taxonID	type	description	language	source
B7ABE979374355CBBBC2ECDDF53A6B59.taxon	description	Fig. 2	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
B7ABE979374355CBBBC2ECDDF53A6B59.taxon	etymology	Etymology. In reference to the host genus Wurfbainia, from which the holotype was isolated.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
B7ABE979374355CBBBC2ECDDF53A6B59.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on dead stem of Wurfbainia villosa. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies superficial on host substrate, effuse, hairy, gregarious, with numerous dark conidia on the substrate visible as black granular powder. Conidiophores 80 – 235 × 3 – 5.5 µm (av. 155 × 4.5 μm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, erect, simple, unbranched, straight or flexuous, subcylindrical, unevenly olivaceous brown, 1 – 3 - septate, not constricted at the septa, smooth-walled to finely verruculose in the above half, thick-walled, with bulbous apices, bearing 5 – 8 conidiogenous cells at the tip, often intermixed with setiferous, flexuous, sterile filaments. Setae 230 – 390 × 3 – 6 µm (av. 305 × 4.5 μm, n = 20), arising from the basal stroma, adjacent to cells that give rise to fertile conidiophores, unbranched, straight, and subhyaline at base, mostly flexuous, olivaceous green, in above half, moderately thick-walled, smooth, septate, acute at apex. Conidiogenous cells 6 – 10 × 4 – 7 µm (av. 7.5 × 5.5 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, monophialidic, discrete, determinate, terminal, elongate doliiform, pale to dark brown, smooth-walled, with a conspicuous collarette. Conidia 5 – 9 µm diam. (av. 7 μm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, dry, obovoid to subglobose, aseptate, hyaline, and smooth-walled when young, pale brown, mostly olivaceous to dark brown, verrucose to warty-surfaced at maturity.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
B7ABE979374355CBBBC2ECDDF53A6B59.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA reaching 2 cm in two weeks at 28 ± 2 ° C, medium dense, raised, sparse, filamentous, floccose to fluffy, velvety, filiform at margin, cream to pale brown from above; brown to pale luteous from reverse.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
E293A5DB224E58178715D4095987F34C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the characteristic black synnemata formed on natural substrate.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
E293A5DB224E58178715D4095987F34C.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on dead plant material. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata synnematous or sporodochial. Synnemata unbranched, subcylindrical, globose to subglobose head, robust at base, olivaceous brown to black, straight or curved in the upper portion, consisting of bundles of parallelly arranged, tightly compacted conidiophores. Sporodochia stromatic, superficial, scattered or gregarious, irregular, pulvinate, with white mycelium surrounding an olivaceous green mass of conidia. Conidiophores arising from basal stroma, macronematous, mononematous, septate, unbranched or branched, straight or flexuous, thin-walled, subcylindrical, olivaceous brown, verrucose, consisting of a stipe and a penicillately branched conidiogenous apparatus consisting of a whorl of primary branches, each terminating in number of conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, monophialidic, integrated, terminal, clavate to subcylindrical, hyaline to pale olivaceous brown, smooth, often verruculose at base, with a conspicuous collarette. Conidia solitary, fusiform to ellipsoidal, aseptate, initially hyaline, becoming olivaceous brown to dark brown, longitudinally striated at surface, with a distinct dark basal hilum.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
E293A5DB224E58178715D4095987F34C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Nigrosynnema guangdongense C. F. Liao, K. D. Hyde & Doilom	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
9BEEF1EB45BC5BF88321B1616FC44D40.taxon	description	Figs 3, 4	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
9BEEF1EB45BC5BF88321B1616FC44D40.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet “ guangdongense ” refers to the locality, Guangdong Province, China, where the holotype was collected.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
9BEEF1EB45BC5BF88321B1616FC44D40.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on dead stem of Wurfbainia villosa. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Synnemata on the natural substrate, 370 – 570 × 20 – 50 µm (av. 470 × 33 μm, n = 20), erect, unbranched, subcylindrical, with a robust base, narrowed towards fertile apex, olivaceous brown to black, straight or curved in the upper portion, consisting of parallelly arranged, tightly compacted conidiophores. Conidiophores 2 – 4 µm wide, subcylindrical, branched, olivaceous brown, slightly tapering towards the apex, verrucose. Conidiogenous cells 10.5 – 32.5 × 1.5 – 3 µm (av. 22 × 2.5 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, monophialidic, discrete, terminal, subcylindrical, mostly hyaline, sometimes pale olivaceous brown in the lower portion, mostly smooth-walled in above half, often verruculose at below half, with a conspicuous collarette. Conidia 10 – 12.5 × 3 – 4.5 µm (av. 11.5 × 4 μm, n = 30), solitary, slimy, fusiform to ellipsoidal, aseptate, longitudinally striated, olivaceous brown to dark brown, guttulate, obtuse at both ends, with a distinct dark basal hilum.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
9BEEF1EB45BC5BF88321B1616FC44D40.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA reaching 4.5 – 6.5 cm in two weeks at 28 ± 2 ° C, medium dense, flat or effuse, diffuse, rough, circular, filiform with curled, large circle in the middle becoming a wave and extends outward, cream from above; cream from the reverse. The spores produced on PDA after three weeks. Conidiomata 220 – 300 × 15 – 20 µm, sporodochial, superficial, scattered, irregular, with white mycelia surrounding an olivaceous green mass of conidia, with or without covering the slimy mass of conidia, without setae. Conidiophores arising from the basal stroma, consisting of a stipe and a penicillately branched conidiogenous apparatus; stipes unbranched or rarely branched, hyaline, septate, smooth, 10 – 30 × 2.5 – 3.5 µm (av. 18 × 3.0 μm, n = 20), conidiogenous apparatus consisting of a whorl of 2 – 5 primary branches, each terminating in 2 – 5 conidiogenous cells; primary branches, 1, 2 - septate, smooth, unbranched, 8 – 20 × 2 – 6 µm, secondary branches, aseptate, smooth, unbranched, 6 – 20 × 2 – 5 µm. Conidiogenous cells 10 – 20 × 2 – 4 µm (av. 14 × 2.5 μm, n = 30), phialidic, terminal, with a conspicuous collarette, clavate to cylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 7 – 10 × 3 – 5 µm (av. 8.5 × 3.5 μm, n = 30), acrogenous, longitudinally striated, fusiform to ellipsoidal, aseptate, initially hyaline, becoming olivaceous green when mature.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
2515F30894425A9DAE98AE53AD41F5BF.taxon	description	Description. See D’Souza et al. (2002) on page 141.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
B08106161D2350498ADCDDEE96115D8A.taxon	description	Fig. 5	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
B08106161D2350498ADCDDEE96115D8A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet “ guangdongensis ” refers to the locality, Guangdong Province, China, where the holotype was collected.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
B08106161D2350498ADCDDEE96115D8A.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on dead stem of Agave sisalana. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies superficial on host substrate, erect, gregarious, visible as numerous black conidial masses. Conidiophores 105 – 170 × 3.5 – 7 µm (av. 140 × 5.5 μm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, erect, simple, unbranched, straight or slightly flexuous, subcylindrical, hyaline, 1 – 5 - septate, not constricted at septa, smooth-walled, or slightly verrucose, thick-walled, bearing 4 – 8 conidiogenous cells on the tip. Conidiogenous cells 6.5 – 12.5 × 4 – 5 µm (av. 10 × 4 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, monophialidic, discrete, determinate, terminal, elongate doliiform to reniform, subhyaline to brown, smooth-walled, with a conspicuous collarette. Conidia 5 – 6 × 4 – 5 µm (av. 5.5 × 4 μm, n = 30), acrogenous, aggregating in slimy masses, obovoid, with a prominent hilum, aseptate, brown, pale olivaceous brown, black, smooth-walled.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
B08106161D2350498ADCDDEE96115D8A.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA reaching 5.5 – 6.0 cm in two weeks at 28 ± 2 ° C, medium dense, flat, circular, cream from above; pale luteous from the reverse, with no pigmentation.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
3CE5110C40ED50AAA7D25A11DF12B5F6.taxon	description	Fig. 6	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
3CE5110C40ED50AAA7D25A11DF12B5F6.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on dead leaf of Agave sisalana. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies superficial on host substrate, gregarious, visible as numerous black conidial masses. Conidiophores 35 – 70 × 2.5 – 5 µm (av. 48 × 4 μm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, irregularly or sympodially branched, straight or flexuous, subcylindrical, hyaline, becoming pale olivaceous brown in the above half, 1 – 3 - septate, not constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, slightly rough-walled in the subterminal region, thick-walled, bearing 3 – 9 conidiogenous cells on the tip. Conidiogenous cells 6 – 10 × 4 – 6 µm (av. 8 × 5 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, monophialidic, discrete, determinate, terminal, obovoid, sub-hyaline to pale olivaceous brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 5 – 7 µm diam. (av. 6 μm, n = 30), aggregating in slimy masses, globose, subglobose, aseptate, olivaceous brown to black, rough-walled, verrucose.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
3CE5110C40ED50AAA7D25A11DF12B5F6.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA reaching 2.5 – 3.0 cm in two weeks at 28 ± 2 ° C, medium dense, raised, flat, floccose to fluffy, velvety, irregular edge, gold brown at the center, pale brown, with conidiophores forming on the surface of the medium, carrying slimy olivaceous green from above; brown to pale luteous from the reverse. The conidia producing on PDA after three weeks: Conidiophores 30 – 80 × 3.5 – 5.5 µm (av. 46 × 4 μm, n = 30), most similar with the above description, 0 – 2 - septate, unbranched or branched, bearing 2 – 10 conidiogenous cells at the tip. Conidiogenous cells 9 – 17 × 4.5 – 7.5 µm (av. 12 × 5.5 μm, n = 30), most similar to those on natural substrate. Conidia 6.5 – 10 × 3 – 6.5 µm (av. 8 × 5 μm, n = 30), often aggregated as large, slimy, glistening, blackheads, initially hyaline to olivaceous green, oblong, obovoid to subglobose, becoming black-brown, globose, smooth to verruculose.	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
3CE5110C40ED50AAA7D25A11DF12B5F6.taxon	distribution	Known distribution. • Canada, Cuba, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan (Ellis 1971; Jong and Davis 1976); • China (this study); Japan (Iwama et al. 2022); • New Guinea; Zaria (Jong and Davis 1976); • Thailand (Lin et al. 2016; Samarakoon et al. 2021); • Sudan (Lombard et al. 2016).	en	Liao, Chunfang, Doilom, Mingkwan, Bhat, D. Jayarama, Thilini Chethana, Kandawatte Wedaralalage, Tangtrakulwanich, Khanobporn, Yang, Yunhui, Al-Otibi, Fatimah, Hyde, Kevin D., Dong, Wei (2025): Unveiling four new taxa and Nigrosynnema natarajanensis comb. nov. in Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) from monocotyledon plants in Guangdong Province, China. MycoKeys 114: 299-327, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.114.139325
