Moniligastridae Claus, 1880

Although moniligastrids are not considered part of the Crassiclitellata since their clitella have only a single layer like the Enchytraeidae, they tend to have much larger individual body size and mass than enchytraeids and are phylogenetically sister to the Crassiclitellata (James & Davidson 2012; Schmelz et al. 2021). The family is mainly distributed in the Oriental region from south India east to the Philippines and north to southern Siberia and Japan (Gates 1972; Perel 1997). It includes 185 species (and 19 subspecies), distributed among five genera ( Desmogaster, Drawida, Eupolygaster, Hastirogaster, Moniligaster), of which Drawida is the most widely distributed and speciose (162 spp./sspp.). Three species, Drawida barwelli (Beddard), Drawida japonica (Michaelsen), and Drawida nepalensis Michaelsen, are cosmopolitan, but of these, D. barwelli is the most widely distributed. It is also sometimes mentioned under its synonymous names D. bahamensis (Beddard), or D. beddardi (Rosa), being reported from Africa (Csuzdi 2005), Australia, South-East Asia, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and several Pacific Islands (Blakemore et al. 2014; Csuzdi et al. 2017).