taxonID	type	description	language	source
DA77467DFFA6FF95FD92F4CCFC006B97.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 5 CB 9 EA 2 - 346 B- 4228 - 99 EF-ABC 86 B 4 B 9 BE 8	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF95FD92F4CCFC006B97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The size in vivo is about 165 – 230 × 125 – 210 μm; the anterior end pointed and the posterior end broadly rounded; the buccal field is big and deep, approximately 40 % of body the length; 19 or 20 somatic kineties; two postoral kineties; M 1 and M 2 are approximately equal length; M 2 consists of three parts (M 2 a, b, c); M 3 is shorter than M 1 and M 2; one macronucleus; micronucleus is not observed; freshwater habitat.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF95FD92F4CCFC006B97.taxon	etymology	Etymology The genus-group name ‘ Pseudotetrahymena ’ highlights the difference of the oral apparatus and outline from that of the genus Tetrahymena.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF95FD92F4CCFC006B97.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Pseudotetrahymena orientalis gen. et sp. nov. (monotypic genus).	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF95FDF1F229FDD9696D.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 9 FCE 478 - 3 C 33 - 458 D-AF 4 F- 02505 DF 5 BB 74	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF95FDF1F229FDD9696D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The outline of the cell is similar to the one in Tetrahymena. The adoral structure is of Tetrahymena type, composed of one paroral and three oral membranelles. M 2 consists of several clusters, forming several parallel parts.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF95FDF1F229FDD9696D.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus Pseudotetrahymena gen. nov.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF94FDD8F6ABFCA66ACF.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: AD 200533 - 1 E 68 - 4 CF 5 - BE 38 - 1 CB 4104 F 26 A 8 Figs 2 – 3; Table 1	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF94FDD8F6ABFCA66ACF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Size in vivo 165 – 230 × 125 – 210 μm; anterior end pointed and posterior end broadly rounded; buccal field big and deep, approximately 40 % of body length; 19 or 20 somatic kineties; two postoral kineties; M 1 and M 2 approximately equal length; M 2 consists of three parts (M 2 a, b, c); M 3 obviously shorter than M 1 and M 2; one macronucleus. Micronucleus not observed; freshwater habitat.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF94FDD8F6ABFCA66ACF.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species-group name ‘ orientalis ’ (Latin adjective; eastern, occurring in the Orient) refer to the fact that this species was discovered in East Asia.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF94FDD8F6ABFCA66ACF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHINA – Heilongjiang Province • Harbin City, Dafa international fish market [a freshwater aquarium]; 45 ° 44 ′ 9 ″ N, 126 ° 35 ′ 41 ″ E; 11 Oct. 2022; Xiang Wang leg.; HANU WX- 20221011 - 01 (carbonate-stained slide with 6 specs, the holotype specimen marked with an ink circle). Paratypes CHINA – Heilongjiang Province • 5 specs; same collection data as holotype; HANU WX- 20221011 - 02. Type locality A freshwater aquarium at Dafa international fish market in Harbin (45 ° 44 ′ 9 ″ N, 126 ° 35 ′ 41 ″ E), Northeast China.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA6FF94FDD8F6ABFCA66ACF.taxon	description	Description Size in vivo 165 – 230 × 125 – 210 μm; body shape flexible, anterior end narrowed and posterior end broadly rounded usually (Fig. 2 A – B, E, H – I, K). When food vacuoles filled by food, 60 % of posterior part of cell swells extremely (Fig. 2 A, E). Ratio of length to width about 1.5: 1. Buccal field usually big, deep, and oval, approximately 40 % of body length (Fig. 2 A, E, H – I; Table 1). Cortical granules spherical, arranged randomly on pellicle (Fig. 2 H, J – K). Cytoplasm colorless to deep dark when food vacuoles filled with food (Fig. 2 A, E, H – I, K), often containing several big food vacuoles filled with ingested Tetrahymena (food vacuoles about 40 μm in diameter) (Figs 2 K, 3 G). Single contractile vacuole (approximately 25 μm in diameter) positioned close to posterior end (Fig. 2 K). Extrusomes not observed; single ellipsoid macronucleus, approximately 60 μm across after staining, usually squeezed by food vacuoles, no micronucleus observed (Fig. 3 A – D, H). Length of somatic cilia approximately 10 μm, densely arranged. Locomotion mainly by swimming slowly, sometimes rotating forwards. Preying on Tetrahymena. Altogether 19 or 20 SK arranged latitudinally, extending the entire length of body, consisting of monokinetids (Figs 2 C – D, 3 A – D). Two PK; PK 1 and PK 2 commence anteriorly at level posterior of PM and extend posteriorly nearly to end of cell (Figs 2 F, 3 C). Oral structure consisting of one PM and three oral membranelles (Figs 2 C, F – G, 3 E – F). PM generally C-shaped, composed of paired basal bodies, organized in zigzagging pattern, extending anteriorly to M 2. (Figs 2 F – G, 3 E – F). M 1 and M 2 approximately equal in length, composed of four or three rows of kinetids (Figs 2 F – G; 3 E – F). M 2 consisting of three parts, namely M 2 a, b, c. M 2 a not obvious anteriorly and conspicuous posteriorly, composed of two rows of kinetids (Figs 2 F – G, 3 E – F). M 2 b obvious, consisting of four rows of kinetids (Figs 2 F – G, 3 E – F). M 2 c divided into two parts, each composed of four rows of kinetids (Figs 2 F – G, 3 E). M 3 shorter than M 1 and M 2, containing three rows of kinetids (Fig. 3 E – F). Gene sequences The SSU-rRNA gene sequence of Pseudotetrahymena orientalis gen. et sp. nov. ahas been deposited in GenBank database with the accession number OR 616813.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA5FF9AFDBBF1F6FD426A04.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: EFC 1 DA 92 - 72 AD- 4 EA 2 - 936 F- 12805 A 06 A 0 EA Figs 4 – 5; Tables 1 – 2	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA5FF9AFDBBF1F6FD426A04.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The cell about 20 – 30 × 15 – 25 µm in vivo; the buccal field occupies about 40 – 45 % of the body length; nine somatic kineties; SKn extends to posterior sub-terminally; one or two macronuclei and one micronucleus; M 1 consists of two longitudinal rows and is obviously shorter than M 2; M 2 has a long-triangle shape; M 3 consists of four basal bodies in one row; the scutica is mainly composed of two pairs of kinetosomes; single caudal cilium; freshwater habitat.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA5FF9AFDBBF1F6FD426A04.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species-group name ʻ paravorax ʼ is a composite of the Greek adjective ʻpara-ʼ (beside) and the species-group name ʻ vorax ʼ, indicating its similarity to Cyclidium vorax Pan, 2020.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA5FF9AFDBBF1F6FD426A04.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHINA – Heilongjiang Province • Harbin City, Harbin Normal University; 45 ° 52 ′ 3 ″ N, 126 ° 33 ′ 2 ″ E; 23 Nov. 2022; Xiang Wang leg.; HANU WX- 20221123 - 01 (carbonate-stained slide with 22 specs, the holotype specimen marked with an ink circle). Paratypes CHINA – Heilongjiang Province • 39 specs; same collection data as holotype; HANU WX- 20221123 - 02. Type locality A freshwater aquarium at Harbin Normal University, Harbin (45 ° 52 ′ 3 ″ N, 126 ° 33 ′ 2 ″ E), Northeast China.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
DA77467DFFA5FF9AFDBBF1F6FD426A04.taxon	description	Description Body about 20 – 30 × 15 – 25 µm in vivo, ellipsoidal with flat section in anterior end, posterior end slightly wider (Fig. 4 A, K – N). Ratio of length to width about 1.25: 1. Buccal field about 40 % – 45 % of body length, with prominent paroral membrane on ventral side (Fig. 4 A, K – P; Table 1). Cortex smooth. Somatic cilia and cilia of paroral membrane about 6 µm long (Fig. 4 K – N), single caudal cilium about 13 µm long (Fig. 4 A, K, N, P). Cytoplasm colorless, containing several (approximately 1 µm in diameter) bacteriafilled food vacuoles and variable-sized (0.5 – 1 µm) granules (Fig. 4 A, K, N). Contractile vacuole located near posterior end of cell, approximately 4 µm in diameter (Fig. 4 A, K – L, N). Extrusomes not observed; one or two globular macronuclei approximately 7 µm in diameter (eight out of 23 cells examined with two macronuclei); one micronucleus approximately 2 µm across after staining (Figs 4 E, 5 K – L). Locomotion by swimming fast, sometimes motionless for long periods. Altogether 9 or 10 SK extending from near anterior end to near posterior end (Figs 4 B – C, 5 A – B), all consisting of dikinetids in its anterior half and widely positioned monokinetids posteriorly (Fig. 5 E, K). SKn consisting of 10 to 13 kinetids; SK 1 composed of 14 kinetids. PM generally L-shaped, occupies about 40 % – 45 % of body length, composed of zigzagging structure (Figs 4 D, 5 C). M 1 consists of two longitudinal rows of monokinetids, shorter than M 2 (Figs 4 D, 5 D); M 2 long-triangle shaped, composed of three longitudinal rows and 8 horizontal rows (Figs 4 D, 5 C); M 3 obviously smaller and shorter than M 1 and M 2, bearing one row consisting of four basal bodies (Figs 4 D, 5 C). Scutica patterns diversified (Figs 4 F – J, 5 F – J), arranged in two groups mainly (Figs 4 D, F, 5 F), located near posterior end of PM; each part composed of two and four basal bodies. Gene sequences The SSU-rRNA gene sequence of Cyclidium paravorax sp. nov. has been deposited in GenBank database with the accession number OR 466404.	en	Wang, Xiang, Liu, Lihui, Wang, Jialu, Wang, Xiaosong, Wang, Jiarui, Wang, Li, Zhao, Lv, Pan, Xuming (2025): Systematic positions and taxonomy of two freshwater ciliates found in China, with establishments of one new family and two new species (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). European Journal of Taxonomy 981: 1-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.981.2813, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2813/12837
