taxonID	type	description	language	source
CB2A87E6383B3048FF73F6E31AE6B616.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Jurellana Schweitzer & Feldmann, 2010 b. Other included genera: Ovalopus Klompmaker & Robins, gen. nov. Diagnosis: Ovate carapace, flattened for largest specimens, widest near mid-length, equally long as wide to ~ 10 % longer than wide (excluding rostrum); rostrum not sulcate axially; fronto-orbital width ~ 70 – 80 % of maximal width; orbital cavity with vertical ridge, anterolaterally oriented, weak outer-orbital spine directed forward; lateral rim present anteriorly; protogastric and hepatic regions confluent; grooves weak to moderately strong; cervical and branchiocardiac grooves parallel or nearly parallel; post-cervical groove present. D i s c u s s i o n: J u r e l l a n i d a e f i t s b e s t i n Homolodromioidea because of a combination of the following characters: the carapace is as long as wide or somewhat longer than wide; the orbital cavity contains a vertical ridge and is anterolaterally oriented; the cervical and branchiocardiac grooves continue onto the flank; presence of a groove curving forward around the subhepatic region; and the presence of a post-cervical groove. For Jurellana, a merging of the branchiocardiac groove with the cervical groove has not been confirmed, and the subhepatic region is not swollen, both of which are mentioned to be generally the case in homolodromioids (see diagnosis by Karasawa et al., 2011: 534 – 535). However, the presence of an inflated subhepatic region has not been confirmed for many species of the homolodromioid Tanidromites Schweitzer & Feldmann, 2008 a, and the branchiocardiac groove of Tanidromites and Eodromites Patrulius, 1959 can be interrupted on the flank (Schweitzer & Feldmann, 2008 a: pls. 4 B, 6 D, 6 F; A. A. K., pers. obs.). Jurellanidae differs from all other homolodromioid families. Bucculentidae have swollen hepatic regions representing the widest parts of the dorsal carapace and have well-delineated regions. The variable Goniodromitidae bear rostra that are often axially sulcate, have generally steeper flanks, and appear less flattened for equally sized specimens. Homolodromiidae have a rostrum with two forwardly directed lateral spines and the carapace widens posteriorly. Longodromitidae generally have a higher length-to-width ratio, the rostrum is axially sulcate, and a clear lateral rim is often absent. Prosopidae widen posteriorly and have well-defined regions. Tanidromitidae exhibit a higher length-to-width ratio and exhibit longer flanks.	en	Robins, Cristina M., Klompmaker, Adiël A. (2019): Extreme diversity and parasitism of Late Jurassic squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea) and the oldest records of porcellanids and galatheids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 1131-1154
CB2A87E6383B3048FF73F6E31AE6B616.taxon	description	GENUS OVALOPUS KLOMPMAKER & ROBINS GEN.	en	Robins, Cristina M., Klompmaker, Adiël A. (2019): Extreme diversity and parasitism of Late Jurassic squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea) and the oldest records of porcellanids and galatheids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 1131-1154
CB2A87E638373047FF25F35D1CC7B701.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: See Schweitzer & Feldmann (2010 b: 243 – 244). Discussion: As for Jurellana (see above), considerable debate has surrounded the taxonomic placement of Mesozoic porcellanids. The Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) Petrolisthes inornatus (Collins et al., 1995) from The Netherlands was reassigned to Petrolisthes from the brachyuran Glyptodynomene Van Straelen, 1944, by Fraaije et al. (2008). The non-porcellanid galatheoid Paragalathea africana Garassino et al., 2008, from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian – Turonian) of Morocco was transferred to the porcellanid genus Muelleristhes Garassino et al., 2014. However, Robins et al. (2016) moved it to the galatheoid family Catillogalatheidae because the abdomen was exposed rather than tucked under the carapace as in many Porcellanidae and because of close similarities to other catillogalatheids, such as Vasconilia ruizi (Van Straelen, 1940) (see Klompmaker et al., 2012 a). We add that the chelipeds (Garassino et al., 2014: pl. 1.3 – 1.4) are relatively small compared with modern porcellanids (Haig, 1960; Werding & Hiller, 2007; Baeza, 2016). The mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) deposits of France have yielded Porcellana antiqua A. Milne Edwards, 1862, which Breton & Collins (2007) and Fraaije et al. (2008) considered to be a nomen dubium because Milne Edwards provided only a brief description, showed no illustrations and the holotype appeared untraceable. However, Schweitzer & Feldmann (2012) rediscovered the holotype and erected Cretacolana to accommodate this porcellanid species. The slightly older Annieporcellana dhondtae Fraaije et al., 2008, from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian) of Spain was recently transferred to Catillogalatheidae by Robins et al. (2016). Finally, a specimen from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian) of Texas (USA) was named Petrolisthes albianicus Franţescu, 2014 and suggested to be the oldest representative of that genus (Franţescu, 2014). Franţescu (2014: 227) found that the sternum ‘ clearly separates it from [modern non-porcellanid] galatheoids’ and other mid-Cretaceous galatheoids in his study. The sternum indeed appears more rectangular than in modern non-porcellanid galatheoids, which tend to have a triangular sternum overall (e. g. Baba, 2005; Macpherson et al., 2017). However, the degree of variation among galatheoid sterna in the Mesozoic is poorly known. Moreover, the thoracic sternite 3 of Petrolisthes albianicus, which is important for the overall shape of the sternum, is incomplete, as are several outer parts of other sternites. Thus, the shape of the sternum is not fully known and more difficult to use than previously assumed. Ascription to Petrolisthes was based on a rectangular carapace outline, weak grooves and the presence of outer-orbital spines (Franţescu, 2014). However, a rectangular carapace is more characteristic of non-porcellanid galatheoids (e. g. Baba, 2005; Ahyong et al., 2010; Robins et al., 2013, 2016), whereas porcellanid carapaces are typically ovate or widen posteriorly (e. g. Haig, 1960; De Angeli & Garassino, 2002). Franţescu (2014) indicated that this 3.7 - mm-wide specimen may have been more rectangular than other Petrolisthes species, because it is a juvenile, as also noted by Müller (1984) for a fossil species. However, Müller (1984) did not figure small specimens or detail the degree of ontogenetic variation of the carapace shape. Furthermore, no marked differences in carapace shape were observed for small vs. large specimens of extant Petrolisthes rufescens (IZG 222728). Small (<5 mm carapace width) specimens of porcellanids from the Eocene – Oligocene of Italy do not show parallel lateral margins as seen in P. albianicus either (De Angeli & Garassino, 2002; Beschin et al., 2016). Although weak carapace grooves are common in porcellanids, they can also be found among paragalatheoids and some catillogalatheids (Robins et al., 2016), which also applies for outer-orbital spines (Klompmaker et al., 2012 a; Robins et al., 2016). Rather than representing a species of Petrolisthes or even a porcellanid, P. albianicus resembles the catillogalatheid Hispanigalathea in nearly all aspects in detail (Klompmaker et al., 2012 a; Robins et al., 2016), especially the type species from the same age (late Albian) of Spain, Hispanigalathea pseudolaevis Klompmaker et al., 2012 a. The only difference is that the carapace excluding the rostrum is ~ 5 % longer than wide rather than 15 – 28 % according to the 2012 genus diagnosis based on two species. The groove pattern, groove strength, width of rostrum at base, presence of an outer-orbital spine and ornamentation are all comparable to the type species. Thus, we refer Petrolisthes albianicus to Hispanigalathea by expanding the diagnosis somewhat.	en	Robins, Cristina M., Klompmaker, Adiël A. (2019): Extreme diversity and parasitism of Late Jurassic squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea) and the oldest records of porcellanids and galatheids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 1131-1154
CB2A87E638343046FCF9F6F31AF6B4F8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Vibrissalana jurassica Robins & Klompmaker sp. nov. by monotypy. Diagnosis: As for species. Etymology: A combination of the Latin vibrissa, whisker, and lana, wool. The carapace of the sole species of this genus bears setal pits. Discussion: Most representatives of galatheoid families differ from Vibrissalana in several aspects. Munidopsids tend to be longer than wide (without rostrum), with some about equally wide as long, have more regional definition for most species and usually exhibit a keeled rostrum (e. g. Ahyong et al., 2010; Macpherson & Baba, 2011; Robins et al., 2013). Paragalatheids are convex; most of them widen substantially toward the posterior, and they are typically longer than wide (without rostrum; Robins et al., 2016). Representatives of Catillogalatheidae are longer than wide (excluding rostrum) and subrectangular (although some are nearly as wide as long), and most of them have a keeled rostrum (Robins et al., 2016). Munidids have transverse ridges, a trifid rostrum, a carapace that is longer than wide (excluding rostrum) or equally wide as long, and often bear spines on the dorsal carapace (e. g. Ahyong et al., 2010; Macpherson & Baba, 2011; Robins et al., 2012). Most galatheids have transverse ornamentation, are usually longer than wide, with some about as wide as long, and the triangular rostrum often bears small spines (De Angeli & Garassino, 2002; Ahyong et al., 2010; Macpherson & Baba, 2011). Conversely, the wider than long carapace (excluding rostrum), ovate appearance, the seemingly short flank, the wide rostrum with its axial groove, the flattened carapace, limited ornamentation and a poorly developed groove pattern are most consistent with placement of Vibrissalana in Porcellanidae, and these characters fit several diagnoses of Porcellanidae (Ahyong et al., 2010; Schweitzer & Feldmann, 2010 b, 2012). Regarding the ovate appearance of Vibrissalana, the right lateral part is not preserved posteriorly, but the course of the posterior margin curving somewhat forward suggests that the missing part is unlikely to be straight but is curved instead, as in many porcellanids (e. g. De Angeli & Garassino, 2002: pl. 7.3; Beschin et al., 2016: pl. 4.5). This reasoning applies even more so to the anterolateral margin, which is better preserved. Given that only one incomplete specimen is known, placement in Porcellanidae is tentative, but until new material is available that suggests otherwise, we consider this taxon to represent the oldest known porcellanid in the fossil record. Below, we compared Vibrissalana with exclusively fossil genera and modern genera with a fossil record. Unlike Vibrissalana, the carapace of Beripetrolisthes widens posteriorly and the lateral margins of the carapace bear spines. The carapace of Cretacolana is more ovate, widening substantially posteriorly. The preserved portions of the lateral margins of Vibrissalana indicate that this genus does not widen posteriorly. Eopetrolisthes bears transverse ridges on the dorsal carapace and bears one spine on the lateral margin near mid-length. Lobipetrolisthes bears spines on the lateral margins. Disipia exhibits transverse striae on the posterior carapace and shows some spines on the anterior part of the lateral margin. Longoporcellana lacks distinct grooves. Muelleristhes does not have a groove branching off the cervical groove near the axial part, and the epigastric swellings are oriented more obliquely. Pachycheles has a much more downturned rostrum, and the cardiac region is positioned immediately posterior to the cervical groove. Today, Petrolisthes is a diverse and probably heterogeneous genus with variable carapace ornamentation (e. g. Haig, 1960); therefore, we focus primarily on comparisons to the type species, Petrolisthes violaceus (Guérin, 1831). The cardiac region of extant members of this genus tends to be positioned directly posterior to the axis of the cervical groove rather than separated by the uro-metagastric region, and the rostrum appears to be more downturned in comparison to Vibrissalana. Paraporcellana exhibits a rostrum without a distinct axial groove and bears spines on the lateral margin. The lateral margin of Pisidia bears spines. Polyonyx is usually much wider than long and bears a strongly downturned rostrum. Porcellana appears to have a three-pronged rostrum, not visibly preserved in Vibrissalana. Spathagalathea exhibits transverse ridges and appears to have a much more pronounced rostrum. VIBRISSALANA JURASSICA ROBINS & KLOMPMAKER	en	Robins, Cristina M., Klompmaker, Adiël A. (2019): Extreme diversity and parasitism of Late Jurassic squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea) and the oldest records of porcellanids and galatheids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 1131-1154
CB2A87E638333040FF22F7121A08B3F3.taxon	description	(FIG. 8 A – C)	en	Robins, Cristina M., Klompmaker, Adiël A. (2019): Extreme diversity and parasitism of Late Jurassic squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea) and the oldest records of porcellanids and galatheids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 1131-1154
CB2A87E638333040FF22F7121A08B3F3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Carapace moderately convex transversely, weakly so longitudinally; widens slightly posteriorly; longer than wide with rostrum excluded. Rostrum somewhat downturned, sulcate, with medial keel; terminates in at least three-pronged tip. Cervical groove well defined; axial portion fairly straight before arcing convex forwardly as groove approaches lateral margin. Gastric region contains distinct groove perpendicular to lateral margin with row of tubercles immediately posterior to it. Carapace, including rostrum, ornamented with slightly squamous tubercles; tubercles more elongated on posterior part of carapace. Specimens studied: Holotype: NHMW 1990 / 0041 / 3272 (= 2007 z 0149 / 0437, as described by Robins et al., 2016); paratypes: NHMW 1990 / 0041 / 0584 (= 2007 z 0149 / 0440), 1990 / 0041 / 0700 (= 2007 z 0149 / 0441); additional material: NHMW 1990 / 0041 / 0121, 1990 / 0041 / 0284, 1990 / 0041 / 0539, 1990 / 0041 / 0574 (= 2007 z 0149 / 0408), 1990 / 0041 / 0576 a, 1990 / 0041 / 0578, 1990 / 0041 / 0958, 1990 / 0041 / 2594, 1990 / 0041 / 3128 (= 2007 z 0149 / 0443), 1990 / 0041 / 3256 (= 2007 z 0149 / 0442), 1990 / 0041 / 5181. Measurements: See Robins et al. (2016: table 6) for 2007 z 0149 / 0408, 2007 z 0149 / 0437, 2007 z 0149 / 0440 – 2007 z 0149 / 0443. Additionally: 1990 / 0041 / 0284 (largest specimen): maximal length excluding rostrum = 8.9 mm, maximal width = 7.2 mm. Type locality: Ernstbrunn Quarries, Ernstbrunn, Austria. Type stratum: Ernstbrunn Limestones, Tithonian, Upper Jurassic. Description: Carapace moderately convex transversely, weakly so longitudinally; widens slightly posteriorly; longer than wide with rostrum excluded (length / width = ~ 1.2). Rostrum somewhat downturned, sulcate, with medial keel; rostral shape broadly triangular, narrows anteriorly; terminates in at least three-pronged tip. Cervical groove well defined; axial portion fairly straight before arcing convex forwardly as groove approaches lateral margin. Deep groove branching off cervical groove defines base of epibranchial region. Epigastric region well defined anteriorly by groove at base of rostrum. Gastric region contains distinct groove perpendicular to lateral margin, with row of tubercles immediately posterior to it. Mesogastric region pyriform, least defined in mid-part; base may show posterior gastric muscle scars. Uro- / metagastric and cardiac regions defined by weak grooves or indentations. Posterior margin rimmed. Carapace, including rostrum, ornamented with slightly squamous tubercles on internal mould and cuticle; tubercles more elongated on posterior part of carapace. Ventral surface and appendages not preserved. Discussion: Upon re-examination of the specimens reported by Robins et al. (2016) and discovery of many new specimens in the Ernstbrunn collection reminiscent of Galatheites aiola, we conclude that a portion of the specimens is best accommodated in a new species, described below as Galatheites britmelanarum. The axial part of the cervical groove is straighter in G. aiola and, as opposed to the new species, G. aiola exhibits a transverse groove adjacent to the tip of the mesogastric region marked posteriorly by a row of tubercles. The number of spines at the tip of the rostrum cannot yet be confirmed, because none of the specimens has this part fully preserved. At least three spines can be confirmed. There appears to be limited intraspecific and ontogenetic variation in this species as currently defined. GALATHEITES BRITMELANARUM ROBINS &	en	Robins, Cristina M., Klompmaker, Adiël A. (2019): Extreme diversity and parasitism of Late Jurassic squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea) and the oldest records of porcellanids and galatheids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 1131-1154
CB2A87E638333040FEDCF5721E0CB798.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Galathea zitteli Moericke, 1889, by original designation. Other included species: Galatheites aiola Robins et al., 2016; Galatheites diasema Robins et al., 2016; Galatheites britmelanarum sp. nov.; Galatheites obtecta Robins et al., 2016; Galatheites royoi Van Straelen, 1927. Diagnosis: Rostrum subrectangular; keel or medial rostral marking usually present. Cardiac area weakly indicated. Ornamentation consists of transverse, squamous ridges or squamous tubercles (from Robins et al., 2016: 104).	en	Robins, Cristina M., Klompmaker, Adiël A. (2019): Extreme diversity and parasitism of Late Jurassic squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea) and the oldest records of porcellanids and galatheids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 1131-1154
CB2A87E63831305DFC6AF1411D89B681.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Cancer strigosus Linnaeus, 1761, by original designation. Other included species found in the fossil record: Galathea affinis Ristori, 1886 [Piacenzian]; Galathea berica De Angeli & Garassino, 2002 [Priabonian]; Galathea caporiondoi De Angeli & Ceccon, 2017 [Ypresian]; Galathea dispersa Bate, 1858 [Piacenzian – Recent]; Galathea hexacristata Beschin et al., 2018 [Priabonian]; Galathea keijii Karasawa, 1993 [Miocene]; Galathea mainensis Ceccon & De dorsal, right lateral, frontal and rostral view (five-pronged). I, NHMW 1990 / 0041 / 1838, paratype, dorsal view with three-pronged rostrum, posterior carapace absent. A – D, coated with ammonium chloride before photography. A, C, D, modified from Robins et al. (2016: fig. 12). Scale bars: 2.0 mm (A – C, I); 5.0 mm (D – G); 1.0 mm (H). Angeli, 2012 [middle Eocene]; Galathea sahariana Garassino et al., 2008 [Cenomanian / Turonian]; Galathea squamifera Leach, 1814 [Messinian – Recent]; Galathea strigifera von Fischer-Benzon, 1866 [Danian]; Galathea valmaranensis De Angeli & Garassino, 2002 [Oligocene]; Galathea weinfurteri Bachmayer, 1950 [late Oligocene – middle Miocene]. Discussion: Baldanza et al. (2013) called Galathea affinis a nomen dubium because the holotype and another specimen were lost and because of the poor quality of the line drawing in Ristori (1886: pl. 2.18). However, the line drawing shows all details of the carapace, including many spines on and around the rostrum; therefore, we do not consider this species a nomen dubium. We consider Galathea antiqua Risso, 1816 a nomen nudum because a holotype, type locality, age, illustration and a detailed description are unknown (see ICZN article 12). Galathea lupiae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1849, only known from an appendage fragment from the Neocomian (Berriasian – Hauterivian) of France, is not identifiable; therefore, we consider this specimen incertae sedis within Decapoda.? GALATHEA GENESIS ROBINS & KLOMPMAKER SP.	en	Robins, Cristina M., Klompmaker, Adiël A. (2019): Extreme diversity and parasitism of Late Jurassic squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea) and the oldest records of porcellanids and galatheids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 1131-1154
