identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E87A9B1F9A7D8504FE2D29B06770918D.text	E87A9B1F9A7D8504FE2D29B06770918D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catocyclotis secuza Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Catocyclotis secuza Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 80A7A093-35F9-4FE1-ABD2-F9475FFBFA66</p><p>(Figs. 1 part, 2–3)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic phylogeny of Catocyclotis Stichel, 1911 (type species Hesperia aemulius Fabricius, 1793) reveals that specimens identified as Catocyclotis sejuncta (Stichel, 1910) (type locality in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) are genetically differentiated from its lectotype (sequenced as NVG-21121A10) at the species level (Fig. 1), e.g., the COI barcode of a specimen from Peru differs by 3.0% (20 bp). Therefore, this specimen represents a new species. This new species is similar to C. sejuncta and differs from it by paler ventral forewing with more developed pearly overscaling with brown scales partly replaced with pearly scales over the entire ventral surface. According to Hall (2018), who treated it as a color variant of C. sejuncta not differing in genitalia, which are shown in Fig. 3 and appear to have a shorter and more stout harpe that is more gradually bent inwards compared to C. sejuncta . Due to the cryptic nature of this species, definitive identification is provided by DNA, and a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: cne5853.1.9:G39A, cne403.6.1:C289T, cne2935.</p><p>2.13:G72T, cne9494.2.1:C33T, cne6332.2.1:G192A, cne 2307.5.2:C98C (not T), cne 2307.5.2:G109G (not A), cne 1302.6.1:C487C (not T), cne364.20.1:G150G (not A), cne5120.2.1:C142C (not A), and COI barcode: T1C, G38A, A122G, G218A, A346C, G389A.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-18048E06, GenBank PQ489696, 658 base pairs: CACATTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGTATAATAGGAACATCTTTAAGTCTTTTAATTCGTATAGAATTAGGAACTCCCGGATCATTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT GTTGTTACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGTTTTGGAAATTGATTAATTCCTTTAATATTAGGTACTCCTGATATAGCATTTCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCCCCTTCATTATTTCTTTTAATTTCAAGAAAAATTGTAGAAAATGGTACAGGAACTGGATGAACAATTTACCCCCCCCTATCATCTAATATTGC CCATGGAGGAGCATCAGTTGATTTAACTATTTTTTCTCTTCATTTAGCTGGTATTTCTTCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACTATTATTAATATACGTATTAATAATTTATCT TTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGATCTGTAGGAATTACTGCATTATTATTATTATTATCTTTACCTGTATTAGCAGGTGCTATTACTATATTATTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACAT CATTTTTTGACCCTGCTGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in Cuzco, Peru.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 5C003A6B-7805-4B04-B91C-C8943558CFBE</p><p>(Figs. 1 part, 4)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic phylogeny of Catocyclotis Stichel, 1911 (type species Hesperia aemulius Fabricius, 1793) reveals that specimens identified as Catocyclotis sejuncta (Stichel, 1910) (type locality in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) are genetically differentiated from its lectotype (sequenced as NVG-21121A10) at the species level (Fig. 1), e.g., the COI barcode of a specimen from Rio de Janeiro differs by 3.2% (21 bp). Therefore, this specimen represents a new species. This new species is similar to C. sejuncta and differs from it by darker ventral hindwing with less developed pearly overscaling and some purple overscaling on the dorsal hindwing. According to Hall (2018), who treated it as a color variant of C. sejuncta and detailed the differences between them, it does not differ from it in genitalia, thus best identified by its darker phenotype. Due to the cryptic nature of this species, definitive identification is provided by DNA, and a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: cne3539.9.2:T108C, cne3539.9.2:A120C, cne16860.2.5:A927G, cne 1023.1.1:G87A, cne14049.3.4:C58T, cne682.1.3:T114T (not C), cne5853.1.9:G39G (not A), cne20858.1.2:C456C (not A), cne20858.1.2:T465T (not C), cne20858.1.2:A1371A (not G), and COI barcode: T34C, C85T, T106C, A160G, T259C, T547C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-19032G06, GenBank PQ489697, 658 base pairs: TACATTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGCATAGTAGGAACATCTTTAAGTCTTTTAATTCGTATAGAATTAGGAACTCCTGGATCATTAATTGGTGATGACCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATGGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGTTTTGGAAATTGATTAGTTCCTTTAATATTAGGTGCTCCTGATATAGCATTTCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTCTGATTACTACCCCCTTCATTATTTCTTTTAATTTCAAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGTGCAGGAACTGGATGAACAGTTTACCCCCCACTATCATCTAATATTGC CCATGGAGGATCATCAGTTGATTTAGCTATTTTTTCTTTACATTTAGCTGGTATTTCCTCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACTATTATTAACATACGTATTAATAATTTATCT TTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGATCTGTAGGAATTACTGCATTATTGTTATTATTATCCTTACCTGTATTAGCAGGTGCTATTACTATATTATTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACAT CATTTTTTGACCCTGCTGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ currently deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), illustrated in Fig. 4, bears five printed (text in italics handwritten) labels: four white [BRAZIL, RJ, Teresopolis | 22°27'S, 42°59'W | 17 Dec 1996 1,000 m | Leg. Robbins &amp; Caldas], [Genitalia vial | Catocyclotis | sejuncta | USNM 344 | J. P. W. Hall], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-19032G06 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [USNMENT | {QR Code} | 01544522], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Catocyclotis | serio Grishin].</p><p>Type locality. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis, elevation 1000 m, GPS −22.450, −42.983 .</p><p>Etymology. The name sejuncta likely comes from the Latin verb sejungere, which means to set apart, separate, or divide. Therefore, sejuncta can be interpreted to mean separated, set apart, divided, isolated, or secluded. We are dividing this species into several, and a segregate from Rio gets its name as se [gregate] + Rio . The name is treated as a feminine noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A7D8504FE2D29B06770918D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A7F850AFE172EB166C597A6.text	E87A9B1F9A7F850AFE172EB166C597A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catocyclotis luteonaevia Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Catocyclotis luteonaevia Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 5B5C4D82-4ECB-49D1-8546-08AC223A0C4C</p><p>(Figs. 1 part, 5) Definition and diagnosis. Genomic phylogeny of Catocyclotis Stichel, 1911 (type species Hesperia aemulius Fabricius, 1793) reveals that a specimen from Bolivia curated in MFNB as a type of Echenais</p><p>Catocyclotis zerna (Hewitson, 1872) (type locality in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) at the species level (Fig. 1), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 6.5% (43 bp). Furthermore, this specimen possesses a unique mitogenome (Fig. 1c), which rejects Hall's (2018) hypothesis that it is a hybrid and strongly suggests that it is a species distinct from C. zerna and others. The name luteonaevia was introduced by Stichel (1911) as “Forma ♀ luteonaevia, form. nov.” thus proposed for a female form and is infrasubspecific. According to the Glossary of the ICZN Code (1999), an infrasubspecific name is “a name applied to an infrasubspecific entity.” The infrasubspecific entity is defined in part as “specimen(s) within a species differing from other specimens in consequence of intrapopulational variability (e.g. opposite sexes …,” which is what “Forma ♀ ” refers to. To further substantiate this conclusion, we note that Stichel (1911) explicitly proposed new subspecies as “subsp. nov.” in this work, in contrast to the names for infrasubspecific entities. The name luteonaevia was proposed as infrasubspecific and was not adopted as the valid name for a species or a subspecies before 1985 (Art. 45.6.4), being treated as a “form” and in synonymy. Therefore, the name is unavailable, and its “ type ” specimen represents a new species. This new species is differentiated from others by the characters given in Stichel (1911:338) and elaborated by Hall (2018: 295) for Echenais zerna f. luteonaevia . In brief, a female (male unknown) differs from its relatives by an orange-brown marginal band on the dorsal forewing, similar orange overscaling over the dorsal wing surface, and three prominent stretches of white scales in the forewing fringe. Due to unexplored phenotypic variation, definitive identification is provided by DNA, and a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: cne191.3.1:A117G, cne3560.2.4:T70C, cne 1941.1.6: G93C, cne21329.5.1:A372C, cne5807.3.16:A177G, cne 1302.6.1:T490T (not C), cne38112.1.3:G345G (not A), cne13807.3.1:C1254C (not T), cne1425.14.2:G637G (not T), cne1425.14.2:T648T (not G), and COI barcode: A76G, T118C, G506A, T508C, T574C, T640C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-21121A12, GenBank PQ489698, 658 base pairs: AACATTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGAGCTGGTATAGTTGGAACATCATTAAGTTTATTAATTCGAATAGAATTGGGAACTCCTGGATCTTTAATTGGTGATGATCAAATTTACAACACT ATTGTAACAGCGCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGTAATTGATTAGTACCTTTAATATTAGGAGCTCCCGATATAGCTTTTCCTCGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTACTTCCCCCATCATTATTTCTTTTAATTTCTAGAAGTATTGTAGAAAATGGAGCAGGAACAGGATGAACAGTTTATCCCCCACTTTCATCTAATATTGC TCATGGAGGAACATCAGTTGATTTAGCTATTTTTTCTTTACATTTAGCTGGAATTTCCTCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACTATTATTAATATACGTATTAATAATTTATCT TTTGATCAAATACCATTATTTATCTGATCTGTAGGTATCACTGCATTATTACTATTATTATCTTTACCTGTTTTAGCTGGTGCTATTACCATATTATTAACTGATCGAAATTTAAATACTT CTTTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCTATCTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♀ deposited in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany (MFNB), illustrated in Fig. 5, bears seven labels (3 rd handwritten, others printed with handwritten text in shown italics; 1 st and the last red, others white): [Type], [ Rio Songo (1200 m)| Bolivia (Yungas) | 189 6 —6 Garlepp], [luteonaevia | Stich.], [Coll. | Staudinger], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-21121A12 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [ex coll. | H. STICHEL], and [HOLOTYPE ♀ | Catocyclotis | luteonaevia Grishin]. The holotype is missing its abdomen.</p><p>Type locality. Bolivia: La Paz Department, Río Zongo, elevation 1200 m .</p><p>Etymology. For the stability of nomenclature, the infrasubspecific name proposed by Stichel (1911) is name is given for the yellowish (actually, orange-brown) outer margin of the dorsal hindwing and is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in western Bolivia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A7F850AFE172EB166C597A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A71850AFDCC2973670590FA.text	E87A9B1F9A71850AFDCC2973670590FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synargis gohia Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Synargis gohia Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 2E0150FE-9303-4BA0-86A3-D642712A4E2C (Figs. 6 part, 7d–f)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis of additional specimens in the Synargis regulus group reveals a clade from Brazil (Bahia and Goiás) (Fig. 6 red) representing a taxon most closely related to Synargis regina Grishin, 2024 (type locality in Peru) (Fig. 6 blue) and Synargis reginella Grishin, 2024 (type locality in Brazil: Pará) (Fig. 6 green), but distinct from them both at the species level (Fig. 6), e.g., its COI barcodes differ from those of S. regina and S. reginella by 2% (13 bp) and 2.4% (16 bp), respectively. This new species is most similar to S. regina and S. reginella and differs by less extensive than in S. reginella but more extensive than in S. regina yellow spotting along the outer margin of ventral hindwing, somewhat broader brown bands between yellow areas, and longer than in S. reginella postdiscal yellow area along the inner margin of hindwing as a result of wider separation between the brown bands towards the inner margin. Males are yellower and less orange than S. reginella, with abdomen brown above and pale-yellow beneath (males of S. regina are unknown). Females of the new species we sequenced are smaller in size than either S. regina or S. reginella (Fig. 7). However, the male is comparable to males of S. reginella, and, therefore, the difference in size may be individual variation. Due to unexplored phenotypic variation, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: cne6558.13.3:A1623C, cne6558.13.3:C1632T, cne12987.3.24:G2562T, cne12987.3.24:T2565G, cne12987.3.24:T2568G, and COI barcode: C81C, T274T, T283C, T334T, T479C, T514C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-23103C07, GenBank PQ489699, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATCTGAGCAGGTATAATAGGAACATCTCTTAGTTTATTAATTCGAATAGAATTAGGAACTCCTGGTTCTTTAATTGGAAATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTTACAGCTCATGCATTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTTCCATTAATATTAGGAGCTCCAGATATAGCTTTTCCTCGTA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCTCCTTCTTTATTCTTATTAATTTCTAGAAGAATTATTGAAAATGGAGCAGGAACTGGATGAACTGTGTACCCCCCACTTTCATCTAATATTGC TCACAGAGGAGCTTCTGTTGATTTAGCTATTTTTTCTCTTCATTTAGCTGGAATTTCATCAATTTTAGGTGCAATTAATTTTATTACTACTATTATTAATATACGTATTAATAATCTATCA TTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTATTTGATCCGTAGGAATTACTGCTCTTCTTCTTTTATTATCTTTACCTGTTTTAGCAGGAGCTATTACTATATTACTTACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACAT CTTTTTTTGATCCCGCAGGAGGTGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♀ currently deposited in the Senckenberg Naturmuseum, Frankfurt, Germany (SMF), illustrated in Fig. 7e, bears the following three printed rectangular labels, two white: [ Rio Preto | März 1927 | Dr. Seitz leg.], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-23103C07 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♀ | Synargis | gohia Grishin]. Paratypes: 1♂ and 1♀ from Brazil in SMF: 1♂ NVG-23103C08 Goias, Viannepolla, Nov-1921, Coll. R. Spitz and 1♀ NVG-23103C09 data as the holotype.</p><p>Type locality. Brazil: Bahia, Preto River .</p><p>Etymology. The name is a fusion of the names of states where this species has been recorded from: Go [iás] + [Ba] hia. Furthermore, goia means joy in Guaraní, fitting the appearance of this joyful species. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known from central and northeastern Brazil, the states of Goiás and Bahia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A71850AFDCC2973670590FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A738508FE2528CE67B59024.text	E87A9B1F9A738508FE2528CE67B59024.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synargis maxidifa Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Synargis maxidifa Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 5A2CCC55-4575-451F-9A5E-8CB2A1EE668E (Figs. 8 part, 9a)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis reveals that a specimen from northern Peru unique in its wing pattern (Fig. 9a) belongs to the Synargis regulus group but is genetically differentiated from others at the species level (Fig. 8), e.g., its COI barcode differs from closer relatives such as Synargis latidifa Grishin, 2024 (type locality in French Guiana) and Synargis tenebritorna Grishin, 2024 (type locality in Brazil: Bahia) by 2.6% (17 bp), and, therefore, represents a new species. This new species is somewhat intermediate in appearance between typical S. regulus group representatives and Synargis chaonia (Hewitson, [1853]) (type locality in Brazil: Amazonas), and differs from its relatives by much broader (more than 5 times) discal yellow band compared to the submarginal band, mostly due to the submarginal band being narrower than in other species, and by slightly paler yellow color compared to S. latidifa . The new species is also similar to Synargis sylvarum (H. Bates, 1867) (type locality in Brazil: Pará), which we have not sequenced. However, in S. sylvarum, the two submarginal spots are connected into a band on the ventral forewing (separated in the new species), dorsal hindwing submarginal band is longer, nearly reaching costal and inner margins (widely separated from the costal margin in the new species), veins on the ventral side of wings are yellower (of the same brown ground color in the new species), and the forewing central spot-like band narrows anteriad, more triangular in shape (rectangular to oval in the new species). This new species is not cryptic and is recognizable by its wing pattern. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: cne14967.2.1:C384A, cne14967.2.1: C387T, cne14967.2.1:A396G, cne14967.2.1:C399T, cne14967.2.1:C405T, cne349.3.6:C84C (not T), cne349.3.6:C90C (not T), cne349.3.6:G117G (not C), cne40.6.1:T711T (not G), cne40.6.1:G717G (not T), and COI barcode: A316T, C391C, T442C, T463C, A494T, T464C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-23103C10, GenBank PQ489700, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGTATAATAGGAACATCTCTTAGTTTACTAATTCGAATAGAATTAGGAACTCCTGAATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTTACAGCTCATGCATTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTTCCATTAATATTAGGAGCTCCAGATATAGCTTTCCCCCGTA TAAATAACATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCTCCTTCTTTATTTTTATTAATCTCCAGAAGAATTGTTGAAAATGGTGCAGGAACTGGATGAACAGTGTACCCCCCACTTTCATCTAATATTGC TCATAGAGGAACTTCTGTTGATTTAGCCATTTTTTCTCTTCATTTAGCTGGAATTTCATCAATCTTAGGTGCAATTAACTTTATTACTACTATTATTAACATACGTATTAATAATTTATCA TTTGATCAATTACCTTTATTTGTTTGATCAGTAGGAATTACTGCTCTTCTTCTTTTATTATCATTACCTGTTTTAGCGGGAGCTATTACTATATTACTTACTGATCGAAATTTAAATACAT CTTTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGTGGAGATCCAATTTTATACCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ currently deposited in the Senckenberg Naturmuseum, Frankfurt, Germany (SMF), illustrated in Fig. 9a, bears the following three rectangular labels (1 st handwritten, others printed), two white: [Pumayacú | Sept · 1933], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-23103C10 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Synargis | maxidifa Grishin].</p><p>Type locality. Peru: Loreto Region, Pumayacu .</p><p>Etymology. The name is given for the large difference in widths of the discal (very broad) and submarginal (narrow) bands, compared to its relative S. latidifa, where the difference is notable: maxi [ma]+ dif [ferenti] a, i.e., maximal difference in Latin. The name is treated as an adjective.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in the Loreto Region, northeastern Peru.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A738508FE2528CE67B59024	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A72850FFE7A2D85612A9504.text	E87A9B1F9A72850FFE7A2D85612A9504.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synargis flavicauda subsp. cosita Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Synargis flavicauda cosita Grishin, new subspecies</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 5DD01B37-C398-435A-BDC6-F726DBF1F0D6</p><p>(Figs. 8 part, 10a, 11)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. A male from Guyana that is sister to other Synargis flavicauda Grishin, 2024 (type locality Peru: Rio Pachitea, Monte Alegre) shows moderate genetic differentiation from the Peruvian specimens (Fig. 8), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 1.5% (10 bp), and therefore represents a new taxon. We conservatively regard it as a subspecies of S. flavicauda . This new subspecies is similar to the nominate but differs from it by being darker and smaller overall. In addition, the yellow discal bar on the dorsal forewing does not reach as far into the discal cell and is more rounded anteriad, the outer margin of the yellow discal band on the hindwing is more concave, somewhat angular, and on the ventral side extends into a small tooth along the costal margin, and the outer edge of the yellow postdiscal hindwing band is more sinuous. Due to unexplored phenotypic variation, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: Type locality. Guyana: Eastern Kanuku Mountains, Two Hat Mountain south slope summit, elevation 850'–1200', GPS 3.1133, −59.0983.</p><p>Etymology. In Spanish, cosita means little thing or little object and refers to a smaller size of this subspecies than many other Synargis from the regulus group. The name is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in Guyana.</p><p>A correction to the sample number of a smaller Synargis regulus (Fabricius, 1793)</p><p>In Zhang et al. (2024:18), we stated: “However, not all S. regulus specimens are that large, and NVG-21119F08 is smaller than an average S. attilius,” where NVG-21119F08 was given by mistake. NVG-21119F08 refers to the “ holotype ” of an infrasubspecific name Nymula regulus regulus forma ingens Stichel, 1925 (from Brazil: Espirito Santo). It is a large specimen with a wingspan of about 42 mm. A smaller specimen is NVG-22117D10, also from Espirito Santo ( Leopoldina) [MFNB], and its wingspan is about 34 mm. The number 21119F08 should be corrected to 22117D10. Both specimens are illustrated on the Butterflies of America website (Warren et al. 2024) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A72850FFE7A2D85612A9504	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A748512FE372B0E63179216.text	E87A9B1F9A748512FE372B0E63179216.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bungalotis corentus Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Bungalotis corentus Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ C2A91FBA-F127-421D-AADD-E7413CF65DFC</p><p>(Figs. 12 part, 13–14)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis of Bungalotis E. Watson, 1893 (type species Papilio midas Cramer, 1775) specimens from western Ecuador reveals that they are sister to Bungalotis corentinus (Plötz, 1882) (type locality in Suriname) but are genetically differentiated from it at the species level (Fig. 12), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 1.7% (11 bp), and therefore represent a new species. This new species keys to “ Bungalotis diophorus ” (D.1.2) in Evans (1952), which is a junior objective synonym of B. corentinus, and differs from it by rusty-reddish color of the dorsal side, more red than yellow (is usually yellower in B. corentinus), larger spots on wings, discal cell spot on the dorsal hindwing is oval, with brown contour, filled with ground color; some postdiscal spots may be paler in the middle; ventral side is browner, spots are larger on the ventral hindwing and filled with more extensive whitish scaling;</p><p>harpe is much longer (1.5–2 times of B. corentinus) and the process of the ampulla is broader (Fig. 14). Due to unexplored phenotypic variation of this species, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly276665.10.2:A40T, aly349.33.2:A303T, aly349.33.2:A318G, aly666.26.1:C111T, aly3177.6.10:G150A, and COI barcode: A79G, T220C, G316A, T325C, T352C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-17104D09, GenBank PQ489702, 658 base pairs: AACCTTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGAGCAGGAATAATTGGAACTTCATTAAGATTACTAATTCGAACTGAATTAGGGACCCCTGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTTACTGCCCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTACCTTTAATATTAGGAGCCCCAGATATAGCATTTCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCACCTTCATTAACTTTATTAATTTCAAGAAGAATTGTTGAAAATGGAGCTGGTACCGGATGAACAGTATATCCTCCTTTATCCTCAAATATTGC TCACCAAGGTTCTTCTGTTGATTTAGCAATTTTTTCTCTTCATTTAGCTGGAATTTCATCTATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACAATTATTAATATACGAATTAAAAATTTATCT TTTGATCAAATACCATTATTTGTTTGAGCTGTAGGAATTACAGCAATTTTACTATTACTTTCTTTACCTGTTTTAGCAGGAGCTATTACTATACTTTTAACAGATCGAAATCTTAATACTT CATTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), illustrated in Fig. 13 (genitalia in Fig. 14), bears the following seven rectangular labels (4 th handwritten others printed with handwritten text shown in italics), six white: [Alluriquin 700m | PICHINCHA ECUADOR | 11 Sept. ’76 | S. S. Nicolay], [ Bungalotis | clusia ♂ | Det. E. | S.S. Nicolay], [GENITALIA NO. | X-54 45 | J.M.Burns 2003], [LIKE ACG NOT- | diophorus ♂ USNM], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-17104D09 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [USNMENT | {QR Code} | 00913870], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Bungalotis | corentus Grishin] . Paratype: 1♂ NVG-18065C11 Ecuador: Esmeraldas, 500-800 m, Apr-2009, ex coll. M. Büche [EBrockmann] .</p><p>Type locality. Ecuador: Pichincha Province, Alluriquín, elevation 700 m.</p><p>Etymology. The name is formed from the name of its sister species B. corentinus, made shorter for its new more western relative. The name is treated as a masculine noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from western Ecuador.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 18FC50D7-3808-49C3-94B4-A165637BA641</p><p>(Figs. 12 part, 15–16)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis of a specimen from Ecuador superficially similar to Bungalotis astylos (Cramer, 1780) (type locality in Suriname) in having ventrally brown palpi and cheeks reveals that it is sister to Bungalotis milleri H. Freeman, 1977 (type locality in Mexico: Oaxaca), which is a Central American species, but is genetically differentiated from it at the species level (Fig. 12), thus representing a new species. In mitochondrial DNA, the three species ( B. milleri, B. astylos, and the new one) are not strongly differentiated from each other, although in our tree, the new species is sister to both B. milleri and B. astylos . The new species keys (incompletely) to Bungalotis astylos (D.1.4) in Evans (1952) and is most similar to Bungalotis milleri, with the description by Freeman (1977) applicable to the male of the new species, except as stated below. In contrast to B. milleri (see Freeman 1977), the new species possesses a ray of shiny-blue scales by the costa of the dorsal hindwing (Fig. 15 bottom) characteristic of B. astylos, Bungalotis midas (Cramer, 1775) (type locality in Suriname), and Bungalotis aureus Austin, 2008 (type locality in Ecuador), and shares with B. astylos ventrally tawny-brown palpi and cheeks (except some white scales along the cheeks’ posterior). The new species differs from B. milleri and B. astylos by being darker and having browner ground color; in particular, the yellow area in the posterior part of the ventral forewing is smaller, does not reach past the postdiscal spots and vein CuA 1, and is more clearly separated from brown ground color. Due to the cryptic nature of this species and unexplored phenotypic variation, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly6841.81.1:C454T, aly6841.81.1:G498A, aly1139.51.7:T43G, aly2284.27.1:T39A, aly2284.27.1:G44A, aly 2954.3.1:A771A (not C), aly 1409.11.16: C73C (not T), aly2101.22.3:C114C (not G), aly2101.22.3:C117C (not T), aly398.2.3:C66C (not T), and COI barcode: T133C, T340C, A622A, T646C (the barcode may not offer reliable identification on a larger sample of specimens).</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-17103H06, GenBank PQ489703, 658 base pairs: AACATTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGAGCAGGTATAATTGGAACTTCATTAAGATTACTAATTCGAACTGAATTAGGTACCCCCGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTTACTGCCCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTACCATTAATATTAGGAGCTCCTGACATAGCTTTTCCTCGAA TAAATAACATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCCCCTTCTTTAACTTTATTAATTTCAAGAAGAATTGTTGAAAATGGTGCTGGTACTGGTTGAACAGTTTACCCACCATTATCTACTAATATTGC TCATCAAGGATCTTCTGTTGATTTAGCAATTTTTTCTTTACATTTAGCTGGTATTTCATCTATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACAATTATCAATATACGAATTAGAAATTTATCT TTTGATCAAATACCATTATTTATTTGAGCTGTAGGAATTACAGCAATCTTATTATTATTATCATTACCTGTATTAGCAGGAGCTATTACTATACTTTTAACAGATCGAAATCTTAATACTT CATTCTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATACCAACATTTATTTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), illustrated in Fig. 15 (genitalia in Fig. 16), bears the following six rectangular labels (2 nd and 3 rd handwritten, others printed with handwritten text shown in italics), five white: [ECUADOR: Pichincha | Tinalandia, 600m, 16km | E Santo Domingo de los | Colorados 18–22 Apr '90 | leg. Brian Harris], [ Bungalotis | midas], [Collected at | mercury | vapor light!], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-17103H06 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-23116D05 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [USNMENT | {QR Code} | 00913817], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Bungalotis | amydros Grishin]. The first DNA sample refers to the extraction from a leg, and the second is from the abdomen prior to genitalia dissection.</p><p>Type locality. Ecuador: Pichincha Province, 16 km east of Santo Domingo, Tinalandia, elevation 600 m.</p><p>Etymology. In Greek, aμυδρός (amydros) means dim or faint and refers to reduced orange areas in this species compared to its relatives. The name is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in the western slopes of the Andes in northern Ecuador.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A748512FE372B0E63179216	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A698512FE482DC7677290F9.text	E87A9B1F9A698512FE482DC7677290F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salatis pelignus (Hewitson 1867)	<div><p>Salatis pelignus (Hewitson, 1867) is a species distinct from Salatis salatis (Stoll, 1782)</p><p>Genomic analysis reveals that a specimen of Salatis Evans, 1952 (type species Papilio salatis Stoll, 1782) from Southeast Brazil, together with another specimen from an unknown locality (possibly from around Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), are genetically differentiated from others at the species level in the Z chromosome (Fig. 17a) with Fst / Gmin of 0.34/0.00, although not differing significantly in the mitochondrial genome (Fig. 17b). Thus, these two specimens represent a species distinct from Salatis salatis (Stoll, 1782) (type locality in Suriname), and the name Eudamus pelignus Hewitson, 1867 (type locality in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) applies to them judging by the locality and phenotypic similarity. Therefore, we propose that Salatis pelignus (Hewitson, 1867), stat. rest. is a species distinct from Salatis salatis (Stoll, 1782) . Furthermore, we suggest, pending further examination of their primary type specimens, to treat two other taxa with the southern distribution, i.e., Eudamus sebrus C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867 (type locality in Brazil: Bahia) and Bungalotis sapucayae Jörgensen, 1935 (type locality in Paraguay: Sapucaí), as junior subjective synonyms of Salatis pelignus (Hewitson, 1867), stat. rest. and not of S. salatis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A698512FE482DC7677290F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A688510FE3A2A9F66D890D4.text	E87A9B1F9A688510FE3A2A9F66D890D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salatis minimaculatis Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Salatis minimaculatis Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 8789C473-7A6E-4E19-8D3F-3D929CD940D8</p><p>(Figs. 17 part, 18–19)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis of Salatis Evans, 1952 (type species Papilio salatis Stoll, 1782) specimens from Loreto Region in Peru reveals that while being sister to Salatis salatis (Stoll, 1782)</p><p>(type locality in Suriname), they are most strongly differentiated genetically from it (Fig. 17), i.e.,</p><p>their COI barcodes differ by 4.4% (29 bp).</p><p>Therefore, these specimens represent a distinct species that is new because taxa treated as junior subjective synonyms of S. salatis, i.e., Eudamus gonatas Hewitson, 1867 (type locality in Brazil:</p><p>Pará, Tapajós) and Telegonus ophiuchus Plötz,</p><p>1882 (type locality in Suriname) are phenotypically different from it in having larger spots in both sexes. This new species keys to Salatis salatis</p><p>(D.2.2) in Evans (1952) and differs from it by smaller spots in both sexes: the male is mostly rusty-orange, with only small brown spots, not pupillated with pale scales (except some larger spots on the ventral hindwing), and the female is with much smaller hyaline spots, especially the spot in the forewing discal cell is much reduced and is the smallest of all forewing spots, divided into three: the upper one is brown, the central is pupillated with a tiny hyaline dot, and the lowest is larger and mostly hyaline. Due to unexplored phenotypic variation, it is unclear whether these phenotypic characters will hold in all specimens.</p><p>While we expect the specimens of this species to be mostly less patterned than S. salatis, mainly due to consistently reduced spotting in both male and female of the type series, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly1379.16.2:C96 T , aly536.13.6:A162G, aly536.13.6:G183A, aly 2178.10.1:G45A, aly 2178.10.1: T109 A, and COI barcode: T25 C, C50 T, T127 C, A217G, A268G, T277 C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-18101G08, GenBank PQ489704, 658 base pairs: AACATTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATCTGAAGAGGTATATTAGGAACTTCTTTAAGATTATTAATTCGAACTGAATTAGGAACTCCTGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACA ATTGTCACAGCTCATGCCTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTAATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGTAATTGATTAGTTCCTTTAATATTAGGGGCCCCTGATATAGCTTTTCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTATTGCCCCCTTCCTTAACTTTATTAATTTCAAGAAGAATCGTAGAAAATGGTGCTGGAACAGGTTGAACAGTTTATCCTCCTTTATCTGCTAATATTGC TCACCAGGGATCTTCTGTTGATTTAGCAATTTTCTCCCTTCATTTAGCCGGAATTTCTTCTATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACAATTATTAATATACGTATTAGAAATTTATCT TTTGACCAAATACCATTATTCATTTGAGCTGTTGGAATTACAGCAATTTTATTATTAATTTCTTTACCTGTATTAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATACTTTTAACTGATCGAAATCTTAATACTT CATTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGAGGTGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTC</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA (AMNH), illustrated in Fig. 18a, bears the following four rectangular labels (1 st handwritten, others printed), three white: [Yurimaguas | Huallaye River | Peru], [G819] (this is its genitalia slide number), [DNA sample ID: | NVG-18101G08 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Salatis | minimaculatis Grishin]. The genitalia slide has not been located and will be illustrated when found . Paratype: 1♀: NVG-17103G10 (leg sample), NVG-23125F08 (abdomen extraction followed by genitalia dissection) Peru, Loreto Region, 50 mi E of Iquitos, Amazon River, Explorama Lodge, 200 m, 12-16-Sep- 1990, Ron Leuschner leg. [USNM] (Fig. 18b, genitalia in Fig. 19) .</p><p>Type locality. Peru: Loreto Region, Yurimaguas, Huallaga River .</p><p>Etymology. In Latin, minimus means smallest or least significant, and maculatis means spotted or stained. The name is given for the reduced spotting in both sexes of this species and is the perfect passive participle in the nominative singular.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the Loreto Region in northeastern Peru.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A688510FE3A2A9F66D890D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A6D8517FD8728E560A1966E.text	E87A9B1F9A6D8517FD8728E560A1966E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tagiadini Mabille 1878	<div><p>Tribe Tagiadini Mabille, 1878</p><p>On the lectotype of Achlyodes cnidus Plötz, 1884</p><p>As we demonstrated recently (Zhang et al. 2024), Achlyodes cnidus Plötz, 1884 (type locality not specified) is a valid species of Gerosis Mabille, 1903 (type species Coladenia hamiltoni Nicéville, 1889, which is a junior subjective synonym of Satarupa phisara (Moore, 1884)) with its nomenclature stabilized by the lectotype designation. Here, we illustrate the genitalia of the lectotype (Fig. 22) and, before dissection, extracted DNA from its abdomen (NVG-23075D07, sequence dataset combined with NVG-21115E07 from a leg) to improve the genomic dataset that is now used in the three phylogenetic GenBank PQ489705, 658 base pairs is:</p><p>AACTCTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATAGTGGGAACTTCTCTTAGTTTATTAATTCGAACTGAATTAGGAAACCCTGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATCGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGACTTGTTCCATTAATATTAGGAGCACCTGATATAGCCTTCCCACGAA TAAATAACATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCTCCATCTCTTACTCTTTTAATTTCTAGAAGTATCGTAGAAAACGGTTCAGGAACTGGTTGAACTGTTTACCCCCCTTTATCTTCTAATATTGC TCATCAAGGAGCTTCTGTTGACTTAGCTATTTTTTCATTACATTTAGCTGGTATTTCTTCTATTTTAGGAGCAATTAATTTTATTACTACTATTATTAACATACGAATTAAAAATTTATCT TTTGACCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGAGCTGTAGGAATTACAGCATTATTACTTCTTCTTTCACTTCCAGTTTTAGCAGGTGCTATTACAATATTATTAACAGATCGTAATCTTAATACAT CATTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A6D8517FD8728E560A1966E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A6C8514FE91299460A1950A.text	E87A9B1F9A6C8514FE91299460A1950A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycteris caerula Mabille 1877	<div><p>Mycteris caerula Mabille, 1877 is a junior subjective synonym of Pellicia (Mictris) crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870</p><p>Genomic analysis of a syntype of Pellicia crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 (type locality in Venezuela, sequenced as NVG-15032D09) places it among specimens with metallic-blue posterior third of ventral hindwing (not pale brown with violet sheen) and therefore identified as Pellicia (Mictris) crispus caerula (Mabille, 1877) (type locality in Colombia) (Fig. 24). A more careful inspection of the syntype reveals the metallic-blue hindwing pattern, although both hindwings are folded inward to cover most of it. Therefore, the syntype of P. crispus is genetically and phenotypically similar to P. crispus caerula and not to specimens traditionally associated with the name P. crispus crispus, and thus is conspecific with the former and not with the latter.</p><p>This syntype is the only one we were able to locate, but it agrees with the original description (Herrich-Schäffer 1870), comes from Herrich-Schäffer’s collection, and bears an identification label in Herrich-Schäffer’s handwriting “crispus m”, where ‘m’ stands for ‘mihi’ (Latin for ‘of me’), placed after a species name as an attribution of the new species to the writer. This notation was common over a century ago, instead of the author’s name being written directly. This ‘m’ corroborates that the label was written by Herrich-Schäffer and offers additional evidence that this specimen is a syntype. Furthermore, the original description of P. crispus specifically mentions the shiny blue colors on the ventral hindwing, translated as “beneath dark reddish brown with a violet shimmer, especially on the inner margin half of all wings.” Furthermore, Godman’s (1907) copy (in BMNH) of Plötz’s drawing t[afel]. 204, most likely depicting Herrich-Schäffer’s syntype of P. crispus, shows the posterior half of the ventral hindwing violet-blue, not brownish with bands and spots. Finally, the illustration of P. crispus in Draudt (1921– 1924), which is possibly a copy of Plötz’s unpublished drawing, also shows a violet-blue tornal section of the ventral hindwing, not brown. For all these reasons, we conclude that we found and sequenced a true syntype of P. crispus and propose that Mycteris caerula Mabille, 1877, syn. nov. is a junior subjective synonym of Pellicia (Mictris) crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 .</p><p>To stabilize nomenclature and define the name P. crispus objectively, N. V.G. hereby designates a syntype in the MFNB collection that bears the following seven labels (1 st purple, others white; 2 nd, 4 th,</p><p>H.—Sch | Venezuela], [ Mycteris | Crispa | HS.], [Crispus | H-Sch.], [{QR Code} http://coll. mfn-berlin.de/u/ | 940b8c], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-15032D09 | c/o Nick V. Grishin] as the lectotype of Pellicia crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 . The 2nd and the 4th labels are in Herrich-Schäffer’s and Staudinger’s handwriting, respectively. The word “ Venezuela ” on the 3rd label is in the handwriting of the 5th label and, therefore, was probably added later during subsequent curation of the collection. The lectotype has the right hindwing with a segment at the outer margin torn away, and both hindwings are partly folded at the tornus and inner margin. Images of this specimen photographed by B. Hermier are shown on the Butterflies of America website (Warren et al. 2024). The COI barcode sequence of the lectotype, sample NVG-15032D09, GenBank PQ489706, 658 base pairs is: AACTTTATACTTTATCTTTGGAATTTGATCAGGAATAGTAGGAACATCATTAAGATTACTTATTCGATCTGAATTAGGTACGCCTGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATCATAATTGGAGGATTCGGAAATTGATTAGTGCCTCTTATGTTAGGAGCTCCTGATATAGCTTTCCCCCGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCCCCCTCTCTTACATTACTAATTTCAAGAAGTATTGTAGAAAATGGTGCTGGAACAGGTTGAACAGTTTATCCCCCTTTATCTGCTAATATTGC CCATCAAGGTTCTTCAGTTGATTTAGCTATTTTCTCTTTACATTTAGCAGGTATTTCATCTATTTTAGGTGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACCATTATCAATATACGAATTAATAAATTATTA TTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTATTTGAGCAGTAGGAATTACAGCTTTACTTTTATTATTATCTCTTCCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACCATACTTTTAACTGATCGTAATTTAAATACAT CTTTTTTCGACCCTGCTGGAGGAGGTGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A6C8514FE91299460A1950A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A6F8514FF292ADF615A933F.text	E87A9B1F9A6F8514FF292ADF615A933F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pellicia (Mictris) cambyses Hewitson 1878	<div><p>Pellicia (Mictris) cambyses Hewitson, 1878 is a valid species distinct from of Pellicia (Mictris) crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870</p><p>Genomic analysis reveals that specimens with brownish ventral hindwing are genetically differentiated from Pellicia (Mictris) crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 (type locality in Venezuela) characterized by metallic-blue posterior third of ventral hindwing are genetically differentiated from each other at the species level (Fig. 24), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 2.6% (17 bp). The name P. crispus was previously misapplied to the species with brown hindwing, and the oldest name applicable to this species is Arteurotia cambyses Hewitson, 1878 (type locality in Bolivia). Therefore, we propose that Pellicia (Mictris) cambyses Hewitson, 1878, stat. rest. is a valid species distinct from Pellicia (Mictris) crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 . Due to phenotypic similarities, Pellicia pericles Mabille, 1903 (type locality in Bolivia) is a junior subjective synonym of Pellicia (Mictris) cambyses Hewitson, 1878, stat. rest. and not of Pellicia (Mictris) crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A6F8514FF292ADF615A933F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A6F851AFE342CD366BC9789.text	E87A9B1F9A6F851AFE342CD366BC9789.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pellicia (Mictris) rio Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Pellicia (Mictris) rio Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 83EF1B93-BD7C-4CB3-A2F3-82E783A8E1E6 (Figs. 24 part, 25, 26a–c)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis reveals that a specimen from Southeast Brazil identified as Pellicia (Mictris) cambyses (Hewitson, 1878) (type locality in Bolivia) is genetically differentiated from it at the species level (Fig. 24), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 2.1% (14 bp), and therefore represents a new species. This new species keys to “ Mycteris crispus crispus ” (E.15.(b)) in Evans (1953) and was included in this taxon. It differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: the hindwing beneath is paler in the posterior half but without the glittering overscaling of Pellicia crispus Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 (type locality in Venezuela), and paler areas are broader than in a typical P. cambyses, including paler area right at the forewing tornus beneath; a postdiscal band of glittering spots on the dorsal hindwing is closer to the outer wing margin towards apex than in P. cambyses, in which the band bends stronger towards the base between the vein CuA 1 and the costal margin; harpes are less robust, shorter, and stronger curved dorsad (Fig. 26a–c) than in P. cambyses, in which the left harpe is distally expanded and the right harpe is narrower (Fig. 26d–f), and the spiculose expansion on the right ampulla is not curving inward dorsally at its base as in P. cambyses (Fig. 26c, f). Due to unexplored phenotypic variation in this species, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly 2275.10.10:C144T, aly 1454.4.1:T222C, aly 1454.4.1:A237T, aly 1454.4.1:A267G, aly 1454.4.1:A270G, aly279231.1.1:C117C (not T), aly13198.5.4: C48C (not T), aly3312.1.2:A189A (not G), aly 1454.4.1:C261C (not A), aly164.12.1:T2079T (not C), and COI barcode: G82A, T124C, A127T, T145C, T407C, T499C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-18059D10, GenBank PQ489707, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATACTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGATCAGGAATAGTAGGAACATCATTAAGATTACTTATTCGATCTGAATTAGGTACACCTGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATCGTTACAGCTCATGCTTTTATCATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATCATAATTGGAGGATTCGGAAATTGATTAGTACCCCTTATATTAGGAGCCCCTGATATAGCTTTTCCCCGAA TAAATAACATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCCCCCTCTCTTACATTATTAATTTCAAGAAGTATTGTAGAAAATGGTGTTGGAACAGGTTGAACAGTTTATCCCCCTTTATCTGCTAATATTGC TCACCAAGGTTCTTCAGTTGATTTAGCTATTTTCTCTTTACATCTAGCAGGTATTTCATCTATTTTAGGTGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACCATTATTAATATACGAATTAATAATTTATTA TTTGATCAAATACCCTTATTCATTTGAGCAGTAGGAATTACAGCTTTACTTCTATTATTATCCCTTCCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACCATACTTTTAACTGATCGTAATTTAAATACAT CTTTTTTTGACCCTGCTGGAGGAGGTGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ currently deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), illustrated in Fig. 25 (genitalia in Fig. 26a–c), bears the following seven rectangular labels (2 nd handwritten, others printed), six white: [Petropolis, | Brazil.], [ Mycteris | cambyses | Hew | fide Godm], [Collection | W.Schaus], [GENITALIA NO. | X-57 77 | J.M.Burns 2004], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-18059D10 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [USNMENT | {QR Code} | 01466804], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Pellicia (Mictris) | rio Grishin].</p><p>Type locality. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Petropolis .</p><p>a noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in Southeast Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A6F851AFE342CD366BC9789	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A61851BFED3295C667C96F6.text	E87A9B1F9A61851BFED3295C667C96F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clytius unifascia (Mabille 1889) Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Clytius unifascia (Mabille, 1889), comb. nov. is a valid species distinct from Staphylus azteca (Scudder, 1872) and Clytius clytius (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897)</p><p>Genomic sequencing of a syntype of Antigonus unifascia Mabille, 1889 (type locality in Honduras, sequenced as NVG-15033G05) that since Evans (1953) is treated as a junior subjective synonym of Staphylus azteca (Scudder, 1872) (type locality in Mexico: Oaxaca, Tehuantepec), reveals that it is not monophyletic with it and does not even belong to Staphylus Godman and Salvin, 1896 (type species Helias ascalaphus Staudinger, 1875) but instead is placed in the genus Clytius Grishin, 2019 (type species Pholisora clytius Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897), together with the sequenced primary type specimens of P clytius (type locality in Mexico: Nayarit, Tres Marias Island) and Bolla semitincta Dyar, 1924 (type locality in Colima); the latter is currently treated as a junior subjective synonym of the former (Fig. 27). Moreover, A. unifascia is genetically differentiated from both C. clytius and B. semitincta at the species level (Fig. 27), e.g., their COI barcode differences are 2.6% (17 bp) and 1.4% (9 bp), respectively. The latter COI difference is smaller, but A. unifascia is not monophyletic with B. semitincta in the Z chromosome tree (Fig. 27b). Therefore, we propose that Clytius unifascia (Mabille, 1889), comb. nov., stat. rest. is a species-level taxon distinct from both Staphylus azteca (Scudder, 1872) and Clytius clytius (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897) .</p><p>a syntype in the MFNB collection that bears the following six labels (1 st and 3 rd shades of purple, others white; 3 rd and 4 th handwritten, others printed): [Origin. |?], [Hond. | Wittk.], [nis. uni- | fascia Mab.], [Unifascia | Mab.], [{QR Code} http://coll.mfn-berlin.de/u/ | 80a64f], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-15033G05 | c/o Nick V. Grishin] as the lectotype of Antigonus unifascia Mabille, 1889 . According to its label, the lectotype was collected in Honduras by Wittkugel. The 3 rd and the 4 th labels are in Mabille’s and Staudinger’s handwriting, respectively. The lectotype has costal folds open on both wings, its abdomen and the tornus of the right hindwing are missing. Images of this specimen photographed by B. Hermier are shown on the Butterflies of America website (Warren et al. 2024) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A61851BFED3295C667C96F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A60851BFEA129AC60C294E9.text	E87A9B1F9A60851BFEA129AC60C294E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clytius semitincta (Dyar 1924)	<div><p>Clytius semitincta (Dyar, 1924) is a valid species distinct from Clytius clytius (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897)</p><p>Genomic analysis of two syntypes of Bolla semitincta Dyar, 1924 (type locality in Colima, sequenced as ♂ NVG-15109B06 and ♀ NVG-15109C12) currently regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Clytius clytius (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897) (type locality in Mexico: Nayarit, Tres Marias Island) reveals that the two taxa are genetically differentiated at the species level (Fig. 27), e.g., their Fst / Gmin /COI barcode differences are 0.22/0.004/2.1% (14 bp). Hence, we propose that Clytius semitincta (Dyar, 1924), stat. rest. is a species distinct from Clytius clytius (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897) . Furthermore, in addition to C. clytius, C. semitincta (Dyar, 1924), and Clytius unifascia (Mabille, 1889), comb. nov., stat. rest. (type locality in Honduras), we observe a clade corresponding to a fourth species in the group, from eastern and southern Mexico, that enters the USA in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. This species does not have a name and is described as new below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A60851BFEA129AC60C294E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A608519FDC22BA060A19021.text	E87A9B1F9A608519FDC22BA060A19021.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clytius mattus Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Clytius mattus Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ DD29A886-8DAF-4083-AA50-0BD745320AFC (Figs. 27 part, 28–29, 30 part)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis of Clytius Grishin, 2019 (type species Pholisora clytius Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897) reveals a clade that does not have an available name associated with it (Fig. 27). These specimens are genetically differentiated from others at the species level, e.g., Fst / Gmin /COI barcode differences are 0.27/0.00/0.5% (3 bp) (from Clytius unifascia (Mabille, 1889), comb. nov., stat. rest.), 0.40/0.009/2.1% (14 bp) (from Clytius clytius (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897)), and 0.36/0.005/0.9% (6 bp) (from Clytius semitincta (Dyar, 1924), stat. rest.). Therefore, they represent a new species. Although COI barcodes are only weakly different between some of these species, nuclear genome trees (Fig. 27a, b) and statistics substantiate their species status. This new species keys to “ Bolla clytius ” (E.31.22) in Evans (1953) and was included in this species. The new species differs from its relatives by the following combination of characters: more uniform coloration, frequently without defined bands and only somewhat darker in the basal half of wings, usually one or two forewing subapical spots and maybe a small spot by the base of the cell CuA 1 -CuA 2, and narrower male genitalic valva with longer harper and more expanded, less concave ampulla (Figs. 29, 30). Due to the relatively cryptic nature of this species, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly536.132.2:A330G, aly444.7.11:C138T, aly 2879.4.2:C58T, aly 1118.1.4:C60T, aly 1118.1. 4:C94T, and COI barcode: A28G, T49C, T74T, T640T, T641C (the barcode may not differ from C. unifascia). Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-</p><p>5486, GenBank PQ489708, 658 base pairs:</p><p>AACTTTATACTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGGTCTGGTATAGTAGGAACTTCCTTAAGTATA</p><p>TTAATTCGTTCTGAACTAGGAACCCCTGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATA</p><p>ATACTATTGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCCATTAT</p><p>AATTGGAGGATTCGGAAATTGATTAGTACCCCTTATATTAGGAGCCCCTGATATAGCT</p><p>TTTCCCCGAATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTTTTACCTCCTTCTTTAATATTATTAA</p><p>TTTCAAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGAGCTGGAACAGGATGAACTGTTTATCCCCCTTT</p><p>ATCAGCTAATATTGCTCATCAAGGTTCTTCTGTAGATTTAGCCATTTTTTCTTTACAT</p><p>TTAGCTGGAATTTCCTCTATTTTAGGTGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACTATTATTAATA</p><p>TGCGAATTAATAATTTATCTTTCGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTATGAGCTGTGGGAAT</p><p>CACAGCTTTACTTTTACTTTTATCTCTACCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACAATACTT</p><p>TTAACTGATCGAAATCTTAACACGTCTTTTTTTGACCCTGCTGGTGGAGGAGATCCTA</p><p>TTCTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the</p><p>Texas A&amp;M University Insect Collection, College</p><p>Station, TX, USA (TAMU), illustrated in Fig. 28</p><p>(genitalia in Fig. 29), bears the following six printed (text in italics handwritten) rectangular labels, five white: [TEXAS: | Hidalgo County |</p><p>Bentsen-Rio Grande | Valley State Park | south of</p><p>Mission], [coll. | 18 Oct 19 75 | Edward C. Knudson], [ HESPERIIDAE, | Pyrginae: | Bolla clytius (God. &amp; Salvin, 1897, | ♂ det. R. O. Kendall | M. &amp; B. No. 66], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-5486 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [genitalia | NVG160110-27 | Nick V. Grishin], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Clytius mattus | Grishin]. Paratypes: 18♂♂ and 15♀♀: 1♀ NVG-7691 the same data as the holotype, genitalia vial NVG170108-22; USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co, W. W. McGuire leg., first US record [TAMU]: 1♀ Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, 17-Oct-1973, 1♂ and 1♀ Abrams, 18-Oct-1973, and 1♀ Relampago at USH281 21-Oct-1973; and Mexico: Tamaulipas: 1♂ NVG-17108F04 40 mi E of Ciudad Victoria, 21- Oct-1974, W. W. McGuire leg. [LACM] and Roy O. Kendall &amp; C. A. Kendall leg., [TAMU]: El Nacimiento, Rio Mante: 1♂ NVG-7692 21-Jan-1974, genitalia vial NVG170108-23, 3♂♂ 18-Feb-1974, and 1♀ 10-Nov-1974; 1♂ and 3♀♀ 28 km S of San Fernando, 16-Dec-1973; Sierra Cuchara, near rock quarry: 2♂♂ 17-Feb-1974 and 2♂♂ 24-Feb-1974; and 2♂♂ and 1♀ Rancho Pico de Oro, vicinity of Los Kikos, 22-Feb-1974; San Luis Potosi: 1♂ NVG-15111G12 Ciudad Valles, 18-Jun-1974, H. A. Freeman leg. [AMNH] and ca. 16 km E of Ciudad Valles, Hotel Taninul, Roy O. Kendall &amp; C. A. Kendall leg. [TAMU]: 1♂ 4-Feb-1980 and 1♀ NVG-7693 30-Jan-1980, genitalia vial NVG170108-24; Veracruz: 1♂ NVG-15111G11 near Paraje Nuevo, Hacienda Potrero Viejo, 5-Jun-1981, J. &amp; R. Potts leg., genitalia slide G1705 [AMNH] and all the rest in USNM, no dates known unless specified: 1♂ Xalapa; 1♀ La Gloria, Cardel, J. Camelo G. leg.; 1♀ Tlacotalpan, 29-Jul-1897; and W. Schaus collection: 1♂ Paso San Juan , 1♀ Coatepec, and 1♀ NVG-7181, USNMENT_01321029 Orizaba, genitalia vial NVG161005-08; and 1♀ NVG-18049H08, USNMENT_01466670 Oaxaca, Tuxtepec, Camelo leg.</p><p>Type locality. USA: Hidalgo Co., Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park .</p><p>Etymology. The name is formed from the word matte and is given for the dull, matte colors of this species. The name is a Latinized masculine adjective.</p><p>Distribution. From the lower Rio Grande Valley in South Texas, USA, to Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico. The southern limits of the range remain to be investigated.</p><p>Suggested English name. Matte Sootywing.</p><p>Comment. We note that two species of Clytius have been recorded in the USA: C. clytius in Arizona and C. mattus sp. n. in Texas, confirmed by genomic sequencing (Fig. 27).</p><p>A nomen nudum Pholisora elis in J. B. Smith et al., 1891 refers to a specimen of Clytius clytius (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897) from USA: Arizona</p><p>The name Pholisora elis in Smith et al. (1891) is a nomen nudum (no description or indication published, just the name listed) of currently unknown attribution (Mielke 2005). A specimen labeled as a type of “ Pholisora Elis Edw. ” collected in “S. W. Arizona” was found in the USNM collection (Fig. 31). It bears the label “ Pho. Elis ♀ | Ariza” in Edward’s handwriting, which supports the authenticity of this specimen as a reference for the name. Genomic sequencing of this specimen places it among Clytius clytius Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897 (type locality in Mexico: Nayarit, Tres Marias Island), closest to another specimen collected in Arizona and a specimen from Mexico: Sonora (Fig. 27), thus supporting its collecting locality in the USA. Therefore, we propose to list Pholisora elis of J. B. Smith et al., 1891, nom. nud. in synonymy with Clytius clytius Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897 . Because the name P. elis is unavailable, it does not formally have type specimens, and the specimen labeled as “Type” is not a syntype but a regular specimen, a male, that helps us refine the synonymic placement of this name. The COI barcode sequence of this specimen, sample NVG-22035A10, GenBank PQ489709, 658 base pairs is: AACTTTATACTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGATCTGGTATAGTAGGAACTTCTTTAAGTATATTAATTCGCTCTGAACTAGGAACCCCTGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCCATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTACCCCTTATATTAGGAGCCCCTGATATAGCTTTTCCCCGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTTTTACCTCCTTCTTTAATATTACTAATTTCAAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGAGCTGGAACAGGATGAACTGTTTATCCCCCTTTATCAGCTAATATTGC TCACCAAGGTTCTTCTGTAGATTTAGCCATTTTTTCATTACATTTAGCTGGAATTTCTTCTATTTTAGGTGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACTATTATTAATATACGAATTAATAATTTATCT TTCGATCAAATACCTTTATTCGTATGAGCTGTAGGAATCACAGCTTTACTTTTACTTTTATCTCTGCCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACAATACTTTTAACTGACCGAAATCTTAATACAT CTTTTTTTGATCCTGCTGGTGGAGGAGATCCTATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A608519FDC22BA060A19021	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A65851DFE0B2BAC66FE95D0.text	E87A9B1F9A65851DFE0B2BAC66FE95D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perus (Menuda) tinctus Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Perus (Menuda) tinctus Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ B3612B03-2C13-467B-A3D5-EBBCFBD2180F</p><p>(Figs. 32 part, 33)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic sequencing of a specimen curated in MFNB as “Origin.” of the name “ Antigonus vulgata HS ” (either unpublished or published with misattributed authorship and misidentified, see comment below) reveals that it is related to Perus menuda (Weeks, 1902) (type locality in Bolivia, syntypes sequenced as NVG-19055F05, 06, and 07), but is genetically differentiated from it at the species level (Fig. 32), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 5.4% (35 bp). Therefore, this specimen represents a new species. This new species keys to “ Staphylus menuda ” (E.32.16) in Evans (1953), and might have been included in it (Evans’ female from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: “unh tornally with whitish scaling”), but differs from true P. menuda by the tornal area of the ventral hindwing overscaled with cream-colored scales and more prominent cream spots overall. Differs from other relatives by a combination of rounded (not scalloped) at margin wings with brown fringes, brown head above (with some cream overscaling, but not orange or green), costal fold in males, the lack of forewing apical spots, a well-defined row of pale spots in the submarginal area of all wings above (weakly expressed on the ventral hindwing as well), diffuse paler spot at the end of the discal cell of the dorsal forewing, a pale bar at the end of the discal cell, and oval discal spots in cells CuA 1 -CuA 2 and CuA 2 -1A+2A (the latter being the largest) on both sides of hindwings. The holotype (the only known specimen) lacks an abdomen; thus, the most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly10226.6.1:C228T, aly3109.11.2:A177G, aly 2844.9.2:A54G, aly1313.29.3:A60T, aly 1139.2.13:A69C, aly3109.11.2:T171T (not C), aly536.39.4:G207G (not A), aly490.12.1:A3342A (not G), aly5021.7.12:T843T (not C), aly5021.7.12:C902C (not T), and COI barcode: T10T, T142C, T157C, A217G, T421C, T478C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-21117C03, GenBank PQ489710, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATATTTTATTTTCGGTATTTGATCAGGTATAGTAGGTACTTCTTTAAGTATTCTTATTCGATCAGAATTAGGAATCCCAGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTCATTATAATTTTTTTCATAGTAATACCTATTATAATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTACCTCTTATATTAGGGGCCCCTGATATAGCTTTCCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTTTTACCCCCTTCTCTCATACTTTTAATTTCAAGAAGTATTGTAGAAAATGGAGCAGGTACTGGATGAACTGTCTATCCCCCTCTTTCAGCCAATATTGC CCATCAAGGTTCATCTGTAGATTTAGCTATTTTTTCCCTTCATTTAGCTGGAATTTCCTCAATTTTAGGAGCAATTAATTTTATTACAACTATTATTAATATACGAATTAATAACTTATCT TTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTATGAGCTGTTGGAATTACAGCTTTACTTTTATTACTATCTTTACCAGTTTTAGCTGGGGCCATTACCATACTCCTAACAGATCGAAATCTTAATACTT CTTTTTTTGATCCAGCAGGTGGAGGAGATCCTATTTTATACCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany (MFNB), illustrated in Fig. 33, bears the following nine rectangular labels (1 st purple, last red, others white; 2 nd, 4 th, and 6 th handwritten, others printed): [Origin.], [ Ant. vulgata | ĉ HS], [Coll. H.—Sch.], [Antig. | vulgata | HS.], [Coll. | Staudinger], [type | von?], [{QR Code} http://coll.mfn-berlin.de/u/ | 908615], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-21117C03 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], and [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Perus (Menuda) | tinctus Grishin]. The abdomen is missing in the holotype.</p><p>Type locality. South America, as deduced by the range of related species, otherwise unknown, possibly Southeast Brazil .</p><p>Etymology. In Latin, tinctus means stained, dyed, tinged, tinted, or colored. The name is given for the cream overscaling towards the tornus of the ventral hindwing, which is not expressed in its sister species. The name is a participle.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype likely collected in South America, possibly in Southeast Brazil.</p><p>Comments. The holotype of this new species, a specimen originally from Herrich-Schäffer’s collection, is most probably a specimen that Plötz intended to use in his description of a species he planned to name “ vulgata .” Plötz effectively published this name in 1884 (Plötz 1884), but after Möschler had already described Achlyodes vulgata Möschler, 1878 (type locality in Colombia), currently a valid species of Staphylus Godman &amp; Salvin, 1896 (type species Helias ascalaphus Staudinger, 1875). Plötz explicitly referenced A. vulgata Möschler in his 1884 description of vulgata . Therefore, vulgata, as published by Plötz in 1884, is not a new species (or a replacement name—the name is the same), even if it was Plötz’s original intention, and the specimens he used for this description, other than Möschler's two syntypes of unpublished t[afel]. 958 because it agrees with his description of A. vulgata and is curated as a type of “vulgata ” but is not a syntype of A. vulgata Möschler, 1879 . Both syntypes (male and female) of A. vulgata Möschler, 1879 are extant, and this is a third specimen. The locality “ Colombia ” in the original description likely referred to Möschler’s publication (1879) referenced by Plötz after his name “vulgata Pl ” (Plötz 1884) because Herrich-Schäffer’s “vulgata ” specimen lacks a locality label. We consider Plötz’s Achlyodes vulgata a misattribution and misidentification of Achlyodes vulgata Möschler, 1879, assuming that “Pl” after the name resulted from some mistake. “Pl” might have been “inherited” from an earlier version of the manuscript prepared before the availability of Möschler's vulgata, and it should have been “Mösch” instead. In any interpretation of “vulgata Pl ”, the name vulgata cannot be used as valid for this specimen.</p><p>A specimen in MFNB curated as a type of Achlyodes serapion Plötz, 1884 is a pseudotype</p><p>A single specimen that, according to its label, was identified by Plötz as “serapion ” (“best[immt]. v[on]. Plötz”) is placed under the handwritten on blue-green paper header label “serapion | Plötz” with a red handwritten label “Typus” pinned next to it. This specimen was photographed by Bernard Hermier; photographs shown on the Butterflies of America website (Warren et al. 2024). It is a worn specimen, which, judging from its labels, was originally from the Weymer collection, collected in Central America in 1876. Its phenotype and locality do not agree with the original description of Achlyodes serapion Plötz, 1884 (type locality Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo). Moreover, no “i. l.” (for in litteris, referring to unpublished names) was added to the name on the identification label of this specimen. The “i. l.” is typical of Plötz’s type specimens in the Weymer collection that Plötz identified before his publication. For instance, lectotypes of Pyrgus (Pyrgus) albescens Plötz, 1884 (type locality in Mexico), currently Burnsius communis albescens, and Hesperia erratica Plötz, 1883 (type locality in the USA as deduced by genomic sequencing, not Guatemala as on the specimen label and in the publication), currently a junior subjective synonym of Lon zabulon (Boisduval &amp; Le Conte, [1837]), have “i. l.” on their labels. Another label includes the number of Plötz’s unpublished drawing, e.g., “taf. 889” for P. albescens and “taf. 656” for H. erratica . No mention of Plotz’s taf[el]. number was on the labels of the “serapion ” specimen. Moreover, its identification label has both localities: “N Freyburg.” and “Amer centr.” The latter was possibly added later and agrees with the same statement on the locality/date/collector label, and the former likely refers to the locality given in the publication (Plötz 1884).</p><p>To learn more about this putative “serapion ” specimen, it was sampled for DNA and sequenced as NVG-15032H01. The genomic analysis identified it as Staphylus (Scantilla) opites Godman &amp; Salvin, 1896 (type locality in Guatemala) (Fig. 34 magenta within green), a species known only from Mexico and Central America. Therefore, the “Amer centr.” locality given on the locality/date/collector label should be correct, but “N Freyburg.” on the identification label simply states the type locality of A. serapion . We conclude that the specimen NVG-15032H01 is not a syntype of Achlyodes serapion Plötz, 1884, because it does not closely agree with the original description and is from Central America, instead of being from the type locality in Brazil. It was probably identified by Plötz as A. serapion after this name was dorsal hindwing, this species does not agree with the original description of A. serapion, the specimen NVG-15032H01 was misidentified by Plötz, possibly after the description of A. serapion .</p><p>Future studies will shed light on the true identity of A. serapion . It is possible that Evans (1953) was correct, and the discovery of a male conspecific with the specimens Evans identified as A. serapion should be able to address this question. Another twist to this puzzle is offered by a specimen in MFNB (sequenced as NVG-15032E04) curated as a syntype of Pellicia licisca Plötz, 1882 (type locality in Nicaragua). Although, according to its label, it was identified as P. licisca by Plötz, this specimen agrees neither with the original description nor the type locality (labeled from Brazil, not Nicaragua) of P. licisca . This specimen, identified by us as Viola minor (Hayward, 1933) (type locality in Argentina, also known from SE and S Brazil), agrees reasonably well with Godman’s copy of the unpublished drawing of A. serapion . What if, due to some label mix-up, this specimen is a syntype of A. serapion? If this was not for Evans’ choice, which may be fitting Plötz’s illustration better (if a male of that species has mostly brown ventral hindwing darker towards the base), out of all Hesperiidae known to us, V. minor may indeed be in the best agreement with all information we have about A. serapion .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A65851DFE0B2BAC66FE95D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A66851DFF122A80607B9353.text	E87A9B1F9A66851DFF122A80607B9353.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staphylus veytius H. Freeman 1969	<div><p>Staphylus veytius H. Freeman, 1969 is confirmed a junior subjective synonym of Staphylus tierra Evans, 1953</p><p>Genomic sequencing of the holotype of Staphylus veytius H. Freeman, 1969 (type locality in Mexico: Chiapas, sequenced as NVG-18025C06) regarded by Mielke (2005) as a valid species, places it within specimens of Staphylus tierra Evans, 1953 (type locality in Mexico: Guerrero) (Fig. 35 red within blue), as already suggested by Warren (2000). Therefore, our results support Warren’s hypothesis, and we agree with the treatment of Staphylus veytius H. Freeman, 1969, syn. conf. as a junior subjective synonym of Staphylus tierra Evans, 1953 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A66851DFF122A80607B9353	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A668520FF5E2E11609891C4.text	E87A9B1F9A668520FF5E2E11609891C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cabares Godman & Salvin 1894	<div><p>Cabares Godman &amp; Salvin, 1894 is a junior objective synonym of Systasea Butler, 1877, which is a junior subjective synonym of Autochton Hübner, 1823</p><p>The genus Lintneria W. H. Edwards &amp; Butler, 1877 was proposed in a publication by Edwards, who provided a description of this genus that mentions two species ( Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777 and Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876) and cited verbatim a segment of a letter from A. G. Butler, who, in addition to these two species, listed two others and designated P. daunus to be the type species. Butler and Edwards misidentified P. daunus: they listed it from St. Domingo and described the outline of the hindwing as “angulated” (rounded in P. daunus). The only species from Hispaniola (referred to as “St. in Lintneria) is Autochton potrillo (Lucas, 1857) (type locality in Cuba). Calhoun (2007) reached the same conclusion. To secure the applicability of the description by Edwards &amp; Butler and ensure the stability of nomenclature that may be threatened by the uncertain identity of P. daunus, a nomen dubium, we fix (under Article 70.3.2 of the ICZN Code) the type species of Lintneria as Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857 (the taxonomic species actually involved in the misidentification), misidentified as Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777 (the name previously cited as the type species) in the original description of Lintneria by W. H. Edwards and Butler in Edwards (1877a).</p><p>Lintneria W. H. Edwards &amp; Butler, 1877 (type species Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857) is a junior homonym of Lintneria Butler, 1876 ( Sphingidae). A new replacement name, Systasea, was proposed by Butler and published by Edwards (1877b) as “Mr. Butler proposes the name Systasea for the genus of Hesperidae [sic!] spoken of, which therefore should stand Systasea Butl ” (Edwards 1877b). Although this work was authored by Edwards, using Article 50.1.1 of the ICZN Code, we determine that the sole author of the replacement name Systasea is Butler because “it is clear from the contents that some person other than an author of the work is alone responsible both for the name … and for satisfying the criteria of availability other than actual publication” (ICZN 1999), as quoted above. The name was published before 1931. Therefore, an indication (Art. 12.2.3: “the proposal of a new replacement name (nomen novum) for an available name”) is sufficient for “satisfying the criteria of availability other than actual publication.”</p><p>Because this is a replacement name, according to Art. 67.8, the type species of Systasea is the same as of Lintneria, which is Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857 . Because Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857 is also the type species of Cabares Godman &amp; Salvin, 1894, according to Art. 61.3.3, Cabares Godman &amp; Salvin, 1894 is a junior objective synonym of Systasea Butler, 1877 . And because Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857 is currently attributed to the nominate subgenus of Autochton Hübner, 1823, Systasea Butler, 1877 is a junior subjective synonym of Autochton .</p><p>Being a junior synonym, the name Systasea cannot be used as valid for the three species currently placed in this genus: Leucochitonea pulverulenta R. Felder, 1869 (type locality in Mexico: Veracruz), Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876 (type locality in USA: Arizona), and Systasea microsticta Dyar, 1923 (type locality in Mexico: Guerrero). Moreover, these three species are not monophyletic with the type species of Systasea . To maintain the traditional usage of Systasea, we have considered referring the matter to ICZN so that the type species of Systasea is reassigned as H. zampa . However, previously, the Commission has not favored reassignment of the type species even for the genus Drosophila Fallén, 1823 (type species Musca funebris Fabricius, 1787, not Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830) (ICZN 2010), probably the most widely used name of an insect. Therefore, we opted for a more straightforward solution within our means to ensure the preservation, albeit phonetic, of this name.</p><p>Systasia Grishin, new genus http://zoobank.org/ 68FC6FF0-2CDB-479F-BD98-ED1BC6D17C5A</p><p>Type species. Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876 .</p><p>Definition. Genomic analysis of Pyrgini Burmeister, 1878 reveals that a phylogenetic lineage consisting of two known species ( Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876 and Leucochitonea pulverulenta R. Felder, 1869) is confidently placed in the clade with Diaeus Godman &amp; Salvin, 1895 (type species Leucochitonea lacaena Hewitson, 1869) and Zobera Freeman, 1970 (type species Zobera albopunctata Freeman, 1970), and is sister to Onenses Godman &amp; Salvin, 1895 (type species Leucochitonea hyalophora R. Felder, 1869) in the Z chromosome tree (Fig. 36b). This lineage is genetically differentiated from its closest relatives at the genus level (Fig. 36): e.g., O. hyalophora COI barcode differs by 11.2% (74 bp) from H. zampa and by 10.5% (69 bp) from L. pulverulenta . For comparison, the human ( Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758) and chimp ( Pan troglodytes (Blumenbach, 1775)) COI barcode difference is 9.6% (63 bp). As discussed above, the genus-group name Systasea Butler, 1877 (type species Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857) traditionally applied to H. zampa and L. pulverulenta cannot be used for them because they are not monophyletic with the type species of Systasea and even belong to different subfamilies (Mielke 2005; Li et al. 2019). Therefore, because no other available genus name applies to the lineage with H. zampa and L. pulverulenta, it represents a new genus. This new genus keys to E. 56 in Evans (1953) and differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: apiculus is blunt; forewing apex is not truncate and the inner margin is concave, forewing is not excavate along the margin in cell CuA 2 -1A+2A and hindwing in cell Sc+R 1 -RS; the hindwing outer margin is irregular; males have a costal fold, hindtibial tuft, and thoracic pouch; uncus is narrower in dorsal view than in relatives, undivided; harpe is terminally rounded or expanded, not narrowing; costa of valva is armed with a terminally rounded curved process not shorter and only slightly narrower than harpe at its base. In DNA, a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly276665.11.11:T52C, aly4456.14.6:T109G, aly 1041.8.11: C48T, aly3824.3.5:A192G, aly 2250.3.1:A152G, and COI barcode: A214T, T364A, A421T, 547C, T581C.</p><p>Etymology. For the stability of nomenclature, the name is chosen to be as close as conceivable to Systasea . The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular.</p><p>Species included. The type species (i.e., Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876) and Leucochitonea pulverulenta R. Felder, 1869 .</p><p>Parent taxon. Tribe Pyrgini Burmeister, 1878 .</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 74B2BC62-F359-4945-91DA-B3D93FC9F53D</p><p>Type species. Systasea microsticta Dyar, 1923 .</p><p>Definition. Genomic phylogeny of Pyrgini Burmeister, 1878 reveals that Systasea microsticta Dyar, 1923 (type locality in Mexico: Guerrero) is not monophyletic with Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876 (type locality in USA: Arizona) and Leucochitonea pulverulenta R. Felder, 1869 (type locality Mexico: Veracruz, Orizaba) formerly in Systasea Butler, 1877 (type species Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857) and placed in Systasia gen. nov. above, but forms a lineage in deeper radiation of the tribe not closely related to any other single genus (Fig. 36). Therefore, this lineage represents a new genus that keys to E. 56.3 in Evans (1953) and differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: apiculus is blunt; forewing apex is not truncate and inner margin is concave, forewing is not excavate along the margin in cell CuA2-1A+2A but the hindwing margin is concave in cell Sc+R 1 -RS; hindwing outer margin is irregular but less so than in Systasia gen. nov.; males have costal fold, hindtibial tuft, and thoracic pouch; the 1 st segment of palpi is narrower and the 3 rd segment is directed somewhat outwards, tilted stronger than in relatives; forewing discal band is relatively straight, composed of several smaller semihyaline pale spots including two separate spots anteriad of the discal cell (better seen ventrally), forewing is prominently paler by the inner margin beneath (Fig. 37); uncus is divided and broader than long, arms are slightly longer than wide; sacculus is massively expanded into a spiculose process about the same size as harpe; harpe is terminally narrower, rounded, inwardly curved towards the other harpe; process from the ampulla is curved ventrad and more than twice as long as harpe, terminally semi-rhomboidal (Fig. 36d). In DNA, a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly 2163.3.10: G144A, aly216.30.8:T72A, aly5715.3.24:G78A, aly214.16.5:C43T, aly 1859.1.1:C826A, and COI barcode: A34T, G38A, T133C, A190T, A334G.</p><p>Etymology. The name is formed from the original genus name of the type species by shortening it and adding a negating a- (i.e., not Systasea). The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular.</p><p>Species included. Only the type species (i.e., Systasea microsticta Dyar, 1923).</p><p>Parent taxon. Tribe Pyrgini Burmeister, 1878 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A668520FF5E2E11609891C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A5B8521FF6C2F40611D95D0.text	E87A9B1F9A5B8521FF6C2F40611D95D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cycloglypha polax Evans 1953	<div><p>Cycloglypha polax Evans, 1953 belongs to the genus Camptopleura Mabille, 1877 and not Cycloglypha Mabille, 1903</p><p>Genomic analysis of Erynnini Brues &amp; F. Carpenter, 1932 reveals that Cycloglypha polax Evans, 1953 (type locality in Brazil: Mato Grosso) is not placed within Cycloglypha Mabille, 1903 (type species Hesperia thrasibulus Fabricius, 1793) but instead originates within Camptopleura Mabille, 1877 (type species Camptopleura theramenes Mabille, 1877) (Fig. 38). Therefore, we propose to place it in the latter genus as Camptopleura polax (Evans, 1953), comb. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A5B8521FF6C2F40611D95D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A5A8521FEC72A89634A9333.text	E87A9B1F9A5A8521FEC72A89634A9333.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucochitonea trifasciata Hewitson 1868	<div><p>Lectotype designation for Leucochitonea trifasciata Hewitson, 1868</p><p>To stabilize nomenclature, define the name L. trifasciata objectively, and clarify its type locality that was not specified in the original description, N.V.G. hereby designates a female syntype in the BMNH collection that bears the following four labels (1 st and 2 nd round, others rectangular; 1 st with a red circle above, 2 nd yellow above, others white; 2 nd handwritten, others printed with handwritten text shown in italics): (Type) above and (H | 831) beneath, (1067), [Bolivia. | Hewitson Coll. | 79-69. | Leucochitonea | trifasciata . 3.], [BMNH(E) #810335] as the lectotype of Leucochitonea trifasciata Hewitson, 1868 . The lectotype lacks antennae, and its wings are angled down and secured by glue beneath. Images of the lectotype photographed by N.V.G. are shown on the Butterflies of America website (Warren et al. 2024). The type locality of T. trifasciata becomes Bolivia, according to the label of the lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A5A8521FEC72A89634A9333	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A5A8526FF122CE6637D91B6.text	E87A9B1F9A5A8526FF122CE6637D91B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Timochares trifasciata (Hewitson 1868)	<div><p>Lectotype designation for Timochares trifasciata form obscurior Draudt, 1923</p><p>Mielke (1993) designated a lectotype of Timochares trifasciata form obscurior Draudt, 1923 (type locality not specified) (Fig. 39a). However, this specimen does not agree with the original description and the original illustration (Draudt 1923) (Fig. 39e) and therefore is not a syntype. Syntypes of T. trifasciata f. obscurior were described as darker, but the “ lectotype ” is a paler specimen. The dark bands in the illustration are entire (Fig. 39a), but they are separated into spots in the “ lectotype ” (Fig. 39a). Austin and Warren (2002) who, per the identity of Mielke’s lectotype, placed T. trifasciata form obscurior as a synonym of Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884) (type locality in “South America,” a mistake) instead of Timochares trifasciata (Hewitson, 1868) (type locality in Bolivia as indicated on the label of the lectotype), noted that additional investigations are warranted.</p><p>We carried out additional investigations and found a specimen in ZfBS with the identification label “obscurior” in Draudt’s handwriting and typical of specimens illustrated in Draudt (1921–1924) (Fig. 39f). This specimen is in the drawer of specimens that were likely illustrated in Draudt (1921–1924), agrees with the original description and illustration (Fig. 39e) of T. trifasciata form obscurior, and is confidently a syntype. Invalid paralectotypes in SMF, Seitz specimens with numbers 6316 (Fig. 39c) and 6317 (Fig 39b) may not be syntypes of T. trifasciata form obscurior, but specimens Draudt considered to be regular T. trifasciata (Fig. 39d).</p><p>To stabilize nomenclature and define the name T. trifasciata form obscurior objectively, N.V.G. hereby designates a male syntype in the ZfBS collection (Fig. 39f) that bears the following four rectangular labels (2 nd and 3 rd handwritten, others printed): [ Rio Songo | Bolivia | 750 m | Coll. Fassl], [obscurior], [ Timochares ruptifasciata Plötz | ( Antigonus))] (label folded, written on a piece of newspaper), and [DNA sample ID: | NVG-23094H11 | c/o Nick V. Grishin] as the lectotype of Timochares trifasciata form obscurior Draudt, 1923. The lectotype lacks its left antenna, has nearly no damage to fringes, its right costal fold is closed, and its left fold is partly open from the base. Images of the lectotype photographed by Ernst Brockmann are shown on the Butterflies of America website (Warren et al. 2024). The type locality of T. trifasciata form obscurior becomes Bolivia: Rio Zongo, elevation 750 m, and the name returns to the synonymy with Timochares trifasciata (Hewitson, 1868) as originally proposed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A5A8526FF122CE6637D91B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A5D8527FE8B2F5860E095A0.text	E87A9B1F9A5D8527FE8B2F5860E095A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Timochares sanda (Evans 1953) Evans 1953	<div><p>Timochares sanda Evans, 1953, stat. nov. is a species distinct from Timochares trifasciata (Hewitson, 1868)</p><p>Genomic analysis reveals that Timochares trifasciata sanda Evans, 1953 (type locality in Argentina) is genetically differentiated from Timochares trifasciata trifasciata (Hewitson, 1868) (type locality in Bolivia per the label of the lectotype) at the species level (Fig. 40), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 2.3% (15 bp). Therefore, we propose that Timochares sanda Evans, 1953, stat. nov. is a species distinct from Timochares trifasciata (Hewitson, 1868) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A5D8527FE8B2F5860E095A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A5C8527FF392B736722929D.text	E87A9B1F9A5C8527FF392B736722929D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Timochares trifasciata (Hewitson 1868)	<div><p>Timochares trifasciata form obscurior Draudt, 1923 is an unavailable name</p><p>The original description of Timochares trifasciata form obscurior Draudt, 1923 (type locality in Bolivia: Rio Zongo) states: “The ground-colour is variable, and dark (= obscurior form. nov.) … and light forms fly together at the same places” (Draudt 1923). According to the Glossary of the ICZN Code (1999), an infrasubspecific name is “a name applied to an infrasubspecific entity.” The infrasubspecific entity is defined in part as “specimen(s) within a species differing from other specimens in consequence of intrapopulational variability (e.g. … variants of … polymorphism).” Because the statement “dark … and light forms fly together at the same places” as a qualification of variable ground color refers to “variants of … polymorphism” if these “forms” are conspecific, and in this case, both are Timochares trifasciata according to Draudt (1923), Timochares trifasciata form obscurior is an infrasubspecific entity, and the name applied to it is infrasubspecific. The name obscurior was proposed as infrasubspecific and was not adopted (per ICZN Code glossary: “adopt, v. To use an unavailable name as the valid name of a taxon in a way which establishes it as a new name with its own authorship and date”) as the valid name for a species or a subspecies before 1985 (Art. 45.6.4) (Evans 1953). Therefore, we conclude that the name Timochares trifasciata form obscurior Draudt, 1923 is unavailable according to the ICZN Code article 45.6. For those who accept this conclusion, this name does not have formal type specimens, and its “ lectotype ” is designated above instead of the invalid “ lectotype ” (not a syntype) designated by Mielke (1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A5C8527FF392B736722929D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A5C8525FE972DB066A196B3.text	E87A9B1F9A5C8525FE972DB066A196B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antigonus ruptifasciata Plotz 1884	<div><p>Lectotype designation for Antigonus ruptifasciata Plötz, 1884</p><p>Antigonus ruptifasciata Plötz, 1884 was described from an unstated number of specimens from “South America” (Plötz 1884) and is currently treated as a valid species of the genus Timochares Godman &amp; Salvin, 1896 (type species Leucochitonea trifasciata Hewitson, 1868) (Mielke 2005). In Latin, ruptus means broken, torn, or severed, and fascia means band or stripe. The original description and the name indicate that A. ruptifasciata has bands broken into spots in contrast to Timochares trifasciata (Hewitson, 1868) (type locality in Bolivia, as indicated on the label of the lectotype).</p><p>To our knowledge, this species has not been recorded from South America (Evans 1953), and therefore the type locality is questionable. To deduce its possible type locality by genomic comparison, we searched for syntypes of A. ruptifasciata . One syntype, from the Weymer collection, now in MFNB, was found (Fig. 41a). According to its labels, it was identified by Plötz as ruptifasciata before publication of the name (the name was given as “i l” for “in litteris”), and one of the identification labels is in Plötz’s handwriting. The specimen lacks any indication of its provenance, which may explain a vague “South America” as the type locality, possibly Plötz’s or Weymer’s guess. Although this specimen does not bear a label to explicitly indicate that it is a type specimen, it agrees with the original description and was studied and identified by Plötz before publication, and, therefore, it is a syntype. Moreover, the syntype also agrees with the illustration of A. ruptifasciata in Draudt (1923), which shows a pale specimen with large and distinct brown spots arranged into irregular bands (reproduced here as Fig. 41b). This illustration is a likely copy of Plötz’s unpublished and presumably lost drawing t.[afel] 1019 (Plötz 1884). We have not found any other credible syntypes of A. ruptifasciata and it is possible that no others existed. Nevertheless, we follow the ICZN Code Recommendation 73F (ICZN 1999) avoiding the assumption of the holotype and considering any type specimens of A. ruptifasciata to be syntypes.</p><p>To stabilize nomenclature and define the name A. ruptifasciata objectively, N.V.G. hereby designates the sequenced syntype, a female in the MFNB collection that bears the following seven white rectangular labels (1 st and last printed, others handwritten): [Coll. Weymer], [Ruptofasciata Plötz | no 43 best. v. Plötz], [Trifasc.Hew.ist die | binden im Hfl mehr gerade], [ Antigonus (682-83.) | Ruptofasciata Pl.], [Ruptifasciata | Plötz i l], [56:2.], and [DNA sample ID: | NVG-21115G04 | c/o Nick V. Grishin] as the lectotype of Antigonus ruptifasciata Plötz, 1884 . The number 43 possibly refers to some specimen number in Weymer’s collection, maybe a sequential number of each specimen identified by Plötz in all Plötz’s identifications of Weymer’s specimens, like “43 rd specimen identified by Plötz”; best[immt]. v[on]. is for identified by; the 2 nd and 5 th labels are in Weymer's handwriting, and the 4 th label is in Plötz’s handwriting; the label 56:2 gives a genus number (56 - Timochares) and a species number (2 - ruptifasciatus) in the Mabille catalog (1903) that was used as a guide for arranging the Hesperiidae near the apex, right forewing in the middle, and right hindwing near the tornus. The COI barcode sequence of the lectotype, sample NVG-21115G04, GenBank PQ489711, 658 base pairs is: AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATAGTTGGAACTTCTCTAAGCCTTCTTATTCGAACTGAATTAGGAAATCCCGGATCATTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACA ATTGTTACAGCTCATGCCTTCATTATAATTTTTTTTATGGTTATACCAATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTACCATTAATATTAGGAGCTCCAGATATAGCATTTCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTTTTACCCCCCTCTTTAATATTATTAATTTCTAGAAGAATCGTAGAAAATGGAGCCGGAACAGGATGAACAGTTTACCCCCCCCTCTCAGCTAATATTGC ACACCAAGGTTCTTCTGTGGACTTAGCTATTTTTTCCCTACATTTAGCAGGTATCTCCTCAATTCTTGGAGCAATTAATTTTATTACAACAATTATTAATATACGAATTAGAAATTTATCC TTTGATCAAATACCCCTATTTGTCTGAGCTGTTGGTATTACAGCATTACTTTTATTATTATCTTTACCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATACTTCTAACTGATCGAAATCTTAATACAT CATTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGGGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Genomic comparison places the lectotype with specimens from Jamaica and not with those from continental America (Fig. 40). Wing patterns (Fig. 41) agree with this conclusion: brown spots are larger and darker and stand out with more contrast from the pale ground color in the lectotype, more similar to Jamaican specimens. Therefore, the type locality of A. ruptifasciata becomes Jamaica .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A5C8525FE972DB066A196B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A5E8525FF192A60665093EA.text	E87A9B1F9A5E8525FF192A60665093EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Timochares ruptifasciata subsp. runia Evans 1953	<div><p>Timochares ruptifasciata runia Evans, 1953 is a new junior subjective synonym of Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884)</p><p>Before Evans (1953), all populations of Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884) (type locality in Jamaica, see above) were treated under this name. Evans (1953) was the first to divide T. ruptifasciata into subspecies. However, he did not have access to the type material and apparently overlooked the illustration of T. ruptifasciata in Draudt (1923) (reproduced here as Fig. 41b), which agrees better with the Jamaican populations than continental populations. Due to these oversights, instead of proposing a new name for the continental populations, Evans described Jamaican specimens as a new subspecies, thus misidentifying Timochares ruptifasciata because he assumed that this name referred to the continental subspecies. Both wing pattern and genomic analysis of the T. ruptifasciata lectotype designated above place it with Jamaican specimens. Therefore, we propose that Timochares ruptifasciata runia Evans, 1953, syn. nov. is a junior subjective synonym of Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884) . As a result, continental populations remain without an available name. Moreover, Austin and Warren (2002) argued that Jamaican populations (referred to by the name T. runia) and continental populations (referred to by the name T. ruptifasciata) are distinct at the species level, and our genomic analysis agrees with this conclusion (Fig. 40), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 3.6% (24 bp). For all these reasons, continental populations of T. ruptifasciata constitute a new species described below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A5E8525FF192A60665093EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A5E852BFE112CB667D294FB.text	E87A9B1F9A5E852BFE112CB667D294FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Timochares fuscifasciata Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Timochares fuscifasciata Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 77C3A246-2F3A-465B-8091-42AB7491A0C5</p><p>(Figs. 39a, 40 part, 42–43)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. As discussed above, Evans (1953) misidentified Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884) (type locality in Jamaica) and misapplied this name to continental populations related to Jamaican T. ruptifasciata . These continental populations are genetically differentiated from T. ruptifasciata at the species level (Fig. 40), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 3.6% (24 bp), thus confirming phenotypic assessment of Austin and Warren (2002). Because no available name applies to this species, it is new. This new species keys to “ Timochares ruptifasciata ruptifasciata ” (F.5.2(a)) in Evans (1953) and was regarded as this taxon by him due to misidentification. Therefore, Evans’ key directly applies to this species, with additional comments on the identification by Austin and Warren (2002) (under the name T. ruptifasciata) who illustrated its genitalia. In summary, the new species differs from its relatives by the following combination of characters: pale yellowish-brown (frequently tan) wings with irregular brown bands separated into spots (bands are less irregular than in T. ruptifasciata); compared to T. ruptifasciata, the spots are more interconnected and less contrasting with the ground color, dorsal hindwing is usually with a yellower than redder tint, and ventral side of wings is yellow-tan rather than red-tan. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly5196.11.5:A1762T, aly5196.11.5:G1789A, aly5196.11.5:T1848C, aly16.16.5:C72G, aly16. 16.5:A99T, and COI barcode: A91C, C340T, A466G, T490C, T589C, A622G.</p><p>Barcode sequence of a paratype. Sample NVG-17116A12, GenBank PQ489712, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATACTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGGGCAGGAATAGTTGGAACTTCTCTAAGTCTTCTTATTCGAACTGAATTAGGAAATCCCGGATCCTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACA ATTGTTACAGCTCATGCCTTCATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCAATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTACCATTAATATTAGGAGCCCCAGATATAGCATTTCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTTTTACCCCCCTCTTTAATATTATTAATTTCTAGAAGAATCGTAGAAAATGGAGCCGGAACAGGATGAACAGTTTATCCCCCCCTTTCAGCTAATATTGC ACATCAAGGTTCTTCTGTAGACTTAGCTATTTTTTCCCTACATTTAGCAGGTATTTCCTCAATTCTTGGAGCAATTAACTTTATTACAACAATTATTAATATGCGAATTAGAAATTTATCT TTTGACCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGAGCTGTTGGTATTACAGCATTACTTTTGTTATTATCTTTACCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATACTTTTAACTGACCGAAATCTTAATACAT CATTTTTTGACCCTGCGGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♀ deposited in the</p><p>Texas A&amp;M University Insect Collection, College</p><p>Station, TX, USA (TAMU), illustrated in Fig. 42,</p><p>bears the following five printed (text in italics handwritten) rectangular labels, four white:</p><p>[TEXAS: | HIDALGO COUNTY, | Santa Ana National</p><p>| Wildlife Refuge], [ex larva | 7 FEB 19 72 | Roy</p><p>O. Kendall | &amp; C. A. Kendall], [Larval foodplant:</p><p>| MALPIGHIACEAE | Malpighia glabra | Linnaeus |</p><p>(Juvenile fol./b. buds)], [ HESPERIIDAE, | Pyrginae:</p><p>| Timochares ruptifas- | ciatus ruptifasciatus |</p><p>(Plotz, 1884) | ♀ det. R. O. Kendall | [M. &amp; B. No.</p><p>79]], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♀ | Timochares |</p><p>fuscifasciata Grishin]. A female is chosen as the holotype, the same sex as the lectotypes of T.</p><p>trifasciata and T. ruptifasciata . Paratypes: 6♂♂</p><p>and 6♀♀: USA: 1♀ NVG-18032B02, USNMENT _</p><p>01201760 Arizona, Pima Co., Baboquivari Mts .,</p><p>1924, O. C. Poling leg. [USNM] and Texas: 1♀</p><p>NVG-17116A12 Bexar Co., San Antonio, 17-Jul-</p><p>1997, Roy O. Kendall leg., ex larva on Malpighia glabra [TAMU]; Hidalgo Co.: 1♀ NVG-23074A11 ,</p><p>Peñitas, 4-Nov-2004, N. V . Grishin leg. [NVG];</p><p>1♂ NVG-18032B01, USNMENT_01201758 Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park, 18-Oct-1975 E.</p><p>C. Knudson leg. [USNM]; Mission, 10 th Street at irrigation ditch, Roy O. Kendall &amp; C. A. Kendall leg. [TAMU]: 1♂ 9-Sep-1972 and 1♀ 8-Sep-1972,</p><p>genitalia vials NVG130104-15 and NVG130104- 14, respectively; and 1♀ McAllen, Vanecia Motel,</p><p>22-Oct-1972, Roy O. Kendall &amp; C. A. Kendall leg., ex larva on Malpighia glabra [TAMU] and Cameron Co., Brownsville: 1♂ NVG-23124H07, USNMENT_01201759 13-May-1945, H. A. Freeman leg.</p><p>[ TAMU]; Mexico: 1♀ Tamaulipas, Paso del Abra, near El Abra, 1-Apr-1974, Roy O. Kendall &amp; C. A. Kendall leg., ex larva on Malpighia glabra [TAMU] and 1♂ NVG-19113B11, USNMENT_01602123 Sinaloa, Culiacán, 8-Jul-1957, G. W. Rawson leg. [USNM]; and 1♂ NVG-18093A10 Honduras: San Pedro Sula, ex. coll. Fruhstorfer, invalid lectotype of Timochares trifasciata form obscurior Draudt, 1923 [SMF] .</p><p>Type locality. USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge .</p><p>Etymology. In Latin, fuscus is brown, and fascia is a band. The name is a Latin equivalent of “Brown-banded,” the English name of the species found in the USA, present in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in most years and straying to Arizona and New Mexico. The name is an adjective. Spots on wings are more discrete and irregular in the Jamaican species. Therefore, rupti- is in better agreement with Jamaican populations.</p><p>Suggested English name. Brown-banded Skipper is the current name for this species, which is misidentified by the Latin name.</p><p>Distribution. From southern USA (SE Arizona, SW New Mexico, S Texas) through Mexico to Honduras.</p><p>Comments. Primary types are the name bearers and specimens conspecific with the type bear its name. This is one of the basic principles of the ICZN Code (ICZN 1999). As in other similar cases, e.g., Hesperia colorado (Scudder, 1874) (Cong et al. 2021), Burnsius communis albescens (Plötz, 1884) (Zhang et al. 2022a), and Nastra fusca (Grote &amp; Robinson, 1867) (Zhang et al. 2022c), we accept the type specimen of T. ruptifasciata as the name bearer instead of attempting to set it aside. Notably, before 2002, when Austin and Warren (2002) proposed to treat Jamaican populations of T. ruptifasciata as a distinct species Timochares runia Evans, 1953, they were considered conspecific with continental populations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A5E852BFE112CB667D294FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A508528FF412F4167DF90E9.text	E87A9B1F9A508528FF412F4167DF90E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ocybadistes hypomeloma Lower 1911	<div><p>Ocybadistes hypomeloma Lower, 1911 belongs to the genus Potanthus Scudder, 1872 and not Ocybadistes Heron, 1894</p><p>Genomic analysis reveals that Ocybadistes hypomeloma Lower, 1911 (type locality in Australia: Sydney, the sequenced specimen shown in Fig. 45a) since its description placed in Ocybadistes Heron, 1894 (type species Ocybadistes walkeri Heron, 1894) is not monophyletic with it and instead originates within Potanthus Scudder, 1872 (type species Hesperia omaha Edwards, 1863) that includes Suniana Evans, 1934 (type species Pamphila lascivia Rosenstock, 1885) as a subgenus, see above (Fig. 44). Therefore, we propose that O. hypomeloma belongs to the genus Potanthus Scudder, 1872 and not Ocybadistes Heron, 1894, as Potanthus hypomeloma (Lower, 1911), comb. nov. Potanthus hypomeloma is confidently placed as sister to sequenced specimens of the subgenus Potanthus in the Z chromosome tree (Fig. 44b), is a confident sister to the subgenus Suniana in the mitochondrial genome tree (Fig. 44c), and its affinity within the genus Potanthus is not strongly supported in the autosome tree (Fig. 44a). Therefore, P. hypomeloma is from a lineage equivalent to the subgenera Potanthus and Suniana, hence representing a separate subgenus, which is new, because there are no available genus-group names associated with it.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A508528FF412F4167DF90E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A50852BFE992C70665691BD.text	E87A9B1F9A50852BFE992C70665691BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suniana Evans 1934	<div><p>Suniana Evans, 1934 is a subgenus of Potanthus Scudder, 1872</p><p>Genomic phylogeny of the tribe Taractrocerini Voss, 1952 highlights genetic closeness of three genera: Potanthus Scudder, 1872 (type species Hesperia omaha Edwards, 1863), Ocybadistes Heron, 1894 (type species Ocybadistes walkeri Heron, 1894), and Suniana Evans, 1934 (type species Pamphila lascivia Rosenstock, 1885) (Fig. 44 green, blue, and olive), e.g., COI barcodes of Potanthus and Suniana differ by 5.9–6.2% (39–41 bp). Genetic differentiation between Potanthus and Suniana is smaller than that for most genera. Furthermore, they are close in appearance and are not immediately recognizable in the field. Therefore, we proposed to treat Suniana Evans, 1934, stat. nov. as a subgenus of Potanthus Scudder, 1872 . Presently, we retain Ocybadistes as a genus because it is stronger separated genetically from Potanthus than Suniana, but it may be that the former is also a subgenus of the latter, a question to be addressed with a comprehensive species-level phylogeny of the group. Suniana was morphologically differentiated from Potanthus mainly by the flattened antennal club (a character shared with Ocybadistes, which is not its closest relative) and divided uncus (in Potanthus, the shape of uncus is variable, and some species currently placed in this genus have bifid uncus) (Evans 1949). Thus, although Suniana is a morphologically compact group of currently three species, it falls among other such groups in Potanthus and Ocybadistes . Potanthus encompasses about 40 species, some of which are phenotypically more different from others than Suniana . Therefore, including three Suniana species in Potanthus to achieve a more internally consistent classification into genera seems advantageous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A50852BFE992C70665691BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A52852EFDF42C9A67BA96FA.text	E87A9B1F9A52852EFDF42C9A67BA96FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Potanthus (Ocynthus) Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Ocynthus Grishin, new subgenus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 82DE2305-BD50-4DCC-A3A4-3E886EDD0124</p><p>Type species. Ocybadistes hypomeloma Lower, 1911.</p><p>Definition. Genomic phylogeny of the tribe Taractrocerini Voss, 1952 reveals that Potanthus hypomeloma (Lower, 1911), comb. nov. cannot be reliably assigned to existing subgenera in Potanthus Scudder, 1872 (type species Hesperia omaha Edwards, 1863) (see above) and thus represents a new subgenus. This new subgenus keys to L. 2.3 in Evans (1949) and differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: flattened antennal club; notched at the tip uncus not narrowing to a single point; rounded valva with a terminal small knob; narrow and irregular black discal forewing stigma in males between the veins M 3 and 1A+2A; whitish inner margin of ventral hindwing; and orangeyellow spot in the cell RS-M 1 of the dorsal hindwing separated from the postdiscal band (Fig. 45a). In DNA, a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly956.3.2: T502 C, aly956.3.2:G2082A, aly 1264.8.3:G292C, aly4305.13.5:G141A, aly517.17.2:G534A, and COI barcode: T13 C, T52 C, T256 C, T358 C, A484T.</p><p>Etymology. This name combines the previous and current genus names of these species: Ocy [badistes] + [Pota] nthus and is a masculine noun in the nominative singular.</p><p>Species included. Only the type species (i.e., Ocybadistes hypomeloma Lower, 1911).</p><p>Parent taxon. Genus Potanthus Scudder, 1872 .</p><p>and not Arrhenes Mabille, 1904</p><p>Genomic phylogeny of the tribe Taractrocerini Voss, 1952 that includes a pair of Padraona tranquilla Swinhoe, 1905 (type locality in Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay, a male shown in Fig. 45b), currently in the genus Arrhenes Mabille, 1904 (type species Pamphila marnas Felder, 1860) reveals that it is not monophyletic with this genus and instead originates within Kobrona Evans, 1935 (type species Plastingia kobros Plötz, 1885). Therefore, Padraona tranquilla Swinhoe, 1905 belongs to the genus Kobrona Evans, 1935 and not Arrhenes Mabille, 1904, and we propose Kobrona tranquilla (Swinhoe, 1905), comb. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A52852EFDF42C9A67BA96FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A55852EFDED299360B89263.text	E87A9B1F9A55852EFDED299360B89263.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kobrona (Arrhona) Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Arrhona Grishin, new subgenus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 08BDABFE-9AB9-4952-9D26-9D2995D5419A</p><p>Type species. Padraona tranquilla Swinhoe, 1905 .</p><p>Definition. The lineage with Kobrona tranquilla (Swinhoe, 1905), comb. nov. represents a new subgenus due to its phenotypic distinction that caused its former misclassification as Arrhenes Mabille, 1904 (type species Pamphila marnas Felder, 1860) (see above) and notable genetic differentiation (Fig. 44), e.g., COI barcodes of the type species of Kobrona Evans, 1935, K. kobros (Plötz, 1885) (type locality in Aru), and K. tranquilla differ by 7% (46 bp). This new subgenus keys to L. 6.6 in Evans (1949) and differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: not flattened antennal club; relatively long antennae, about ½ of the costal margin; rather thin 3 rd segment of palpi, not as narrow as in Ocybadistes Heron, 1894 (type species Ocybadistes walkeri Heron, 1894) but not a stout as in other Kobrona; undivided (but with side points) uncus, terminally rectangular and flat, with lateral margins nearly parallel in dorsal view and flat; expanded dorsad ampulla of the valva, with concave dorsal margin posteriad, weakly developed, knob-like harpe armed with small spines; narrow and irregular stigma in males between veins M 3 and 1A+2A in the middle of the forewing; and pale-brown (not orange) and narrow spots on wings (Fig. 45b). In DNA, a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly814.12.10:G51A, aly1313.18.2:T943C, aly1313.18.2:T972C, aly1313.18.2:A978C, aly235.6. 3:T141C, and COI barcode: T133C, T287C, T382A, T418C, A474G, A526T.</p><p>Etymology. This name combines the previous and current genus names of these species: Arrh [enes] + [Kobr] ona and is a feminine noun in the nominative singular.</p><p>Species included. Only the type species (i.e., Padraona tranquilla Swinhoe, 1905).</p><p>Parent taxon. Genus Kobrona Evans, 1935 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A55852EFDED299360B89263	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A55852FFDE62D2060B89697.text	E87A9B1F9A55852FFDE62D2060B89697.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Comba) Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Comba Grishin, new subgenus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 619BDB9D-5E50-4F5E-88FA-30AF030EF1CF</p><p>Type species. Hesperia wama Plötz, 1885 .</p><p>Definition. Genomic analysis reveals that Kobrona Evans, 1935 (type species Plastingia kobros Plötz, 1885) is a genetically diverse genus (Fig. 44), e.g., COI barcodes of the type species and Kobrona sebana M. Parsons, 1986 (type locality in Papua New Guinea: Morobe District) differ by 8.1% (53 bp). Moreover, the newly described subgenus Arrhona subgen. n., renders the rest of Kobrona paraphyletic, consisting of two other clades that represent other subgenera: the nominate subgenus sister to Arrhona and an unnamed one that includes K. sebana . For these two reasons, a morphologically distinct group of species that includes K. sebana constitutes an unnamed subgenus distinct from the nominate and Arrhona . This new subgenus keys to L. 12.1 in Evans (1949) and differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: terminally concave harpe densely decorated with bristles that give the distal margin appearance of a comb (as illustrated by Evans (1949) and Parsons (1986)); tapered, weakly divided uncus with knob- or tooth-like arms; long antennae, longer than ½ of the costal margin; shorter and stouter 3 rd segment of palpi; and rather produced, not rounded, forewings. In DNA, a combination of the following</p><p>T18C, aly84.12.3:A69T, aly349.41.4:G834A, and COI barcode: A25T, 38T, A88T, T187C, T190A, C328C.</p><p>Etymology. The name is given for the comb-like array of bristles at the distal and somewhat excavate margin of the valva. The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular.</p><p>Species included. The type species (i.e., Hesperia wama Plötz, 1885), Kobrona croma Evans, 1949, Kobrona denva Evans, 1949, Kobrona edina Evans, 1949, Kobrona idea Evans, 1949, Kobrona pansa Evans, 1935, Kobrona sebana M. Parsons, 1986, and Kobrona vanda Evans, 1949 .</p><p>Parent taxon. Genus Kobrona Evans, 1935 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A55852FFDE62D2060B89697	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A54852CFEDD29B760A394F0.text	E87A9B1F9A54852CFEDD29B760A394F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pamphila eurotas C. Felder 1860	<div><p>Pamphila eurotas C. Felder, 1860 and Telicota eurychlora Lower, 1908 belong to the genus Arrhenes Mabille, 1904 and not Telicota Moore, 1881</p><p>Genomic phylogeny of the tribe Taractrocerini Voss, 1952 reveals that Pamphila eurotas C. Felder, 1860 (type locality in Ambon) and Telicota eurychlora Lower, 1908 (type locality Australia: New South Wales, Ballina) (two sequenced specimens shown in Fig. 46) currently placed in Telicota F. Moore, 1881 (type species Papilio colon Fabricius, 1775) are not monophyletic with it and form a clade sister to Arrhenes Mabille, 1904 (type species Pamphila marnas Felder, 1860) (Fig. 44). Therefore, these two species do not belong in Telicota, and we place them in Arrhenes as Arrhenes eurotas (C. Felder, 1860), comb. nov. and Arrhenes eurychlora (Lower, 1908), comb. nov.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ BF70767A-6DDF-43FB-B665-EC721E59A79E</p><p>Type species. Pamphila eurotas C. Felder, 1860 .</p><p>Definition. Genomic phylogeny of the tribe Taractrocerini Voss, 1952 shows a notable genetic differentiation between the clade with Arrhenes eurotas (C. Felder, 1860), comb. nov. (type locality in Ambon) and Arrhenes eurychlora (Lower, 1908), comb. nov. (type locality Australia: New South Wales, Ballina) that we placed in Arrhenes Mabille, 1904 (type species Pamphila marnas Felder, 1860) above, and other species of Arrhenes, including the type (Fig. 44), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 7.6–8.7% (50–57 bp). Therefore, this clade represents a new subgenus. This new subgenus keys to L. 7.1 in Evans (1949) and differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: undivided uncus, terminally narrow and flat; rounded valva without prominently concave dorsal margin at ampulla-harpe, without spines; long antennae, longer than ½ of the costal margin; shorter and stouter 3 rd segment of palpi; broad and straight stigma; rather narrow wings (Fig. 46) as in most species of Telicota F. Moore, 1881 (type species Papilio colon Fabricius, 1775) and not as rounded as in a typical Arrhenes Mabille, 1904 . In DNA, a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly 1841.5. 20:A237T, aly 1841.5.20:G259A, aly600.14.1:C84T, aly600.14.1:G87A, aly4645.10.1:A490C, and COI barcode: T70A, A181T, T376C, T530C, T547A.</p><p>Etymology. This name combines the previous and current genus names of these species: Teli [cota] + [Arrhe] nes and is a masculine noun in the nominative singular.</p><p>Species included. The type species (i.e., Pamphila eurotas C. Felder, 1860) and Telicota eurychlora Lower, 1908.</p><p>Parent taxon. Genus Arrhenes Mabille, 1904 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A54852CFEDD29B760A394F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A57852DFE5F2F5C615092B6.text	E87A9B1F9A57852DFE5F2F5C615092B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sabera tenebricosa (Mabille 1904) Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Sabera tenebricosa (Mabille, 1904) is a species distinct from Sabera kolbei (Ribbe, 1899)</p><p>Telicota tenebricosa Mabille, 1904 (type locality in New Guinea) (Fig. 47b) is currently treated as a subspecies of Sabera kolbei (Ribbe, 1899), comb. nov. (type locality in New Britain) (Fig. 47a), formerly in the genus Mimene Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1917 (type species Ismene miltias Kirsch, 1877) (Evans 1949). Genomic analysis reveals that while T. tenebricosa is indeed sister to S. kolbei and thus belongs to the same genus Sabera Swinhoe, 1908 (type species Hesperia caesina Hewitson, 1866), the two taxa are genetically differentiated at the species level (Fig. 44), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 6.4% (42 bp). Therefore, we propose that Sabera tenebricosa (Mabille, 1904), comb. nov., stat. rest. is a species distinct from Sabera kolbei (Ribbe, 1899), stat. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A57852DFE5F2F5C615092B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A57852CFEDC2B9260A19180.text	E87A9B1F9A57852CFEDC2B9260A19180.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Telicota kolbei Ribbe 1899	<div><p>Telicota kolbei Ribbe, 1899 belongs to the genus Sabera Swinhoe, 1908 and not Mimene Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1917</p><p>Genomic analysis of a syntype of Telicota kolbei Ribbe, 1899 (type locality in New Britain, sequenced as NVG-22016H05) reveals that it is not monophyletic with Mimene Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1917 (type species Ismene miltias Kirsch, 1877), the genus of its current placement, but instead is sister to Sabera Swinhoe, 1908 (type species Hesperia caesina Hewitson, 1866), which is a sister genus of Mimene (Fig. 44). Therefore, T. kolbei does not belong to Mimene, and we transfer it to Sabera forming Sabera kolbei (Ribbe, 1899), comb. nov.</p><p>Furthermore, to stabilize nomenclature and define the name T. kolbei objectively, N.V.G. hereby designates a sequenced syntype in ZSMC (Fig. 47a), female that, according to its label, was illustrated in the original description by Ribbe (1899) and bears the following six rectangular labels (2nd, 3rd, and 5th handwritten, others printed; 2nd green, 4th purple, others white): [Neu Pommern | Kinigunang | C. Ribbe], [abgebildet], [Kolbei | Ribbe | abgebild.], [Original], [♀ Cerone Kolbei Rib. | typ. | N. Pommern], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-22016H05 | c/o Nick V. Grishin] as the lectotype of Telicota kolbei Ribbe, 1899 . The lectotype has a tear near the base of the forewing costa, is missing the right antenna, and its left antenna is wide-S shaped. The COI barcode sequence of the lectotype, sample NVG-22016H05, GenBank PQ489713, 658 base pairs is: AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGATCAGGAATATTAGGAACTTCCTTAAGTCTATTAATTCGTACCGAATTGGGTAACCCAGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATCGTAACTGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAATTCCCTTAATACTAGGAGCCCCTGATATAGCTTTCCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGAATATTACCCCCTTCTTTAACACTTTTAATTTCTAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAACGGTGCCGGAACTGGTTGAACTGTTTACCCCCCTCTTTCTTCTAATATTGC TCATCAAGGTTCCTCTGTTGATTTAGCAATCTTTTCTTTACATTTAGCTGGAATTTCATCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACCACAATTATTAATATACGAATTAACAATTTATCA TTTGATCAAATACCTCTATTTATTTGATCTGTAGGAATTACAGCATTATTATTATTAATTTCATTACCAGTCTTAGCAGGAGCTATTACCATATTATTAACTGATCGAAATTTAAATACTT CATTTTTCGACCCTGCAGGAGGAGGTGATCCTATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A57852CFEDC2B9260A19180	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A568532FD902E6360B595FF.text	E87A9B1F9A568532FD902E6360B595FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Kolba) Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Kolba Grishin, new subgenus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 91DE51B4-EA9A-44F1-9BEC-637E5268E303</p><p>Type species. Telicota kolbei Ribbe, 1899 .</p><p>Definition. Genomic analysis shows that the lineage with Sabera kolbei (Ribbe, 1899), comb. nov. (type locality in New Britain), is genetically differentiated from the type species of Sabera Swinhoe, 1908, S. caesina Hewitson, 1866) (type locality in Aru) at the subgenus level (Fig. 44), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 8.1% (53 bp). Therefore, this lineage represents a new subgenus. This new subgenus keys to L. 14.2 in Evans (1949) and differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: undivided, terminally pointed uncus, enlarged in the middle and narrowing near tegumen in dorsal view, concave towards the distal end and swollen in the middle in lateral view; tapering to a point harpe with somewhat wavy dorsal margin; long antennae, longer than ½ of the costal margin; shorter and stouter 3 rd segment of palpi; rather produced forewings; apical spots on dorsal forewing but not beyond (towards costa) vein R 3; no strong sexual dimorphism in wing pattern (Fig. 47). In DNA, a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly490.12.1:A1635G, aly490.12.1:T1662C, aly490.12.1:A4152G, aly430.8.1:T51A, aly430.8.1:C86G, and COI barcode: G29T, T127A, A130T, A286T, T553A.</p><p>Etymology. The name is inspired by the type species name. Moreover, in several Slavic languages, the word kolba means a flask with an expanded bottom, and Kolben in German may mean a bulb. The name refers to the bulbous enlargement of uncus in the middle (in dorsal view) that is characteristic of these species and is a feminine noun in the nominative singular.</p><p>Species included. The type species (i.e., Telicota kolbei Ribbe, 1899) and Telicota tenebricosa Mabille, 1904, stat. rest.</p><p>Parent taxon. Genus Sabera Swinhoe, 1908 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A568532FD902E6360B595FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A498532FD9A2B6560A690C3.text	E87A9B1F9A498532FD9A2B6560A690C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parnara sarala Niceville 1889	<div><p>Sarala Grishin, new subgenus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 5063C1BE-31F4-4367-923F-12FF8DEF1BB2</p><p>Type species. Parnara sarala Nicéville, 1889 .</p><p>Definition. Genomic phylogeny of Acerbas Nicéville, 1895 (type species Hesperia anthea Hewitson, 1868) and relatives reveals that the genus partitions into two prominent clades with genetic differentiation that correspond to at least subgenera (Fig. 44), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by about 11.2% (74 bp). The first clade consists of the type species of Acerbas . Because no type species of available genus-group names belongs to the second clade, it represents a new genus-group taxon that we conservatively propose as a subgenus. This new subgenus keys to J.22.2b in (Evans 1949) and differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: forewing vein 2 originates closer to the base than to the origin of vein 3; forewing discal cell with pale spots; gnathos is usually less developed than in the nominate subgenus, aedeagus is less expanded terminally, and the valva is more elongated. In DNA, a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly499.8.4:C57T, aly171.12.1:G39C, aly171.12.1:T42C, aly577.55.7:C97A, aly3616.1.1:A465G, and COI barcode: T316A, T424A, A484T, C641C, T643T.</p><p>Etymology. The name is tautonymous with the type species name and is a feminine noun in the nominative singular.</p><p>Species included. The type species (i.e., Parnara sarala Nicéville, 1889), Carystus duris Mabille, 1883, Acerbas selta Evans, 1949, Acerbas latefascia de Jong, 1982, and Acerbas suttoni Russell, 1984 .</p><p>Parent taxon. Genus Acerbas Nicéville, 1895 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A498532FD9A2B6560A690C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A488530FEA42896671C9226.text	E87A9B1F9A488530FEA42896671C9226.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notamblyscirtes durango subsp. seaza Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Notamblyscirtes durango seaza Grishin, new subspecies</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 44D73157-48E8-411C-B5D3-E53D8CBD049A</p><p>(Figs. 49 part, 50)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis of additional Notamblyscirtes J. Scott, 2006 (type species Amblyscirtes simius W. H. Edwards, 1881) specimens from across its range reveals that populations of Notamblyscirtes durango J. Scott, 2017 (type locality in Mexico: Durango) partition into two clades by their nuclear genome (Fig. 49a, b, red and purple), thus being genetically differentiated from each other, albeit with moderate statistical support (minimal of four clades over two trees is 60% replications). Therefore, these groups of populations represent major genomic groups of N. durango below the species level, and thus correspond to subspecies. These subspecies do not consistently differ in mitochondrial DNA (Fig. 49c). The nominate subspecies, as the trees demonstrate (Fig. 49 purple), is known only from Mexico: states of Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, and Durango. The second subspecies inhabits southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico (Fig. 49 red), does not have a name associated with it, and hence is new. The new subspecies possesses the characters given for N. durango in the original description (Scott et al. 2017) and is most similar to the nominate subspecies from Mexico in its darker aspect compared to its sister species Notamblyscirtes simius (W. H. Edwards, 1881) (type locality in USA: Colorado, Pueblo Co,), but differs in being somewhat paler (e.g., towards the base and inner margin of and typically brighter orangish postdiscal area on ventral forewing), and with sharper-defined pale spots on ventral hindwing, especially in females. Due to phenotypic variation, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly331.20.14:C144T, aly331.20.14:G180A, aly4237.1.2:C21T, aly164.66.3:A39G, aly164. 66.3:C57T. There are no differences in the COI barcode.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-22094G07, GenBank PQ489714, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGAGCAGGAATATTAGGAACTTCATTAAGTTTATTAATTCGTACAGAATTAGGAAATCCAGGATCATTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTCACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTTCCTTTAATATTAGGAGCCCCTGATATAGCTTTCCCCCGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGAATATTACCCCCTTCTTTAACACTTTTAATCTCAAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGAGCAGGAACTGGATGAACAGTTTATCCCCCACTATCATCTAATATTGC CCATCAAGGATCTTCTGTTGATATAGCAATTTTCTCCCTTCATCTAGCTGGAATTTCATCTATCTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACAATTATTAATATACGAATTAAAAATTTATCA TTTGATCAAATACCCTTATTTGTTTGATCTGTAGGAATTACAGCATTATTATTATTATTATCTTTACCTGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACAATATTATTAACAGATCGTAATTTAAATACCT CTTTTTTTGACCCCGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, CA, USA (LACM), illustrated in Fig. 50, bears the following five rectangular labels (2 nd handwritten, others printed with handwritten text shown in italics), four white: [Research Ranch RAB | 6 mi. S.E. Elgin, AZ. | Santa Cruz Co. | Col. 27-Jul-1983], [ A. simius], [ Amblyscirtes simius | Edwards |</p><p>det. Richard Bailowitz], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-22094G07 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Notamblyscirtes durango | seaza Grishin]. Paratypes: 2♂♂ and 4♀♀ USA: Arizona: Santa Cruz Co., San Rafael Valley, Bog Hole, J. P. Brock leg. [JPBrock]: 1♂ NVG-21057H03 9-Aug- 1992 , 1♂ NVG-21057H04 20-Aug-1994, 1♀ NVG-21057H05 7-Aug-1993; 1♀ NVG-21044B05 Cochise Co., Peloncillo Mts., Cottonwood Canyon, 16-Aug-1990 , J. B. Walsh leg. [MGCL]; New Mexico, Hidalgo Co., Clanton Draw, 4 mi E of AZ state line, K. Roever leg. [MGCL]: 1♀ NVG-23047H10 8-Aug- 1982 and 1♀ NVG-23047H11 1-Aug-1986.</p><p>Type locality. USA: Arizona, Santa Cruz Co., 6 mi SE of Elgin, Research Ranch.</p><p>Etymology. The name is formed from SE AZ (southeastern Arizona) for the type locality of this subspecies and is treated as a feminine noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Southeastern Arizona (Cochise and Santa Cruz Cos.) and southwestern New Mexico (Hidalgo Co.), USA.</p><p>Comment. Traditionally, subspecies in butterflies have been defined by the differences in wing patterns between groups of populations that account for approximately 70% of specimens. We propose a more comprehensive definition of subspecies as major genetic groups of populations within a species and apply this definition to N. durango . This definition is all-encompassing because it does not rely on a single feature of an organism, such as the coloration of adults, but is an integral characteristic of the genome and is expected to reflect genetic differences between other life stages, such as caterpillars and pupae, behavior, and foodplant preferences. Subspecies, defined as major genomic clusters, represent genetically unique divisions of a species and thus may be more relevant as units considered for conservation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A488530FEA42896671C9226	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A4B8536FE0E2DF766AD965D.text	E87A9B1F9A4B8536FE0E2DF766AD965D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Quasimellana duranga Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Quasimellana duranga Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 513B0D2D-9275-4954-BE64-4E38660698AA</p><p>(Figs. 51 part, 52–53)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis reveals that a specimen from Durango, Mexico, identified as Quasimellana mulleri (E. Bell, 1942) (type locality in Mexico: Guerrero) is genetically differentiated from it at the species level (Fig. 51), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 5.3% (35 bp) and therefore represents a new species. This species differs from its relatives by being darker: dorsally, two subapical orange spots are separated from the costal orange area and not connected to it through additional orange spots; ventrally, forewing dark scaling is more extensive, and the hindwing has darker marginal and basal areas giving an appearance of a faint wide central paler band (not uniformly yellow) (Fig. 52); the cornutus has a more triangular keel, rather than terminally rounded or trapezoidal, the body of cornutus is narrower; dorsodistal end of harpe is rounded and projects dorsad from the costa of the valva being separated from it by a rounded concavity (Fig. 53). Due to the cryptic nature of this species and the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly 2631.8.5: T297 C, aly668.9.2:A372G, aly668.9.2:A384T, aly668.9.2: T393 G, aly82.25.3:C63T, aly1603.75.15: T111 T (not G), aly361.11.2: A321A (not T), aly361.25.3:A102A (not G), aly3824.6.7:C69C (not A), aly3824.6.7:C72C (not T), and COI barcode: T38 T, T46 C, 79 T, A286 T, T304 C, T500 C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-18117G05, GenBank PQ489715, 658 base pairs: TACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGAGCAGGAATATTAGGTACCTCCTTAAGTCTTCTAATTCGAACTGAATTAGGTAATCCTGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTTACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTACCCTTAATATTAGGAGCCCCTGATATAGCTTTCCCCCGAA TAAATAACATAAGATTTTGAATGCTACCCCCATCATTAACCCTTCTAATTTCAAGAAGTATCGTAGAAAATGGTGCAGGAACTGGATGAACAGTTTACCCCCCCCTATCTTCTAATATCGC TCATCAAGGATCTTCTGTAGATTTAGCAATTTTTTCACTTCACTTAGCTGGAATTTCTTCTATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACAATTATTAATATACGAATTAAAAACTTATCA TTTGATCAAATATCTCTATTTATTTGATCAGTAGGAATTACAGCATTATTATTATTATTATCTTTACCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACCATATTACTTACAGACCGAAATTTAAACACAT CATTCTTCGATCCAGCAGGAGGGGGGGATCCCATTCTATACCAACACTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), illustrated in Fig. 52 (genitalia in Fig. 53), bears the following seven rectangular labels (1 st, 2 nd, and 6 th handwritten, others printed with handwritten text shown in italics), five white: [Dgo, rte 40 | Mimbres Gor | ge 28 Aug 85 | DDM], [ Mellana ♂ | mulleri | Bell | det. H.A.Freeman], [GENITALIA NO. | X- 31 78 | J.M.Burns 1991], [ Quasimellana mulleri | (Bell) | ♂ | det. J. M. Burns 1994], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-18117G05 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], and two red [LENT BY | DOUG MULLINS | VII-91], [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Quasimellana | duranga Grishin]. The holotype was collected by Doug Mullins.</p><p>Etymology. The name is formed from the name of the Mexican state with the type locality and is treated as a feminine noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in Durango, Mexico.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A4B8536FE0E2DF766AD965D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A4D8537FDFA297066C892E1.text	E87A9B1F9A4D8537FDFA297066C892E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stinga azteca Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Stinga azteca Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ C6F5C6FC-A5D2-4654-BF07-11C3D05F694B</p><p>(Figs. 54 part, 55–56)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic phylogeny of Stinga Evans, 1955 (type species Pamphila morrisoni W. H. Edwards, 1878) reveals that specimens from southern Mexico identified as Stinga morrisoni (W. H. Edwards, 1878) (type locality USA: Colorado, likely in Custer Co.) are genetically differentiated from it at the species level (Fig. 54) and represent a new species. The COI barcodes are 2.3% (15 bp) different between the holotype of the new species and the lectotype of S. morrisoni . This new species keys to M.9. in Evans (1955) and differs from S. morrisoni by characters described in Warren and Austin (2009) for the phenotype “in the states of México, Tlaxcala, Guerrero and Oaxaca.” In brief, specimens of the new species are smaller than S. morrisoni in the southern parts of its range and prominently darker, with a deeper orange color, smaller spots, and reduced pale overscaling. In male genitalia (Fig. 5c in Warren and Austin 2009), the harpe is better separated from the ampulla than in S. morrisoni, and the valva is somewhat narrower. In female genitalia (Fig. 6c in Warren and Austin 2009), lamella postvaginalis narrows towards ductus bursae stronger than in S. morrisoni . Due to unexplored phenotypic variation in other populations, definitive identification is provided by DNA, and a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly2874.23.3:C1218T, aly2874.23.3:C1296T, aly11945.4. 2:C573T, aly11945.4.2:A1341C, aly1838.49.7:A939G, and COI barcode: A199A, C235T, A307G, T361C, T553C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-23046D06, GenBank PQ489716, 658 base pairs: AACCTTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGAGCAGGAATATTAGGAACTTCTTTAAGTTTATTAATTCGTACAGAATTAGGTAATCCAGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACC ATTGTTACAGCTCATGCATTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCCATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTTCCTTTAATATTAGGAGCACCAGATATAGCTTTTCCTCGAA TAAATAATATAAGTTTTTGAATACTACCCCCTTCATTAACATTATTAATTTCAAGAAGAATTGTGGAAAATGGTGCAGGAACAGGATGAACAGTTTACCCCCCTTTATCCTCAAATATCGC TCATCAAGGATCCTCTGTTGATTTAGCAATTTTTTCTCTTCATTTGGCTGGAATTTCATCTATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACAATTATTAATATACGAATTAAAAATTTATCA TTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTATGATCTGTAGGTATTACAGCTTTATTATTACTTTTATCTTTACCCGTTTTAGCAGGTGCTATTACTATATTACTTACTGATCGAAATTTAAATACTT CTTTTTTTGATCCAGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Collection, Gainesville, FL, USA (MGCL), illustrated in Fig. 55, bears five printed (text in italics handwritten) labels: four white [MEXICO: MÉXICO: | Mpio. Amecameca: | S slope Iztaccihuatl: | grassy slopes above | Paso de Cortes, 3400- | 3900m, 18-III-2000 | Andrew D. Warren | with MZFC crew], [Genitalic Vial | GTA- 14079], [A. D. Warren colln. | MGCL Accession | #2009-7], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-23046D06 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Stinga azteca | Grishin]. Paratype: 1♀ NVG-23046D07 the same data as the holotype, genitalic vial GTA-14078.</p><p>Type locality. Mexico: México, Mpio. Amecameca, south slope of Iztaccihuatl, grassy slopes above Paso de Cortés, 3400–3900 m .</p><p>Etymology. The Aztec Empire flourished in central Mexico, with their capital city, Tenochtitlan, built on an island in Lake Texcoco, which is now largely filled in and forms the base of modern-day Mexico City. This species is known from central Mexico, hence the name. The name is a feminine noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Southern Mexico (México, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Guerrero, and Oaxaca).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A4D8537FDFA297066C892E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A4C8537FEE02E00636290D2.text	E87A9B1F9A4C8537FEE02E00636290D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phlebodes meesi de Jong 1983	<div><p>Phlebodes meesi de Jong, 1983 belongs to the nominal subgenus of Vistigma Hayward, 1939 and not to Phlebodes Hübner, 1819</p><p>Genomic analysis reveals that Phlebodes meesi de Jong, 1983 (type locality in Suriname) is not monophyletic with Phlebodes Hübner, [1819] (type species Papilio pertinax Stoll, 1781) but instead originates within the nominal subgenus of Vistigma Hayward, 1939 (type species Vistigma xanthobasis Hayward, 1939) being a close sister to Vistigma (Vistigma) vira (Butler, 1870) (type locality in Brazil: Pará) (Fig. 57). Therefore, we transfer it to this genus as Vistigma (Vistigma) meesi (de Jong, 1983), comb. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A4C8537FEE02E00636290D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A4F8535FE6B2B3F66AC923F.text	E87A9B1F9A4F8535FE6B2B3F66AC923F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vistigma (Vistigma) shnoba Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Vistigma (Vistigma) shnoba Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 112EE07F-ADEB-429B-9129-363978D56578</p><p>(Figs. 57 part, 58–59)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic sequencing of a specimen initially identified as Vistigma (Vistigma) opus (Steinhauser, 2008) (type locality in Guiana) reveals that while being sister to it, it is genetically differentiated from V. opus at the species level (Fig. 57), e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 1.6% (11 bp), and therefore represents a new species. The description of Thoon opus given by Steinhauser (2008) applies to this new species, except that the forewing discal cell spot is smaller, and there is a dot-like semihyaline spot in R 4 -R 5 cell on the dorsal side, not only ventrally, where the forewing lacks an ocherous streak in Cu 2 -2A cell, and the hindwing has weaker ocherous overscaling, in particular, in the discal cell and along the vestigial vein 1A (but with streaks and overscaling along the veins as in V. opus). Due to the cryptic nature of this species and unexplored phenotypic variation, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly728.7.2:C279T, aly 1259.4.2:C180T, aly731.4.9:G51A, aly423.15.6:A132G, aly216.78.1:A528G, aly925.</p><p>44.2:C75C (not T), aly728.13.6:A72A (not G), aly1283.20.2:C159C (not T), aly736.5.4:A54A (not G), aly506.10.2:T252T (not C), and COI barcode: T38T, 100G, A211G, T304C, T541T, 607C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-19024C05, GenBank PQ489717, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATATTAGGAACCTCTTTAAGACTATTAATCCGCACTGAATTAGGAGCTCCAGGATCATTAATTGGGGATGATCAAATTTACAACACT ATCGTAACAGCTCATGCATTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCAATTATAATCGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTACCATTAATGCTAGGAGCTCCAGATATAGCTTTCCCTCGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTCTGAATATTGCCCCCTTCTTTAATATTATTAATTTCAAGAAGAATCGTAGAAAATGGTGCAGGTACTGGTTGAACTGTTTATCCCCCTCTTTCATCTAATATTGC TCATCAAGGAGCATCTGTTGACTTAGCAATTTTTTCTTTACATTTAGCAGGTATTTCTTCTATTTTAGGTGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACAATTATTAATATACGAATTAGAAATTTATCA TTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGATCAGTAGGTATTACCGCATTATTATTACTTTTATCCTTACCTGTATTAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATACTTTTAACTGATCGAAATTTAAATACAT CCTTTTTTGACCCTGCTGGTGGAGGAGATCCTATTTTATATCAACATCTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ currently deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), illustrated in Fig. 58 (genitalia in Fig. 59), bears the following five printed (text in italics handwritten) rectangular labels, four white: [PERU 300m | 30 Km S.W. | Pto. Maldonado | 24 Oct. '83 | S. S. Nicolay], [genitalia | ♂ slide/vial # | H882 | Prep. S.S. Nicolay] [DNA sample ID: | NVG-19024C05 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [USNMENT | {QR Code} | 01532913], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Vistigma (Vistigma) | shnoba Grishin].</p><p>Type locality. Peru: Madre de Dios Region, 30 km southwest of Puerto Maldonado, elevation 300 m.</p><p>Etymology. The name is formed from Yiddish (shnobl) or German Schnabel for beak or nose, given for the shape of uncus that inspired the name opus for its sister species: “because of the resemblance of the lateral view of the uncus and gnathos to the character Opus, the penguin, in the old comic strip” (Steinhauser 2008). The name is treated as a feminine noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in southeastern Peru.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A4F8535FE6B2B3F66AC923F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A4E853BFDBE2DD260CD960F.text	E87A9B1F9A4E853BFDBE2DD260CD960F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alyco Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Alyco Grishin, new genus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 25B2623E-097A-45C7-8D2D-90D0DB7A9D0E</p><p>Type species. Styriodes quota Evans, 1955 .</p><p>Definition. Genomic phylogeny of Moncina A. Warren, 2008 reveals that a female from Guyana we identified as Styriodes quota Evans, 1955 (type locality in Guyana) (Fig. 61, genitalia in Fig. 62) is in a different clade from Styriodes Schaus, 1913 (type species Styriodes lyco Schaus, 1913), currently a subgenus of Mnasicles Godman, 1901 (type species Mnasicles geta Godman, 1901), and originates in deep radiation among genera such as Eprius Godman, 1901 (type species Epeus veleda Godman, 1901), Lychnuchus Hübner, [1829] (type species Lychnuchus olenus Hübner, [1829], which is a junior subjective synonym of Hesperia celsus Fabricius, 1793), and Mit Grishin, 2022 (type species Mnasitheus badius Bell, 1930), while not being particularly close to any of them (Fig. 60) and in a different clade from Mnasicles (see Fig. 6 in Zhang et al. (2023g)). Therefore, the lineage with S. quota represents a new genus. This genus differs from its relatives by a combination of the following characters: males with a short rhomboidal brand of two segments, separated by the vein CuA 2; aedeagus with two long (slightly shorter than uncus) and arched symmetrical terminal processes; uncus is undivided, triangular in dorsal view and rather straight and narrow in lateral view; valva is elongated and rounded, with a Γ-shaped process directed dorsad (bending posteriad) from the middle of its ventral margin. In DNA, a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly10672.9.2:G159A, aly 1456.2.1:C129T, aly525.128.1:C631A, aly824.26.7:C69T, aly887.25.3:T111C, aly1656.17.1:T189T (not C), aly240.31.3:G63G (not C), aly451.7.7:C47C (not G), aly50.27.3:C79C (not T), aly208.49.1:C148C (not A), and COI barcode: 79C, T202G, T232C, A328T, A415T, T457C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the type species. Sample</p><p>NVG-8044, GenBank PQ489718, 658 base pairs:</p><p>AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGAGCAGGAATACTAGGAACTTCTTTAAGTTTA</p><p>CTAATTCGAACAGAATTAGGCAATCCTGGTTCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATA</p><p>ATACTATTGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTAATACCTATTAT</p><p>AATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTGCCTTTAATATTAGGAGCCCCAGATATAGCC</p><p>TTTCCACGAATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGAATATTACCCCCCTCACTATTATTACTAA</p><p>TTTCAAGAAGAATTGTTGAAAATGGTGCAGGAACTGGTTGAACTGTTTATCCCCCTTT</p><p>ATCTTCTAATATTGCTCATCAAGGTTCATCAGTTGACTTAGCAATCTTTTCTTTACAT</p><p>TTAGCTGGTATTTCCTCTATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTCATTACTACAATCATTAATA</p><p>TACGAATCAAAAACATATCATTTGATCAAATACCCTTATTTGTTTGATCAGTAGGAAT</p><p>TACAGCTTTATTATTATTATTATCTTTACCTGTATTAGCAGGAGCTATTACAATACTT</p><p>CTCACTGATCGAAATTTAAATACTTCTTTTTTTGATCCTGCCGGAGGAGGAGATCCTA</p><p>TTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Etymology. The name stems from a misidentification we spotted in the USNM collection: a specimen of the type species was identified as</p><p>Fig. 62. Genitalia of Alyco quota comb. nov. ♀ NVG-8044, “ Styriodes lyco ”. Negating a- was added to lyco to</p><p>vial NVG170208-29, data in Fig. 61 legend: a) ventral and b) form the genus name, which is treated as a right ventrolateral views of sterigma (scale below), c) feminine noun in the nominative singular. complete genitalia in ventral view (scale on the right).</p><p>Parent taxon. Subtribe Moncina A. Warren, 2008 .</p><p>Comment. As far as we know, females of Alyco quota comb. nov. have not been reported. We take this opportunity to illustrate the female genitalia of this rarely encountered species (Fig. 62). An unusual feature of the female genitalia is lamella antevaginalis, which is ventrally expanded into a structure resembling an octopus sucker on a tentacle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A4E853BFDBE2DD260CD960F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
E87A9B1F9A408538FE30298F66A595BC.text	E87A9B1F9A408538FE30298F66A595BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vertica (Brasta) asta Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin 2024	<div><p>Vertica (Brasta) asta Grishin, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 055F4CF8-5498-47F7-B800-D17EE25F3A36</p><p>(Figs. 63 part, 64)</p><p>Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis reveals that a specimen from Colombia identified as belonging to the subgenus Brasta Grishin, 2022 (type species Lychnuchus brasta Evans, 1955) of the genus Vertica Evans, 1955 (type species Hesperia verticalis Plötz, 1882) is genetically differentiated from the only known species in the subgenus Vertica (Brasta) brasta (type locality in Peru: Chanchamayo) at the species level (Fig. 63): e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 6.1% (40 bp). In the presence of phenotypic differences, this specimen represents a new species. This new species is closest to “ Lychnuchus brasta ” (K.12.3) and keys to it in Evans (1955) but differs by wider pale (cream-yellow) markings: broader central band (partly hyaline) on the forewing that is nearly oval rather than narrow-rectangular, beneath extending to the inner margin with a wide (nearly 2/5 of the wing length) pale spot; a wider pale spot at the hindwing apex, as well as the marginal pale stripe on ventral hindwing, the inner margin of the stripe is close to straight, not curving along the outer wing margin. Due to unexplored phenotypic variation in this species, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly116.29.8:C117T, aly905.4.1:A801G, aly 2700.2.4:C45T,</p><p>C42C (not T), aly1038.16.2:C198C (not A), aly182.2.2:C99C (not T), and COI barcode: T16C, A40C, T193C, A412G, T421C, T589C.</p><p>Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-23093E12, GenBank PQ489719, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATATTTTATCTTTGGTATCTGAGCAGGTATAGTCGGAACTTCTCTCAGAATATTAATTCGAACAGAATTAGGTAATCCCGGATCTTTAATCGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAACACT ATCGTTACTGCTCACGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTAATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGTTTTGGAAACTGATTAGTACCTTTAATATTAGGAGCCCCAGATATAGCTTTCCCCCGTA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGAATGTTGCCCCCCTCTTTAACCCTTTTAATTTCAAGAAGAATCGTAGAAAATGGAGCAGGAACAGGATGAACAGTATACCCCCCACTTTCATCTAATATTGC TCATCAAGGATCTTCTGTTGATTTAGCAATTTTTTCATTACACTTAGCGGGAATTTCCTCAATTTTAGGAGCAATTAATTTTATTACCACAATTATTAATATACGAATTAAAAATATATCA TTTGATCAAATACCCCTATTTATTTGATCAGTTGGAATTACAGCTTTATTATTAATTTTATCTTTACCAGTATTAGCTGGAGCTATTACAATACTTCTTACTGACCGAAATTTAAATACCT CCTTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATCCTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the collection of the Zentrum für Biodokumentation des Saarlandes, Schiffweiler, Germany (ZfBS), illustrated in Fig. 64, bears the following five rectangular labels (2 nd handwritten, 3 rd without text, others printed; 3 rd and the last red, others white): [ Rio Aguacatal | Colomb. W.Codr. | 2000 m | Coll. Fassl], [?], [] no text on this red label, [DNA sample ID: | NVG-23093E12 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Vertica (Brasta) | asta Grishin].</p><p>Type locality. Colombia: Valle del Cauca, Río Aguacatal, elevation ca. 2000 m .</p><p>Etymology. The name is formed from its sister species name, which is made shorter to indicate a more northern distribution of this species. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in western Colombia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E87A9B1F9A408538FE30298F66A595BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Song, Leina;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina, Grishin, Nick V. (2024): New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3): 1-63
