Key to males of the Neotropical species of Pipunculus

1 At least one pair of tibiae with distinct apical spines.......................................................... 2

- All tibiae without distinct apical spines.................................................................... 3

2 Mid tibiae with distinct apical spines; hind tibiae without distinct apical spines and with an acute process posteroapically; apex of phallic guide with lobe and one row of inconspicuous setae laterally (Fig. 38); Colombia ............ P. planus sp. nov.

- Mid tibiae without distinct apical spines; hind tibiae with distinct apical spines and without an acute process posteroapically; apex of phallic guide without lobe laterally and with tuff of conspicuous setae apically [see figure 33f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; Mexico, USA .......................................................... P. kotaneni Skevington, 1998

3 Phallic guide with depression apically [see figures 27h, 45g in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]........................ 4

- Phallic guide without depression apically [Figs 12, 25 and see figures 18f, 24f, 28f, 31f, 40g in Skevington & Marshall (1998) and figure 5 in Rafael (1991)]........................................................................... 5

4 Both surstyli with inner margins straight and apices slightly inward directed [see figure 27d in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; ejaculatory apodeme narrow parasol-shaped [see figure 27f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; ejaculatory ducts of phallus short, broad and blunt [see figure 27e in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA ......................................................................................... P. elegantulus Williston, 1892

- Both surstyli with inner margins curved and apices strongly inward directed [see figure 45e in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; ejaculatory apodeme strongly fan-shaped [see figure 45d in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; ejaculatory ducts of phallus long, thin and acute [see figure 45f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)] USA, Mexico ............ P. xanthopodus Williston, 1892

5 Both surstyli with apices clearly directed outward [see figure 18e in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; apex of phallic guide with lobe with tip hook shape apically, very similar to the shape of the apex of phallic guide [see figure 18f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; Costa Rica, Mexico, USA ................................................ P. abnormis Skevington, 1998

- Both surstyli with apices never directed outward [Figs 8, 21, and see figures 24e, 28e 31e, 40e in Skevington & Marshall (1998) and figure 4 in Rafael (1991)]; apex of phallic guide with lobe with straight tip never hook shaped apically, never similar to the shape of the apex of phallic guide [see figures 28f, 31f, 40g in Skevington & Marshall (1998) and figure 5 in Rafael (1991)] or without lobe ventrally [see figure 24f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)].......................................... 6

6 Apex of phallic guide with lobe apically [see figures 28f, 31f, 40g in Skevington & Marshall (1998) and figure 5 in Rafael (1991)]............................................................................................. 7

- Apex of phallic guide without lobe apically [Figs 12, 25, and see figure 24f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)].......... 10

7 Ejaculatory ducts of phallus coiled [see figures 31g, 40f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]........................... 8

- Ejaculatory ducts of phallus not coiled [see figures 28g in Skevington & Marshall (1998) and figure 5 Rafael (1991)]...... 9

8 Both surstyli with inner margins sinuous [see figure 40e in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; apex of phallic guide with acute lobe apically [see figure 40g in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; ejaculatory apodeme with side margins rounded [see figure 40d in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; Argentina, Brazil .................................... P. rafaeli Skevington, 1998

- Both surstyli with inner margins straight [see figure 31e in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; apex of phallic guide with rounded lobe apically [see figure 31f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; ejaculatory apodeme with side margins acute [see figure 31b in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; Canada, Guatemala, Mexico, USA ......................... P. horvathi Kertész, 1907

9 Surstyli subsymmetric with long setae dorsally and apically [see figure 28d in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; apex of phallic guide with rounded lobe ventrally and short, thin, and acute lobe apically [see figure 28f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; Canada, Mexico, USA ................................................................. P. fuscus Loew, 1866

- Surstyli asymmetrical with short and fine setae laterally and apically [see figure 4 in Rafael (1991)]; apex of phallic guide with triangular lobe ventrally and long, stout and rounded lobe apically [see figure 5 in Rafael (1991)]; Argentina, Brazil ..................................................................................... P. ferepauculus Hardy, 1965

10 Both surstyli with apices forward directed in lateral view (Fig. 8); apex of phallic guide without lobe ventrally (Fig. 12); ejaculatory ducts of phallus coiled (Fig. 12); Colombia ....................................... P. caeruleus sp. nov.

- Both surstyli with apices downward directed in lateral view [Fig. 21, and see figure 24a in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; apex of phallic guide with lobe ventrally [Fig. 25, and see figure 24f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; ejaculatory ducts of phallus not coiled [Fig. 25, and see figure 24g in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]........................................ 11

11 Membranous area large, extending over most of the length of syntergosternite 8 [see figure 24c in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; left surstylus with apex inward directed [see figure 24e in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; apex of phallic guide with short lobe ventrally [see figure 24f in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; ejaculatory apodeme narrowed, needle-shaped [see figure 24d in Skevington & Marshall (1998)]; Canada, Mexico, USA ........................ P. cingulatus Loew, 1866

- Membranous area short, only in apical area of syntergosternite 8 (Fig. 21); left surstylus with apex downward directed (Fig. 22); apex of phallic guide with large lobe ventrally (Fig. 25); ejaculatory apodeme wide, fan-shaped (Fig. 26); Colombia ...................................................................................... P. chiminiguagua sp. nov.