Key to Chinese species of the genus Phanerotoma Wesmael, 1838

1. Lower tooth of mandible as long as apical tooth (Fig. 17L); temple in dorsal view distinctly narrowed posteriorly and nearly straight (Fig. 17C); third metasomal tergite truncate apically, with hyaline lamella and its margin finely serrate in dorsal view (Fig. 17I) .......................................................... 2

– Lower tooth of mandible shorter than apical tooth or subequal (Figs 22K, 25N); temple in dorsal view convex or gradually narrowed (Figs 18C, 19B); third tergite truncate, rounded or concave posteriorly, its lamella hyaline and simple (Fig. 15I, 16I) or with weak serrations in dorsal view... 3

2. Frons punctate-rugose and coriaceous (Fig. 17C); head in lateral view protruding dorsally and ocelli invisible (Fig. 17D); apical antennal segment of female much longer than subapical segments (Fig. 17K); length of vein 1-R1 about 1.5× as long as pterostigma (Fig. 17G), vein 1-CU1 0.6× as long as vein 2-CU1; hypopygium apically acute, lacking an up- curved triangle or apical spine (Fig. 17I)....................................................................................................... P. macrodentata sp. nov.

– Frons densely granulate; head in lateral view almost rounded dorsally without distinct protrusion and ocelli visible; apical antennal segments of female shorter than subapical segments; length of vein 1-R1 about 1.3 × as long as pterostigma, vein 1-CU1 0.4× as long as vein 2-CU1; hypopygium truncate apically........................................... P. conopomorphae Tsang, You & van Achterberg, 2011

3. Length of body 6–9 mm; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing about as long as vein 2-CU1 or distinctly longer (Fig. 10F); flagellum of antenna slender and gradually narrowed, subapical segments of antenna parallel-sided medially (Fig. 10E); metanotum with complete median carina (Fig. 10G); [malar space about as long as basal width of mandible; head moderately emarginate medio-posteriorly; eyes strongly protruding (Fig. 10B, D); vein 1-M of fore wing yellow]........ P. flava Ashmead, 1906

– Length of body 3–5 mm; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing distinct shorter than vein 2-CU1 (Figs 5F, 26E); flagellum of antenna not gradually narrowed, subapical segments of antenna swollen medially or moniliform (Figs 5J, 26J); metanotum with short median carina anteriorly or without median carina (Figs 5G, 26F).................................................................................................................................... 4

4. Lateral sides of third tergite of metasoma in dorsal view straight and directly narrowing posteriorly, nearly triangular (Fig. 26G); in lateral view metasomal carapace rather flat and thin, but with triangular convex area posteriorly (Fig. 26H); 4–5 subapical segments of female antenna moniliform (Fig. 26J)............................................................................................................................................ 5

– Lateral sides of third tergite of metasoma in dorsal view rounded and gradually narrowing posteriorly (Fig. 28H); in lateral view metasomal carapace more convex and thicker (Fig. 28E); if rather flat, then no triangular convex area posteriorly (Fig. 31C); subapical segments of female antenna often not moniliform (Fig. 31F).................................................................................................................. 6

5. Third tergite of metasoma triangular in dorsal view, ending in narrow rounded apex and flat in lateral view (Fig. 26G); hypopygium apically with medium-sized and robust protuberance (Fig. 26H); ovipositor sheath not needle-shaped; clypeus with three large and robust teeth medio-ventrally (Fig. 26D); head deeply emarginate medio-posteriorly (Fig. 26B); face semi-circularly rugose; penultimate antennal segment as long as wide in lateral view (Fig. 26J); eye medium-sized, 1.4× temple in dorsal view; [second metasomal suture rather curved; lower tooth of mandible small and robust (Fig. 26K); subapical antennal segments of female small and moniliform (Fig.26J); hind tibia usually with faint brownish subbasal patch and widened medially (Fig. 26I); vein 1-CU1 0.5–0.6 × as long as vein 2-CU1 (Fig. 26E)].......................................................... P. producta Watanabe, 1937

– Third tergite of metasoma less narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 5H), if rather narrowed and flat posteriorly then tergite apically truncate in dorsal view (Fig. 5H); prolongation of hypopygium of female slender and much longer than its basal width (Fig. 5E); ovipositor sheath needle-shaped (Fig. 5E); clypeus with three minute teeth medio-ventrally, partly hidden by conspicuous fringe of setae (Fig. 5D); head less emarginate medio-posteriorly (Fig. 5B); face coarsely rugose; penultimate segment 1.4× as long as wide in lateral view (Fig. 5J); eye large, eye 1.7× as long as temple in dorsal view [similar to P. acuminata Szépligeti, 1908 reported from Korea and Far East Russia; however, this species has a short triangular protuberance at the apex of the female hypopygium (not longer than basal width), parastigma dark brown, ovipositor sheath less needle-shaped and vein r of the fore wing 0.2–0.3× as long as vein 3-SR] ............................................................... P. brunneivena van Achterberg, 2021

6. Antenna with 25–27 segments and 15 subapical segments of female strongly shortened, partly modified by having a small prolongation; scapus distinctly swollen, 3× as wide as following antennal segments; [body 4–8 mm] ......................................................................... P. potanini Kokujev, 1895

– Antenna with 23 segments, antenna of female with at most 8 shortened subapical segments and these segments without a prolongation; scapus not swollen, about twice as wide as following antennal segments or less ................................................................................................................................. 7

7. Marginal cell of fore wing small, vein 1-R1 almost as long as pterostigma and distance between vein 1-R1 and wing apex 0.9–1.0 × as long as vein 1-R1 (Figs 19F, 28E); vein r 0.5 × as long as vein 3-SR; temple smooth or slightly punctate-rugose (Figs 19C, 28C); eye in dorsal view 2.3–3.0× as long as temple (Fig. 19A)............................................................................................................................... 8

– Marginal cell of fore wing medium-sized to large, vein 1-R1 mostly longer than pterostigma and distance between vein 1-R1 and wing apex 0.2–0.6× as long as vein 1-R1 (Fig. 15G), if vein 1-R1 almost as long as pterostigma, then distance between vein 1-R1 and wing apex 0.6× as long as vein 1-R1 (Fig. 27F) or vein r as long as vein 3-SR; temple mostly striate (Fig. 27C); eye 1.1–2.1× as long as temple in dorsal view (Fig. 3A) ............................................................................................ 9

8. Third metasomal tergite largely smooth; scapus comparatively wide in lateral view (van Achterberg 1990: fig. 222); second submarginal cell of fore wing slender, vein 2-SR of fore wing 4.7× vein r (Fig. 28F); metasomal carapace elliptical in dorsal view (Fig. 28H), 2.0× as long as wide; medial length of third tergite about 1.8× medial length of second tergite, with apical hyaline lamella and its margin finely serrate posteriorly; length of malar space about 1.2× basal width of mandible (Fig. 28D); clypeus with three large and robust teeth medio-ventrally; POL as long as maximum diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 28B).................................................. P. semenowi Kokujev, 1900

– Third tergite very finely rugulose; scapus comparatively narrow in lateral view (van Achterberg 1990: fig. 246); second submarginal cell of fore wing wide, vein 2-SR of fore wing 2.5 × vein r (Fig. 19F); metasomal carapace oval in dorsal view, 1.7× as long as wide (Fig. 19H); medial length of third tergite about 1.5 × medial length of second tergite, in dorsal view without apical hyaline lamella posteriorly; length of malar space about equal to basal width of mandible (Fig. 19K); clypeus with three minute teeth medio-ventrally; POL 0.4× maximum diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 19B)..................................................................................................... P. minuta Kokujev, 1903

9. Both teeth of mandible blunt and of subequal length (Fig. 3K); first discal cell of fore wing comparatively wide (Fig. 3F); second submarginal cell large and wide; first and second tergites of metasoma coarsely rugose; [third tergite densely and coarsely rugose (Fig. 3H); temple as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 3B); hind tibia less swollen (Fig. 3E); mesosternum with satin sheen and superficially coriaceous; parastigma dark brown and vein 1-M of fore wing brown]......................... ....................................................................................................................... P. aequidentata sp. nov.

– Both teeth of mandible acute and apical tooth longer than lower tooth (Fig. 6J), rarely subequal; first discal cell of fore wing narrower (Fig. 6F); second submarginal cell of fore wing slender or widened; first and second tergites of metasoma coarsely and densely longitudinally rugose (Fig. 6G)......... 10

10. Vein cu-a of fore wing strongly inclivous (Fig. 6E) and 1.2–1.4× as long as vein 3-CU1; vein 1-M of fore wing distinctly wider than vein 2-CU1 (Fig. 6E); vein r of fore wing widened [hind basitarsus distinctly contrasting with hind tibia]...............................................................................................11

– Vein cu-a of fore wing moderately inclivous to vertical (Fig. 21F) and about as long as vein 3-CU1, rarely up to 1.2 × and if strongly inclivous (in P. formosana; Fig. 12G) then vein cu-a as long as vein 3-CU1; vein 1-M of fore wing about as wide as vein 2-CU1; vein r more slender (and vein 3-SR of fore wing at most 8× as long as vein r) ........................................................................................... 12

11. Vein r of fore wing medium-sized (Fig. 15G), vein 3-SR about twice as long as vein r; vein 1-CU1 comparatively long (Fig. 15G); vein 1-M of fore wing brown; apical tooth of mandible robust (Fig. 15L); temple comparatively wide, in lateral view about as wide as eye (Fig. 15D); clypeus with three slender and large teeth (Fig. 15E) [fore wing with dark bands; stemmaticum small (Fig. 15G)] ............................................................................................................ P. inclinata sp. nov.

– Vein r of fore wing extremely short (Fig. 6E), vein 3-SR about 12 × as long as vein r; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing comparatively short (Fig. 6E); vein 1-M of fore wing yellowish; apical tooth of mandible comparatively slender (Fig. 6J); eye small and in lateral view 0.9 × as wide as temple (Fig. 6C); clypeus with three minute teeth (Fig. 6D) [fore wing with brown patches (Fig. 6E); hind basitarsus white and strongly contrasting to dark brown hind tibia (Fig. 6I); vein 2-CU1 of fore wing curved basally in holotype but straight in paratype]....................................................... P. coronaria sp. nov.

12. Face in lateral view with small spine-like protuberances (Fig. 21C); clypeus triangular convex anteriorly and with some longitudinal sculpture (Fig. 21D); malar space 1.7 × as long as basal width of mandible (Fig. 21D) [POL about as long as diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 21B); hypopygium apically acute with protuberance curved up, short and robust triangular (Fig. 21J)] .......................... .......................................................................................................................... P. nigricornis sp. nov.

– Face in lateral view without teeth-like protuberances (Fig. 22D); clypeus evenly convex anteriorly and at most punctate-rugose (Fig. 22D); malar space 0.4–1.4× as long as basal width of mandible .... 13

13. Clypeus with two teeth medio-ventrally (Fig. 22D); body mostly black or dark brown; hypopygium apically acute and with triangular or spine-like protuberance [POL equal to or longer than diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 32C)] ....................................................................................................... 14

– Clypeus with three minute or large teeth medio-ventrally (Fig.29D); body colour variable (Figs 29A, 35A, 36A); hypopygium apically acute or truncate with or without a protuberance (Fig. 36I)...... 17

14. Temple punctate anteriorly and striate posteriorly (Figs 27C, 30C); vein 1-R1 of fore wing almost as long as length of pterostigma (Figs 27F, 30F); parastigma pale-yellow ........................................ 15

– Temple largely striate (Figs 22C, 32D); vein 1-R1 of fore wing distinctly longer than length of pterostigma (Figs 22F, 32G); parastigma dark brown ..................................................................... 16

15. Pterostigma about 2.5× as long as wide (Fig. 27F); lamella of third tergite of metasoma concave medio-apically (Fig. 27H); hypopygium with up-curved, medium-sized and widely triangular protuberance (Fig. 27I) .......................................................................... P. quadratimaculata sp. nov.

– Pterostigma about 4.0× as long as wide (Fig. 30F); lamella of third tergite of metasoma less emarginate posteriorly (Fig. 30H); hypopygium with rather short spine-like protuberance (Fig. 30I) ..................................................................................................... P. sulcus Chen & Ji, 2003

16. Vein 2-SR of fore wing straight (Fig. 22F); second submarginal cell of fore wing slender (Fig. 22F); mesopleuron partly smooth and distinctly shiny; hypopygium with short spine-like protuberance (Fig. 22I); clypeus with two comparatively large teeth (Fig. 22D); hind tibia with dark brown patch subbasally and apically (Fig. 22J); vein r of fore wing almost as long as vein 3-SR [eye 1.2 × as wide as temple in lateral view (Fig. 22C); antenna (Fig. 22E) and all tarsi largely blackish or dark brown (Fig. 22J)] .......................................................................................................... P. nigritarsis sp. nov.

– Vein 2-SR of fore wing bent (Fig. 32G); second submarginal cell of fore wing robust (Fig. 32G); mesopleuron largely granulate and less shiny; hypopygium with short robust triangular protuberance (Fig. 32J); clypeus with two minute teeth (Fig. 32E); apical half of hind tibia with dark brown patch (Fig. 32K); vein r of fore wing 0.5 × as long as vein 3-SR [head and mesosoma yellowish brown or dark brown; ocelli small; vein 2-SR distinctly bent (as in holotype) to straight; hind femur and tibia robust (Fig. 32K)] ............................................................................................ P. tenebricosa sp. nov.

17. Head and mesosoma bicoloured (Figs 29, 38); hind tibia with dark brown patch subbasally and apically (Figs 29J, 38K); lower tooth of mandible small and short (Figs 29K, 38L)...................... 18

– Head and mesosoma unicoloured (Figs 35–36); colour of hind tibia (Figs 35I, 36J) and size of lower tooth of mandible variable, 0.2–0.8× as long as apical tooth (Figs 35L, 36K)............................... 22

18. Eye 1.1–1.3 × as long as temple in dorsal view (Fig. 29C); third tergite of metasoma rounded posteriorly (Fig. 29H); hind femur mostly dark brown (Fig. 29J)................................................... 19

– Eye 1.6–1.9× as long as temple in dorsal view (Fig. 38D); third tergite of metasoma truncate posteriorly (Fig. 38I); hind femur mostly brown (Fig. 38K)........................................................... 20

19. Head dark brown or blackish and mesosoma yellow (Fig. 29B, G); POL about 0.7 × diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 29B); maximum width of pterostigma about 1.6× length of vein 3-SR (Fig. 29F); apical half of middle tibia brown (Fig. 29E); apical half of antenna infuscate or dark brown; second metasomal tergite dark brown or largely so (Fig. 29H) [OOL 3.3–5.0 × diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 29B); about 6 subapical antennal segments of female moniliform and minute (Fig. 29E); triangular prolongation of hypopygium of female rather slender and about as long as second segment of hind tarsus (Fig. 29I)] ................................................. P. sponsa Ji & Chen, 2002

– Head yellow and mesosoma dark brown or blackish; POL as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; maximum width of pterostigma about 0.9× length of vein 3-SR; apical half of middle tibia yellow; antenna brown; second metasomal tergite laterally dark brown [apical lamella of carapace medially about half as long as 4 th segment of hind tarsus; lower tooth of mandible larger and somewhat diverging from apical tooth; ocelli medium-sized; scutellum black or dark brown]........................... ..................................................................................................................... P. diversa (Walker, 1874)

20. Vein 2-SR of fore wing bent and subparallel with posterior margin of pterostigma (Fig. 38G); five subapical segments of female antenna moniliform (Fig. 38F); second submarginal cell rather wide distally (Fig. 38G); penultimate antennal segment widest apically (Fig. 38F); scapus yellowish brown ......................................................................................................................... P. zhaoi sp. nov.

– Vein 2-SR of fore wing bent, but remaining far from pterostigma (Figs 4G, 34G); five subapical segments of female antenna not moniliform (Figs 4K, 34K); second submarginal cell rather narrowed distally; penultimate antennal segment widest medially; scapus brown ......................................... 21

21. Apical triangular protuberance of hypopygium of female short and robust (Fig. 34F); side of third tergite curved (Fig. 34I); vein 3-SR of fore wing 4× as long as vein r (Fig. 34G); penultimate antennal segments 4× as long as wide (Fig. 34K); clypeal teeth slender and minute (Fig. 34E) [vein 2-SR more or less curved or bent] ......................................................... P. tridentati Ji & Chen, 2003

– Apical triangular protuberance of hypopygium of female slender, medium-sized (Fig. 4F); vein 3-SR of fore wing 2 × as long as vein r (Fig. 4G); penultimate antennal segment 2 × as long as wide (Fig. 4K); clypeal teeth robust and small (Fig. 4E) [angle between veins 2-SR and 3-SR of fore wing about 90°; lower tooth of mandible small (Fig. 4L)]....................................... P. bicolor Sonan, 1932

22. Vein r of fore wing almost as long as vein 3-SR or distinctly longer than vein 3-SR (Fig. 39G); second submarginal cell of fore wing slender (Fig. 39G); lower tooth of mandible robust and large, 0.5–0.8 × as long as apical tooth (Fig. 39L) [clypeal teeth minute and robust, and close to each other (Fig. 39E)]........................................................................................................................................ 23

– Vein r of fore wing distinctly shorter than vein 3-SR (Fig. 37F); second submarginal cell of fore wing robust (Fig. 37F); lower tooth of mandible less than (Fig. 37K) or equal to half length of apical tooth ................................................................................................................................................. 28

23. Body mostly black or blackish; metasomal carapace slender and 2.2× as long as wide in dorsal view (Fig. 35G); third tergite distinctly convex posteriorly (Fig. 35H); POL almost equal to diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 35B); middle tibia slender, with indistinct blister (Fig. 35I) [vein r of fore wing as wide as vein 3-SR (Fig. 35E); first discal cell of fore wing moderately to widely truncate anteriorly; lateral sides of third metasomal tergite nearly straight; vein cu-a of fore wing subvertical] ............................................................................................... P. tritoma (Marshall, 1898)

– Body mostly yellow or yellowish; metasomal carapace 1.7–1.9 × as long as wide (Fig. 36H); third tergite truncate or rounded posteriorly (Fig. 36H); POL 0.5–0.8 × as long as diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 36B); middle tibia normal, with distinct blister.......................................................... 24

24. Seven subapical segments of female antenna moniliform (Fig. 36E); head comparatively deeply emarginate posteriorly (Fig. 36B); face without median ridge (Fig. 36D); vein 3-SR of fore wing infuscate (Fig. 36F) [posterior lamella of third metasomal tergite narrow medially (Fig. 36I); head behind stemmaticum convex; eyes moderately protruding in dorsal view (Fig. 36B)]....................... .............................................................................................................................. P. truncata sp. nov.

– Subapical segments of antenna not moniliform (Fig. 7E); head weakly emarginate posteriorly (Fig. 7B); face with median ridge (Fig. 7D); vein 3-SR of fore wing yellowish (Fig. 7F) or brownish ......................................................................................................................................... 25

25. Ninth segment of female antenna swollen, segments 9–23 gradually narrowed and slender (Fig. 39F); third tergite twice as long as second tergite and with no emargination apically; intertentorial distance of clypeus 1.3× as long as minimum width between clypeus and eye (Fig. 39E) [clypeus with pair of comparatively large teeth ventrally and with a blunt tubercle in between (Fig. 39E); eye in dorsal view 1.7–1.8× as long as temple (Fig. 39C)] ............................................... P. zhejiangensis sp. nov.

– Ninth segment of antenna normal (Fig. 2J, but swollen in P. emeishanensis); third tergite 1.4–1.8 × as long as second tergite (Fig. 2H) and emarginate posteriorly; intertentorial distance of clypeus 1.6–2.8 × as long as minimum width between clypeus and eye (Fig. 2D) ...................................... 26

26. Lower tooth of mandible smaller, about 0.5× as long as apical tooth (Fig. 18L); scutellum dull and densely coriaceous (Fig. 18H); second submarginal cell of fore wing slightly more slender (Fig. 18G) [vein cu-a of fore wing shorter than vein 1-CU1 (Fig. 18G); body yellowish brown; second metasomal suture straight; third tergite evenly rounded posteriorly and its basal half rather coarsely sculptured (Fig. 18I); hind coxa pale-yellowish (Fig. 18K); hypopygium of female with short triangular protuberance apically (Fig. 18J)] ........................................ P. microdentata sp. nov.

– Lower tooth of mandible comparatively large, 0.7-0.8× as long as apical tooth (Fig. 37K); scutellum shiny and granulate rugose (Fig. 37G); second submarginal cell of fore wing wide and large. ..... 27

27. Vein r of fore wing angled with vein 3-SR (Fig. 7F); subapical antennal segments of female widened submedially (Fig. 7E); vein 2-M of fore wing infuscate (Fig. 7F); vein 1-M of fore wing robust apically (Fig. 7F); apical half of hind femur yellowish brown and basally ivory (Fig. 7I); third metasomal tergite about 1.4× as long as second tergite (Fig. 7H) [first discal cell of fore wing more transverse and less robust (Fig. 7F); vein r of fore wing somewhat wider than vein 3-SR]............................................................................................................... P. crassitibialis sp. nov.

– Vein r of fore wing nearly linear with vein 3-SR (Fig. 2F); subapical antennal segments of female cylindrical (Fig. 2J); vein 2-M of fore wing without pigmentation (Fig. 2F); vein 1-M normal apically; hind femur entirely yellowish brown (Fig. 2I); third metasomal tergite about 1.7× as long as second tergite (Fig. 2H)............................................................................ P. acuticlypealis sp. nov.

28. Hypopygium protruding apically in ventral view, with spine-like or long triangular protuberance in lateral view (Fig. 20E); POL longer than diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 20B); third tergite of metasoma in dorsal view slightly concave medio-posteriorly but widely emarginate (Fig. 20H) .. 29

– Hypopygium with short triangular protuberance (Fig. 9H) or without protuberance in lateral view (Fig. 23H); POL shorter than or as long as diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 23B); posterior shape of third tergite of metasoma in dorsal view variable (Fig. 23G) ..................................................... 32

29. Middle tooth of clypeus indistinct (Fig. 37D); third tergite of metasoma 1.3× as long as second tergite (Fig. 37H); temple wide, eye 1.1× as wide as temple in lateral view (Fig. 37C); vein r of fore wing 0.5–0.8 × as long as vein 3-SR (Fig. 37F) [hypopygium with long spine-like protuberance (Fig. 37I)]................................................................................................. P. zebripes Chen & Ji, 2003

– Middle tooth of clypeus distinct (Fig. 33D); third tergite of metasoma 1.0–1.1 × as long as second tergite (Fig. 22H); temple narrow to medium-sized, eye 1.5–1.9 × as wide as temple in lateral view (Fig. 33C); vein r of fore wing 0.3–0.5 × as long as vein 3-SR (Fig. 20F)...................................... 30

30. Hind tibia comparatively swollen (Fig. 20A, I); hypopygium with long triangular protuberance (Fig. 20E); vein 1-SR+M of fore wing issued more apically from parastigma (Fig. 20F); length of vein 1-R1 of fore wing about 1.7 × as long as pterostigma; eye 1.5× as long as temple in dorsal view (Fig. 20B).............................................................................................................. P. montana sp. nov.

– Hind tibia less swollen (Fig. 33J); hypopygium with spine-like protuberance (Fig. 33I); vein 1-SR+M of fore wing issued from middle of parastigma (Fig. 33F); vein 1-R1 1.3–1.4 × as long as pterostigma; eye 1.8–1.9 × as long as temple in dorsal view (Fig. 33B) ......................................... 31

31. Anterior third of vein 2-SR of fore wing anteriorly close to and subparallel with posterior side of pterostigma, resulting in a narrow parallel gap; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing 0.6× as long as vein 2-CU1; face without median bump anteriorly [third metasomal tergite of female hardly or not emarginate and without protruding corners; third tergite 1.0–1.3× as long as second tergite; eye in dorsal view about 1.8× as long as temple; malar space 0.4× basal width of mandible] ........................................ ............................................................................................................... P. moniliata Ji & Chen, 2003

– Vein 2-SR of fore wing anteriorly diverging from posterior side of pterostigma, gap comparatively wide and distinctly narrowed anteriorly (Fig. 33F); vein 1-CU1 of fore wing 0.4× as long as vein 2-CU1; face mostly granulate-rugose and medio-posteriorly transversely rugose, with median bump anteriorly (Fig. 33D) [close to P. bilinea Lyle, 1924, but differs by minute lower tooth of mandible (lower tooth medium-sized in P. bilinea; see van Achterberg 1990: fig. 269)] ................................... ............................................................................................................................. P. thoracica sp. nov.

32. Mesosternum shiny and largely smooth; vein 1-R1 of fore wing about as long as pterostigma; maximum width of pterostigma about 0.9× vein 3-SR; middle tibia with small blister ventrally [first and second metasomal tergites coarsely and densely rugose; third tergite comparatively convex and rather truncate apically; teeth of clypeus comparatively large]................. P. kozlovi Shestakov, 1930

– Mesosternum rather dull and more or less granulate (Fig. 14H); vein 1-R1 of fore wing distinctly longer than pterostigma (Fig. 14F); maximum width of pterostigma distinctly longer than vein 3-SR; middle tibia with large blister ventrally (Fig. 14J) .......................................................................... 33

33. Third tergite of metasoma concave medio-posteriorly (Fig. 23G); vein r of fore wing almost linear with vein 3-SR (Fig. 23E); head more emarginate medio-posteriorly (Fig. 23B); hypopygium large and robust in lateral view (Fig. 23H) [vein cu-a of fore wing vertical; first submarginal cell of fore wing sparsely setose medially, less setose than second submarginal cell; third tergite rather flat in lateral view; vein 2-SR of fore wing distinctly bent; hind tibia comparatively robust in holotype; OOL 2.2–2.3 × maximum diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 22B)] ............... P. offensa Papp, 1989

– Third tergite of metasoma rounded posteriorly (Fig. 25J); vein r of fore wing almost angled with vein 3-SR (Fig. 25H); head less emarginate medio-posteriorly; hypopygium slender to medium-sized in lateral view (Fig. 25L)........................................................................................................ 34

34. Eye 0.9 × as long as temple in dorsal view (Fig. 14B); first discal cell of fore wing narrowly triangular anteriorly (Fig. 14F); clypeus more transverse; POL as long as diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 14D) [maximum width of clypeus about 2.5× its maximum height; vein r of fore wing almost linear with vein 3-SR; vein 2-SR of fore wing about twice as long as vein r; not P. fasciata Provancher, 1881 (because P. fasciata has comparatively small ocelli, vein 2-SR of fore wing slightly curved, but shape of clypeus not indicated in Zettel 1992)] .......... P. grapholithae Muesebeck, 1933

– Eye 1.0–1.7 × as long as temple in dorsal view (Figs 9C, 13C); first discal cell of fore wing moderately to widely triangular anteriorly (Fig. 13H); clypeus less transverse (Fig. 25E); POL shorter than diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 25C).......................................................................................... 35

35. Ninth segment of female antenna widest and robust, as long as wide; scapus and segments 9–23 of female antenna dark brown, gradually narrowed and slender, and segments 2–8 of female antenna yellow (Fig. 9J); third tergite of metasoma slightly emarginate medio-posteriorly; apical lamella of carapace medially about as wide as length of fourth hind tarsal segment; face mostly, frons and temple dark brown (Fig. 9B) [metasomal carapace ovoid in dorsal view (Fig. 9J); submedial segments of antenna of female widened and about as wide as long; hind basitarsus whitish] ....................................................................................................... P. emeishanensis sp. nov.

– Ninth segment of antenna as long as wide and entire antenna yellow (Figs 11J, 12E); third tergite of metasoma more or less emarginate medio-posteriorly or truncate (Fig. 13I); apical lamella of carapace medially narrower than length of fourth hind tarsal segment; face, temple and frons yellow (Fig. 13E)......................................................................................................................................... 36

36. Clypeus with three comparatively large and slender teeth (Fig. 1D); temple truncate dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 1C); malar space 1.4× as long as basal width of mandible (Fig. 1D) [hypopygium with robust and short triangular protuberance (Fig. 1I); vein 2-SR strongly curved and converging to posterior margin of pterostigma (Fig. 1F); vein 1-R1 of fore wing about 1.5× as long as pterostigma (Fig. 1F)]........................................................................................................ P. acclivirugata sp. nov.

– Clypeus with smaller teeth or with only two teeth (Fig. 31D); temple rounded and convex dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 11C); malar space 0.4–1.0× as long as basal width of mandible (Fig. 11D) .. 37

37. Apical half of vein 1-M of fore wing dark brown and basal half yellow (Fig. 11F); face with median bump (Fig. 11D); mesoscutum and scutellum coarsely rugose (Fig. 11G); pterostigma large (Fig. 11F); apical tooth of mandible rather slender (Fig. 11F) [hypopygium apically acute with up-curved short triangular protuberance (Fig. 11E)] ........................................... P. flavicephala sp. nov.

– Vein 1-M entirely yellow (Fig. 31G) or brown (Fig. 12G); face without median bump (Fig. 31E); mesoscutum and scutellum finely rugose (Fig. 31H); pterostigma medium-sized (Fig. 31G); apical tooth of mandible rather robust (Fig. 31L) ...................................................................................... 38

38. Eye in lateral view 2.1 × as wide as temple (Fig. 31D); vein 2-SR of fore wing strongly bent and subparallel with posterior margin of pterostigma (Fig. 31G); first and second tergites of metasoma coarsely and sparsely rugose (Fig. 31I); hypopygium apically truncate (Fig. 31M) [clypeus rather protruding ventrally (Fig. 31E); third tergite in dorsal view densely rugose and truncate (Fig. 31I); vein 1-M of fore wing brown, darker than yellowish vein M+CU (Fig. 31G); hind tibia with brown yellow patch subbasally and apically (Fig. 31K)] ................................................ P. tegularis sp. nov.

– Eye 1.0–1.7 × as wide as temple in lateral view (Figs 8B, 13B); vein 2-SR of fore wing weakly curved, basally diverging from pterostigma (Figs 8F, 12G); first and second tergites of metasoma coarsely and densely longitudinally rugose (Figs 8H, 13H); hypopygium apically acute (Figs 12J, 13I)................................................................................................................................................... 39

39. Vein 3-SR of fore wing 1–2 × as long as vein r (Fig. 13G); vein 2-SR straight or slightly bent, vein SR1 nearly straight or straight (Fig. 24F); second submarginal cell rather widened distally (Fig. 13G) ........................................................................................................................................ 40

– Vein 3-SR of fore wing about 4× as long as vein r (Fig. 8F); vein 2-SR of fore wing distinctly curved and vein SR1 bent; second submarginal cell of fore wing rather wide and large, rather narrowed distally (Fig. 12G)............................................................................................................................ 41

40. First discal cell anteriorly narrower, because of nearly straight vein 1-M and smaller parastigma (Fig. 24F); five subapical segments of antenna moniliform (Fig. 24E), penultimate segment about 1.5 × as long as wide; vein cu-a of fore wing 0.5× as long as vein 1-CU1; propodeum coarsely reticulate-rugose (Fig. 24G), with tubercles latero-posteriorly; OOL 4.0–4.8 × as long as maximum diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 24B)................................................ P. orientali s Szépligeti, 1902

– First discal cell of fore wing anteriorly and parastigma wider and with weakly curved vein 1-M (Fig. 12G); five subapical segments of antenna cylindrical, penultimate segment about 2.3× as long as wide (Fig. 12E); vein cu-a of fore wing 0.7× as long as vein 1-CU1 (Fig. 12G); propodeum without latero-posterior tubercles; OOL 3.0–4.1 × as long as maximum diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 12B) [vein 1-R1 1.3–1.4 × as long as pterostigma; hypopygium of female with short triangular protuberance apically; lower tooth of mandible medium-sized (Fig. 12L); third tergite medially up to 1.9 × as long as second tergite in dorsal view and less narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 12I); eye in lateral view about 1.7× as wide as temple (Fig. 12C); vein 2-CU1 of fore wing about twice as long as vein 1-CU1; mesosternum shiny and finely remotely punctate (Fig. 12H)] ............................................... ................................................................................................................ P. formosana Rohwer, 1934

41. Clypeus with three minute teeth medio-ventrally (Fig. 8D); hind tibia with yellowish brown patch basally and apically (Fig. 8J); eye in lateral view 1.9× as wide as temple (Fig. 8C) [second metasomal suture slightly sinuate; 6–8 subapical antennal segments of female modified (Fig. 8E); upper condyle of mandible approaching lower level of eyes; malar space 0.6× as long as basal width of mandible]................................................................................................................ P. duae sp. nov.

– Clypeus with three indistinct teeth medio-ventrally (Figs 13D, 16E); hind tibia with dark brown patch basally and apically (Figs 16K, 25L) or entirely yellow; eye in lateral view 1.3 × as wide as temple (Figs 13C, 25D) ................................................................................................................... 42

42. Third tergite of metasoma truncate posteriorly (Fig. 13I); hypopygium acute apically with medium-sized and slender triangular protuberance (Fig. 13J); apical half of hind femur dark brown (Fig. 13F); pterostigma dark brown (Fig. 13G); lower tooth of mandible 0.2× as long as apical tooth (Fig. 13L) [if carapace distinctly convex apically and apical half of hind tarsus infuscate, see West Palaearctic P. dentata (Panzer, 1805)]............................................................................. P. fuscisternalis sp. nov.

– Third tergite of metasoma rounded posteriorly (Figs 16I, 25J); hypopygium without triangular protuberance (Figs 16J, 25M); hind femur entirely yellow (Figs 16K, 25L); pterostigma brown (Figs 16G, 25H); lower tooth of mandible 0.5× as long as apical tooth (Figs 16L, 25N) .............. 43

43. Ovipositor sheath robust (Fig. 25L); second metasomal suture straight (Fig. 25J); third metasomal tergite 1.4× as long as second tergite, in dorsal view densely and semi-circularly rugose and weakly emarginate apically; malar space 0.8× as long as basal width of mandible (Fig. 25E)......................................................................................................... P. ovatipeltata sp. nov.

– Ovipositor sheath slender (Fig. 16J); second metasomal suture curved (Fig. 16I); third tergite 1.8× as long as second tergite, in dorsal view densely granulate-rugose and widely emarginate apically; malar space as long as basal width of mandible (Fig. 16E) [posterior lamella of third metasomal tergite wide medially; head behind stemmaticum flattened; eyes strongly protruding in dorsal view (Fig. 16C)] ................................................................................................... P. longzhouensis sp. nov.