Hyporthodus niveatus (Valenciennes 1828)

Extant specimens: MCUC ZOO.0000025 (Fig. 42a), MCUC ZOO.0000036 (Fig. 42b), and ACL-HN-0055 (Fig. 42c).

Classification on the specimen: “P. Th. Perca atrorubra ”.

Common names on the specimen (Portuguese/Tupi): “Garoupa de S. Thome”/ “Piraumbú”.

Comments: This species was undescribed at the time Veloso prepared it. Only the specimen ACL-HN-0055 has a classification and common names on the herbarium sheet. Perca atrorubra was not available at the time and could indicate that Veloso intended to describe it. However, there is no reference to it in the Ichthyologia Fluminensis manuscript. There is a small inscription on the lower right corner “novus. Dr [?] Brouss.” That may indicate that Pierre Auguste Broussonet intended to describe it. The two specimens from Coimbra have a pencil inscription on the lower left corner “ Scorpaena [unreadable]”. No Perca atrorubra is mentioned in the transference list to the Lisbon Academy of Sciences or the University of Coimbra. Presently, the name “Garoupa de São Tomé ” is used to refer to Epinephelus morio . Antunes & Balbino (2003) identified the specimen ACL-HN-0055 as Epinephelus flavolimbatus Poey 1865 (= Hyporthodus flavolimbatus). Hyporthodus niveatus occurs in the Western Atlantic from Massachusetts (USA) to Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) (Figueiredo & Menezes 1980; Heemstra et al. 2002). This species is considered a threatened species in Brazil (IUCN category “Vulnerable”; ICMBIO 2018).