taxonID	type	description	language	source
F152ED01DF053906FE078741B4DE477C.taxon	discussion	Eight Soricidae species were determined in the Beremend 14 fossil assemblage (Table 1). Crocidura kornfeldi Kormos, 1934 is ranged to subfamily Crocidurinae, while other six forms: Sorex minutus Linnaeus, 1766; Sorex (Drepanosorex) savini Hinton, 1911; Sorex runtonensis Hinton, 1911; Beremendia fissidens (Petényi, 1864); Petenyia hungarica Kormos, 1934, and Asoriculus gibberodon (Petényi, 1864) belong to subfamily Soricinae. One form could not be exactly determined, because it shows both Crocidurinae and Soricinae characters, so it was defined as Soricidae gen. et sp. indet. Abbreviations used in the Soricidae descriptions: I = incisor, A = antemolar, P = premolar, M = molar, Mx = upper tooth, M x = lower tooth, L = length, W = width, H = height, BL = buccal length, LL = lingual length, AW = anterior width, PW = posterior width, n = number of specimens, min. = minimum, max. = maximum, sd. = standard deviation, MNI = minimum number of individuals. Calculation of MNI is based on the number of identical, ipsilateral teeth. Morphological terms are used after REUMER (1984). Measurements are given in mm. Remarks – In the relative groups of the shrews several Erinaceomorpha and Talpidae species with more than 250 specimens occurred in the Beremend 14 sample, but they are not discussed in this paper.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF023907FE1986BAB74C4546.taxon	description	(Fig. 2) Material – 14 left mandible fragments with 3 I 1, 4 A 1, 9 A 2, 10 M 1, 10 M 2, 5 M 3; 12 right mandible fragments with 1 I 1, 3 A 1, 4 A 2, 5 M 1, 4 M 2, 1 M 3; 1 skull fragment with left A 1, A 3, M 1 - M 3 and right A 1 - A 3, P 4, M 1 - M 2; 15 left maxillary fragments with 2 I 1, 1 A 1, 1 A 2, 1 A 3, 5 P 4, 9 M 1, 7 M 2; 8 right maxillary fragments with 1 I 1, 3 A 1, 3 A 2, 2 A 3, 4 P 4, 5 M 1, 4 M 2; Isolated teeth: 7 left and 12 right I 1, 2 left and 5 right M 1 or M 2, 2 right M 3, 5 left and 5 right I 1, 1 left and 1 right A 1, 2 right P 4, 4 left and 2 right M 1, 1 left and 2 right M 2. Measurements – Table 2. Description – Dental formula is 143 / 123. The dental elements are not pigmented. The coronoid process is blunt and low. The coronoid spicule is small, situated high and indistinct. The external temporal fossa is long, narrow and indistinct. The internal temporal fossa is reaching to halfway up the coronoid process, and a subfossa is present above it. I 1 apex is pointed and the talon also has a little, sharp cone. The cingulum along the posterior buccal margin is narrow but well-pronounced, usually it is undulate. The first upper antemolar is elongated, the two posterior ones are considerably smaller. A 3 is somewhat smaller than A 2. The parastyle of P 4 is protruding and separated from the paracone by a deep valley. The protocone is small. A small hypocone is visible on the cingulumlike ridge running along the lingual margin of the tooth. The posterior margins of P 4 and M 1 are much concave. Both of the upper molars are relatively broad and short. The M 1 AW is far smaller than the PW. The shape of M 2 is trapezoidal, its anterior part is far wider than the posterior one. The parastyle on M 2 is long and curved, while the metastyle is short and straight. M 3 protocone, paracone, and hypocone are about equal in size. I 1 is slightly bicuspulate. The buccal cingulum is narrow but pronounced. A 1 is anteroposteriorly quite elongate, but low, A 2 is much higher. M 1 - M 2 buccal cingula are narrow but well-pronounced. It is undulate in all specimens, but it is less undulate on M 2 than on M 1. M 3 talonid is reduced to a single cuspid. Remarks – There are two similar Crocidura species reported from the Early Pleistocene of Europe: C. kornfeldi Kormos, 1934 and C. obtusa Kretzoi, 1938. BOTKA & MÉSZÁROS (2015) distinguished these two forms by the characteristics of the mandible. Based on the shape of the coronoid process and the indistinct coronoid spicule we ranged the Beremend 14 Crocidura remains to C. kornfeldi.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF003904FE7183EDB25D4069.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 1 incomplete right mandible with A 2 fragment and M 1 - M 2 (M 1: L = 1.24, W = 0.66; M 2: L = 1.01, W = 0.60); 2 left and 2 right edentulous mandible fragments; 1 left I 1 fragment; 1 right A 1; 1 right M 1 (LL = 1.28, BL = 1.28, AW = 1.36, PW = 1.52); 1 right M 2 (LL = 1.12, BL = 1.14, AW = 1.40, PW = 1.29). Description – Very small-sized Sorex form with light orange pigmentation on the tip of the teeth. M 1 - M 2 are subquadrate, with specifically concave posterior emargination. The buccal cingulum is well-developed but narrow, and usually undulated on the lower molars. The anterior edge of the coronoid process is concave, the apex bends slightly towards anterior direction. The external temporal fossa is developed as a longitudinal groove. The coronoid spicule is present. The internal temporal fossa is high and triangular, continuing to the tip of the coronoid process.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF00390AFE6A81EFB2404276.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 1 left corpus mandibulae with condyle; 1 left mandible fragment with I 1 and A 2 - M 3 (M 1: L = 1.34, W = 0.76; M 2: L = 1.16, W = 0.68); 1 left mandible fragment with M 1 - M 3 (M 1: L = 1.50, W = 0.80; M 2: L = 1.30, W = 0.78); 1 left mandible fragment with M 1 - M 2 (M 1: L = 1.56, W = 0.84; M 2: L = 1.32, W = 0.80); 1 incomplete left mandible with I 1 fragment and A 2 - M 2 (M 1: L = 1.48, W = 0.80; M 2: L = 1.32, W = 0.76); 1 left mandible fragment with A 2 - M 2 (M 1: L = 1.54, W = 0.84; M 2: L = 1.36, W = 0.76); 1 right I 1 (L = 3.04, H = 0.78); 2 left P 4 (LL = 1.08, BL = 1.40, W = 1.68; LL = 0.96, BL = 1.56, W = 1.62); 1 left M 1 (LL = 1.45, BL = 1.44, AW = 1.56, PW = 1.73); 3 right M 1 (LL = 1.32, BL = 1.33, AW = 1.44, PW = 1.52; LL = 1.44, BL = 1.44, AW = 1.48, PW = 1.64; LL = 1.40, BL = 1.36, AW = 1.52, PW = 1.66); 1 right M 1 and 1 right M 2 fragments. Description – The teeth are pigmented with orange to red colour. The pentagonal P 4 has a well-developed parastyle and protocone. The protocone is placed in the central part of the anterior side of the tooth. The subquadrate M 1 has well-developed hypocone and indistinct metaloph. The posterior emargination of P 4 and M 1 is moderately developed. The coronoid process is tall and leans forwards; its anterior margin is concave. The deep external temporal fossa of coronoid process runs along the posterior border of the process. The coronoid spicule is well-developed. The internal temporal fossa is high and triangular. I 1 is tricuspulate. M 1 is bigger than M 2. M 1 buccal cingulum is undulate while it is straight in M 2 and M 3. The molars are characterized by high entoconid crests. M 3 is unreduced with basined talonid.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0E390AFE36831FB24E4751.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 2 right mandible fragment with M 1 - M 2 (M 1: L = 1.50, W = 0.88; M 2: L = 1.44, W = 0.80; M 1: L = 1.52, W = 0.94; M 2: L = 1.48, W = 0.84); 1 left I 1 (L = 3.20, H = 0.82); 2 right M 1 (L = 1.60, W = 0.92; L = 1.58, W = 0.86); 1 left M 2 (L = 1.44, W = 0.88); 1 right M 2 (L = 1.32, W = 0.68); 1 left M 1 fragment; 1 right M 1 (LL = 1.44, BL = 1.48, AW = 1.64, PW = 1.72). Description – Large-sized shrew with light-orange pigmentation on the teeth. M 1 is square, its metaloph is present. I 1 is tricuspulate. M 1 is bigger and more elongated than M 2. Buccal cingulum is not undulate on the lower molars. The entoconid crests are high on M 1 - M 2. Remarks – Two Sorex (Drepanosorex) species are known from the European Lower Pleistocene. Sorex savini was described by HINTON (1911) from West Runton, England. In the Betfia (also known as Püspökfürdő, Romania) material KORMOS (1930) distinguished another species for a similar form as S. margaritodon. Thence several shrew remains were mentioned from different localities as S. (D.) margaritodon or S. (D.) savini. The taxonomical details are shown in another article of the current issue of the present journal (BOTKA & MÉSZÁROS 2016). After those studies, Sorex (Drepanosorex) margaritodon Kormos, 1930 is regarded here as a synonym of Sorex (Drepanosorex) savini Hinton, 1911, so the Beremend 14 specimens are systematized as S. (D.) savini, which is the earlier name, so the valid one.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0E390BFE15868FB4EE477E.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 14 left more or less complete mandibles (containing also coronoid process and condyle), with 7 I 1, 7 A 1, 8 A 2, 11 M 1, 12 M 2, 9 M 3; 14 right one, with 8 I 1, 4 A 1, 7 A 2, 13 M 1, 12 M 2, 10 M 3; 11 left mandible fragments with 2 I 1, 2 A 1, 2 A 2, 2 M 1, 3 M 2; 10 left mandible fragments with 3 I 1, 1 A 1, 2 A 2, 7 M 1, 5 M 2, 1 M 3; 3 left more or less complete skulls; left teeth: 3 I 1, 3 A 1, 3 A 2, 2 A 3, 3 P 4, 3 M 1, 2 M 2, 1 M 3; right teeth: 3 I 1, 1 A 1, 1 A 2, 2 A 3, 1 A 4, 3 P 4, 3 M 1, 3 M 2, 2 M 3; 8 left maxillary fragments with 6 P 4, 4 M 1, 4 M 2, 2 M 3; 12 right maxillary fragments with 1 I 1, 2 A 1, 3 P 4, 8 M 1, 4 M 2, 1 M 3; isolated teeth: 19 left and 14 right I 1, 13 left and 8 right M 1, 6 left and 7 right M 2, 7 left and 6 right M 3, 15 left and 14 right I 1, 10 left and 8 right P 4, 5 left and 4 right M 1, 9 left and 6 right M 2, 1 left and 2 right M 3, 48 antemolars. Measurements – Table 3. Description – Dental formula is 153 / 123. The teeth are intensively stained dark red. The I 1 is fissident with a bifid apex. Four upper antemolars are present. A 1 and A 2 are of about equal size, A 3 is smaller and A 4 is even smaller, it is quite reduced. The posterior emargination is moderate on the P 4, M 1 and M 2. The lingual part of the P 4 crown is very low. The occlusal outline of the M 1 is square with rounded corners, M 2 is trapezoidal. The M 3 is relatively small and triangular. The I 1 is grooved, acuspulate, the apex curves upwards. The A 1 is unicuspid, the A 2 is bicuspid. The M 1 and M 2 trigonid basins are deep and broad, entoconid crests are present. The M 3 is reduced but its talonid is basined. The mandibular body is robust, strongly built, slightly leans laterally. The ascending ramus is anteroposteriorly broad and leans strongly medially. The coronoid process is narrow, short, stout and leans anteriorly in lateral view. The coronoid spicule is thin, poorly developed and nearly vertical. The condyloid process is characteristic. The upper articular facet is narrow and cylinder-shaped. The interarticular area is broad. The lower facet leans strongly anteriorly and it is not visible in buccal view. The angular process is very short. The internal temporal fossa is small, deep and pocketed, its shape is often round. Remarks – There are two Beremendia species known from the European fossil assemblages. According to BOTKA & MÉSZÁROS (2015) the larger B. fissidens and the smaller B. minor are well distinguished by the size of the upper and the lower molars. On the basis of these measurements the Beremend 14 form seems to belong to the bigger species, so it was determined as B. fissidens (see Table 2 and BOTKA & MÉSZÁROS 2015, Tables 1 – 2).	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0C3909FE0E869DB494410F.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 1 left mandible fragment with M 1 - M 3 (M 1: L = 1.54, W = 0.81; M 2: L = 1.34, W = 0.76; M 3: L = 1.06, W = 0.60); 1 left mandible fragment with M 2 (L = 1.32, W = 0.76); 1 right mandible fragment with M 2 (L = 1.32, W = 0.80); 1 left and 3 right edentulous mandible fragments; 1 left M 1 (LL = 1.40, BL = 1.36, AW = 1.52, PW = 1.60); 1 right I 1 (I 1: L = 3.04, H = 0.76); 1 left M 1 (L = 1.42, W = 0.76); 1 fragmentary left I 1; 1 fragmentary right M 2. Description – Pigmentation is hardly-visible: only the very tips of some teeth have a light orange colour. I 1 is fissident. M 1 protocone and hypocone are separated by a wide valley, the metastyle protrudes. The anterior margin bends beside the protocone. The lower incisor is short and bicuspulate. M 1 - M 2 cingula are developed on both lingual and buccal sides, the buccal one is slightly undulate, particularly in M 1. The buccal re-entrant valley opens directly above the cingulum. The lingual cingulum in M 3 is weak but well-visible; the talonid is not reduced but basined. The anterior margin of the coronoid process is usually slightly concave. The internal temporal fossa is relatively small and narrow. The upper condylar facet is narrow, long and cylinder-shaped. The lower facet is strongly elongated lingually and pointing downwards. The interarticular area is notched lingually and hence quite narrow and elongate.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0C3908FE64832BB43B4740.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 1 left mandible fragment with M 2 - M 3 (M 2: L = 1.24, W = 0.84; M 3: L = 1.04, W = 0.60); 1 left mandible fragment with M 3 (L = 1.14, W = 0.64); 1 right mandible fragment with M 1 (L = 1.39, W = 0.80); 1 left M 1 (L = 1.36, W = 0.80); 1 left maxillary fragment with P 4 and broken M 1 (LL = 0.84, BL = 1.48, W = 1.40); 1 right maxillary fragment with M 1 - M 2 (M 1: LL = 1.40, BL = 1.44, AW = 1.41, PW = 1.49; M 2: LL = 1.24, BL = 1.16, AW = 1.49, PW = 1.36); 1 right M 1 fragment. Description – The teeth have dark red (sometimes nearly black) pigmentation. P 4, M 1 and M 2 have nearly straight posterior margin. P 4 is triangular, its parastyle is well-developed and as a rule, connected to the paracone by a high parastylar crest. Hardly any posterior emargination is present on M 1 - M 2. Paracone and metacone are much better developed than the protocone, the hypocone is not developed. Protocone and hypocone are separated. In occlusal view the lower molars are relatively wide and short. The entoconid crest is high. The wide re-entrant valley opens low, directly above the broad buccal cingulum. M 3 has a well-developed buccal cingulum, its talonid is reduced to a single hypoconid. The tip of the coronoid process of the mandible is broad, slightly divergent with a strongly undulating outline. The posterior margin is straight. The coronoid spicule is very large and strongly pronounced; it divides the external temporal fossa into two almost equal parts. The internal temporal fossa is high and triangular; it extends to the tip of the coronoid.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0D3909FE5D862DB28047CF.taxon	discussion	Seventeen rodents were determined in the Beremend 14 fossil assemblage, which can be classified into 7 families (Sciuridae, Gliridae, Eomyidae, Dipodidae, Spalacidae, Cricetidae and Muridae) (Table 4). Most of the species (mainly voles) belong to family Cricetidae, whereas the other families include only 1 – 2 species.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0D3909FDB38001B4FF4728.taxon	description	(Fig. 10)	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0D3909FDB38001B4FF4728.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 1 left mandible fragment with M 1 (L = 1.76, W = 0.84); 1 edentulous right mandible fragment; 1 left I 1 (L = 1.92, H = 1.40); 1 right I 1 (L = 1.84, H = 0.36).	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0D3909FDB38001B4FF4728.taxon	description	Description – Medium-sized Soricidae form. The coronoid process of the mandible is Neomys - like: the external temporal fossa is divided by a strong coronoid spicule. Otherwise, this species is different from Neomini shrews in its unpigmented teeth and Crocidura - like condyle. The M 1 buccal cingulum is as weak as at crocidurines, but – opposite of them – it is not undulated. Upper incisors are not fissident, they are very similar to C. kornfeldi I 1 yielded by this site, but they are somewhat bigger than the Crocidura teeth.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0D390EFE1A87E9B51C4679.taxon	description	(Figs 11 – 12) Material – Isolated teeth: 1 right M 2; 1 right M 3; 1 left M 3; 2 left P 4; 1 left M 2; 2 right M 2. Description – The premolar is relatively small, front is narrower than rear (like Sciurus) and consisting of four cusps. On the labial side it is protoconid and hypoconid, on the lingual side is metaconid and entoconid. The anterior incisal tip is the longest. Between this and the protoconid a slight trace of the anterior inner cusp (paraconid) can be seen. A tiny accessory cusp is observed between metaconid and entoconid. The molars are large and broad, M 1 and M 2 are rhombic and consisting of the above-mentioned four main elements. The paraconid is weakly indicated on both teeth, between the meta- and entoconid, on the other hand, there are two clearly perceptible intermediate cusps. On the last molar (M 3), only one can be observed, but it is more developed. The premolar has two roots in all cases, whereas the molars have four roots.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0A390FFE4F87A7B4B54020.taxon	materials_examined	Material – Isolated teeth: 1 left P; 1 left M (L = 1.63, W = 1.63); 1 right M 1 4 1 (L = 1.66, W = 1.73). Description – M 1: The tooth has rounded square shape and seven ridges. The first and third main ridges (anteroloph and protoloph) are isolated; there is a small, isolated ridge (anterior extra ridge) between the latter two. The fourth ridge is isolated (anterior centraloph), whereas the fifth and seventh ridges (metaloph and posteroloph) are joined on the palatinal side. Between the latter two ridges, there is a small, isolated ridge (posterior extra ridge). P 4: Triangular tooth, with five ridges. The first and the second ridges (anterolophid and metalophid) are joined on both sides. The third ridge (mesolophid) is isolated, whereas the fourth and fifth ridges (posterior extra ridge and posterolophid) are joined on the labial side.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0A390FFE4F87A7B4B54020.taxon	description	M 1: Anteriorly elongated, narrowed tooth, with seven ridges. The first, second and third ridges (anterolophid, anterior extra ridge and metalophid) are joined on the labial side. The fourth ridge (centralophid) is short and isolated. The fifth, sixth and seventh ridges (mesolophid, posterior extra ridge, and posterolophid) are joined on the labial side.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0B390FFE7381FDB4D947A5.taxon	materials_examined	Material – Isolated teeth: 1 right M 1 (L = 0.93, W = 0.96); 1 left M 2 (L = 0.8, W = 1.00). Description – Roundish, lengthwise slightly compressed, brachyodont tooth with four roots. The paraconid and the protoconid-metaconid folds are in contact with each other on the occlusal surface.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF0B390FFE528772B4B9456F.taxon	materials_examined	Material – Isolated teeth: 1 right M 1 (L = 1.20, W = 0.93); 1 left M 3. Description – The molar is two-rooted. The occlusal outline is rounded. The protoconid and the hypoconid are the highest cusps. The anteroconid, metaconid and entoconid are also well-developed. The mesolophid is low but clearly visible. The posterolophid is low and tenuous. The entoconid exhibits two spurs near the base, both directed away from the hypolophulid, one pointing to the mesolophid, and the other to the posterolophid.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF08390CFEF88001B486405B.taxon	discussion	The method of taking measurements of the hamster teeth is after DAAMS & FREUDENTHAL (1988, Fig. 1). Morphological nomenclature is after DAAMS & FREUDENTHAL (1988, Fig. 2), some special morphological elements are after CUENCA-BESCOS (2003, Fig. 1). Abbreviations: L = maximal antero-posterior length of the occlusal surface, W = maximal linguo-labial width of the occlusal surface. Measurements are given in mm.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF08390CFE098309B5B3412A.taxon	materials_examined	Material – Isolated teeth: 1 left M; 2 left M; 1 right M; 1 right M; 1 Mx 1 2 2 3 Description – Cylindrical, hypsodont molars with two roots. Both in the lingual and labial sides there are enamel folds on the occlusal surface.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF093912FE5B8354B4054751.taxon	description	(Figs 19 – 24)	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF093912FE5B8354B4054751.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 55 molars.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF093912FE5B8354B4054751.taxon	description	Measurements – Table 5. Description – The molars show the general characters of the modern hamsters: the cones / conids are definitely higher than the lophs / lophids. M 1: Anterostyle is found in 4 / 11. Parastyle is not developed as cuspula, only cingulum is found. Protolophule 1 is developed in 8 / 11. Short remnant mesoloph is rare: 1 / 11. Entostyle is completely missing. It has three or four roots. M 2: It has rectangular outline. The labial anteroloph is slightly longer and stronger than the lingual one. Protolophule 1 is constant. Remnant mesoloph is completely missing. It has four roots. M 3: It has subtriangular outline. The posterior portion (hypocone, metacone) is narrower than the anterior one (protocone, paracone). The labial anteroloph is definitely better developed than the lingual one. Protolophule 1 is constant. In the centre of the occlusal surface central ring and remnant mesoloph are missing. It has three roots. M 1: Mesial surface is smooth and concave without anterostylid. Anteroconid consists of two equally developed cuspulas. The anterolophulid connects the labial anteroconid cuspula and the protoconid. Mesoconid and mesolophid are not developed. It has two roots. M 2: It has rectangular outline. Lingual anterolophulid is missing (4 / 13), short (6 / 13), or middle developed (3 / 13). Mesolophid is rare (3 / 13). It is short, and reaches the posterior basis of the metaconid. Mesoconid is not developed. It has two roots. M 3: It has subtriangular outline, the entoconid is reduced. Lingual anterolophid is missing (4 / 7) or short (3 / 7). Mesolophid is missing (3 / 7), or short (4 / 7). It does not reach the posterior surface of the metaconid (2 / 7), or reaches the posterior surface of the metaconid (2 / 7). Central ring is missing. It has two roots.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF093912FE5B8354B4054751.taxon	discussion	Remarks – Some plesiomorph characters (remnant mesolophs / mesolophids, undivided or 3 - parted anteroconids) of the A. ehiki populations of Villány 3 and Osztramos 3 (HÍR 1993) are not found among the molars of Beremend 14. Allocricetus cf. ehiki or other large-sized Allocricetus species first appeared in the Late Miocene of Anatolia and Greece: Allocricetus aylasevimae, Çorakyerler, Turkey (MN 10 – 11) by ÜNAY et al. (2006); Allocricetus sp., Kavurca, Turkey (MN 13) by RUMMEL (1998); Allocricetus cf. ehiki, Maramena, Greece (MN 13) by DAXNER-HÖCK (1995). In the Carpathian Basin this species appeared in Villány 3 and occurred up to the Middle Pleistocene. Last occurrence was found in the level 8 in the sequence of Tarkő (HÍR 1997).	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF173911FDA58360B7444736.taxon	description	(Figs 25 – 30) Material – 8 maxillae with complete tooth rows, 21 maxillae with incomplete tooth rows, 10 mandibulae with complete tooth rows, 13 mandibulae with incomplete tooth rows, 24 M 1, 24 M 2, 23 M 3, 18 M 1, 10 M 2, 12 M 3. Measurements – Tables 6 and 7. Description – M 1: The mesial surface is smooth, anterostyle is rare: 7 / 45. The relatively wide anterocone consists of two equally developed cones, which are as well-developed as the other main cones of M 1: proto-, para-, hypo- and metacones. Parastyle is not developed as cuspula, only low developed cingulum is found. Protolophule 1 is nearly constant: 41 / 45. Short remnant mesoloph is found only in 1 / 45, which is developed on the anterior surface of the metacone. There are four roots and one tiny root under the paracone. M 2: It shows rectangular outline. The labial anteroloph is slightly stronger than the lingual one. Protolophule 1 is constant. Short remnant mesoloph is rare: 7 / 44, which is developed on the anterior surface of the metacone. It has four roots. M 3: It shows subtriangular outline, the hypocone and the metacone are reduced. Some morphological elements defined by HÍR (1998, fig. 28) are rare: central ring: 4 / 44, remnant mesoloph: 8 / 44. There are three roots. M 1: It has elongated trapezoidal outline. The anteroconid region is narrower than the width across the hypoconid and the entoconid. The anteroconid consists of two equally developed cuspulas. Those are smaller than the other main cusps (proto-, meta-, hypo- and entoconid) of the M 1. The anterolophulid connects the labial cuspula of the anteroconid and the protoconid. Y-like anterolophulid (which has two, equally developed anterior branches running to the two cuspulas of the anteroconid) was found only in one case. Additional morphological elements (anterostylid, mesolophid, mesoconid, lingual anterolophulid) are completely missing. It has two roots. M 2: It has rectangular outline. Lingual anterocingulum is missing: 10 / 30, short: 10 / 30, middle developed: 8 / 30, or long: 2 / 30. Short mesolophid is rare (2 / 30), which reaches the posterior basis of the metaconid. There is no mesoconid, but central ring is developed in one case. It has two roots. M 3: It shows subtriangular outline, the entoconid is reduced. Lingual antrocingulum is missing: 7 / 31, short: 7 / 31, middle developed: 13 / 31, or long: 4 / 31. Mesolophid is missing: 8 / 31, it is short, does not reach the posterior basis of the metaconid: 2 / 31. It reaches the posterior basis of the metaconid: 21 / 31. A central ring is missing: 11 / 31, or developed: 20 / 31. Two roots. Remarks – Originally this hamster was described as a subspecies, Cricetus cricetus nanus (Schaub, 1930). But on the basis of the metrical and morphological characters and also their stratigraphical range Hír regarded this taxon as a distinct species: Cricetus nanus (HÍR 1994, 1997). Related to the other C. nanus populations studied by HÍR (1994) the material of Beremend 14 is special because of the relatively small dimensions and the more frequent mesolophids and central rings in the morphology of M 3. These characters suggest that the larger hamster from Beremend 14 can be an early representative of C. nanus (Figs 31 – 32). The flourishing of the species is experienced in the typical Allophaiomys faunas without progressive Microtus and Pitymys species (Poland: Zabia; Bohemia: Chlum 6; Slovakia: Kolinany 3, Vcelare 3 b / 1, Vcelare 4 a / 5, Vcelare 4 a / 7, Vcelare 4 e, Vcelare 5, Vcelare 6; Hungary: Osztramos 2, Osztamos 8, Osztramos 14; Romania: Betfia 2, Betfia 10; Russia: Akkulaevo 2, Akkulaevo 3) (HÍR 1994). Later the presence of C. nanus with reduced abundance was verified in the fauna of the Somssich Hill 2 (HÍR 1998). The last occurrence of C. nanus was found in the 12 th level of the Tarkő Rock-shelter (HÍR 1994). Up to the present we had no data on the ancestors and the origin of this hamster.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF153911FE4F865FB5264666.taxon	discussion	Abbreviations used in the voles M 1 descriptions: L = length of occlusal surface, A = anteroconid length, W = width of occlusal surface, B = the shortest distance between BRA 3 and LRA 4, C = the shortest distance between BRA 3 and LRA 3, Asd = anterosinuid height, Hsd = hyposinuid height, Hsld = hyposinulid height, A / L = A × 100 / L, B / W = B × 100 / W, C / W = C × 100 / W (Fig. 33). Morphological terms are used after REKOVETS & NADACHOWSKI (1995) and TESAKOV (2004). Measurements are given in mm.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF153914FE5B87DCB59C46B0.taxon	description	(Fig. 34) Material – 1 right M 1 (L = 3.72, A = 1.80, W = 1.44, Hsd = 0.68, Hsld = 0.40, A / L = 48.38). Description – Large, rooted tooth with pointed triangles. Cementum is missing. Its enamel shows Mimomys - like or negative enamel differentiation (thicker trailing enamel edges than their complementary leading edges).	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF103915FE7F8789B591425A.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 1 left M 1 (L = 2.30, A = 0.93, W = 0.96, Asd = 1.50, Hsd = 1.07, Hsld = 0.43, A / L = 40.43). Description – Small tooth without cementum, Mimomys - fold or enamel islet. Its enamel shows Microtus - like or positive enamel differentiation (thicker leading enamel edges than their complementary trailing edges).	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF113915FDAE83A6B2674199.taxon	materials_examined	Material – Isolated teeth: 65 right M 1; 65 left M 1. Measurements – Table 8. Description – In most cases, teeth have cementum, Mimomys - fold and enamel islet. Their enamel shows Mimomys - like or negative enamel differentiation.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF1E391AFE658360B51F4108.taxon	materials_examined	Material – Isolated teeth: 46 right M 1; 30 left M 1. Measurements – Table 9. Description – In most cases, teeth have cementum and Mimomys - fold. Their enamel shows Mimomys - like or negative enamel differentiation. 1	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF1E391AFE818185B543466F.taxon	materials_examined	Material – Isolated teeth: 11 right M 1; 17 left M 1. Measurements – Table 10. Description – Middle-sized teeth with Mimomys - fold. Broad communications are present between triangles at the occlusal surface. The enamel thickness is nearly always uniform. 1	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF1F391BFE498354B54941AC.taxon	description	(Fig. 39) Material – 1 right mandible with M 1 – 3; 2 right mandible fragments with M 1; 1 left mandible fragment with M 1; 2 left mandible fragments with M 1 – 2; Isolated teeth: 60 right M 1; 60 left M 1. Measurements – Table 11. Description – Middle-sized, rooted teeth without cementum. Their enamel shows Microtus - like or positive enamel differentiation. 1	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF1F3918FE7D8649B52846EA.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 1 left mandible fragment with M 1; Isolated teeth: 2 right M 1; 1 left M 1. Measurements – Table 12. Description – Middle-sized, rootless teeth with cementum. Their enamel shows Microtus - like or positive enamel differentiation.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF1C3919FE138457B5054280.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 1 right mandible fragment with M 1 – 2; 1 right mandible fragment with M 1; 6 left mandible fragments with M 1 – 2; Isolated teeth: 61 right M 1; 65 left M 1. Measurements – Table 13. Description – Small-sized, hypsodont, rootless teeth without cementum. The enamel thickness is nearly always uniform.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF1D3919FE4C81D2B7544789.taxon	materials_examined	Material – Isolated teeth: 4 right M 1; 2 left M 1; 1 right M 2; 1 right M 3; 1 right M 1; 2 left M 1; 1 right M 2; 1 left M 2. Measurements – Table 14. Description – Late Pliocene mouse, which belongs to the Apodemus sylvaticus group.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
F152ED01DF1A391EFE0B832BB25D4153.taxon	materials_examined	Material – 1 left mandible fragment with M 1; 1 left mandible fragment with M; Isolated teeth: 4 right M; 4 left M; 1 right M; 1 left M; 3 right M 1; 3 left 1 – 2 1 1 2 2 M 1; 1 right M 2. Measurements – Table 14. Description – Very small-sized mouse. The additional cusps are missing in its molars, although an enamel rib replacing them, which is similar to Apodemus.	en	Pazonyi, Piroska, Mészáros, Lukács, Hír, János, Mta-Mtm-Elte, Zoltán Szentesi (2016): The lowermost Pleistocene rodent and soricid (Mammalia) fauna from Beremend 14 locality (South Hungary) and its biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 33: 99-134, DOI: 10.17111/FragmPalHung.2016.33.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.17111/fragmpalhung.2016.33.99
