Enicospilus xanthocephalus Cameron, 1905 Figure 52

Eniscospilus (sic) xanthocephalus Cameron, 1905a: 122; HT ♀ from Sri Lanka, NHMUK, examined.

Enicospilus bullatus Chiu, 1954: 53; HT ♀ from Taiwan, TARI, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 210).

Enicospilus obliquus Chiu, 1954: 54; HT ♂ from Taiwan, TARI, examined; junior secondary homonym of Enicospilus obliquus (Morley, 1912); synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 210).

Enicospilus clinatus Townes, Townes and Gupta, 1961: 272; replacement name for Enicospilus obliquus Chiu, 1954.

Enlcospilus (sic) ( Bicorn 'ata) (sic) paraclinatus Nikam, 1975: 198; HT ♂ from India, MUC, not examined; synonymised by Nikam (1980).

Enicospilus pexus Gauld, 1977: 57, 86; HT ♀ from Australia, ANIC, not examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 211).

Specimens examined.

Total of 123 specimens (103♀♀19♂♂ and 1 unsexed): Brunei (3♀♀), India (83♀♀5♂♂), Japan (7♀♀9♂♂), Philippines (1♀), Sri Lanka (3♀♀), Taiwan (6♀♀5♂♂ and 1 unsexed).

Type series: HT ♀ of Eniscospilus (sic) xanthocephalus Cameron, 1905, Peradeniya, Ceylon, SRI LANKA, VI.1902, P. Cameron leg. (NHMUK, Type 3b.1236); HT ♀ of Enicospilus bullatus Chiu, 1954, Kanshirei, TAIWAN, 19.XI.1928, J. Sonan leg. (TARI); HT ♂ of Enicospilus obliquus Chiu, 1954, Kuraru, TAIWAN, 12-15.III.1931, T. Shiraki leg. (TARI).

Distribution.

Australasian and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016); this is a predominantly Oriental species.

JAPAN: [ Ryûkyûs] Kagoshima (Shimizu and Maeto 2016; present study) and Okinawa (Shimizu and Maeto 2016; present study).

Bionomics.

No Japanese rearings. A range of hosts have been recorded in the literature, with some looking more reliable than others.

Differential diagnosis.

This species is sometimes confused with E. flavocephalus because their body size, general colour, body shape, etc., are very similar, as in Figs 17 and 52. However, E. xanthocephalus is easily distinguished by the black interocellar area (Fig. 52B, C), shape of fore wing veins and sclerites (Fig. 52F), etc. (cf. Differential diagnosis of E. flavocephalus for details). The significantly large value of AI (more than 2.0) is also characteristic of E. xanthocephalus and helps identification.