6. Identification keys to species of the subgenus H. ( Deranchylaeus)

Key features for quick use of the key have been inserted with an arrow and in italics.

Males

1 Large robust species, 5.0– 6.5 mm TL; metasoma compact, broad at base, outline oval; integument strongly and densely punctate; face with white spots........................................................................ 2

– Small dainty species, 3.0–5.0 mm TL; metasoma usually elongated and narrow, spindle-shaped in outline; if TL longer, metasoma finely shagreen and/or face all black........................................................... 5

► Larger species

2 Face with normal outline, lower part slightly concave; mask yellow or white; clypeus convex; T1 strongly and densely punctate, almost without space between punctures; punctation only on margin of tergite fine; sterna flat.............. 3

– Face broad and flat, outline converging in a straight line below (Fig. 70); mask ivory white; clypeus with shallow longitudinal impression; T1 densely punctate, intervals narrow (about 0.5 to 1 puncture diameter), surface finely netted, silky shining (Fig. 71); sterna 3 and 4 with paired cusps.—Scapi asymmetrically oval, barely expanded, matt......... dregei (Strand)

3 Scapi apically flattened, the expansion smooth and shiny; integument of T1 smooth, shiny (Figs 91, 92)................................................................................................. krebsianus (Strand)

– Scapi not flattened, spindle-shaped, slightly shiny......................................................... 4

4 Integument of T1 shagreen, matt (Fig. 86); pronotum slightly expanded forward, black............. haygoodi Bridwell

– Integument of T1 finely striate, shiny (Fig. 132); pronotum narrow, with white lines.—Smaller specimens may run to (7)................................................................................. rugipunctus (Alfken)

► Small species

5 T1 with strong, dense punctation. Integument often smooth and shiny; when shagreen, then punctation very dense, interpuncture distances up to a maximum of one puncture diameter............................................... 6

– T1 impunctate or with fine or medium, but scattered punctation on shagreen surface; intervals exceeding one puncture diameter......................................................................................... 12

► T1 strongly punctate

6 T1 and T2 extremely coarse and densely punctate; surface smooth and very shiny (Fig. 47); margins with narrow white, felty bands; scapi small, slender (Fig. 46).................................................... alfkeni (Friese)

– T1 strongly and densely punctate, but punctures much smaller; T2 something more finely punctate, surface smooth or finely shagreen, margins usually without distinct bands; scapi slender, cylindrical or conical............................ 7

7 T1 strongly and contiguously punctate, with virtually no interspaces; punctation of terga margins finer (Fig. 132); punctation of T1 and mesonotum similar; face wide, with light yellow mask, supraclypeal area often black (Fig. 131)......................................................................................... rugipunctus (Alfken)

– T1 scattered punctate, interspaces of at least half a puncture diameter; punctation of T1 smaller than on mesonotum; face often prolonged, mask yellow or white, mostly with bright supraclypeal area................................... 8

8 T1 with intervals smooth and shiny; punctation strong and very dense (Figs 67, 82).—Face round; scapi black, labrum and mandibles dark.................................................................................... 9

– T1 with intervals shagreen and silky shining; punctation mostly dense, but finer (Figs 52, 96, 98).................. 10

9 Frons with projecting white hairs (Fig. 81); mask white; side spots wider above, more or less blunt; posterior margin of mesonotum with white tomentose fringe; T1 apically with white lateral fringes...................... gessianus sp. n.

– Frons without projecting white hairs (Fig. 66); mask light yellow; side spots narrow above, often acute; posterior margin of mesonotum without tomentose fringe; T1 apically without distinct lateral fringes........... curvicarinatus (Cameron)

10 Scapi apically expanded and flattened; labrum, mandibles and scapi black; mask yellowish-white; supraclypeal area narrow, clypeus long (Fig. 97); propodeum rounded; punctation of T1 very fine and very dense, intervals narrow................................................................................................ lightfooti Bridwell

– Scapi conical, small, often each with a wide white stripe, labrum and mandibles pale; supraclypeal area and clypeus of normal proportions (Figs 52, 96); propodeum with sharp lateral edges; punctation of T1 coarser and scattered, with distinct shagreen intervals.................................................................................... 11

11 Mask yellowish white; scapi with broad white stripe; labrum and mandibles white; mesonotum coarse punctate; slightly smaller species, 4.5 mm TL........................................................... leucolippus (Friese)

– Mask yellow; scapi black; anterior margin of clypeus, labrum and mandibles light brown; mesonotum finer punctate; larger species, 5.5 mm TL..................................................................... bernhardi sp. n.

► T1 finely punctate

12 Thorax coarsely punctate, with shallowly impressed pits particularly on pleurae; pronotum lateral edges pointed; terminal area of propodeum with sharp margins around (see Fig. 3); mask yellow...................... xanthostoma (Alfken)

– Thorax normally punctate; pronotum edged or rounded; terminal area of propodeum with or without sharp lateral margins ................................................................................................ 13

13 Legs entirely pale from trochanters, basal antennal segments light yellow (Fig. 144)................... venustus sp. n.

– Legs and antennae partially or completely black......................................................... 14

14 Scapi expanded, apically wider than following antennal segments........................................... 15

– Scapi slender, apically not wider than following antennal segments.......................................... 24

► Scapi expanded

15 Scapi spherically expanded, shiny (Fig. 120); head with deviating form: frons retreating, supraclypeal area very narrow and protruding; face without mask, as in whole animal entirely black, at most with small short pale lines at the orbits............................................................................................ perater Cockerell

– Scapi conically expanded, silky shining, with fine punctation; mask present................................... 16

16 Mask complete; upper border of mask cross-truncated below antennal bases; supraclypeal area narrow, its baseline only about half as wide as distance from compound eye; clypeus long (CL:CW 1.7–1.8)............................. 17

– Mask reduced, not forming a line above; supraclypeal area and often clypeus black above; baseline of supraclypeal area slightly wider than half distance from compound eye; clypeus mostly shorter (CL:CW 1.6–1.7).................... 18

17 Mask lemon yellow, upper edge forming a flat bow (Fig. 128)............................. robertianus (Cameron)

– Mask white, upper margin almost horizontally running in jagged line (Fig. 110)..................... oromialis sp. n.

18 Side spots fill paraocular area, above expanded inwardly, encompassing antennal bases (Fig. 78).—Scapi matt apically; propodeum central furrow deeply notched; T1 very shallow and scattered punctate (Fig. 79)........ gabonicus (Vachal)

– Side spots either filling paraocular area or narrow, but above not expanded inwardly, usually pointed to orbits........ 19

19 Mask reduced to bright parts of clypeus and mostly narrow side spots; legs entirely black.—S7 see Figs 16, 17 (left)... 20

– Mask usually with side spots filling paraocular area, supraclypeal area may be black; legs with white............... 21

20 Larger species, about 5.5 mm TL, with characteristic mask (Fig. 140); gonoforcipes rounded at end (Fig. 16, right)........................................................................................ tinctulus Cockerell

– Smaller species, about 5.0 mm TL, mask with white clypeal centre-spot and narrow paraocular stripes at lower areas (Fig. 54); gonoforcipes expanded, long and narrow at end (Fig. 17, right)............................ camerunensis sp. n.

21 Scapi small, apically only slightly expanded; supraclypeal area black or yellowish white like mask; T1 finely punctate (Figs 104, 105)...................................................................... melanosoma (Cockerell)

– Scapi larger, stronger expanded; supraclypeal area black, mask white or yellow; punctation on T1 hardly visible...... 22

22 Scapi bubble-like expanded, shiny (Fig. 116); distal lobi of S7 prolonged (Fig. 21), sometimes visible in anal slit................................................................................................ paulyi sp. n.

– Scapi conically expanded, matt; distal lobi of S7 short or prolonged, not visible in anal slit....................... 23

23 Mask yellow; proximal lobi of S7 short, with tooth (Fig. 18)..................................... chimani sp. n.

– Mask white or pale yellow; proximal lobi of S7 prolonged, without tooth (Fig. 22).................... eardleyi sp. n.

► Scapi not expanded

24 Labrum and mandibles dark; scapi black, supraclypeal area often black....................................... 25

– Labrum, mandibles and supraclypeal area bright; scapi apically usually pale, supraclypeal area never black (Fig. 124)................................................................................. promontorii Meade-Waldo

25 T1 with fine and scattered punctation, intervals 2–3 puncture diameters; end margin of T2 hardly depressed; pronotum black, blade-like anteriorly............................................................... tenuis (Alfken)

– T1 a little more strongly and densely punctate, intervals 0.5–1 puncture diameters; end margin of T2 depressed; pronotum with a yellow stripe, frontally not lamellate.—Gonoforcipes with stylus-like extensions (Fig. 27, right), sometimes protruding from anal slit..................................................................... capicola (Alfken)

Females

1 Clypeus convex or flat in front, without impression........................................................ 2

– Clypeus strongly incurved ventrolateralally, with subapical impression usually smooth (Fig. 44, 45)................ 22

2 T1 with distinct, often dense punctation, integument usually smooth and shiny.................................. 3

– T1 impunctate or with fine, scattered punctation on shagreen surface......................................... 11

► T1 strongly punctate

3 T2 with only slightly finer punctation than T1; integument smooth and shining.................................. 4

– T2 either with clearly finer punctation than T1 or integument not smooth...................................... 6

4 Punctures on T1 and T2 strikingly large (Fig. 49); paraocular area with small white spots at orbits near foveae................................................................................................ alfkeni (Friese)

– Punctures on T1 and T2 significantly smaller (Figs 69, 85, 135); paraocular area with long, narrow white stripes at orbits 5

5 Pronotum and clypeus black; smaller species, about 5 mm TL; punctation on T1 throughout about equal in size, towards middle margin hardly finer (Fig. 85); posterior margins of pronotum, mesonotum and T1 and T2 with white felt stripes........................................................................................ gessianus sp. n.

– Pronotum with white stripe, clypeus black, occasionally with white apical spot; larger species, about 6 mm TL; punctation on T1 strong partially decreasing, towards middle of posterior margin moderate (Fig. 135); T1 with large white lateral fringes, T2 with interrupted white terminal band......................................... rugipunctus (Alfken)

6 Propodeum rounded; medial area at end margin without sharp edge; face black or with stripes...................... 7

– Propodeum with sharp lateral edges; medial area clearly marked; paraocular areas with small white spots above orbits.—Pronotum black......................................................... curvicarinatus (Cameron)

7 Face bulging medially, all black; T1 and T2 finely and very densely punctate, surface shagreen and matt; body entirely black ................................................................................................. 8

– Face in middle normal or flat, with pale stripes; T1 and T2 with more coarse, scattered punctation, surfaces shiny; body black or with white marks............................................................................ 9

8 Larger species, 7–8 mm TL; pronotum striped white in front..................................... pamelae sp. n.

– Smaller species, 5–6 mm TL; pronotum black............................................... perater Cockerell

9 Pronotum black; propodeum with surface of terminal area punctate, shining (Fig. 33).—Paraocular area with white stripes at orbits, clypeus often with spot (Fig. 94).................................................. krebsianus (Strand)

– Pronotum with white or yellow stripe; propodeum with surface of terminal areas finely shagreen, matt (Fig. 34), at most lateral areas with punctation........................................................................... 10

10 Pronotum with white line(s); face with three yellow stripes: on paraocular area adjacent to orbits and in middle of clypeus (Fig. 64); mesonotum sparsely punctate, shining........................................... claviger (Cockerell)

– Pronotum with yellowish line; face with two sometimes abridged stripes on lower facial area at orbits; clypeus black (Fig. 108); mesonotum densely punctate, matt...................................................... nottoni sp. n.

► T1 finely punctate

11 Lower part of face yellowish-red, at least parts of clypeus, but usually also mandibles, labrum, malae and lower orbits (Fig. 148).—T1 and T2 normally very finely shagreen, its minute punctures hardly recognizable (Fig. 149) xanthostoma (Alfken)

– Face with white or light yellow marks or completely black................................................. 12

12 Face with three lemon-yellow lines along orbits and on clypeus, with yellow stripe on pronotum and spots on calli and tegulae; punctures of mesonotum large and dense, but shallow (Fig. 35)............................ capicola (Alfken)

– Face with only small bright spots, short or narrow stripes or all black; punctures of mesonotum deeper.............. 13

13 Propodeum terminal area circumscribed by a carina, especially with distinct oblique edge between lateral and terminal areae (Fig. 3).......................................................................................... 14

– Propodeum terminal area sharply edged only ventrolaterally, lateral areae behind without edge.................... 15

14 Anterior margin of pronotum sharp; face with trapezoidal outline, orbits with small comma-shaped spots; clypeus with larger shallow punctures (Fig. 36)......................................................... tenuis (Alfken)

– Anterior margin of pronotum edged or rounded, not sharp; face with round outline, side spots very small; clypeus with small, sharply bound punctures (Fig. 37)........................................... promontorii Meade-Waldo

15 Clypeus vaguely punctate; with shallow punctation, which especially apically seem to open below and fade into sculpture (Figs 38, 39)..................................................................................... 16

– Clypeus clearer punctate, with defined punctation, around clearly separated from sculpture....................... 17

16 Mesopleurae below scrobal groove with angulate front margin; pronotum at sides edged, not beveled down; face black..................................................................................... camerunensis sp. n.

– Mesopleurae with front margins edged only; pronotum sloping down laterally; face with narrow white paraocular stripes......................................................................................... paulyi sp. n.

17 Clypeus shagreen and shallowly punctate; face usually black, rarely with small yellowish white spots or dashed lines.. 18

– Clypeus with fine but clearly demarcated punctation; face often with paraocular stripes.......................... 19

18 Clypeus in front slightly expanded and bent up (Fig. 40); supraclypeal area narrowed above, frons punctate adjacent to frontal line; terminal area of propodeum laterally with sharp edges, which merge with lower edges of lateral areas............................................................................................. tinctulus Cockerell

– Clypeus in front expanded but not bent up (Fig. 41); supraclypeal area wider above, frons adjacent to frontal line striated; terminal area of propodeum ventrolaterally with a short sharp edge, not merging into lower edges of lateral areas..................................................................................... melanosoma (Cockerell)

19 Lateral extensions of pronotum horizontally, rectangular projecting.......................................... 20

– Lateral extensions of pronotum sloping, sides inclined down.................................... oromialis sp. n.

20 Clypeus convex, densely and strong punctate; paraocular stripes narrow, but can be expanded inwards; clypeus sometimes with spot at front edge................................................................ gabonicus (Vachal)

– Clypeus flat, punctation finely dispersed in predominant shagreen; paraocular stripes reduced to small patches........ 21

21 Pronotum sides nearly right angled (Fig. 42); clypeus apically without smooth margin; median furrow of supraclypeal area only in upper part of edged bulge distinct..................................................... eardleyi sp. n.

– Pronotum sides obtuse angled (Fig. 43); clypeus apically with narrow smooth margin; median furrow of supraclypeal area reaching into front region of bulge................................................... robertianus (Cameron)

► Clypeus with impression

22 Impression of clypeus expanded upwards, not definitely limited above; larger species; face markings different; pronotum with white lines or black............................................................................ 23

– Impression of clypeus transversely oval, limited above; smaller species; paraocular area with mostly short white stripes at orbits; pronotum black............................................................................. 25

23 Impression of clypeus shagreen and punctate, lacklustre, without tubercle in middle; large completely black species......................................................................................... amharicus sp. n.

– Impression of clypeus finely shagreen, impunctate, shining, with tubercle in middle; smaller species with at least tegulae and paraocular spots pale........................................................................... 24

24 Paraocular area with long white stripes at orbits; pronotum with interrupted white line; outline of head round; T1 finely punctate, intervals shagreen, silky shining (Fig. 73)............................................. dregei (Strand)

– Paraocular area with short white comma-shaped spots at orbits above; pronotum black; head outline trapezoidal; T1 stronger punctate, intervals smooth and shining (Fig. 91).............................................. izikosalis sp. n.

25 T2 with distinct punctation by end margin, integument smooth and shiny; paraocular spots prolonged, almost to middle of clypeus (Fig. 102)................................................................... lineaticeps (Friese)

– T2 on posterior third impunctate or punctures disappear more or less in shagreen sculpture; paraocular spots usually short comma-shaped only (Figs 88, 100).................................................................... 26

26 Larger, more robust species of 6–7 mm TL; punctation of T1 coarse and contiguous, integument matt (Fig. 89); clypeus not subtuberculate above impression (Figs 44, 88).............................................. haygoodi Bridwell

– Smaller species below 6 mm TL; punctation of T1 strong but not coarse (Fig. 101), integument silky shining; clypeus medially subtuberculate above impression (Figs 45, 100)......................................... lightfooti Bridwell