Family Adelgidae Annand, 1928

Diagnosis

Gall-inducing species belong here. Holocyclic species with 2-year life cycle (see Albrecht 2015; Blackman & Eastop 1994). The adelgids are not attended by ants.

A5 (A6) Abdomen (all morphs) with 4 pairs of evident spiracles (on abd. 2–5). Gall (when present) with interconnected chambers ............................................................. Pineus Shimer, 1869