Genus Caryanda Stål, 1878

Caryanda Stål, 1878: 47; Brunner-Wattenwyl, 1893: 136; Kirby, 1914: 192, 201; I. Bolivar, 1918: 8, 19; C. Willemse, 1921: 8, 21; C. Willemse, 1930: 104, 128; Chang, 1939: 39; Tinkham, 1940: 301; Bei-Bienko & Mishchenko, 1951: 134, 172; Willemse, 1955: 166; Xia, 1958: 40; Hollis, 1975: 201, 217–219; Yin, 1984: 70; Zheng, 1985: 141 –142; Yin & Liu, 1987: 68 –69; Zheng, 1993: 87 –89; Otte, 1995: 35; Yin, Shi & Yin, 1996: 132 –134; Jiang & Zheng, 1998: 95 –96; Li, Xia, et al, 2006: 103 –108; Mao & Ren, 2007: 366–370; Mao, Niu, Ou, Zheng & Scott. 2011: 51 –61; Mao, Ren & Ou, 2011: 59 –60.

Dibastica Giglio-Tos, 1907: 9; Hollis, 1975: 217 (junior synonym of Caryanda).

Austenia Ramme, 1929: 331 (nomen preoccupatum, nec Nevill, 1878); Johnston, 1956: 257 (junior synonym of Caryanda); Hollis, 1975: 217 (junior synonym of Caryanda).

Austeniella Ramme, 1931: 934 (replacement name for Austenia); Hollis, 1975: 217 (junior synonym of Caryanda).

Tszacris Tinkham, 1940: 313; Li, Xia, et al. 2006: 103 (junior synonym of Caryanda).

Sinocaryanda Mao & Ren, 2007: 366; Mao, Ren & Ou, 2011: 60, 296 (junior synonym of Caryanda).

Qinshuiacris Zheng & Mao, 1996: 11 –16; Li, Xia et al. 2006: 265; Mao, Ren & Ou, 2011: 96. syn. nov.

Type-species: Acridium (Oxya) spurium Stål, 1860 .

Generic diagnosis. Body small sized. Integument rugosely punctured.

Head. Conical; fastigium roundly pentagonal in dorsal view, broader than long, slightly depressed in the middle, without median longitudinal carinula; face slightly oblique in profile view; frontal ridge sulcate throughout, lateral margins nearly parallel. Eyes oval. Antennae filiform, extending to or beyond hind margin of pronotum.

Thorax. Pronotum subcylindrical; dorsum somewhat flattened or slightly rounded, finely foveolate, crossed by three transverse sulci; anterior margin straight or a little arcuate, rarely notched in the middle; posterior margin nearly straight, finely incised in the middle; median carina weakly indicated; lateral carina absent; hind transversal sulcus far behind the middle. Prosternal process nearly straight, conical and posterior surface sometimes slightly flattened, apex more or less pointed. Mesosternal lobes wider than long or about as long as wide; mesosternal interspace longer than wide. Metasternal lobes contiguous in male or separated in female. Tegmina scale-like, laterally situated, never touching each other in mid dorsal line, apex just extending beyond hind margin of 1st or 2nd tergite. Hind femora moderately slender, upper carina smooth and terminating in an acute angle; lower genicular lobes spined. Hind tibiae cylindrical, not expanded in apical half, external apical spines present.

Abdomen. In male, furculae horizontally present or rarely absent on hind margin of 10th abdominal tergite; supra-anal plate triangular, scutated or quadrate; cerci conical or laterally compressed, straight, incurved and/or decurved, and with apex acute, subacute, rounded or obliquely truncate; subgenital plate moderately conical, apex rounded; epiphallus with ancorae and almost divided bridge. In female, subgenital plate flat or depressed in ventral view, posterior margin rounded or serrated, protruded or concaved; ovipositor valves evenly serrated along outer margins.

Distribution. Ethiopian (Sierra Leone, Congo), Oriental (India, Sri Lanka, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia), Australasian (New Guinea) regions.

Remark. The genus Qinshuiacris was established with Qinshuiacris viridis Zheng & Mao, 1996 as type species. Since Q. viridis is transferred to Caryanda as a new member (see the remark under Caryanda viridis), it follows that the genus Qinshuiacris becomes a new junior synonym of the genus Caryanda, as well.