Psorodonotus caucasicus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846)

Distribution. P. caucasicus is semi-endemic to Anatolia. It was recorded from Eastern Black Sea Region and East- ern Anatolia (Trabzon, Giresun, Bayburt, Muş, Ağrı, Kars, Erzurum, Erzincan, Tunceli and Sivas), Armenia, Cau- casia and Transcaucasia (Figure 16A) (Karabağ 1952; Karabağ 1958; Salman 1978; Taylan et al. 2014; Mol et al. 2016; Kaya & Çıplak 2017; Ünal 2018).

Song recording. Male specimens were collected from Turkey, Bayburt, Kopdağı Mountains Pass, 40°02.323’ N, 40°30.590’ E, 2447 m, 01.VII.2013 (by D. Şirin, M.S. Taylan & A. Mol) and calling song recorded from two males at 28 °C in the laboratory (by D. Şirin & M.S. Taylan).

Description of song. Eight records from two males were examined. The calling song includes isolated syllables (Figure 16B) separated by variable intervals of 1.160– 10.25 s (7.33 ± 3.25). Syllable duration varies between 64 and 78 ms (73.76 ± 2.47). Oscillographic analyses show that each syllable includes generally three elements (Figure 16C). First element of a syllable (rarely absent) is a quieter part and its duration varies between 7 and 12 ms (8.97 ± 0.98). The first element of syllable is followed by a louder part with an interval of 6–11 ms (8.05 ± 1.77). The louder part (second element) of syllable has crescendo structure and consists of 11–15 (13.03 ± 1.72) pulses and its duration lasts from 41 to 52 ms (47.18 ± 2.74). The louder part (rarely absent) is followed by a pulse like quieter part with an interval of 16–23 ms (20.05 ± 2.81) and a duration of 4–7 ms (6.18 ± 1.02) (Figure 16C).