1. Genus Aphelopus Dalman, 1823

Aphelopus Dalman 1823: 8; Haliday 1833: 273; Walker 1837: 427; Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1905: 215; Kieffer 1914b: 214; Richards 1937: 119; Richards 1939: 279; Benoit 1951d: 23; Muesebeck & Walkley 1951: 1042; J. Perkins 1976: 11; Krombein 1979: 1250; Olmi 1984: 44; 1994: 35; 1999: 80; He & Xu 2002: 47.

Ceraphron Ratzeburg 1848: 141 (partim). Synonymized by Kieffer 1914b.

Antaphelopus Benoit 1951d: 23

(type species: Antaphelopus mediocarinatus Benoit 1951, by original designation). Synonymized by Olmi 1984.

Gymnaphelopus Benoit 1951d: 23

(type species: Gymnaphelopus wittei (Benoit 1951), by original designation). Synonymized by Olmi 1984.

Type species. Dryinus atratus Dalman, 1823, designated by Westwood (1840).

Diagnosis. Female: fully winged (Plate 2A, 5A); epistomal suture situated below imaginary line joining antennal toruli (Plate 4F); occipital carina complete; antenna without rhinaria; palpal formula 5/2; fore wing with only costal cell enclosed by pigmented veins, with pterostigma (Plate 2A) and stigmal vein regularly curved (Plate 2A); course of fore wing veins not marked by dark stripes; hindwing (Plate 5A) hyaline, with costal cell, without dark medial longitudinal stripe; protarsus not chelate (Plate 2A); tibial spurs 1/1/2. Male: fully winged (Plate 5B); epistomal suture situated below imaginary line joining antennal toruli (Plate 4F); occipital carina complete; palpal formula 5/2; fore wing with only costal cell enclosed by pigmented veins (Plate 5B), with pterostigma (Plate 5B) and stigmal vein regularly curved (Plate 5B); course of fore wing veins not marked by dark stripes (Plate 5B); hindwing (Plate 5B) hyaline, with costal cell, without dark medial longitudinal stripe; basivolsella completely situated down distivolsella distal apex (Plate 6B); tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Distribution. Worldwide.

Hosts. Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006).

World species. Seventy seven species are known, 31 in the Oriental region.

Remarks. Larvae of Aphelopus were described by Buyckx (1948) and Ponomarenko (1975) .

Key to the species

Females (unknown in the species not present in the key to the females)

1. Mesosoma and metasoma totally testaceous, occasionally with petiole black........................ A. borneanus Olmi - Mesosoma and metasoma partly or totally black or brown..................................................... 2 2. Head testaceous, at most with ocellar region or vertex dark.................................................... 3 - Head partly or totally black or brown..................................................................... 6 3. Notauli absent...................................................................... A. maculiceps Bergman - Notauli distinct....................................................................................... 4 4. Notauli reaching about 0.75–0.80 length of scutum, or complete.................................... A. ochreus Olmi - Notauli reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum............................................................... 5 5. Notauli reaching about 0.4–0.5 length of scutum............................................. A. malayanus Olmi - Notauli reaching about 0.25 length of scutum................................................. A. sabahnus Olmi 6. Notauli absent, or very short, reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum............................................. 7 - Notauli reaching more than 0.5 length of scutum........................................................... 14 7. Notauli absent, or reaching at most 0.3 length of scutum...................................................... 8 - Notauli reaching about 0.4–0.5 length of scutum........................................................... 10 8. Head black or brown, except mandible, clypeus and part of face testaceous......................... A. wushensis Olmi - Head black or brown, except mandible testaceous.......................................................... 9 9. Head with OOL much shorter than OL (about 66% of OL................. A. alebroides Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Dong - Head with OOL slightly shorter than OL (more than 80% of OL)............................... A. penanganus Olmi 10. Head black, except mandible testaceous.................................................................. 11 - Head black, except at least mandible and clypeus testaceous.................................................. 13 11. Head with OOL much shorter than OL................................ A. alebroides Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Dong - Head with OOL about as long as, or much longer than OL.................................................... 12 12. Head with OOL about as long as OL........................................................ A. orientalis Olmi - Head with OOL much longer than OL....................................................... A. nepalensis Olmi 13. Head black, except mandible and clypeus testaceous; face black......................... A. albiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi - Head black, except mandible and clypeus testaceous; face partly testaceous......................... A. orientalis Olmi 14. Notauli complete.................................................................................... 15 - Notauli incomplete................................................................................... 17 15. Fore wing with one dark transverse band..................................................... A. montanus Olmi - Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands........................................................... 16 16. Head and mesosoma black, except large whitish or testaceous regions............................ A. taiwanensis Olmi - Head and mesosoma completely black-brown, except mandible testaceous.......................... A. birmanus Olmi 17. Fore wing with one dark transverse band.................................................................. 18 - Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands........................................................... 19 18. Face with area between antennal toruli whitish....................................... A. xanthopus Xu, He & Olmi - Face completely black................................................................... A. montanus Olmi 19. Head black, except mandible testaceous.................................................................. 20 - Head black, except mandibles, clypeus and occasionally partly or totally face and gena testaceous.................... 22 20. Frontal line complete..................................................................... A. niger Xu & He - Frontal line incomplete................................................................................ 21 21. Notauli reaching about 0.5–0.6 length of scutum.............................................. A. nepalensis Olmi - Notauli reaching about 0.7 length of scutum............................................... A. spadiceus Xu & He 22. Head with face black; mandible and clypeus testaceous.................................... A. zhaoi Xu, He & Olmi - Head with face partly or totally testaceous; mandible and clypeus testaceous..................................... 23 23. Face black, except area between antennal toruli testaceous.............................. A. xanthopus Xu, He & Olmi - Face broadly or totally yellow or testaceous-whitish, with yellow or testaceous-whitish spot extended out of region between antennal toruli....................................................................................... 24 24. Face totally yellow................................................................... A. dui Xu, He & Olmi - Anterior half of face testaceous, posterior half black......................................................... 25 25. Antennal segment 9 more than twice as long as broad....................................................... 26 - Antennal segment 9 less than twice as long as broad........................................................ 27 26. Frontal line complete..................................................................... A. querceus Olmi - Frontal line almost complete, absent near clypeus.......................................... A. albifacialis Xu & He 27. Ventral region of head whitish............................................................ A. taiwanensis Olmi - Ventral region of head black............................................................ A. liui Xu, He & Olmi

Males (unknown in the species not present in the key to the males)

1. Mesosoma and metasoma totally testaceous, except petiole black................................ A. borneanus Olmi

- Mesosoma and metasoma partly or totally black or brown..................................................... 2

2. Head testaceous, at most with ocellar region, or vertex, or part of face darkened.................................... 3

- Head mostly or totally black or brown..................................................................... 8

3. Notauli absent..................................................................... A. maculiceps Bergman - Notauli distinct....................................................................................... 4

4. Basivolsella with one subdistal bristle (Plate 9G).............................................. A. zonalis sp. nov.

- Basivolsella with two subdistal bristles (Plates 6G, 7D, 8C, 9A)................................................ 5

5. Notauli reaching about 0.7–0.8 length of scutum................................................ A. ochreus Olmi

- Notauli reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum............................................................... 6

6. Notauli reaching about 0.25 length of scutum................................................. A. sabahnus Olmi

- Notauli reaching about 0.4–0.5 length of scutum............................................................ 7

7. Frontal line complete................................................................... A. malayanus Olmi

- Frontal line incomplete................................................................ A. luteoceps Xu & He

8. Notauli absent, or reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum...................................................... 9

- Notauli longer than 0.5 length of scutum.................................................................. 17

9. Notauli absent....................................................................................... 10

- Notauli reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum.............................................................. 11

10. Head black or brown, except mandible, clypeus and part of face testaceous......................... A. wushensis Olmi

- Head black or brown, except mandible testaceous........................................... A. penanganus Olmi

11. Genitalia with basivolsella fused with paramere (Plate 6C)................ A. alebroides Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Dong

- Genitalia with normal basivolsella not fused with paramere (Plates 6A, B, F, 8A, D)............................... 12

12. Basivolsella with lateral outer process (Plate 6B)..................................... A. albiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi

- Basivolsella without lateral outer process (Plates 6A, F, 8A, D)................................................ 13

13. Fore wing with one dark spot beneath pterostigma............................................ A. achterbergi Olmi

- Fore wing hyaline, without dark spots or transverse bands.................................................... 14

14. Head black, except mandible testaceous; clypeus and part of face testaceous........................ A. orientalis Olmi

- Head black, except mandible testaceous; clypeus and face black............................................... 15

15. Basivolsella with one subdistal bristle (Plate 6F)................................................ A. indicus Olmi

- Basivolsella with two subdistal bristles (Plate 8A, D)........................................................ 16

16. Frontal line complete.................................................................... A. orientalis Olmi

- Frontal line incomplete................................................................... A. nepalensis Olmi

17. Notauli complete................................................................................... 18

- Notauli incomplete................................................................................... 20

18. Fore wing with one dark transverse band..................................................... A. montanus Olmi

- Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands........................................................... 19

19. Mesosoma and metasoma mostly black..................................................... A. taiwanensis Olmi

- Mesosoma and metasoma mostly brown................................................... A. philippinus Olmi

20. Fore wing with one dark spot beneath pterostigma......................................................... 21

- Fore wing hyaline, without dark spots or bands............................................................. 22

21. Face with area between antennal toruli whitish....................................... A. xanthopus Xu, He & Olmi

- Face completely black................................................................ A. spadiceus Xu & He

22. Basivolsella with one subdistal bristle (Plates 7F, 8B, J, 9D).................................................. 23

- Basivolsella with two subdistal bristles (Plates 7C, F, 8A, 9B, C).............................................. 26

23. Basivolsella without outer process (Plates 7F, 8J)........................................................... 24

- Basivolsella with outer process (Plates 8B, 9D)............................................................ 25

24. Notauli reaching about 0.8 length of scutum; aedeagus not tridentate (Plate 8J)............ A. rugidorsalis Xu, He & Olmi

- Notauli reaching about 0.6 length of scutum; aedeagus tridentate (Plate 7F).... A. mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen

25. Head black, except mandible whitish; occasionally clypeus partly testaceous; gena never testaceous....... A. niger Xu & He

- Head black, except mandible, clypeus and gena testaceous........................................... A. thai Olmi

26. Basivolsella without outer process (Plates 7F, 8A, 9C)....................................................... 27

- Basivolsella with outer process (Plates 7C, 8I, 9B).......................................................... 29

27. Notauli reaching approximately 0.75–0.80 length of scutum.................................... A. taiwanensis Olmi

- Notauli reaching approximately 0.5–0.6 length of scutum....................................................28

28. Aedeagus not tridentate (Plate 8A)......................................................... A. nepalensis Olmi

- Aedeagus tridentate (Plate 7F)................................... A. mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen

29. Antennal hairs much shorter than breadth of antennal segments...................... A. maculiclypeus Xu, He and Olmi

- Antennal hairs about as long as breadth of antennal segments................................................. 30

30. Frontal line complete; face and malar space usually with whitish or testaceous spots near clypeus......... A. querceus Olmi

- Frontal line almost complete, absent in front of anterior ocellus; face and malar space totally black, rarely brown or brown-tes-taceous........................................................................... A. spadiceus Xu and He