971); Uherkovich (1976, 1981); Martins (1986b), Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003); Melo et al. (2005, 2009); Cunha de et al. (2013); Feitosa et al. (2015). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Duque &amp; Donato (1993); Duque &amp; Núñez-Avellaneda (2000); Núñez-Avellaneda (2008).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 323.8-329.5 µm long, 313.6-321.7 µm wide; isthmus 44.2-44.5 µm; apex: 65.0-71.8µm; cells are as long as they are wide. Large cells with circular outline, deep median constriction; hyaline cell wall, finely punctuated. Semicells five-lobed, apical lobe projecting slightly beyond the lateral lobes, apical lobe angles laterally projecting, two-denticulated; lateral, and basal lobes in a “V” shape, similar between them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEC9122ACE3FB9B0B61F836	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEA9124AFDEFF380F34FC52.text	C7390B66FFEA9124AFDEFF380F34FC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias torreyi var. curvata Willi Krieg.	<div><p>Micrasterias torreyi var. curvata Willi Krieg.</p><p>(Fig. 6B, C)</p><p>Die Desmidiaceen Europas mit Berücksichtigung der aussereuropäischen Arten. (Dr. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: 13). Vol. 2: 98 (Krieger 1939). — Micrasterias doveri var. curvata (Willi Krieger) Thomasson, Nova Hedwigia 42 (2-4): 342 (Thomasson 1986).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1969); Uherkovich &amp; Rai (1979), Melo &amp; Souza de (2009); Melo et al. (2009), Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Araujo (2003).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 272.0-281.4 µm long, 204.6-209.5 µm wide; isthmus 31.8-39.0 µm; cells 1.3-1.4 times longer than wide. Semicells with semicircular outline, five- lobed, deep interlobar incisions, basal and lateral lobes divided into lobules, two- denticulated. Lateral lobes bent upwards, terminal spines unequal, the upper longer. Also, the two spines of the polar lobes distinct, the inner ones longer and curved inwards.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEA9124AFDEFF380F34FC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEA9124AF83FC3B0C3AF991.text	C7390B66FFEA9124AF83FC3B0C3AF991.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrasterias torreyi var. nordstedtiana (Hieron.) Schmidle	<div><p>Micrasterias torreyi var. nordstedtiana (Hieron.) Schmidle</p><p>(Fig. 6D)</p><p>Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 26: 48 (Schmidle 1898).</p><p>Micrasterias hieronymusii Schmidle, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 26: 49 (Schmidle 1898).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — South America. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Scott et al. (1965); Thomasson (1971); Martins (1986b); Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003), Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Araujo (2003).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 235.9-254.7 µm long, 222.0-233.0 µm wide; isthmus 30.2 µm, apex: 64.0 µm; cells 1.1 times longer than wide. Semicircular semicells, five-lobed, deep interlobar incisions, semiopen, finely punctuated cell wall. All lateral lobules of last order (there are five or six on each side) two-pointed; the lateral lobes are inflated in the inner margins, partially covering each other; polar lobes also two-pointed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEA9124AF83FC3B0C3AF991	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEA9124AFA4F93E0A7FFE0D.text	C7390B66FFEA9124AFA4F93E0A7FFE0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleurotaenium nodosum (Ralfs) P. Lundell	<div><p>Pleurotaenium nodosum (Bailey ex Ralfs) P.Lundell</p><p>(Fig. 6E)</p><p>Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, serie 3, 8 (2): 90 (Lundell 1871). — Docidium nodosum Bailey ex Ralfs, The British Desmidieae: 218 (Ralfs 1848).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Gutiérrez &amp; Cadima (2004); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Montoya (1974).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 400.0-427.3 µm long, 66.0-68.5 µm wide; isthmus 31.0-34.0 µm; apex: 32.0-33.1 µm; cells are 6-7 times longer than wide. Cells solitary, dark brown cell wall, with a deep constriction dividing the cell into two semicells, each with four inflates or bulges gradually tapering from base to tip; apices dilated, convex truncated, with a crown of eight conical teeth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEA9124AFA4F93E0A7FFE0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEA9124ACCAFDF90B08FAD0.text	C7390B66FFEA9124ACCAFDF90B08FAD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleurotaenium trabecula Nageli	<div><p>Pleurotaenium trabecula Nägeli</p><p>(Fig. 6 F-H)</p><p>Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 10 (7): 104 (Nägeli 1849).</p><p>Docidium trabecula (Ehrenberg) Reinsch, Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nürnberg 3 (2): 182 (Reinsch 1866). — Pleurotaenium trabecula f. granulatum G. S. West, Journal of Botany 37: 113 (West 1899).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1969); Thomasson (1971); Uherkovich &amp; Franken (1980); Sophia &amp; Huszar (1996), Gutiérrez &amp; Cadima (2004); Cadima (2013); Cunha de et al. (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Montoya (1974); Araujo (2003).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 427.0-596.0 µm long, 28.0-31.0 µm wide; isthmus 20.7-24.3 µm; apex: 16.0-23.2 µm; cells 15-19 times longer than wide. Cells solitary; cell wall hyaline, punctate. Semicells cylindric, slightly and gradually attenuated towards the apices, with a single well-defined basal inflation and rarely with a single undulation above it; lateral margins straight or slightly convex, apices truncately rounded, smooth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEA9124ACCAFDF90B08FAD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFEA9127AC64FA7C0F5AFE0C.text	C7390B66FFEA9127AC64FA7C0F5AFE0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurastrum leptocladum var. cornutum Wille	<div><p>Staurastrum leptocladum var. cornutum Wille *</p><p>(Fig. 7A)</p><p>Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 8 (18): 19 (Wille 1884).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Förster (1969); Thomasson (1971); Uherkovich &amp; Schmidt (1974); Uherkovich (1976, 1981); Sophia &amp; Huszar (1996); Melo et al. (2005); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 34.0-36.0 µm long, 85.1-104.9 µm wide with processes; isthmus: 7.5-9.5 µm. Cells are characterized by their apices with two horns arranged in a divergent way. Cells with shallow median constriction, reduced median sinus; smooth cell wall. The ornamentation on the base of the semicells is variable; subtriangular semicells, lateral angles prolonged in long processes, margins irregularly wavy, and always more or less curved upwards.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The size and morphology of our specimens coincided with those reported by Förster (1969) for the Brazilian Amazon and Tell (1980) for Northern Argentina. This taxon was the one with the higher occurrence among all our sampling sites (it appeared in six out of eight sites) and presented a variable range in cells size, which is fairly common for this taxon (Tell 1980).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFEA9127AC64FA7C0F5AFE0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFE99127AE0DFDF90F2AFAF3.text	C7390B66FFE99127AE0DFDF90F2AFAF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurastrum octangulare Gronblad	<div><p>Staurastrum octangulare Grönblad</p><p>(Fig. 7B)</p><p>Acta Societatis Scienctiarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2 (6): 28 (Grönblad 1945).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — America, South-west Asia. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Scott et al. (1965); Förster (1969); Sophia &amp; Huszar (1996). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Krieger &amp; Scott (1957).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 25.4-30.4 µm long, 19.7-24.7 µm wide; isthmus 9.8- 13.8 µm; cells 1.5-1.9 times longer than wide. Cells small, sinus very open, inwardly acute, slightly constricted; semicells in front view subquadrate to suboval; apical and lateral angles of each semicell produced into short bifid processes with spines.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This taxon is somewhat similar to Staurastrum hystrix Ralfs in size and outline, however it can be set apart by the presence of short bifid processes with spines, produced on each semicell’s lateral and apical angles. Our specimens coincided morphologically with those of the original description in Grönblad (1945) and are within the size range given by Scott et al. (1965) and Sophia &amp; Huszar (1996) for the species in the Brazilian Amazon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFE99127AE0DFDF90F2AFAF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFE99127AFBAFA9C0BF0FEEF.text	C7390B66FFE99127AFBAFA9C0BF0FEEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurastrum pinnatum var. reductum Willi Krieg.	<div><p>Staurastrum pinnatum var. reductum Willi Krieg. *</p><p>(Fig. 7C)</p><p>Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 11: 204 (Krieger 1932).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Förster (1969); Cadima (2013); Souza de et al. (2019). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 28.0-29.2 µm long, 36.5-37.7 µm wide; isthmus: 6.5-9.1µm; cells 1.3 times wider than long. Hyaline cell wall, glabrous at the base of each semicell. Semicells oval, processes short and a pair of spines at the base of each process.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This variety differs from the type variety by having shorter processes and by the presence of two spines at the base of each process. Our specimens correspond in morphology with those reported by Förster (1969) for the Brazilian Amazon, Oliveira de et al. (2016b) for the northeastern region of Brazil, and Tell (1980) for Argentina, but our specimens were slightly larger than those in Förster (1969) and Oliveira de et al. (2016b), and slightly shorter than size shown in Tell (1980).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFE99127AFBAFA9C0BF0FEEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFE99127AC51FE980A14FB53.text	C7390B66FFE99127AC51FE980A14FB53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurastrum setigerum var. subvillosum Gronblad	<div><p>Staurastrum setigerum var. subvillosum Grönblad *</p><p>(Fig. 7D)</p><p>Acta Societatis Scienctiarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2 (6): 30 (Grönblad 1945).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Förster (1969, 1974); Thomasson (1971); Uherkovich &amp; Schmidt (1974); Uherkovich (1976, 1981), Martins (1986a), Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 42.9-47.6 µm long (without spines), 62.9-63.4 µm long (with spines); 40.2-41.9 µm wide (without spines), 62.3- 63.5 µm wide (with spines); isthmus: 12.2µm; cells 1.1 times longer than wide. Cells with strong spines, sometimes curved, highly polymorphic, with the number of spines varying from one cell to another, and even from one semicell to another.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The morphology of our specimens corresponds well with the original description by Grönblad (1945) and with the specimens from Martins (1986a), both from the Brazilian Amazon, in having two strong spines on the angles of semicells and the presence of slender and slightly curved spines between the strong spines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFE99127AC51FE980A14FB53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFE99127AC71FB3B0BEFF831.text	C7390B66FFE99127AC71FB3B0BEFF831.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurastrum tectum var. ayayense Gronblad	<div><p>Staurastrum tectum var. ayayense Grönblad *</p><p>(Fig. 7E)</p><p>Acta Societatis Scienctiarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2 (6): 31 (Grönblad 1945).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — France, Brazil. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1969, 1974); Thomasson (1971, 1977); Uherkovich (1976, 1981); Uherkovich &amp; Rai (1979); Martins (1986a); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 27.1-31.7 µm long, 67.6-93.0 µm wide with processes, isthmus: 7.8-9.6 µm. The basal margin of the inverted triangular semicells features a single granule with two to three teeth positioned just above the isthmus, while the upper margin is indented in the middle. Each angular process boasts a nearly horizontal, diverging spine and an emarginate granule at its base. The processes are slender, long, and diverging, with toothed margins culminating in two or three denticles.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Specimens from this taxon are variable in shape, particularly on the curvature of processes. Like our specimens, Förster’s (1974) hold two or three denticles at the tip of each process.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFE99127AC71FB3B0BEFF831	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFE89126AFA5FF380C74FCD2.text	C7390B66FFE89126AFA5FF380C74FCD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurastrum teliferum var. pecten (Perty) Gronblad	<div><p>Staurastrum teliferum var. pecten (Perty) Grönblad</p><p>(Fig. 7F)</p><p>Acta Societatis Scienctiarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2 (6): 31 (Grönblad 1945). — Phycastrum pecten Perty, Zur Kenntniss kleinster Lebensformen: nach Bau, Funktionen, Systematik, mit Specialverzeichniss der in der Schweiz beobachteten: 210, (Perty 1852). — Staurastrum pecten (Perty) Wolle, Desmids of the United States and list of American Pediastrums: 141 (Wolle 1884b).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — South America. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Thomasson (1971); Förster (1974). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Krieger &amp; Scott (1957).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 31.2-31.6 µm long, 23.8-24.3 µm wide; isthmus: 11.8-12.6 µm; cells 1.3 times longer than wide. Hyaline cell wall, with spines. Semicells more or less reniform; open median sinus; apical view three-angled.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFE89126AFA5FF380C74FCD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFE89126AFB3FC7B0CC2F831.text	C7390B66FFE89126AFB3FC7B0CC2F831.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurodesmus convergens (Ralfs) S. Lill	<div><p>Staurodesmus convergens (Ehrenb. ex Ralfs) S.Lill</p><p>(Fig. 7G)</p><p>Acta Limnologica 3: 264 (Lillieroth 1950). — Arthrodesmus convergens Ehrenberg ex Ralfs, The British Desmidieae: 118 (Ralfs 1848).</p><p>Phycastrum convergens Perty, Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 1849 (164-165): 175 (Perty 1849). — Arthrodesmus minor W. B. Turner, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad - emiens Handlingar 25 (5): 134 (Turner 1893). — Staurodesmus convergens var. ralfsii Teiling, Arkiv för Botanik 6: 590 (Teiling 1967). — Staurodesmus convergens var. laportei Teiling, Arkiv för Botanik 6: 588 (Teiling 1967). — Staurodesmus convergens var. pumilus (Nordstedt) Teiling, Arkiv för Botanik 6: 589 (Teiling 1967).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Thomasson (1971); Melo et al. (2005); Souza de &amp; Melo (2011); Cadima (2013); Cunha de et al. (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Araujo (2003); Duque &amp; Donato (1996b); Duque &amp; Núñez-Avellaneda (2000), Núñez-Avellaneda (2008); Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 40.0-43.7 µm long, 45.0-49.7 µm wide (without spines), 70.6-73.2 µm wide (with spines); isthmus 10.5-13.0 µm. Smooth cell walls. Subellipsoidal semicells, irregularly contoured; deeply constricted, sinus widely open at the extremity, robust and strong spines directed convergently. Apical and lateral sides slightly convex. Semicells slightly different in size.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This taxon is considered to be very polymorphic, presenting high variability in size, semicells shape, length of spines, and spines site of insertion (Coesel &amp; Meesters 2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFE89126AFB3FC7B0CC2F831	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFE89126AC8AFF380AEBFAF3.text	C7390B66FFE89126AC8AFF380AEBFAF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurodesmus triangularis (Lagerh.) Teiling	<div><p>Staurodesmus triangularis (Lagerh.) Teiling</p><p>(Fig. 7H, I)</p><p>Botanica Notiser 1948: 62 (Teiling 1948). — Arthrodesmus triangularis Lagerheim, Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 42 (7): 244 (Lagerheim 1886).</p><p>Staurastrum dejectum subsp. tellamii West &amp; G. S.West, Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 1894: 10 (West &amp; West 1894). — Arthrodesmus triangularis f. triquetra West &amp; G. S. West, A monograph of the British Desmidiaceae. IV: 99 (West &amp; West 1912). — Staurastrum megacanthum var. orientale A. M. Scott &amp; Prescott, Hydrobiologia 17 (1/2): 98 (Scott &amp; Prescott 1961). — Staurodesmus orientalis (A. M. Scott &amp; Prescott) Coesel, Cryptogamie, Algologie 14 (2-3): 110 (Coesel 1993).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. Amazon Basin: Förster (1969, 1974); Thomasson (1971); Uherkovich &amp; Schmidt (1974); Uherkovich (1976, 1981); Uherkovich &amp; Rai (1979); Sophia &amp; Huszar (1996); Huszar &amp; Reynolds (1997); Melo et al. (2005); Souza de et al. (2007); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009); Souza de &amp; Melo (2011); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 25.2-25.8 µm long, 18.0-20.6 µm wide; isthmus 5.7-6.0 µm; cells 1.3-1.4 longer than wide. Cells with a deep, wide open sinus. The isthmus is usually elongated; the body of the semicell over the isthmus is triangular. The apex is slightly elevated by a median depression. The apical angles are rounded, and they have long spines that can be parallel, divergent, or convergent (mainly convergent in our specimens).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Our specimens coincided morphologically with descriptions and drawings for the Brazilian Amazon specimens of Staurodesmus triangularis (Förster 1969, 1974; Sophia &amp; Huszar 1996). This taxon has also been considered as highly polymorphic (Bicudo &amp; Azevedo 1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFE89126AC8AFF380AEBFAF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFE89128AC47FA5D0F69FD12.text	C7390B66FFE89128AC47FA5D0F69FD12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xanthidium mamillosum var. mediolaeve (GrOnblad) Coute & Tell 1981	<div><p>Xanthidium mamillosum var. mediolaeve (Grönblad) Couté &amp; Tell *</p><p>(Fig. 7J)</p><p>Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 68: 197 (Couté &amp; Tell 1981). — Xanthidium antilopaeum f. mediolaeve Grönblad, Acta Societatis Scienctiarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2 (6): 22 (Grönblad 1945).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — South America and China. Amazon Basin: as Xanthidium antilopaeum var. mamillosum f. mediolaeve: Grönblad (1945). As X. mamillosum f. mediolaeve: Thomasson (1971). Western Amazonia (lowlands): no records.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 76.4 µm long (115.0 µm with spines), 83.9 µm wide (136.2 µm with spines); isthmus 31.5µm; apex: 27.7-31.7 µm. Cell wall finely punctuated. Semicells hexagonal-pyramidal, sinus linear inwardly, outwardly greatly enlarged. The spines on each semicell are arranged apically and laterally and are strongly inflated at the base. The spines, which are strong, straight, and long, become sharper towards the ends.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This taxon is easily identifiable by the well-defined inflated base of spines in our specimens. Although our specimens are slightly smaller than those described by Grönblad (1945) from the Amazon, and Bourrelly &amp; Couté (1982) from French Guyana, they are slightly larger in cells longitude than those shown by Camargo et al. (2009) for Mato Grosso, Brazil (as Xanthidium antilopaeum var. mamillosum f. mediolaeve Grönblad). The size of our specimens falls within the wide range of variation exhibited by specimens reported by Oliveira de et al. (2011b) for northeastern Brazil. As recorded in those other works, X. mamillosum var. mediolaeve presents a high variation in size.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFE89128AC47FA5D0F69FD12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
C7390B66FFE69128AE28FCFA0C6DFA70.text	C7390B66FFE69128AE28FCFA0C6DFA70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xanthidium trilobum Nordst.	<div><p>Xanthidium trilobum Nordst.</p><p>(Fig. 7K, L)</p><p>Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk forening i Københaven 21 (14-15): 230 (Nordstedt 1870).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — South America and Caribbean Islands. Amazon Basin: Grönblad (1945); Förster (1969, 1974); Thomasson (1971); Uherkovich (1976, 1981); Lopes &amp; Bicudo (2003); Gutiérrez &amp; Cadima (2004); Melo et al. (2005); Souza de et al. (2007); Melo &amp; Souza de (2009); Souza de &amp; Melo (2011); Cadima (2013). Western Amazonia (lowlands): Núñez-Avellaneda &amp; Duque (2000), Araujo (2003); Díaz-Olarte &amp; Duque (2009).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Cells 66.7-71.4 µm long, 63.0-71.9 µm wide; isthmus 16.5-17.3 µm; cells are as long as they are wide. Semicells subhexagonal, angled with cylindrical processes, short, twospined, rhomboid apical view, smooth cell wall. With spines and a well individualized polar lobe.Open sinus, ornamentation varies slightly from cell to cell, as well as between semicells. The apical lobe has four slightly curved spines. Lateral lobes always present a pair of recurved spines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7390B66FFE69128AE28FCFA0C6DFA70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila;SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R.;RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca;José V. MONTOYA	SÁNCHEZ, Luzmila, SÁNCHEZ, Fernando R., RÍOS-TOUMA, Blanca, José V. MONTOYA (2025): Desmidiales (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) from lowland rivers and floodplain lakes of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (3): 31-60, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2025v46a3.pdf
