Coilodes castaneus Westwood, 1846

Figs 2, 14A

Coilodes castaneus Westwood, 1846: 165 (original description).

Coilodes nigripennis Arrow, 1903: 516 . Syn. nov.

Gnombolbus orosi Prokofiev, 2013a: 1 .

Coelodes castaneus – Gemminger & Harold 1869: 1075 (incorrect subsequent spelling: catalogue); Harold 1880: 43 (taxonomy). — Bates 1887: 108 (taxonomy). — Arrow 1912: 37 (catalogue). — Ratcliffe 2002: 7 (checklist). — Wehncke & Dalling 2005: 80 (ecology). Coelodes nigripennis – Arrow 1903: 516 (original description). — Arrow 1912: 37 (catalogue).

Coilodes castanea – Blackwelder 1944: 217 (incorrect subsequent spelling: checklist). — Cornaby 1974: 60 (ecology). — Young 1983: 247 (ecology).

Coilodes nigripennis – Blackwelder 1944: 217 (checklist). — Allsopp 1984: 107 (checklist). — Ocampo 2002: 123 (taxonomy). — Ocampo & Ballerio 2006: 191 (checklist).

Coilodes castaneus – Allsopp 1984: 107 (checklist). — Ocampo 2002: 3 (taxonomy); 2006: 17 (phylogeny). — Ocampo & Ballerio 2006: 191 (checklist). — Ocampo & Hawks 2006: 8 (molecular phylogeny). — Otavo et al. 2013: 742 (ecology).

Coeloides nigripennis – Perk 2010: 25 (incorrect subsequent spelling: checklist).

Gnombolbus orosi – Prokofiev 2013b: 1 (synonym).

Diagnosis

Coilodes castaneus presents a variable colouring pattern that can be similar to that of C. fumipennis, C. skelleyi sp. nov., and C. bezerrai sp. nov. It is distinguished from C. fumipennis by the absence of a small sharp projection on the right side of tegmen next to the base of parameres. It is also distinguished by the subrectangular shape of the right paramere. It is distinguished from C. skelleyi sp. nov. and C. bezerrai sp. nov. by the mentum being longer than wide with superior margin strongly curved and by the lobe of tegmen being absent.

Type material

Lectotype of C. castaneus

COLOMBIA • ♀; OUMNH.

Lectotype of C. nigripennis

SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES • ♂; St. Vincent, Leeward side; NHMUK.

Holotype of Gnombolbus orosi

Holotype examined from the image in the original description (Prokofiev 2013a).

Additional material examined (25 ♂♂ and 29 ♀♀)

COLOMBIA • 1 ♀; Tolima, Ibague, Quebrada La Honda; 4°19′38″ N, 75°05′39″ W; alt. 790 m; Oct. 2005; J. Noriega leg.; bosque, pitfall; CEMT • 1 ♀; Chocó, P.N.N. Enseada do Utria; 10 Jun.–3 Jul. 1997; Llanos-Jurado leg.; “selva-noche, P.t. all. camarón podri”; CEMT .

COSTA RICA • 1 ♀; Provincia Guanacaste, Parque Nacional, Santa Rosa; 1 Sep. 1977; A. Forsyth leg.; CEMT • 1 ♂; Provincia Guanacaste, Rincon de La Vieja NP; 10°46′05.5″ N, 85°16′46.4″ W; alt. 778 m; 29 Jun. 2004; Dostal and Uhler leg.; CEMT • 1 ♀; Alajuela, Monteverde; 6 Jun. 1990; L. A. Stange leg.; CEMT • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 28 May 1977; A. Forsyth leg.; CEMT • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 24 May 1979; A. Fotsyth leg.; [dung trap]; CEMT • 4 ♂♂; Putarenas, Est Biol Las Cruces; 8°47′ N, 82°57′ W; 18–20 Jun. 2005; M Forro leg.; FIT; CEMT • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP • 1 ♀; Savegre, Providencia LaPiedra, Finca MORA, Bosque Excr.; 11–13 Jul. 2002; J. Zamora leg.; CEMT .

NICARAGUA • 3 ♀♀; Mantagelpa, Dpt., Selva Negra; 13 Jun. 2002; F.W. Skillman Jr. leg.; CEMT .

PANAMA • 1 ♂; Chiriqui Province, S Bosque; alt. 1400 m; 24 Jul. 1998; M. Hardy leg.; CEMT • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding • 1 ♂; Chiriqui Province, Santa Clara vill. Env., Finca Hartmann, ojo de Agua; 8°51.7′ N, 82°44.6′ W; alt. 1430 m; 8–11 Sep. 2017; Fikácek, Hajek, Seidel and Sekerka leg.; pitfall traps (rotten squid) in a lower tropical mountain forest; CEMT • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding • 1 ♂; Chiriqui Province; 4–7 Jul. 1997; Morris and Wappes leg.; Hartmann’s Finca; CEMT • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; CERPE • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding • 3 ♂♂; Colón, San Lorenzo Forest; 9°17′ N, 79°58′ W; May 2004; A. Tishechkin leg.; FIT; CEMT • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 20 May 2004; A.K. Tishechkin leg.; Eciton burchelli colony • 1 ♂; Cerro Campana; alt. 700 m; May 2007; D. Curoe leg.; CEMT • 3 ♂♂; Panamá Province, Altos de Campana, Cerro Campana; 8°41.1′ N, 79°56.0′ W; alt. 800–900 m; 1–13 Sep. 2017; Fikácek, Seidel and Sekerka leg.; FIT on ridge in a lower tropical mountain forest; CEMT • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 21–24 Jul. 2017 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 17–21 Jul. 2017 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP • 2 ♀♀; Panamá Province; Pipeline Rd. K 1–12; 30 Jun. 1997; Morris and Wappes leg.; CEMT • 2 ♂♂; Canal zone, Skunk Hollow, 6 mi NW of Gatun Locks; 17–31 May 1980; B.C. Ratcliffe leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding • 2 ♀♀; Canal zone, Barro Colorado Is .; 19 Jul. 1978; A. Forsyth leg.; dung trap.; CEMT .

Type locality

Coilodes castaneus: Colombia.

Coilodes nigripennis: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Saint Vincent: Leeward side).

Gnombolbus orosi: Costa Rica (Orosi).

Redescription

Male

MEASUREMENTS. Length 5.6–6.9 mm. Width 3.4–4.0 mm. Body (Fig. 2A–B) convex, oval and shiny.

COLOUR. Head and scutellar shield dark brown with black stains; pronotum, legs and venter yellowish brown; elytra from dark brown to yellowish brown with its elytra base black; some specimens with body uniformly yellowish brown and elytra base black or dark brown.

HEAD (Fig. 2C–D). Surface strigulate. Frons, in dorsal view, subrectangular; two small tubercles in the middle or one long tubercle formed by the fusion of the small ones; proximal border rounded; posterior margin narrower than the anterior; lateral margin straight or weakly arched; sparse punctures. Eye barely visible dorsally. Canthus strong; distinct area expanded downwards. Clypeus subtrapezoidal; lateral margins weakly rounded; anterior borders rounded; apex usually straight; setae thin and sparse, throughout the anterior margin dorsally; sparse punctures. Labrum semicircular; slight medial projection; setae sparse, spreading along the entire dorsal border. Mandibles dorsally excavated, protruding beyond the apex of labrum. Labium with mentum subtrapezoidal; inferior margin arched, wider than anterior margin; lateral margins slightly rounded and superior strongly curved in the middle; disc strigulate, long setae on the margins. Maxilla subtriangular; long setae throughout surface. Antenna with 10 antennomeres; antennal club with three antennomeres; club with basal antennomere cupuliform.

PRONOTUM (Fig. 2E). Convex; excavated medially; subtrapezoidal, posterior margin wider than anterior margin; anterior margin straight, angles subacute; posterior margin rounded and weakly produced medially; lateral margin convex, setae absent; punctures thin and sparse.

SCUTELLAR SHIELD. Subtriangular; setae and punctures absent; apex punctate.

ELYTRA. Double row of longitudinal punctures, sutural stria complete, formed by thicker punctures.

VENTER (Fig. 2B). Hypomeral surface strigulate, setose; prosternum (Fig. 2B, D) elevated at midlength, transversally grooved; anterior margin rounded and flat, mesoventrite and metaventrite smooth.

LEGS. Procoxa conical; surface strigulate. Protrochanter joint with the procoxa rounded, distally angulate. Profemur with posterior margin carinate. Protibial inner margin convex; single spur, slightly curved at the apex; external margin with three larger teeth and series of smaller denticles along the entire margin. Protarsi with tarsal insertion beneath the protibial second tooth. Mesothoracic and metathoracic legs smooth. Mesotrochanter and metatrochanter subtriangular with bifurcated apex. Mesofemur and metafemur carinate on posterior margin. Mesotibia and metatibia with erect setae; apex weakly expanded; pair of spurs with sharp apex. Tarsi with five tarsomeres; tarsal claws toothed medially.

ABDOMEN. Six ventrites with recumbent setae.

GENITALIA (Fig. 2F–K). Lobe of tegmen absent; sclerotized region next to the base of the right paramere; parameres asymmetrical; right paramere subrectangular, rounded vertices; left paramere with wide base and apex strongly curved outward.

Female

Length 5.2–6.4 mm. Width 3.0–4.0 mm.

Geographical distribution

Nicaragua (Metagalpa); Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Alajuela, Heredia, Limón, Putarenas, San José, Cartago); Panama (Chiriquí, Colón, Coclé, Panamá); Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Saint Vincent: Leeward side); Colombia (La Guajira, Magdalena, north Santander,Chocó, Tolima); Ecuador (Napo, Tungurahua) (Fig. 14A) (Westwood 1846; Bates 1887; Arrow 1903; Cornaby 1974; Ratcliffe 2002; Wehncke & Dalling 2005; Perk 2010; Otavo et al. 2013; Prokofiev 2013a; label data).

Biological data

Species collected in: carcasses of vertebrates (sloth, hedgehog, rat, lizard, frog, and fish), and invertebrates (shrimp, squid, and earthworm); human faeces, dung of monkeys, coatis, and tapirs; rotten fruit; and fungi (Cornaby 1974; Young 1983; Wehncke & Dalling 2005; label data). It was also observed in association with colonies of Eciton burchelli (Westwood, 1842) ( Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and there are records of captures with flight trap (label data).