Genus Stethorrhagus Simon, 1896

Stethorrhagus Simon, 1896: 421 .

Stethorrhagus – Simon 1898: 200, figs 198–199, 202 (type species by subsequent designation, S. limbatus Simon, 1896). — Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: 34. — Bonaldo 2000: 125.

Diagnosis

Stethorrhagus shares with Parachemmis and Tupirinna a pair of anterolateral sternal excavations in both sexes and a ventral tibial apophysis (VTA) in the male palp (Figs 1C–F, 5C, 8D–E, 13B, 14A, 16C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 1c, 6c, 9b, 15a; Bonaldo 2000: figs 25–26, 116–118, 335, 344; Xavier & Bonaldo 2021: figs 8a, 21a, 22g). They differ from both Parachemmis and Tupirinna by the male palpal embolus with a bifid tip, with the ejaculatory duct opening on the bifurcation (Figs 14A, 17A, 20A; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 5c–d, 6a) (embolus tip entire in Parachemmis and Tupirinna; Bonaldo 2000: figs 325–326, 328; Xavier & Bonaldo 2021: figs 8a–c, 20b–c). Females of Stethorrhagus further differ from Parachemmis by the single copulatory opening leading to a single copulatory duct that branches posteriorly (Figs 2C–D, 4C–D, 6C–D, 19C–D, 25C–D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 10f–g, 11c–d, 18a–b, 19c–d) (two separated epigynal copulatory openings that lead to long, wide copulatory ducts in Parachemmis – Bonaldo 2000: figs 333–334, 337–338) and from Tupirinna by the faint carapace color pattern, without the contrasting longitudinal median stripe (Figs 1A, 2A, 5A, 6A, 9A, 12A).

Description

See Bonaldo & Brescovit (1994: 34).

Composition

Stethorrhagus archangelus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. bradypus sp. nov., S. callithrix sp. nov., S. canis sp. nov., S. chalybeius (L. Koch, 1866), S. duidae Gertsch, 1942, S. felis sp. nov., S. hyula Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. latoma Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. limbatus Simon, 1896, S. loxodonta sp. nov., S. lupulus Simon, 1896, S. maculatus (L. Koch, 1866), S. mandrillus sp. nov., S. naja sp. nov., S. nigrinus (Berland, 1913), S. ovis sp. nov., S. oxossi Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. papilio sp. nov., S. peckorum Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. penai Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. planada Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. roraimae Gertsch, 1942, S. sciurus sp. nov., S. sylvilagus sp. nov., S. tremarctos sp. nov., S. tridentatus Caporiacco, 1955 .

Distribution

Neotropical region (Fig. 48).

Key to species of Stethorrhagus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 (adapted from Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994)

1. Males (those of S. roraimae, S. maculatus, S. nigrinus, S. canis sp. nov., S. papilio sp. nov. and S. sciurus sp. nov. unknown) ............................................................................................................ 2

– Females (those of S. duidae, S. latoma, S. peckorum and S. penai Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, unknown) ........................................................................................................................................ 22

2. Sternal excavations shallow, without delimited internal margin (Figs 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 7D, 8B) .... 3

– Sternal excavations deep, with delimited internal margin (Figs 9B, 12C–D, 15C–D, 22B, 24C–D) ........................................................................................................................................................... 8

3. Tibial dorsal apophysis (DTA) present; embolus insertion prolateral (Figs 1E–F, 3E–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 10b, 13b) .......................................................................................................... 4

– DTA absent; embolus insertion medial (Fig. 8D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 14b, 22b) ......... 7

4. Sub-embolic prolateral process (SePP) shoulder-like, blunt, developed prolaterally (Figs 1C–D, 3C–D) ............................................................................................................................................... 5

– SePP reduced to a small projection (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 12a, 13a) .............................. 6

5. DTA large and rounded; ventral lobe of RTA with an intermediate process between ventral process of ventral lobe of RTA (vVL) and dorsal process of ventral lobe of RTA (dVL) (Fig. 1E–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 10b) .............................................................................. S. lupulus Simon, 1896

– DTA small, represented by a shallow excavation; intermediate process between vVL and dVL absent (Fig. 3E–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 11b) ................... S. oxossi Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

6. TP1 relatively small in relation to embolus, directed prolaterally, not covering embolar base (Fig. 5D– E; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 12b) ........................ S. archangelus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– TP1 large in relation to embolus, directed apically, covering embolar base (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 13a) ......................................................................... S. latoma Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

7. Tibia with apical spur (AS) long, with wide base, inserted ventrally on tibial surface; embolus widened, flat and triangular, with reduced apical prongs (Fig. 7E–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 22a–b) .......................................................................... S. peckorum Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– Tibia with AS short, inserted apically on vVL; embolus filiform, with long apical prongs (Fig. 8C–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 14a–b) ........................................... S. tridentatus Caporiacco, 1955

8. Ventral lobe of RTA composed only of vVL (Fig. 10C–D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 9a–c) ..... ......................................................................................................................... S. limbatus Simon, 1896

– Ventral lobe of RTA bifid, composed of vVL and dVL (Figs 13B, 14B, 29A–B, 30A–B, 32A–B, 33A–B; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 15c) .................................................................................. 9

9. Dorsal lobe of RTA wide, triangular; SePP and TP1 absent (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 15c) ..... ...................................................................................................... S. penai Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– Dorsal lobe of RTA finger-shaped or absent; SePP and/or TP1 present (Figs 14A–B, 30A–B, 33B) ......................................................................................................................................................... 10

10. dVL not protruding, represented by a slight elevation continuous to vVL (Figs 13B, 14B) ...........11

– dVL protruding (Figs 29B, 33B, 35C) ............................................................................................ 16

11. dVL glabrous; AS large, laminar, shifted dorsally (Figs 14A–B, 17A–B) ..................................... 12

– dVL covered by long, thick modified hairs; AS indistinguishable from vVL (Figs 19B, 20B, 22E; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 17b, 19b) ..................................................................................... 13

12. AS triangular in retrolateral view; embolus inserted between SePP and a Sub-embolic retrolateral process (SeRP) (Figs 13A–B, 14A–B) ............................................................ S. tremarctos sp. nov.

– AS diamond-shaped in retrolateral view; SeRP absent (Figs 16A–C, 17A–B) .................................. .......................................................................................................................... S. mandrillus sp. nov.

13. SePP and embolus geminated at base; embolus short (Figs 19A, 20A) ........... S. loxodonta sp. nov.

– SePP and embolus separated at base (Figs 21C, 22C, 25A, 26A, 22C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 19a) ........................................................................................................................................... 14

14. TP1 represented by a wide, serrated keel (Figs 21C–D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: Fig. 17b) ........ ............................................................................................... S. planada Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– TP1 tooth-like (Figs 22C, 25A; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 17a, 19a) .................................. 15

15. TP1 curved, pointing prolaterally (Fig. 22C–E; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 19a) ...................... ................................................................................................... S. hyula Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– TP1 straight, pointing apically (Figs 25A–B, 26A) ........................................... S. sylvilagus sp. nov.

16. vVL and dVL glabrous, without thick modified hairs (Figs 27C–D, 29A–B, 30A–B; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: Fig. 20b) ............................................................................................................... 17

– vVL with thick modified hairs (Figs 32B, 35C) ............................................................................. 18

17. vVL longer than dVL, bifid in the distal third; embolus wide-based, with reduced apical prongs (Fig. 27C–D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 20a–b) .................................. S. duidae Gertsch, 1942

– vVL slightly shorter than dVL, entire; embolus narrow-based, with well-developed apical prongs (Figs 29A–B, 30A–B) ................................................................................................. S. ovis sp. nov.

18. Thick modified hairs present in both vVL and dVL (Figs 32B, 35B–C, 36B, 39C) ...................... 19

– Thick modified hairs present only in vVL; dVL glabrous (Figs 41B, 42C) ................................... 21

19. SePP with pointed tip directed retrolaterally (Figs 32A, 33A) ........................... S. callithrix sp. nov.

– SePP with blunt tip directed apically (Figs 35B, 38A–C) .............................................................. 20

20. RTA with dorsal lobe (DL); tegulum with TP1 (Figs 35B, 36A–B) ........................... S. felis sp. nov.

– Both DL and TP1 absent (Figs 38A–C, 39A–C) ................................................ S. bradypus sp. nov.

21. SePP finger-shaped as long as the embolus, tip blunt (Figs 41A–C, 42A–C) ............ S. naja sp. nov.

– SePP comma-shaped smaller than embolus, tip pointed (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 16a) ........ ............................................................................................................. S. chalybeius (L. Koch, 1866)

22. Sternal excavations shallow, without delimited internal margin .................................................... 23

– Sternal excavations deep, with delimited internal margin .............................................................. 26

23. Ventral epigynal median plate (VEP) absent; dorsal plate with an accentuated V-shaped notch (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 14d–e) .......................................... S. tridentatus Caporiacco, 1955

– VEP present; dorsal plate without V-shaped notch ......................................................................... 24

24. Copulatory opening (CO) circular; median plate not invaginated medially (Fig. 6C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 12d) ............................................... S. archangelus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– CO otherwise; median plate invaginated medially (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 10f, 11c) .... 25

25. CO V-shaped, with a clearly delimited anterior margin (Fig. 2C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 10f) .................................................................................. S. lupulus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– CO U-shaped, without a clearly delimited anterior margin (Fig. 4C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 11c) .................................................................................... S. oxossi Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

26. CO a large transverse excavation (nearly four times wider than long) (Fig. 11C, E; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 9d) ............................................................................... S. limbatus Simon, 1896

– Copulatory opening circular or a small transverse excavation (nearly as long as wide) (Figs 25C, 41D) ................................................................................................................................................ 27

27. CO disposed anteriorly in relation to spermathecae (Figs 25C, 38D, 41D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 18a, 19a, 21b, 23a) ................................................................................................................... 28

– CO disposed posteriorly in relation to spermathecae (Figs 16D, 19D, 29C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 16d) ................................................................................................................................. 37

28. VEP present (Figs 38D, 41D) ......................................................................................................... 29

– VEP absent (Figs 23C, 44C) ........................................................................................................... 34

29. CO with straight posterior margin (Figs 38D, 41D) ....................................................................... 30

– CO with U-shaped posterior margin (Figs 25C, 32C) .................................................................... 31

30. VEP placed medially on epigynal plate; primary spermathecae (SI) extended anteriorly, with long fertilization ducts inserted on the SI’s extension, beyond CO level (Figs 38D–E, 39D–E) ............... ............................................................................................................................. S. bradypus sp. nov.

– VEP placed posteriorly on epigynal plate; primary spermathecae (SI) not extended anteriorly, below CO level (Figs 41D–E, 42D–E) .................................................................................. S. naja sp. nov.

31. VEP sub-rectangular, placed medially on epigynal plate (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 18a) ....... ............................................................................................... S. planada Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– VEP gently procurved, placed posteriorly on epigynal plate (Figs 25C, 32C, 43C, E) ................. 32

32. Copulatory duct (CD) long (from CO to posterior margin of VEP, more than six times as long as CO width) (Figs 32C–D, 33C–D) ............................................................................. S. callithrix sp. nov.

– CD short (from CO to posterior margin of VEP, less than four times as long as CO width) (Figs 25C, 43C, E) ............................................................................................................................................ 33

33. Area between the posterior margin of VEP and the posterior margin of epigynal ventral plate bulging (Figs 25C, 26C) ................................................................................................. S. sylvilagus sp. nov.

– Area between the posterior margin of VEP and the posterior margin of epigynal ventral plate depressed (Fig. 43C, E) ......................................................................................... S. sciurus sp. nov.

34. Epigynal plate with a posterior median half-moon-shaped sclerotization (Fig. 23C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 19c) ........................................................... S. hyula Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– Epigynal plate without such a sclerotization (Figs 45C–F; 44C–F, 11C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 21b, 23a) .................................................................................................................................. 35

35. CO small (width nearly 12 times smaller than the distance between CO and posterior margin of epigynal plate) (Fig 7C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 23a) ................. S. roraimae Gertsch, 1942

– CO large (width four times smaller than the distance between CO and posterior margin of epigynal plate) (Figs 44C, 45C–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 21b) ..................................................... 36

36. CO with posterior border sinuous; CD’s dorsal reinforcement rods not surpassing CO anteriorly (Fig. 44C–D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 21b) ............................... S. nigrinus (Berland, 1913)

– CO with posterior border straight; CD’s dorsal reinforcement rods surpassing CO anteriorly (Fig. 45C–F) ........................................................................................................... S. papilio sp. nov.

37. CO circular or sub-circular (Figs 17D, 20C) .................................................................................. 38

– CO slit-shaped (Figs 29C, 47C, E) ................................................................................................. 42

38. CO with anterior margin delimited by a protruding lip (Figs 16D, 17C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 16d) ........................................................................................................................................... 39

– CO with anterior margin not delimited, depressed (Figs 13D, 19D, 46C) ..................................... 40

39. Lip divided into two humps (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 16d) ... S. chalybeius (L. Koch, 1866)

– Lip entire (Figs 16D, 17C) ............................................................................... S. mandrillus sp. nov.

40. Depression anterior to CO deep, quadrangular (Figs 13D, 14C) .................... S. tremarctos sp. nov.

– Depression anterior to CO shallow, sub-triangular ......................................................................... 41

41. VEP lateral margins straight, diverging anteriorly (Fig. 46C) ............ S. maculatus (L. Koch, 1866)

– VEP lateral margins curved, converging anteriorly (Figs 19D, 20C) ............... S. loxodonta sp. nov.

42. CO large (as wide as the distance between CO and posterior margin of epigynal plate), placed on the posterior half of the epigynal plate (Fig. 47C, E) ..................................................... S. canis sp. nov.

– CO small (width five times smaller than the distance between CO and posterior margin of epigynal plate), placed on the anterior half of the epigynal plate (Figs 29C, 36C) ....................................... 43

43. VEP posterior margin nearly straight (Figs 29C, 30C) ............................................... S. ovis sp. nov.

– VEP posterior margin procurved (Figs 35D, 36C) ..................................................... S. felis sp. nov.