18. Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume

Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum 1 (20): 309 (Blume 1851). – Distegocarpus laxiflora Siebold & Zucc., Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4 (3): 228 (Siebold & Zuccharini 1846). – Type: Japan, s. loc., H. Bürger s.n. (lecto-, designated by Akiyama et al. (2013: 349): M-0120909!). – Additional original material: Japan, s. loc., H. Bürger s.n. (M-0120907!, M-0120908!); ibid., s. coll. (L0175947! ex herb. P.F. von Siebold s.n., L0175948! ex herb. P.F. von Siebold s.n.); ibid., s. coll. (K000859944!, P06811472!, P06811473!, P06811475!).

C. laxiflora f. lacera Hayashi, Journal of Geobotany [北陸の植物] 22: 4 (Hayashi 1974). – Type: not localized.

C. laxiflora var. chartacea H.Lév., Bulletin de la Société botanique de France 51: 424 (Léveillé 1904). – Original citation: without collecting data. – Type: not localized.

C. laxiflora var. pendula Miyoshi, Report of the National Monument Investigation. Plants [天然紀念 物調査報告 植物之部 第 8 輯] 8: 45 (Department of the Interior 1928). – C. laxiflora f. pendula (Miyoshi) Sugim., New Keys to Japanese Trees [·本樹木総検索誌]: 117, 458 (Sugimoto 1961). – Original citation: “Ein einziges Exemplar im Grundstück von Jojuin Tempel, Tochigi Präfektur.” [A single exemplar on the area of the Jojuin temple, Tochigi prefecture ”; 成就院 in Niregimachi, Kanuma district]. – Type: not localized. – Note: this is tree with hanging branches, better considered as a cultivar. The tree (most likely a clone) still existed in 2013.

C. laxiflora var. macrophylla Nakai, The Botanical Magazine [Tokyo] 45: 112 (Nakai 1931). – C. laxiflora f. macrophylla (Nakai) W.T.Lee, Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 165 (Lee 1996). – Type: South Korea [Gyeonggi-do], in silvis Kôryô prov. Keiki, Gwangreung, 3 Sep. 1930, T. Nakai 13201 (holo-: TI).

C. laxiflora var. obtusisquama Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 9 (2): 73 (Koidzumi 1940). – Type: South Korea, Chiisan [Mt. Jiri-san], Kokiri, 11 Jun. 1935, G.S. Koidzumi s.n. (holo-: KYO). – Note: this name is mentioned neither in the World Checklist (Govaerts & Frodin 1998) nor in the Checklist of Korea (Chang et al. 2014a) nor in the WCSP (2016), synonymization unclear.

C. laxiflora var. longispica Uyeki, Suigen Gakuho 41: 9 (Uyeki & Lee 1924). – Type: South Korea, Chyolla australis, mont Chokē (holo-: SNUA†). – Type: South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Suncheon City, Songkwang-myeon, Seungju-eup, Jukhak-ri, Mt. Jogye-san, near the stream in front of Songkwang Temple, 30 Jun. 1993, J.I. Jeon and D.J. Ha 10005 (neo-, designated by Chang & Chang (2010: 275): SNUA; isoneo-: KH). – Note: Chang et al. (2014a) accept C. laxiflora var. longispica as a distinct taxon with C. laxiflora var. macrothyrsa as its synonym.

C. laxiflora var. macrothyrsa Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 9 (2): 73 (Koidzumi 1940). – Type: South Korea, Mt. Chiisan [Jirisan], Hannyaho, Gawun [Gurae-jun], [Jeollanam-do], 2 Jun. 1935, S. Okamoto s.n. (lecto-, designated by Chang & Chang (2010: 276): KYO). – Note: this name is regarded as a synonym of C. laxiflora var. longispica in Chang et al. (2014a) .

C. laxiflora var. gosenensis Franch. nom. nud. – Note: this name is written on the specimen only: Japan, Niigata, Montagnes de Gosen, 28 Jul. 1874, U.J. Faurie s.n. (P06811469!).

C. laxiflora var. onoei nom. nud. – Note: this name is written on the specimens only: Japan, [Chūbu], Ono [Ōno], L. Savatier 2935 (P06811464!); ibid., s. coll., s.n. (P06811462!).