Euphyllura olivina (Costa, 1839)

(Fig. 9)

Material examined. Faro: 3♂, 9♀, Citriaroeira, Tavira, 37°12'11.8"N 7°30'17.6"W, 03.ix.2020, Olea europaea subsp. europaea (leg. B. Duarte) (BDC, 70% ethanol) ; 1♂, 1♀, 1 immature, Gambelas, Faro, 37°02'38.6"N 7°58'30.8"W, 01.iii.2021, O. europaea subsp. europaea (leg. B. Duarte) (BDC, 70% ethanol) ; 2♂, 3♀, Tavira, 37°12'11.8"N 7°30'17.6"W, 10.iii.2021, O. europaea subsp. europaea (leg. B. Duarte) (BDC, 70% ethanol) ; 2♂, 1♀, Gambelas, Faro, 37°02'15.9"N 7°58'41.2"W, 17.iii.2021, O. europaea subp. europaea (leg. B. Duarte) (BDC, 70% ethanol) ; 2♂, 5♀, Gambelas, Faro, 37°02'38.6"N 7°58'30.8"W, 1.iv.2021, Phillyrea angustifolia (leg. B. Duarte) (BDC, dry mounted) ; 2♂, 2♀, 1 immature, Faro, 37°02'38.6"N 7°58'30.8"W, 1.vii.2021, P. angustifolia (leg. B. Duarte) (BDC, dry mounted) ; 2♂, 3♀, Fonte de Benémola, Querença, 37°12'21.2"N 8°00'11.5"W, 6.ix.2024, O. europaea (leg. D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) (NHMB, dry mounted) ; 2♂, 7♀, Mata de Gambelas, Montenegro, 37°02'30.5"N 7°58'29.6"W, 7.ix.2024, O. europaea (leg. D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) (NHMB, 70% ethanol) ; 4♂, between Aljezur and Bagagem, 37°18'41.8"N 8°48'44.3"W, 10.ix.2024, O. europaea (leg. D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) (NHMB, 70% ethanol) .

Distribution Portugal. Azores: Terceira (Lopes et al. 2010). Madeira: Madeira Island (Aguiar 2009); Porto Santo (Aguiar et al. 2019). Mainland: Aveiro (iNaturalist, Appendix 1); Faro (this study; iNaturalist, Appendix 1); Leiria, Portalegre (iNaturalist, Appendix 1).

Host plants Portugal. Oleaceae: Olea europaea subsp. europaea L., Phillyrea angustifolia L. (this study); O. europaea L., O. maderensis (Lowe) Rivas Mart. & del Arco (Aguiar 2009); adults were collected on Picconia excelsa (Aiton) DC., which is a potential host (Aguiar et al. 2019).

Parasitoids. Hymenopteran parasitoids of three genera emerged from mummies in the laboratory: Psyllaephagus ( Encyrtidae), Pachyneuron ( Pteromalidae) and Apocharips ( Figitidae). The encyrtid is probably Psyllaephagus euphyllurae (Masi), the most important parasitoid of E. olivina in the western Mediterranean Basin (Triapitsyn et al. 2014). Triapitsyn et al. (2014) considered Pachyneuron and Apocharips to be hyperparasitoids of P. euphyllurae .

Comments. Immature E. olivina secrete white waxy flocculence resembling cotton; the secretions are usually found on the inflorescences or in the axils of small branches. The secretions by E. olivina on Olea europaea subsp. europaea and Phillyrea angustifolia appear identical.